Design of a Stand-Alone Renewable Energy
Operated Commercial Establishment
Nikhil Dubey1 , Sakshi Dawar2 , Preyansh Jain 3 , Anant Kumar 4 , Dr Ravi Sharma 5
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
New Delhi, India
9nikhild@gmail.com, sakshi.dawar@outlook.com, preyansh.jain13@gmail.com, anantkumar.mait@gmail.com, ravi6dec@yahoo.in
Abstract—Industrial sector is the major contributor in the
rapidly increasing energy consumption demand in correlation
with increasing technological advances. Grid independent hybrid
renewable energy systems (HRESs) are the effective solution
for commercial or industrial establishments due to their long-
term cost effectiveness, elimination of grid supply dependability
and decreased Environmental impact. This paper presents the
design of an independent renewable energy power system with
optimized load minimization for a commercial establishment with
provision of surplus energy production that can be utilized to
claim monetary incentives offered by Net-Metering or for other
high-powered applications. The paper considers a typical office
in New Delhi, India to develop a techno-economic profile. The
proposed model is novel in its combination and coordination
of multiple generation systems, i.e., Photovoltaic (PV) panels,
Semi-Transparent Solar System, Wind energy conversion system
(WECS), Battery energy storage system (BESS) in conjunc-
tion with load minimization using HVAC and innovative IoT
application. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable) was used in combination with MATLAB/Simulink
for economic analysis, size optimization, technical evaluation, and
simulation of the model.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The most fundamental basis for sustainable development, as
well as one of the most serious issues facing today’s human
civilization, is energy and how it is utilized. With rapidly
increasing population and technological advancing, the world
energy demand is predicted to increase by nearly 50% by 2050
compared to 2018 in correlation to strong economic growth
areas such as India. Industrial sector comprising for mining,
construction, manufacturing as well as transportation energy
demand are the major contributors for the exponential increase
in energy consumption. Approximately 75% of electrical
energy is produced by fossil fuel-based energy generation
systems. Conventional resources are the primary factor for
production of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. Due to their
exhaustive nature, the steadily increasing price and scarcity
owing to heavy strain on their natural reserves poses a serious
concern for the world.
This article considers a typical office in New Delhi and
focuses on developing a techno-economic profile of the same.
We analyze the present consumption patterns and use the
existing literature works to improve the consumption pattern.
Further on, we attempt to make the establishment entirely self-
978-1-6654-3542-0/21/$31.00 © 2021 IEEE
sufficient and capable of generating surplus energy in order
to claim monetary advantages offered by Net-Metering. To
accomplish this, intensive literature survey was conducted to
determine innovative, recent and efficient methodologies that
are then utilized to maximize energy efficiency and improve
the generation profile. Minute-wise load profile data was col-
lected from a conventional grid-connected commercial office
space in New Delhi and the corresponding meteorological data
(Solar, Wind, Temperature) was also collected. Using these, a
HOMER model was designed and simulated to maximize the
use of renewable resources and eliminate grid dependency. In
this article, we explore the proposed model in the following
order:
1) Existing System Description (Case I): The current en-
ergy consumption pattern is analyzed as well as the
existing grid-dependant system is modelled.
2) Energy Consumption Optimization (Case II): The con-
sumption pattern is altered using the combined IoT and
HVAC load optimization.
3) Renewable Energy Generation (Case III): The grid
dependency is eliminated from the optimized model
obtained in Case II and the subject space is made to run
entirely on renewable energy sources (Solar and Wind).
4) Optimized Hybrid Renewable Generation System (Case
IV): Local generation achieved in Case III is boosted
and highly using advanced generation systems which are
then coordinated to achieve a Hybrid Renewable Energy
System which is capable of meeting the demand while
generating minimal losses.
5) Comparative Study: Herein, we compare each of the
simulation models developed and perform a cash flow
study to determine the techno-economic feasibility for
each Case.
6) Conclusion: We conclude the article and present the
findings in a concise manner.
II. E XISTING S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION : C ASE I
Geographical and Meteorological Parameters
The site considered for this study is located 28.5770’ N
and 77.0780’ E at an elevation of 209 m above sea level. This
place is situated in Raj Nagar-II Extension, New Delhi.
 10
1500 Solar Irradiation Wind Speed 40 High
Diffused Radiation Low

Temperature (o C)
8
30

Km/H
1000
W/m 2

6
20
500
4 10

0 2 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
(a) Time (Hrs) (b) Time (Hrs) (c)

Fig. 1. Input Meteorological Parameters for the Subject Model

TABLE I
Data Data L OAD PARAMETERS
Logger 1 Logger 2
Grid Working HVAC Constraints Values
Load Load Max Load 5.48 KWh
Average load 4.74 KWh
Sanctioned Load 6KWh
Fig. 2. Circuit representation of the data logging system Average HVAC consumption 2.17 KWh
Operating Hours 09:00 - 19:00
Grid Energy Purchase Cost $0.041
Average hourly solar and wind profiles used for this simu- Grid Energy Selling Cost $0.027
lation are displayed in Fig 1. During summers the duration of
feasible solar radiation is more than that during winters owing
to the shorter duration of sunlight. The wind speed observed to optimize the usage and avoid wastage. This is achieved by
in this area varies from 3-8km/hr in a day and can reach up minimizing energy utilized in HVAC and illumination systems.
to 15Km/h during stormy conditions. Heat, airflow, ventilation, and air conditioning of an entire
building are the responsibilities of a HVAC system. The overall
Electrical Load Assessment climate of the establishment is controlled by HVAC systems.
The data was collected using an in-house built energy meter HVAC systems generally account for 44% of commercial
monitoring and logging system presented in Fig 2 at the buildings energy consumption which is found to be in-line
intervals of 1 minute for a period of 5 days per month. This with our findings of about 45.75%. Therefore, reducing energy
data allowed us to profile the contribution of HVAC on the usage mandates HVAC optimization.
present load. A traditional HVAC system is divided into two sections: in-
Operating hours of the subject space were 09:00 to 19:00. building and out-building. The five types of loops are indoor
The maximum load for the establishment for a day was found air loops, chilled water loops, refrigerant loops, condenser
to be 5.48KWh, with an average of 4.74KWh. HVAC alone water loops, and outdoor air loops. The in-building segment
was found to contribute nearly 45.75% of the total load. The consists of the indoor air loop, chilled water loop, and a portion
details are tabulated in Table I. of the refrigerant loop. The indoor air loop includes terminal
units, cooling coils, dampers, blowers, ducts, and controllers.
Artificial intelligence may be utilised for occupancy detection
6
to improve HVAC systems and reduce building energy con-
sumption.
KWh

4
In the field of industrial IoT, energy conservation is a prior-
2 Load Profile ity. Smart establishments leverage IoT devices to control smart
HVAC Load systems and minimizing energy waste. Along with conserving
0
10 12 14 16 18 energy, these devices improve efficiency and power factor.
Time (Hrs) Smart house lighting systems, for example, use LED lights to
enable automatic lighting control. These systems automate the
Fig. 3. Load variations for working hours in a day compared to the HVAC
load contribution
process of turning on and off lights. In practically every area
of a smart house, lighting systems maximize self-produced
electricity and conserve energy. These concepts can be scaled
III. E NERGY C ONSUMPTION O PTIMIZATION to industrial use as well. Self-produced electricity can be used
Optimization, by definition, is essential for any system to power appliances during the day and standby devices can
regardless of its application. It ensures minimal consumption be turned off automatically at night to save electricity [18].
of resources to achieve the maximum targeted output. In the When occupants exit rooms or leave their cubicles, lights
subject case, we aim to reduce the energy consumption in order on IoT devices turn off automatically to save energy [16].
 TABLE II
L ITERATURE REVIEW ON LOAD CONSUMPTION OPTIMIZATION FOR HVAC
SYSTEMS
Reference Methodology Outcome
Data preparation, Recognition, and
classification of the occupancy patterns,
[11] 14% Energy Savings
Reconfiguration of the thermal zones
through the occupants’ displacement.
This article focuses on multiple
methodologies like Fuzzy logic, GA,
ACO, ANN, PSO, and a hybridization
[12] 22% Energy Savings
of these techniques to generate an
algorithm capable of optimizing
the HVAC systems
The temperature control system is
divided into three subcategories and
different optimization models are run
[13] 28.2% Energy Savings
on each system to generate different
case studies which are subsequently
compared to mitigate overfitting.
The proposed approach focuses on
a data-driven deep learning
[14] framework manage energy loads
30.56% (0.015 kW)
Energy Savings
while satisfying indoor thermal
comfort conditions.
The proposed model incorporates
self-powering wireless sensors to
work in conjunction with HVAC
[15] 45% Energy Savings
systems and an ANN based
optimization algorithm is run for
online learning
Various equipment, such as automatic lighting systems or
remote control via a centralised controller, are utilised to
improve the convenience and efficiency of daily operations
[17].
Case II: Optimized Load Model
Table II consists the results of a literature review conducted
to survey the different methodologies proposed by the scien-
tific community in order to mitigate the load consumed by
HVAC systems within an establishment. We go on to simulate
the most promising of these results which is best suited to the
scenario on-hand.
This article utilizes the methodology adopted by [15] and
a Model-Based Predictive Control has been applied in inte-
gration to IoT to optimize HVAC systems load consumption.
IMBPC requires information on the weather and inside climate
of rooms, in order to gather data on this an intelligent weather
station was used based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Two
forecasting methods were made use of including a nearest
neighbour algorithm (NEN) algorithm and an artificial neural
network (ANN)-based approach. Using the optimized model,
temperature profiles of the rooms is estimated and the con-
sumption patterns are derived.
The proposed approach reduced the annual HVAC consump-
tion by 45%. The resulting load profile is presented along with
the original load profile in Fig 4. It was observed that the
optimization resulted in a Total load reduction of 25.16%.
6
KWh
4
Default Load
2 Optimized Load
10 12 14 16 18
Fig. 4. Load profile comparison for working hours in a day
IV. R ENEWABLE E NERGY G ENERATION
In today’s world, there are various environmental and eco-
nomic benefits of switching to renewable energy. Generating
a kind of energy that produces no greenhouse emissions
from fossil fuels, diversifies energy supply and also reduces
dependence on imported fuels is the goal that a majority of the
world Governments are aiming for. It also helps in economic
development and jobs in manufacturing, installation along with
conserving the nation’s natural resource reserves.
Staple components of a renewable energy generation system
include:
1) PV - A Photo voltaic cell is also known as a solar cell,
is a cell which generates electricity when it is exposed
to photons. The output generated by these cells is DC.
most common material used for making solar cells is
silicon but with emerging technologies more and more
materials have come into the picture.
2) Wind - Wind turbines/ Windmills are used to convert
kinetic energy of the wind to electricity. High wind
speeds are available in coastal areas whereas low wind
speeds are available in city areas in India.
3) Net metering - It is a mechanism which allows domestic
or commercial user who generate their own electricity
to provide surplus energy back to the grid. It is used
in an on-grid system because an off-grid system is
not connected to the main utility grid. The owner gets
compensated if he/she provides more energy to the grid
than using from it.
Case III: Renewable Energy System
Along with the aforementioned methodologies, the opti-
mized load profile obtained in Case II was used to construct
a simulation model in HOMER. This model was generated
with complete Electrical Independence in consideration and
therefore the electrical load demand was entirely met using
localized generation. Keeping the aforementioned condition in
mind, the following constraints were imposed on the system:
Constraints
• Maximum Annual Capacity Shortage: 0.00%
• Renewable Penetration: 100%
• Grid Purchase Limit: 0 KWh
• Optimization Parameter: Lowest Net Present Cost
The components used for generation used in the simulation
are specified in Table III. HOMER optimization algorithm
 Fig. 5. Monthly Production Distribution for Case IV

TABLE III TABLE IV

G ENERATION COMPONENT LIST FOR HOMER SIMULATION L ITERATURE R EVIEW FOR ADVANCED HRES SYSTEMS

Parameters PV Generator Wind Turbine Reference Methodology Outcome

Total Capacity 9.97KW 6KW Techno-economic analysis,
Lifetime (Yrs) 25 20 load assessment, resource
Capital Cost 6897$ 7826$ assessment, optimal size PV/Wind/Battery
Replacement Cost 5680$ 1208$ configuration of various based HRES is the
[21]
O&M Charges 680$ 904$ component configuration most cost effective
No. of Units 2 2 and working conditions configuration
tested. MMPT was employed
for increased efficiency.
Subsystems integrated into
was used to determine the number of units required for a hybrid systems including
each component in order to achieve the load demand while DC-to-DC based converter Maximum power
[22] and DC-to-AC inverter. generation with
keeping minimal costs. Fig 5 demonstrates the monthly energy Maximum power obtained 2.2% THD.
production of each component in the simulated RES. using Hill climbing MMPT
technique.
V. H YBRID R ENEWABLE E NERGY S YSTEMS Hybrid dual axis solar tracking
Hybrid Renewable Energy System employ diversified re- system was designed implemented
[23] 25.62% power gain
and compared with static PV
newable energy supply components to work in an optimized tracking system.
method considering the parameters of availability, load de- ST-PSCs for smart windows
mand and physical conditions. The energy generated via HRES applications are evaluated by
are found to be cheaper and cleaner than conventional power integration of transparency
levels, color properties and
generation. It requires less maintenance and operation cost [24] PCE of 10.12%
efficiencies. The color can be
after initial assembly and installation unlike power generators changed from yellow to
that require fuel (e.g., diesel) along with having positive reddish brown when decreasing
environmental impact such as reduced atmospheric contami- the Br concentration.
nation, lower carbon emission and air pollution. The economic
impacts include lesser the load demand on the grid, cheaper
COE, accessible electricity to remote areas, and employment count, thread diameter, mesh opening, etc, control the density
and economic development in manufacturing, installation and and porosity of the film [7].
supply chain. From a study performed on commercially obtainable TiO2
Table IV depicts the results of the literature review con- particle paste, the efficiency obtained was 9.2%, but with new
ducted to survey the different methodologies in order to improvements, efficiency has significantly improved. Most of
increase either the generation capacity, or the efficiency of the research is about making the layers thin so that trans-
the renewable energy generation system. We use the results parency is achieved. Polymer solar cells are based on nanopar-
obtained from this to optimize the existing RES presented in ticles and polymers. If transparent PSC is combined with a
Case III. transparent conducting element like silver nanowires then it
can be used for many more applications [8]. Perovskite solar
Semi-Transparent Solar Cells cell is usually a combination of organic and inorganic tin or
Semi-transparent solar cells are a breakthrough in solar lead-based materials. Silicon-based tandem semi-transparent
energy sector. Due to opaque nature of silicon, the semi- perovskite has achieved an efficiency of up to 29%. Perovskite
transparent and transparent solar cells have come into con- solar cells can be manufactured using the roll-to-roll technique.
sideration for buildings, windows, etc. [6] These cells allow [9] This technology has a large potential to reduce production
partial light to pass through them and the remaining is con- costs. Clear silver nanowire is applied on perovskite solar cells
verted to electricity. Different characteristics such as mesh in order to obtain semi-transparency. The PbI2 of these cells
 Fig. 6. Monthly Production Distribution for Case IV

can be reused for the preparation of new solar cells with TABLE V
comparable performance and in this way avoid lead waste. S OLAR I RRADIATION TABLE FOR E AST AND W EST FACING WALLS
[10] With our simple recycling procedure, we address both
Sun Time DI DR Sun Angle PEW PW W
the risk of contamination and the waste disposal of perovskite
based solar cells while further reducing the cost of the system. 06:00 65.128 40.705 10° 149.7944 19.5384
07:00 407.05 130.256 23° 700.126 65.128
The present two windows in the subject space are simulated 08:00 748.972 187.243 35°30’ 874.3434 92.8074
with correspondingly replaced PV Window generators which 09:00 1042.048 219.807 49° 809.2154 109.0894
act in conjunction with the proposed generation system and 10:00 1237.432 244.23 62° 620.3442 122.115
11:00 1383.97 268.653 74° 376.1142 133.5124
serve as a complementary source during the day. The internal 12:00 1440.957 276.794 82° 138.397 138.397
temperature fluctuations caused by the tinted window have not 13:00 1440.957 284.935 74° 141.6534 382.627
been taken into account and are to be considered beyond the 14:00 1269.996 276.794 62° 138.397 628.4852
scope of this article. 15:00 1082.753 252.371 49° 125.3714 848.2922
16:00 822.241 227.948 35°30’ 113.974 936.215
17:00 553.588 179.102 23° 89.551 931.3304
Case IV: Optimized Hybrid Renewable Energy System
18:00 179.102 73.269 10° 35.8204 589.4084
The above mentioned methodologies were utilized in order
to improve upon the scenario discussed in Case III and a
TABLE VI
HOMER model was developed for the same. The introduction G ENERATION COMPONENT LIST FOR HOMER SIMULATION C ASE IV
of PV Windows and improved efficiency of Roof PV and Wind
Generation systems compensates for the drawbacks suffered Parameters PV Generator PV Windows Wind Turbine
by Case III. The simulation model was developed with the Total Capacity 20.3 KW 1kW 6KW
Lifetime(Yrs) 25 15 20
following constraints: Capital Cost 10462$ 2500$ 6826$
Replacement Cost 4986$ 800$ 956$
• Maximum Annual Capacity Shortage: 0.00%
O&M Charges 550$ 129$ 904$
• Renewable Penetration: 100% No. of Units 5 1 2
• Grid Purchase Limit: 0 KWh
• Optimization Parameter: Lowest Net Present Cost

The irradiation received by the PV Windows is accounted
for in Table V. Direct Irradiation(DI), Diffused Radiation(DR),
Received Power on East Wall and West Wall (PEW , PW W )
are presented in W/m2 [25].
The components used for generation used in the simulation
are specified in Table VI. Fig 6 demonstrates the monthly
energy production of each component in the simulated RES.
VI. C OMPARISON
This article presents the construction and simulation of 4
different cases. Case I is regarded as the base case and is the
model of the existing system simulated by utilizing the energy
consumption pattern of the subject area. Case II incorporates
the use of intelligent systems for load optimisation and sub-
sequently reduce the energy consumption. Case III eliminates
the grid dependency for energy generation and establishes a
Renewable Energy Generation System capable of meeting the
load demand. The simple payback time for this system was
found to be 7 years and the initial setup cost was 41,300
USD. Case IV is developed by improving upon the existing
Case III by utilizing advanced HRES methodologies along
with recent the introduction of PV Window generation system
which works in tandem with the HRES system. This setup
ensures a simple payback time of 4.5 years and the initial
setup cost is 51,500 USD. The Cost of electricity has also
been significantly reduced from 0.48 USD to 0.12 USD when
compared with Case III.
The techno-economic factors (Total Load, Total Production,
Unmet Load, Net Present Cost(NPC), Cost of Energy(COE),
Initial Cost, Emissions, Grid Sale, Excess Electricity, Simple
Payback) of the above presented cases were then compared
and the results were presented in Table V.
VII. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we consider a commercial establishment and
attempt to convert it into a stand-alone, renewable energy
operated establishment.The approach taken to achieve this
divides the study into 4 cases which are then individually ex-
 TABLE VII
Total Load Total Production NPC COE
Architecture Unmet Load
(KWh/yr) (KWh/yr) ($1000) ($/KWh)
Case I 18159 0 0% 9.6 0.041
Case II 13937 0 0% 7.4 0.041
Case III 13927 22964 0% 100.6 0.480
Case IV 13927 20671 0% 20.6 0.120
plored. Case I is the traditional grid dependent system wherein
the energy consumption patterns of the establishment are
analyzed. In Case II, intelligent load optimization techniques
are utilised to minimize the consumption. Case III eliminates
the grid dependency of the system and the demand is met
entirely with renewable sources (Solar and Wind). Finally,
Case IV utilizes innovative generation methodologies along
with generation optimization techniques to reduce the losses
and increase the local generation.
A comparison of the techno-economic parameters of each
case determines the economical and ecological effectiveness
of the proposed model in Case IV. Future work will focus on
an investigation into the comfort parameters of the occupants
of the building for component analysis and improved load
optimization.
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