Reviewer in Media
Information Literacy – refers to the
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Media and
Information Literacy
Communication – is the act or process of using
words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or
exchange information, ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc. to someone else.
Interactors – are both senders and recipients of
the message, which may include to a person or
group to group level of communication
Message – is the information or the verbal or
nonverbal message being conveyed to another
person or a group of people.
Medium – is the channel through which the
message is coursed.
Feedback/Reaction – is the response to a
message or behavior.
Communication Environment – is the context in
which the communication takes place.
Media Literacy – is understanding and using
mass media in either an assertive or
nonassertive way..
3 Major Functions of Communication
1. To Inform
2. To Entertain
3. To Educate
Crispin Maslog – a communication educator
who wrote Philippine Communication: An
Introduction (2007)
Philippine Communication: An Introduction
(2007) categorizes these roles into:
 Political Role
 Economic Role
 Socio-cultural Role
abilities to recognize when information
is needed and to locate, evaluate,
effectively use, and communicate
information in its various formats.
Information – is a broad term that can
cover data, knowledge derived from
study, experience, or instruction, signals
or symbols
Technology – is defined as the science
in industry, engineering, etc., to invent
useful things or to solve problems
Early tools during the Prehistoric Era
were fashioned for 2 basic purposes
1. Cutting
2. Scraping
Flint – most suitable kind of stone in the
prehistoric era.
Technology Literacy – is the responsible
means of using various technological
tools in order to meet one’s goals in acquiring
and giving the right information.
Chapter 2 – Evolution to Traditional to New
Media
Prehistoric Age
The concern of the members of the
community were food, shelter,
reproduction, and safety from natural
occurrences and wild animals
Oral Communication was the primary
medium of communication.
If one analyses the Filipino Language,
the original language would reflect the
culture of the early people.

Bahag – clothing of the Filipino Male
Tapis – piece of cloth to cover the lower
part of the body
Industrial Age
It started in England and other
European countries in the 18th century,
was marked by the shift from
agricultural and handicraft economy to
one dominated by machines and
machine manufacturer.
Marked the use of iron and steel
New energy resources were used
including fuel, coal, steam engine,
electricity, and petroleum and
combustion engine.
The factory system was organized.
Transportation and communication
were developed like steam locomotive,
steamship, automobile, airplanes,
telegraph, and radio.
3 Industries
- Primary – Agriculture, Forestry,
Mining, Fishing, Quarrying.
- Secondary – Manufacturing
- Tertiary – Service, Banking, Finance,
Investment, Real Estate, Wholesale,
Retail, Transportation, Information,
Communication, Professional and
Education.
Electronic Age
- Thomas Alva Edison
- He invent a duplex telegraph
- He worked on phonograph and
telephone
- He develop the carbon-button
transmitter
- He worked on the development of
incandescent bulb
- He started the motion picture
New Information Age
In the early 1980s, the desktop
computer arrived in the Philippines.
During this time there were no generic
versions of the computer, it was either
a big IBM used in business offices or the
Apple desktop.
The programs were simple, there were
no Microsoft programs, the applications
available then were limited.
A decade after, Microsoft came in the
picture, it offered word processing,
PowerPoint presentation, and Excel
which made computation easy.
Chapter 4 – Types of Media
Printing – started in Asia, in China in particular,
by the end of the 2nd Century.
3Rs – method of teaching their children for the
basics of learning
Newspaper – was developed to send news to all
parts of the country, both rural and urban.
- Was usually printed in the evening
and its distribution was done by
newsboys and delivery truck.
- EXTRA – important news that occur
during the day are released to the
public through the printing of a
single sheet of broadsheet paper.
Filipino Comics – in the 1950, these have been
popular and were written by local writers and
cartoonist.
Broadcasting – is the transmission of radio and
television programs that are intended for
general public reception.
Sound Broadcasting - started in 1920
Television Broadcasting – began on 1930s
Cable Television – started in the 1950s
Satellite Broadcasting – began in the early
1960s
The 1st known radio program was broadcast by
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
1920 – Growth of commercial radio started for
broadcasting entertainment and information
programs.
2 Sources of Profit
1. Manufacture and sale of radio
equipment.
2. Use of the radio as an advertising
medium.
Radio – in the Philippines, it was a source of
news and other information. It provides all
kinds of musical entertainment from pop music
to classics.
Transistor Radio – is a popular technology in the
rural area because it is battery operated and
can be brought anywhere to listen to news and
music.
1930 – Television became feasible
- Early television was in black and
white in the 1950
- On the 1970s, it was already
colored.
THE THIRD WAVE according to Alvin Toffler:
1st wave – Agricultural Revolution
2nd wave – Industrial Period
3rd wave – Lots of changes in the areas of life,
information and media.
1872 – computers started to evolve when Lord
Kelvin developed a special purpose computer as
a tide protector
Analog computer – the first kind of computer
which operates on data represented by variable
physical quantities, such as voltages and
measure continuously.
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) – was the 1st generation computer
which was completed in the 1940s
1980s – the development of microcomputers
become handy and portable and it was called
Desktop Computers and it was user friendly.
New Media has changed the different areas in
life:
1. Business became faster with the use of
computers
2. Banking become a lot easier with the
introduction of ATM (Automated Teller
Machine)
3. Weather forecasting uses computers
(LESSON 4 IS NOT INCLUDED HERE)
Chapter 5 – Media and Information Sources
Indigenous Knowledge – is the basis for
agriculture, food preparation, health care,
education, conservation, and wide range of
other activities.
 1. Traditional Medicines and Health Care –
indigenous people resort to different
kind of rituals, depending on the cases.
2. Traditional Agriculture – different
agricultural products.
3. Traditional Cultural Expression – are
ways of indigenous people in practicing
different activities that reflect their
traditions.
a. Music and Dances – are mainly used
rituals or feast, harvest activities,
and other religious and social
ceremonies.
b. Literature – customs, beliefs, and
traditions.
c. Weaving – is the most visual
representations of cultures and
traditions of different ethnic group.
4. Related Genetic Resources
Republic Act No. 8371 - "an act to recognize,
protect, and promote the rights of indigenous
cultural communities/indigenous peoples,
creating a national commission on indigenous
peoples, establishing implementing
mechanisms, appropriating funds therefore,
and for other purposes."
Lesson 2
Some of the reasons why Library is important in
our society by the study of Krolak (2005)
1. Facilitators of Information
2. Custodians of National and Cultural
Riches
3. Innovators of Information-seeking
practices
4. Facilitators of other activities
Types of Libraries
1. Academic Libraries – serve Colleges
and Universities
2. Public Libraries – serve cities and town
of all types.
3. School Libraries – serves Students from
K to 12.
4. Special Libraries – are in specialized
environments , such as hospitals,
corporations, museums, military,
private business and government.
Henry Ward Beecher – was an American
clergyman who said that “The Library is not a
luxury, but one of the necessities in life.”
Offers of Libraries
1. Books – are the most common
resources in the library.
2. Magazines – Libraries also acknowledge
the importance of magazines as
information source because some
people prefer this because of its
enticing graphics.
3. Newspapers – are first printed materials
in history and play a vital role in
providing people relevant information
4. Journals – are research-oriented articles
that are more in-depth compared to
newspapers.
5. Maps – are visual representations of
geographical information
6. Digital Sources – are digital information
sources that the library can offer, they
are CDs, Tapes and even films.
Classification System
Dewey Decimal System – first published by
Melvil Dewey in the US in 1876. This system is
used for small library collections and it uses
numbers in classifying books.
Library of Congress System – is designed for
large collections and it uses letters instead of
numbers.
Lesson 3 2. Library – are found in forms in different
printed materials
Internet – commonly known as net and it has 3. Internet – is a virtual source of mostly
been around since 1969. all kinds of information
1990s – the introduction of World Wide Web Primary Sources – are original sources.
rocketed its popularity Meaning, these sources are not filtered,
Top 10 Search Engines according to Top World interpreted, or evaluated yet.
Fact and among them are: Some examples of Primary Sources
1. Google – was named as the best search 1. Artifacts
engine and it was a college project by 2. Audio Recordings
Larry Page and Sergey Brin 3. Diaries
2. Yahoo – founded in 1994 by David Filo 4. Internet Communications
and Jerry Yang, It was initially created 5. Interviews
as a directory of websites. 6. Letters
3. Bing – is one of the most established 7. Photographs
search engines since it is also powered 8. Speeches
by Yahoo search 9. Video Recordings
Evaluating Internet Sources according 10. Works of Art, Architecture, Literature,
to Virginia Tech and Music.

1. Authority – knowing if the webpage Secondary Resources – are the interpreted and
has an author. evaluated versions of the primary resources.
2. Coverage – is able to cover the Some Examples of Secondary Resources
necessary information for the
researcher. 1. Biography
3. Objectivity – analyze the stand of 2. Commentaries and Criticisms
the author. 3. Histories
4. Accuracy – pertains to the
technicalities of the page Tertiary Resources – is a collection of primary
and secondary resources.
5. Currency – looking at its latest
update, and likewise the currency Some Examples of Tertiary Resources
of links provided on that page as
well. 1. Almanacs
2. Biography
Lesson 4 3. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Primary sources of Information 4. Directories
5. Fact Books
1. Indigenous – sources exclusively shared 6. Guide Books
by groups if people 7. Manuals
Popular Sources – are information known by the
general information seekers
Scholarly Resources – present information that
are more in-depth and specific, which are
designed to be understood by experts.
Chapter 7
Plagiarism – act of taking another person’s
ideas, writings, inventions, etc., without the
consent or accreditation of the original owner.
RA No. 8293 – commonly known as Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines – states the
rights of authors to be recognized.
Intellectual Property Right – right of an
individual who uses his creative intellectual
faculties to produce something and claim it as
his own.
Copyright – set of rights granted to the author
or creator of a work, to restrict other’s ability to
copy, redistribute, and reshape the content.
Royalty – a payment made to an author or
composer for each copy of a work sold or to an
inventor for each article sold under patent. –
(Merriam Webster)
Fair Use – refers to the limitation and to the
exclusive right granted by copyright law to the
author of a creative work.
Section 107 – The Fair Use Doctrine of the
Copyright Law of 1976
The purpose and character of the use if
copyright work.
The nature of the copyrighted work
Amount and sustainability of the
portion used.
Effect of other use upon the value of
the copyrighted work
Citizen – person who owes allegiance to a
government and is entitled to its protection.
Citizens Rights
Suffrage
Freedom of Expression
Netizen – an internet user who communicates
with others using the different social
networking sites.
Digital footprint – a trail that creates a digital
imprint of their virtual life.
Forms of Online Threats and Harassment
Online Identity Theft – stealing
another’s person’s identity and
pretending to be the account owner.
Cyber Trespassing or Cyber Stalking –
stealing another person’s password to
gain access to his or her personal
accounts.
Cyberbullying - harassing someone
online.
Narcissism – uncontrolled and excessive
posting of “selfies”.
Online Groomers – often adult sexual
predators pretending to be peers.
Facebook Depression – excessive and
unguided use of Facebook.
Facebook Envy – comparing one’s self
with the unrealistic public image of
friends, which leads to low self-esteem.
Phishing – an attempt to make the user
send his her log-in information and
password to a fake account.
Bashing – using of unpleasant exchange
of comments
Some General Guidelines to address issues regarding computer use and Internet access
related to cyber threats: that lead to impairment or distress.

1. Think before you create, share, and Cyberbullying – use of information technology
comment to harm or harass other people in deliberate,
2. Post Wholesome pictures and videos all repeated, and hostile manner.
the time
3. Protect your computer from viruses and Virtual Self – the digital identity or assumed
identity in the world.
worms
4. Use a strong password
5. Choose the most secure and trusted
digital resources
6. Acknowledge your sources when used
in writing school reports and research
7. Respect other’s opinions
8. Comment on post politely and
appropriately
9. Promote a positive self image online
10. Respect one’s privacy

RA 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012

- It is the policy of the State to

protect the fundamental human
right of privacy, of communication
while ensuring free flow of
information and growth.

Every Netizen should have:

Proper Decorum
Refined Language
Giving Opinions should be based on
reasons and logic.
Careful use of language

Digital Divide – Gap between groups, broadly

construed in terms of access to, use of, or
knowledge, skills, and even attitude in
information and communication language

Internet Addiction – Excessive or poorly

controlled preoccupations, urges, behaviors,