Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents studies, facts, description, and assumption, related to the subject

under study.

Since the internet has provided people to be engaged online not only as users but also

as producers. In contrast with fan fiction, the internet provided an opportunity to interact with

readers and producers. In the other hand fan fiction is a helpful way of writing stories or novels

that are more suitable to students. But, how does it help students in terms of improving writing

skills and knowledge accessibility? ( https://cutt.ly/Qe2kAZX. Irana Astutiningsih.2012)

There are cases wherein a student suffers in reading comprehensions due to high-end

digital devices; however some academic professionals are trying to figure out how to help

students into new digital learning in terms of strategies and its environment.

(https://cutt.ly/se2kXFN.Benjamin Herold.2014)

The Digital Literature helps readers to explore various ways of reading and

understanding literary texts more profoundly. Also, it shows the relationship between the text

and the reader through digital literary text.(Silvia Pokrivčákova.2010.)

Some comics are now in digital mediums, replacing the old printable mediums into digital

ones. Also considering on how space and time of comics changed the relationship between

readers and medium transitions.( https://cutt.ly/de2kMiQ.Daniel Merlin Goodbrey.2013.)

The e-literature challenges people not to fully base on theory and criticism. Also to

accept and deal its new medium and aesthetic.( https://cutt.ly/Re2k9Z4. Janez

Strehovec.2014)
 Since both of the mediums still co-exist, we can clearly see how this change by just how

they are been presented.( Jayms Nichols.2015)

The Instructional Media helps in the range of learning process, everything that can help

to stimulate thoughts, feelings, concerns and skills. However there is a limitation regardless of

one’s human capacity and understanding.( Rina Rachmawati.2018)

In United States it was found that comics had shown effectiveness in enhancing English

language comprehension in some students aged 8-15 years old and both genders. However

teachers in Malaysia, concluded that comics is just for leisure and it is not a teaching device

that can help improvise teaching in the English language.( https://cutt.ly/Ue2le2R.Ajurun

Begum Ahamed, Muhammad Shamshinor Abdul Azzis, Intan Suria Hamzah, Mohd Azmir

Mohd Nizah.2016)

In a 2010 study, they found that digital reading devices help some readers promote new

literary practice such as digital note-taking and how they engage with new text. In the other

hand, e-books features dictionary and some virtual bookmarks that will help the readers to

understand and to jot down important ideas.( Annette Lamb,2010)