Nursing Research Test Bank (20 Questions) - Nurseslabs

FULL-TEXT: Nursing Research Test Bank (60 Questions) - Nurseslabs 11/9/21, 10:13 PM
FULL-TEXT: Nursing
Research Test Bank (60
Questions)
UPDATED ON OCTOBER 27, 2021 BY MATT VERA, BSN, R.N.
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Practice Quiz #1 (20
Questions)
Nurseslabs-Question-01-001
What should be included in a “scholarly literature”? Select all that

apply.
A. Primary and secondary sources.

B. Conceptual and theoretical literature from primary
sources only.
C. Published and unpublished reports of research.
D. Research reports reported in primary sources only.
E. Sources relevant to the research questions.
Correct Answers: A, C, & E
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific

topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing the
researcher to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the
existing research.
Option A: Primary sources provide a first-hand account of
an event or time period and are considered to be

authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on
discoveries or events, or they can share new information.
Often these sources are created at the time the events
occurred but they can also include sources that are created
later. They are usually the first formal appearance of
original research. Secondary sources involve analysis,
synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources.
They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.
Option B: Secondary sources are good for gaining a full
overview of the topic and understanding how other
researchers have approached it. They often synthesize a
large number of primary sources that would be difficult and
time-consuming to gather alone.
Option C: Secondary data is usually gathered from the
published (printed) sources. A few major sources of
published information are published articles of local bodies,
and central and state governments; statistical synopses,
census records, and other reports issued by the different
departments of the government; magazines, journals, and
periodicals, etc. Statistical data can be obtained from
several unpublished references. Some of the major
unpublished sources from which secondary data can be
gathered are research works conducted by teachers,
professors, and professionals or statistics maintained by
different departments and agencies of the central and the
state government, undertakings, corporations, etc.
Option D: Most research uses both primary and secondary
sources. They complement each other to help build a
convincing argument. Primary sources are more credible as
evidence, but secondary sources show how the work
relates to existing research.
Option E: If the researcher is writing the literature review
section of a dissertation or research paper, he should
search for literature related to the research problem and
questions.
Reviews of the literature are conducted for PURPOSES OF

RESEARCH as well as for the CONSUMER OF RESEARCH. How
are these reviews similar? Select all that apply.
A. Amount of literature required to be reviewed.

B. Degree of critical reading required.
C. Importance of conceptual literature.
D. Purpose of the review.
E. Knowledge of the research findings
Correct Answers: B, C
The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of

the existing research and debates relevant to a particular topic or
area of study, and to present that knowledge in the form of a
written report.
Option A: A paper that has 10 pages of content (the body

of the paper) needs at least 10 sources in its literature
review. A thesis of 100 pages (in the body) includes at least
100 sources.
Option B: A literature review surveys books, scholarly
articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular
issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides
a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these
works in relation to the research problem being
investigated.
Option C: Literature reviews are designed to provide an
overview of sources the researcher has explored while
researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to the
readers how the research fits within a larger field of study.
Option D: A literature review establishes familiarity with
and understanding of current research in a particular field
before carrying out a new investigation. Conducting a
literature review should enable the researcher to find out
what research has already been done and identify what is
unknown within the topic.
Option E: Being aware is in part a matter of being able to
distinguish what the researcher does know based on the
information provided by research findings from what he

does not know. It is also a matter of having some
awareness about what he can and cannot reasonably know
as he encounters research findings.
What are the characteristics of the literature review required for a

quantitative research study? Select all that apply.
A. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies

conducted in the area.
B. Doctoral dissertations and masters’ theses are excellent
sources of information.
C. Computer-accessed materials are acceptable.
D. Primary sources are not as important as secondary
sources.
E. Objective self-review of findings.
Correct Answers: B, C
Literature reviews provide important background information and

details about a specific research topic. An effective literature
review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be
done on a topic and allows an author to define where their work
fits into a larger context.
Option A: An effective literature review details important

research trends and also examines strengths and
weaknesses of both specific studies and larger research
contexts.
Option B: It is challenging to achieve a successful review
on all these fronts. A solution can involve a set of
complementary coauthors: some people are excellent at
mapping what has been achieved, some others are very
good at identifying dark clouds on the horizon, and some
have instead a knack at predicting where solutions are
going to come from.
Option C: Given the progressive acceleration in the
publication of scientific papers, today’s reviews of the

literature need awareness not just of the overall direction
and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the latest
studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have
been published.
Option D: Most research uses both primary and secondary
sources. They complement each other to help the
researcher build a convincing argument. Primary sources
are more credible as evidence, but secondary sources
show how the work relates to existing research.
Option E: In general, a review of the literature should
neither be a public relations brochure nor an exercise in
competitive self-denial. If a reviewer is up to the job of
producing a well-organized and methodical review, which
flows well and provides a service to the readership, then it
should be possible to be objective in reviewing one’s own
relevant findings.
Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a

research study?
A. A published commentary on the findings of another

study.
B. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the
area of attention deficit disorder.
C. A textbook of medical-surgical nursing.
D. A journal article about a study that used large, previously
unpublished databases generated by the United States
census.
Correct Answer: D. A journal article about a study that used

large, previously unpublished databases generated by the
United States census
This is a report of an original study, so it is the primary source of

the study. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand
evidence. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data,
and works of art. A primary source gives direct access to the

subject of the research.
Option A: Secondary sources provide second-hand

information and commentary from other researchers.
Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic
books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or
synthesizes primary sources.
Option B: When citing a secondary source, it’s usually not
to analyze it directly. Instead, test its arguments against
new evidence or use its ideas to help formulate a new one.
Option C: A secondary source is anything that describes,
interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information from primary
sources. Common examples include encyclopedias and
textbooks that summarize information and ideas.
What is the best source to use when conducting a level I

systematic meta-analysis of the literature?
A. An electronic database
B. Doctoral dissertations
C. The Cochrane Statistical Methods
D. An electronic database and Doctoral dissertations
Correct Answer: C. The Cochrane Statistical Methods
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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are situated at the top of
what is known as the “Evidence Pyramid”. Systematic reviews and

meta-analyses are considered to be the highest-quality evidence
on a research topic because their study design reduces bias and
produces more reliable findings. The Statistical Methods Group
(SMG) (Cochrane Methods Statistics) is a forum where all
statistical issues related to the work of Cochrane are discussed.
Option A: A systematic review is a high-level overview of

primary research on a particular research question that
systematically identifies, selects, evaluates, and
synthesizes all high-quality research evidence relevant to
that question in order to answer it. In other words, it
provides an exhaustive summary of scholarly literature
related to a particular research topic or question.
Option B: A systematic review is often written by a panel of
experts after reviewing all the information from both
published and unpublished studies. The comprehensive
nature of a systematic review distinguishes it from
traditional literature reviews which typically examine a
much smaller set of research evidence and present it from
a single author’s perspective.
Option D: Not all systematic reviews include meta-analysis,
but all meta-analyses are found in systematic reviews.
Simply put, a systematic review refers to the entire process
of selecting, evaluating, and synthesizing all available
evidence, while the term meta-analysis refers to the
statistical approach to combining the data derived from a
systematic review.
What is a characteristic of an audio recording of an unpublished

research study reported at a professional conference?
A. Databased literature
B. Secondary Sources
C. Are more difficult to analyze than written reports.
D. Are not useful because they are not published.
Correct Answer: A. Databased literature
Audio and video recordings of research presentations are

examples of data based literature. As the name suggests, data-
based literature is based on empirical information collected by the
researcher. Non-data-based writings, on the other hand, ‘reflect
the writer’s experiences or opinions and can range from the highly
theoretical to popular testimonials’ (Merriam 1988: 61).
Option B: Secondary sources were created by someone

who did not experience first-hand or participate in the
events or conditions you’re researching. For a historical
research project, secondary sources are generally scholarly
books and articles. A secondary source interprets and
analyzes primary sources.
Option C: As the name suggests, an annotated
bibliography contains a list of relevant studies relating to
the research question or issue. These may range from brief
research reports to books. Each entry contains a summary
or abstract of the particular work.
Option D: A literature review differs from an annotated
bibliography in that the researcher extracts and
synthesizes the main points, issues, findings, and research
methods that emerge from a critical review of the readings.
Merriam (1988) suggests that, in carrying out a literature
review, it is a good idea to differentiate between data-
based research and non-data-based writings.
What is the first step in the qualitative research process?
A. Data analysis
B. Sample
C. Review of literature
D. Study design
Correct Answer: C. Review of literature
Review of literature is the 1st step in the qualitative research

process. A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a
specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge,
allowing the researcher to identify relevant theories, methods, and
gaps in the existing research.
Option A: Data analysis is the sixth step in the qualitative

research process. Data Analysis is the process of
systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques
to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and
evaluate data. An essential component of ensuring data
integrity is the accurate and appropriate analysis of
research findings.
Option B: Sampling is the third step in the qualitative
research process. Sampling is a process used in statistical
analysis in which a predetermined number of observations
are taken from a larger population. The methodology used
to sample from a larger population depends on the type of
analysis being performed, but it may include simple random
sampling or systematic sampling.
Option D: The study design is the second step in the
qualitative research process. Study design is a process
wherein the trial methodology and statistical analysis are
organized to ensure that the null hypothesis is either
accepted or rejected and the conclusions arrived at
reflecting the truth.
Which mode of clinical application for qualitative research is

considered to be the sharing of qualitative findings with the
patient?
A. Insight or empathy
B. Anticipatory guidance
C. Assessment of status or progress
D. Coaching
Correct Answer: B. Anticipatory guidance
Anticipatory guidance is the sharing of qualitative findings with

the patient. Anticipatory guidance, specific to the age of the
patient, includes information about the benefits of healthy
lifestyles and practices that promote injury and disease
prevention. Common examples of anticipatory guidance include
reminding parents to have their children use bicycle helmets and
to use sunscreen. Other options are not considered to be the
sharing of qualitative findings with the patient.
Option A: There is no consensus in the general

biomedical/clinical literature about disclosing research
results to study participants. Fernandez and colleagues
have advocated for offering a summary of research results
to individual participants and including information in the
consent form on the harms and benefits of receiving the
results with options to decline all or any of the results
(which they advocate for all human subjects research).
Option C: In contrast, there is a body of opinion that
cautions against disclosures as a routine practice, even
aggregated results, because of postulated potential harm
to research participants. Those with this view believe the
decision as to whether to provide research results should
be based on various considerations, such as balancing
harms and risks to the individual and the clinical
significance of the findings.
Option D: Coaching was defined as a collaborative
solution-focused result-orientated systematic process
used with normal non-clinical populations in which the
coach facilitates the self-directed learning, personal
growth, and goal attainment of the coach.
Which research process steps may be noted in an article’s

abstract? Select all that apply.
A. Identifying the phenomenon

B. Research question study purpose
C. Literature review
D. Design
E. Sample
F. Legal-ethical issues
G. Data-collection procedure
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on

being objective and gathering a multitude of information for
analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion. This
process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless
of the research method (scientific method of inquiry, evaluation
research, or action research).
Option A: The first step in the process is to identify a

problem or develop a research question. The research
problem may be something the agency identifies as a
problem, some knowledge or information that is needed by
the agency, or the desire to identify a recreation trend
nationally.
Option B: Many times the initial problem identified in the
first step of the process is too large or broad in scope. In
step 3 of the process, the researcher clarifies the problem
and narrows the scope of the study. This can only be done
after the literature has been reviewed.
Option C: This step provides foundational knowledge
about the problem area. The review of literature also
educates the researcher about what studies have been
conducted in the past, how these studies were conducted,
and the conclusions in the problem area.
Option D: The plan for the study is referred to as the
instrumentation plan. The instrumentation plan serves as
the road map for the entire study, specifying who will
participate in the study; how, when, and where data will be
collected; and the content of the program.
Option E: Research projects can focus on a specific group
of people, facilities, park development, employee
evaluations, programs, financial status, marketing efforts,
or the integration of technology into the operations. For
example, if a researcher wants to examine a specific group

of people in the community, the study could examine a
specific age group, males or females, people living in a
specific geographic area, or a specific ethnic group.
Option F: The main role of human participants in research
is to serve as sources of data. Researchers have a duty to
‘protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-
determination, privacy and confidentiality of personal
information of research subjects’.
Option G: Once the instrumentation plan is completed, the
actual study begins with the collection of data. The
collection of data is a critical step in providing the
information needed to answer the research question. Every
study includes the collection of some type of data—
whether it is from the literature or from subjects—to answer
the research question.
What does a level-of-evidence model use to evaluate the strength

of a research study and its findings? Select all that apply.
A. Creativity
B. Quality
C. Quantity
D. Consistency
E. Efficiency
Correct Answer: B, C, D
Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are

assigned to studies based on the methodological quality of their
design, validity, and applicability to patient care. These decisions
give the “grade (or strength) of recommendation.”
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Option A: Strength-of-evidence systems incorporate not
only study design but also many other facets of the

evidence, including study conduct, presence or absence of
bias, quantity of evidence, directness (or indirectness) of
evidence, consistency of evidence, and precision of
estimates.
Option B: For systematic reviews, the quality of evidence
reflects the extent of confidence that an estimate of effect
is correct. Study design is important in determining the
quality of evidence As with early systems of grading the
quality of evidence, 4 GRADE’s approach begins with the
study design.
Option C: If one considers other factors that influence the
use of evidence, the quantity of accessible evidence and
initiatives ensuring a wider understanding of it must be
equally important. In consequence, improving the quality of
research evidence alone will not necessarily lead to its
greater use.
Option D: Confidence in the argument for or against a
candidate cause is increased when many types of evidence
consistently support or weaken it. A candidate cause is
strongly supported if all available types of evidence are
consistently supportive. It is greatly weakened if all
available types of evidence are consistently weakening.
Option E: Although no one system for reporting results and
grading the related strength of evidence is likely to suit all
users, documentation and consistent reporting of the most
important summary information about a body of literature
will make reviews more useful to a broader range of
potential audiences.
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What are the critiquing criteria used to judge the worth of a

research study? Select all that apply.
A. Measures
B. Objectives
C. Standards
D. Effectiveness
E. Evaluation guides
F. Questions
Correct Answers: A, C, E, F
Critiquing is a systematic process for evaluating research studies

and the results reported. A research critique is an analysis of a
research undertaking that focuses on its strengths and limitations.
Option A: Physiological measurement: Is a rationale given

for why a particular instrument or method was selected? If
so, what is it? What provision is made for maintaining the
accuracy of the instrument and its use, if any?
Option B: Research objectives describe concisely what the
research is trying to achieve. They summarize the
accomplishments a researcher wishes to achieve through
the project and provide direction to the study.
Option C: Academic research standards are ethical
guidelines that researchers are expected to follow in the
course of conducting and reporting research. They are
moral principles that guide researchers on how to carry out
research activities ethically, without causing harm to the
integrity of science and to human or animal life.
Option D: Effectiveness is a measure of the extent to which
a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service,
when deployed in the field in routine circumstances, does
what it is intended to do for a specified population.
Option E: Read the research article or report in its entirety
to get a sense of the study and its contribution to
knowledge development. Read the article or report again,
paying attention to the questions appropriate to each stage
of the critiquing process.
Option F: The current paper suggests that the following
guidelines be used when a qualitative research paper is
being examined: the topic must be appropriate for
qualitative inquiry; the specific qualitative research method

chosen must “fit”; the literature reviewed should be
consistent with the method chosen.
Which statement best describes qualitative research? Select all

that apply.
A. Studies are conducted in natural settings.

B. Data is collected from a large number of subjects.
C. Data collected tends to be numeric.
D. The research design is systematic and subjective.
Correct Answers: A, D
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-

numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand
concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-
depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Option A: Qualitative research is used to understand how

people experience the world. While there are many
approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible
and focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.
Option B: Qualitative researchers often consider
themselves “instruments” in research because all
observations, interpretations, and analyses are filtered
through their own personal lens.
Option C: Qualitative research is the opposite of
quantitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis. Qualitative
research is commonly used in the humanities and social
sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology,
education, health sciences, history, etc.
Option D: Common approaches include grounded theory,
ethnography, action research, phenomenological research,
and narrative research. They share some similarities but
emphasize different aims and perspectives.
What does a critique of a research study always include? Select

all that apply.
A. Determining its strengths and weaknesses.

B. Researching similar studies.
C. Using critical reading skills.
D. Explaining your own personal opinions.
Correct Answers: A, C
Reading a single article can act as a springboard into researching

the topic more widely and aids in ensuring the nursing practice
remains current and is supported by existing literature.
Option A: Similar to a recipe, the description of materials

and methods will allow others to replicate the study
elsewhere if needed. It should both contain and justify the
exact specifications of selection criteria, sample size,
response rate, and any statistics used.
Option B: The discussion should use previous research
work and theoretical concepts as the context in which the
new study can be interpreted. Any limitations of the study,
including bias, should be clearly presented.
Option C: Not all peer reviewers have expert knowledge on
certain subject matters, which can introduce bias and
sometimes a conflict of interest.
Option D: Publication bias can occur when editors only
accept manuscripts that have a bearing on the direction of
their own research or reject manuscripts with negative
findings.
For which of the following research questions would qualitative

methods be most appropriate?
A. Which pain medications decrease the need for sleep
medication in elderly patients?

B. What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-worker
women?
C. Under what conditions does a decubitus ulcer heal most
quickly?
D. How does frequency of medication administration
impact the degree of pain experienced following knee
replacement surgery?
Correct Answer: B. What is the meaning of health for migrant

farm-worker women?
This question seeks to explore a phenomenon (health) for a

specific population. Qualitative research involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to
gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for
research.
Option A: Qualitative research is used to understand how

people experience the world. While there are many
Option C: Qualitative research often tries to preserve the
voice and perspective of participants and can be adjusted
as new research questions arise. Open-ended responses
mean that researchers can uncover novel problems or
opportunities that they wouldn’t have thought of otherwise.
Option D: Quantitative methods allow the researcher to
test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analyzing
data, while qualitative methods allow you to explore ideas
and experiences in depth.
Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a

qualitative study?
A. “The hypothesis of this study is?”
B. “Perceived pain was measured using the Abbott pain

scale?”
C. “The control group received no instruction?”
D. “Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of
pain?”
Correct Answer: D. “Subjects were asked to relate their

perceptions of pain?”
Data collected were perceptions of pain, not numeric data. Other

options are found in a report of a quantitative study. Qualitative
research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data
(e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or
experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a
problem or generate new ideas for research.
Option A: Quantitative research is the process of collecting

and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find
patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
Option B: Qualitative research is the opposite of
quantitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and
social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics,
sociology, marketing, etc.
Option C: To collect quantitative data, the researcher will
often need to use operational definitions that translate
abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into observable and
quantifiable measures (e.g., self-ratings of feelings and
energy levels).
Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a

quantitative study?
A. “A convenience sample was chosen?”

B. “The phenomenon studied was?”
C. “Data were analyzed and interpreted?”

D. “Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the
hospital experience?”
Correct Answer: A. “A convenience sample was chosen?”
When a sample of convenience is chosen, the study is a

quantitative study. Data from large samples can be processed and
analyzed using reliable and consistent procedures through
quantitative data analysis. Quantitative research is often used to
standardize data collection and generalize findings.
Option B: Qualitative studies explore phenomena.

Researchers investigate a phenomenon or event by
describing and interpreting participants’ lived experiences.
Qualitative researchers often consider themselves
“instruments” in research because all observations,
interpretations and analyses are filtered through their own
personal lens.
Option C: Data collected in qualitative studies are
“interpreted.” Qualitative research is used to understand
how people experience the world. While there are many
Option D: Qualitative studies explore the meaning of
human experience. Qualitative research involves collecting
and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It
can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research.
Which of the following hypotheses are indicative of an

experimental research design? Select all that apply.
A. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters will be positively

related to urinary tract infections.
B. The incidence of urinary tract infections will be greater in
patients whose Foley catheters are irrigated frequently than

in those whose Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently.
C. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters is associated with
urinary tract infections.
D. The incidence of urinary tract infections will not differ
between patients with or without Foley catheters.
E. The perception of pain from patients who had catheters
varies greatly.
Correct Answers: B, D
Experimental research, often considered to be the “gold standard”

in research designs, is one of the most rigorous of all research
designs. In this design, one or more independent variables are
manipulated by the researcher (as treatments), subjects are
randomly assigned to different treatment levels (random
assignment), and the results of the treatments on outcomes
(dependent variables) are observed.
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Option A: In experimental research, some subjects are

administered one or more experimental stimuli called a
treatment (the treatment group ) while other subjects are
not given such a stimulus (the control group ). The
treatment may be considered successful if subjects in the
treatment group rate more favorably on outcome variables
than control group subjects.
Option B: The unique strength of experimental research is
its internal validity (causality) due to its ability to link cause
and effect through treatment manipulation while controlling
for the spurious effect of extraneous variables.
Option C: Treatments are the unique feature of
experimental research that sets this design apart from all
other research methods. Treatment manipulation helps
control for the “cause” in cause-effect relationships.
Option D: Experimental research is best suited for
explanatory research (rather than for descriptive or
exploratory research), where the goal of the study is to

examine cause-effect relationships. It also works well for
research that involves a relatively limited and well-defined
set of independent variables that can either be manipulated
or controlled.
Option E: Random assignment is however a process of
randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control
groups. This is a standard practice in true experimental
research to ensure that treatment groups are similar
(equivalent) to each other and to the control group, prior to
treatment administration.
Which statements are part of the criteria used to judge the

soundness of a stated research question? Select all that apply.
A. A relationship between two or more variables.

B. An operational definition of each variable.
C. The nature of the population being tested.
D. The possibility of empirical testing.
E. A guiding framework for research.
Correct Answers: A, C, D, E
A research question is a question that a study or research project

aims to answer. This question often addresses an issue or a
problem, which, through analysis and interpretation of data, is
answered in the study’s conclusion.
Option A: Moreover, the research question has a domino

effect on the rest of the study. These questions influence
factors, such as the research methodology, sample size,
data collection, and data analysis (Lipowski, 2008).
Option B: The primary importance of framing the research
question is that it narrows down a broad topic of interest
into a specific area of study (Creswell, 2014). Research
questions can be classified into different categories,
depending on the type of research to be done.
Option C: In most studies, the research question is written

so that it outlines various aspects of the study, including
the population and variables to be studied and the problem
the study addresses.
Option D: As their name implies, research questions are
often grounded on research. As a result, these questions
are dynamic; this means researchers can change or refine
the research question as they review related literature and
develop a framework for the study.
Option E: Research questions, along with hypotheses, also
serve as a guiding framework for research. These
questions also specifically reveal the boundaries of the
study, setting its limits, and ensuring cohesion.
Which criteria are used to determine the testability of a

hypothesis? Select all that apply.
A. Use of quantifiable words such as greater than or less

than.
B. A hypothesis stated in such a way that it can be clearly
supported or not supported.
C. The use of value-laden words in a hypothesis.
D. Data-collection efforts that prove the validity of the
hypothesis.
Correct Answers: A, B
Testability refers to the ability to run an experiment to test a

hypothesis or theory. When designing a research hypothesis, the
questions being asked by the researcher must be testable or the
study becomes impossible to provide an answer to the inquiry.
Testability refers not only to methods used for the investigation
but also the constraints of the researcher.
Option A: Quantifiable words increase the testability of a

hypothesis. Write the hypothesis in such a way that it can
be proven or disprove it. In many cases, researchers might
draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build on

previous research.
Option B: The more clearly the hypothesis is stated, the
easier it will be to accept or reject it based on study
findings. It must be possible to prove that the hypothesis is
true or false.
Option C: Hypotheses should not have value-laden words.
A variable is a factor or element that can be changed and
manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable.
However, the researcher must also define how the variable
will be manipulated and measured in the study.
Option D: Data-collection processes are not part of the
criterion used to evaluate the testability of hypotheses.
Identify the independent and dependent variables in the
hypothesis. The independent variable is what the
researcher is controlling or changing. The researcher
measures the effect this has on the dependent variable.
What are the advantages of using directional hypotheses? Select

all that apply.
A. The indication of the use of a theory base to derive the

hypothesis.
B. The provision of a specific theoretical frame of
reference.
C. Ensurance that findings will be generalizable.
D. The indication of a non-biased selection of subjects.
Correct Answer: A, B
A directional (or one-tailed hypothesis) states which way the

researcher thinks the results are going to go, for example in an
experimental study we might say…”Participants who have been
deprived of sleep for 24 hours will have more cold symptoms in
the following week after exposure to a virus than participants who
have not been sleep deprived.”
Option A: A decent hypothesis will contain two variables, in

the case of an experimental hypothesis there will be an IV
and a DV; in a correlational hypothesis there will be two co-
variables.
Option B: A test of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis
does not state the direction of the difference, it indicates
only that a difference exists. In contrast, a directional
alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the tested
relationship, stating that one variable is predicted to be
larger or smaller than the null value.
Option C: A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by
a researcher regarding a positive or negative change,
relationship, or difference between two variables of a
population.
Option D: A directional hypothesis is a one-tailed
hypothesis that states the direction of the difference or
relationship (e.g. boys are more helpful than girls).
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Nursing Research NCLEX

What should be included in a “scholarly literature”? Select all that

A. Primary and secondary sources.

Correct Answers: A, C, & E

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific

Option A: Primary sources provide a first-hand account of

an event or time period and are considered to be

Reviews of the literature are conducted for PURPOSES OF

A. Amount of literature required to be reviewed.

The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of

Option A: A paper that has 10 pages of content (the body

information provided by research findings from what he

What are the characteristics of the literature review required for a

A. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies

Literature reviews provide important background information and

Option A: An effective literature review details important

publication of scientific papers, today’s reviews of the

Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a

A. A published commentary on the findings of another

Correct Answer: D. A journal article about a study that used

This is a report of an original study, so it is the primary source of

and works of art. A primary source gives direct access to the

Option A: Secondary sources provide second-hand

What is the best source to use when conducting a level I

Correct Answer: C. The Cochrane Statistical Methods

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are situated at the top of

what is known as the “Evidence Pyramid”. Systematic reviews and

Option A: A systematic review is a high-level overview of

What is a characteristic of an audio recording of an unpublished

Correct Answer: A. Databased literature

Audio and video recordings of research presentations are

Option B: Secondary sources were created by someone

What is the first step in the qualitative research process?

Correct Answer: C. Review of literature

Review of literature is the 1st step in the qualitative research

Option A: Data analysis is the sixth step in the qualitative

Which mode of clinical application for qualitative research is

Correct Answer: B. Anticipatory guidance

Anticipatory guidance is the sharing of qualitative findings with

Option A: There is no consensus in the general

Which research process steps may be noted in an article’s

A. Identifying the phenomenon

Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on

Option A: The first step in the process is to identify a

example, if a researcher wants to examine a specific group

What does a level-of-evidence model use to evaluate the strength

Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are

Option A: Strength-of-evidence systems incorporate not

only study design but also many other facets of the

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What are the critiquing criteria used to judge the worth of a

Critiquing is a systematic process for evaluating research studies

Option A: Physiological measurement: Is a rationale given

qualitative inquiry; the specific qualitative research method

Which statement best describes qualitative research? Select all

A. Studies are conducted in natural settings.

Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-

Option A: Qualitative research is used to understand how

What does a critique of a research study always include? Select

A. Determining its strengths and weaknesses.

Reading a single article can act as a springboard into researching

Option A: Similar to a recipe, the description of materials