CSR

1. Sharma, Bindu. 2013. Contextualising CSR in Asia: Corporate Social

Responsibility in Asian economies. Singapore: Lien Centre for Social Innovation.
Retrieved from https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lien_reports/5/

The author’s purpose of publishing the book is to give a story about the practice
of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in 10 Asian economies: China, India,
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan,
and United Arab Emirates. The goal is to provide a distinctively Asian
perspective on corporate social responsibility narrative these nations is the
primary purpose of this article, hoping that it would be useful to CSR
practitioners, scholars, and interested business stakeholders in these countries.
Historical and conventional understanding of corporate responsibility and
engagement is used to investigate the current drivers of corporate social
responsibility (CSR) in many countries. Drivers include the government, civil
society organizations, globalization, as well as the pursuit of enlightened self-
interest, according to the paper. From shedding light on various underlying
repercussions, the study also examines frameworks such as the ISO 26000 for
Social Responsibility, which was developed in the United Kingdom.
2. Dent, E.B. and Randall, C. (2021), "Moral re-armament: toward a better
understanding of the society-corporation relationship before the emergence of
“corporate social responsibility”", Journal of Management History, Vol. 27 No. 3,
pp. 389-408. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/JMH-02-2020-0010

In this study the authors, explains the concept of moral re-armament (MRA) and
its function as a mediator in a number of labor-management conflicts in various
sectors, particularly during the 1940s and 1950s. In this, the MRA was led by a
social obligation that was couched in terms that was a predecessor to corporate
social responsibility (CSR). This study explores the position of Latin American
airlines located in Miami, which had just ended the longest airline labor strike in
history. This study also includes literary interpretations are used to inform an
institutional-theory-based approach to a broad social movement, one player
within that movement, and the movement's implications for a particular industry
in this study. It is feasible to link actions made at one time to activity and
behavior demonstrated at another. Overall, study states that as a consequence,
the authors attempt to evaluate a precursor phenomenon of corporate social
responsibility.

3. Borras, S.M, jr. (2016, April 14). Land politics, agrarian movements and scholar-
activism. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1765/93021
 In this study the authors, explains that the article explores the recent shifts in
global land politics and agrarian movements, as well as the activists and
scholars who have mobilized around and studied these themes in recent years.
land politics are more diverse than ever before, according to this report.
Agricultural movements have evolved into environmental, climate justice, and
food sovereignty movements, or formed (objective or subjective) partnerships
with these movements. Agricultural trans nationalization has been a prominent
trend in agrarian politics for three decades. New generation of agricultural
scholars-activists has emerged. Committed activist action informed by rigorous
academic study and directly tied to political aims or movements. Agenda,
style, methods, strategy, and tactics of scholar-activists have changed. Authors
added more about modern scholar-activists. In this study, agricultural scholar-
activists must be considered in relation to their institutional location and
involvement with other academics and activists. Researchers advocate agrarian
scholar-activist movement.
4. Aboo Bakar, Dr Rofiza and Adnan, Dr Nur Ilianis and Alias, Dr
Salina and Hassan, Norhaslinda (2021) International Journal of Practices in
Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Practices in Teaching and
Learning (IJPTL), 1 (1). pp. 1-51. Retrieved from
https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/51008/

Authors have written in the study about the first issue of the International Journal
of Practices in Teaching and Learning (IJPTL), which is a peer-reviewed journal
in the area of teaching and learning (Society for Teaching and Learning for
Tertiary Education). The IJPTL is making a tiny and humble debut. But then, it
aspires to create a cross-disciplinary forum for educators to publish new
approaches in teaching and learning that may be shared for the benefit of all
students and educators. This aims to encourage both new and experienced
authors to offer their skills and viewpoints in domains in which they are active.
Magazine publishes research papers that are written in an easy-to-read style and
aims to attract both new and experienced writers. It is the concept of corporate
social responsibility that appears in this first edition (CSR). The IJPTL is a new
publication, its papers have been double-blind peer-reviewed.
5. Laura P. Hartman, Jenny Mead, Patricia H. Werhane, Danielle Christmas.
(2011). Journal of Business Ethics Education.p. 199-230. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.5840/jbee20118114

In this study, the authors description is that when looking for a way to teach
corporate strategy and ethical decision-making, look no further than case
studies. Additionally, the goal is to demonstrate to students that effective
leadership decision-making occurs when all affected stakeholders are taken into
account. This involves everyone from owners and workers to the local, national,
 and international communities in which the firm does its business and its
customers. In this study, the common misconception among many Corporate
Societal Responsibility (CSR) proponents is that private firms' interests in
alleviating social issues should not be vested, but should instead stem from
charity objectives. This research dispels this common misconception. Taking a
fresh look at the role of business in contributing to social development It is being
analyzed, and a case study spotlighting crucial parts of CSV is being given to
shed light on the concept of Creating Shared Value.
6. Puaschunder, Julia (2010) On Corporate and Financial Social Responsiblity.
Dissertation, University of Vienna. Fakultät für Psychologie. Retrieved from
https://othes.univie.ac.at/13311/

In this study the authors states that examines corporate and financial social
responsibility via CSR and SRI (SRI). Theory examines the human components
of responsibility and the global rise of CSR, with a focus on multi-stakeholder
collaborations. The internationalization of SRI is debated. In addition to flexible
corporate social services, employers may exhibit poor corporate social behavior.
This article examines the benefits and drawbacks of an upcoming UN multi-
stakeholder network promoting global development. A meta-analysis of political
divestment in South Africa research blames event study design flaws. A lack of
knowledge, concerns about efficiency, and fiduciary issues are shown in expert
interviews on SRI. Recommendations include global governance, multi-
stakeholder management, and government help in implementing and
administering corporate and financial social responsibility. Incorporating
transparency and accountability into financial social responsibility. New role for
social responsibility in the interplay of public and private actors must be
established in light of globalization.
7. Morrissey, Daniel J., The Riddle of Shareholder Rights and Corporate Social
Responsibility (2015). Brooklyn Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 353, 2015, Gonzaga
University School of Law Research Paper No. 2016-6. Retrieved from
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2779754

This article describes the tension that exists between the historical purpose of
profit maximization of businesses and the present trend that encourages them to
pursue other goals as well, such as community improvement and environmental
sustainability, among others. In the first part of the chapter, this chapter
emphasizes that the important role that corporations play in the social and
economic structure of the United States of America. The authors used this as a
starting point, it goes on to highlight the trend over the preceding several
decades toward enterprises that serve a triple bottom line, which encompasses
profit, community service, and environmental responsibility. The paper argues
that, given the urgent demands of society and the resources and expertise
available to firms, it makes excellent sense for corporations to embrace these
 larger goals as a matter of course. It comprises with the development and
improvement of such a country to sustainability.
8. Isabel Kelly. (November 2016). Is the Time Right for Human Rights NGOs to
Collaborate with Businesses that Want to Stop Dabbling with ‘Corporate Social
Responsibility’ and Start Making Social Impact?. Journal of Human Rights
Practice. Volume 8. Issue 3. Pages 422–435. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huw015

In this policy note, based on the author's 12 years of experience working in a

corporate foundation, he presents an overview of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) in its many manifestations. The study has an examination of the
advantages and drawbacks that may develop for human rights NGOs seeking to
engage with the business sector in order to secure new sources of financing and
delivery methods for their programs. Also, this article examines some of the
language and strategies used by global businesses to engage constructively with
the communities in which they operate and have impact. The corporations' good
intentions may be misdirected or even in contradiction with NGOs' long-term
strategic work, providing extra hurdles for those entrusted with carrying out such
work, as highlighted in this study. In conclusion, the report outlines prospects for
commercial and non-profit partnership, enabling both to use their own strengths
to accomplish common social goals.
9. Persson, T. (November 2011). Good governance and the Danish Football
Association: between international and domestic sport governance. Pages 373-
384. Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19406940.2011.596154?
scroll=top&needAccess=true

In this study, authors states that Danish Football Association (FA) is on the verge
of becoming the first sports regulatory body in the country to embrace corporate
social responsibility policies (CSR). This article examines a variety of
governance events that have occurred in Danish sport and football over the
previous four years in order to provide a picture of the present governance
environment in the country. In addition to professionalization, a feeling of social
responsibility and value-based leadership are significant parts of the revamped
Danish sport governance. Consequently, it is suggested that governance
methods should be seen through the perspective of "good governance,"
corporate social responsibility, and social capital, all of which should be
considered in the context of multi-level governance. The authors resolved that a
good governance' is seen as being rooted in the framework of a country's
economic operations and social connections inside and with the broader
population.
10. Navarro, P. (November 2017). The MBA Core Curicula of Top-Ranked U.S
Business Schools: A Study in Failure?. Retrieved from
https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/AMLE.2008.31413868

According to the authors of this article, a web-based examination of the MBA

core curriculum of top-ranked U.S. business schools shows some evidence for
the survival of the traditional but widely criticized functional silo and dominant
design despite widespread criticism. In the study, there are numerous instances
where the required multidisciplinary integration and experiential components are
not being emphasized, as well as a lack of product differentiation and branding
around AACSB-valued thematic elements such as soft skills, information
technology, globalization, and corporate social responsibility, among other
findings of this study. The authors also did a study on the organizational theoretic
constraints that are taken into account in the context of the offered prescriptive
solutions. It is vital to emphasize the item with attention and in the proper
manner. According to the deal, top-ranked US business schools in the area
would profit from the arrangement, which will be implemented in phases.
11. Longo, M., Mura, M., & Bonoli, A. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility and
Corporate Performance: the case of Italian SMEs. Corporate Governance, 5(4),
28-42. Retrieved from
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14720700510616578/full/ht
ml

In this study the authors noted the purpose of the study. It contributes to a clear
understanding of the present social commitment of small and medium ‐sized
enterprises (SMEs), analyzing the characteristics of CSR in them; making it
easier to identify, develop and spread the instruments suitable to the SME
specific demands the creation of social value. Authors surveyed a group of
SMEs, belonging to diverse economic disciplines and functioning on the Italian
territory in the region Emilia Romagna. Based on the study conducted in the
article, it was feasible to identify the primary managerial tools used by firms to
create social value and to identify those companies (about 63 percent of the
reference sample) that employ an integrated social responsibility strategy.
Majority of the SMEs studied have so perceived and welcomed the concept of
social responsibility, not just for moral or ethical grounds. The authors believes
that it’ll be accomplished.
12. Maloni, M.J., & Brown, M.E. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the supply
chain: an application in the food industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 35-52.
doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9038-0. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-9038-0

In this study, the authors focuses on the food industry faces that has numerous
significant risks and as a result of public criticism of supply chain corporate social
 responsibility (CSR) issues. This paper builds on previous research as well as
emerging industry trends to create a comprehensive framework for supply chain
CSR in the industry. Moreover, the framework describes one-of-a-kind CSR
applications in the food supply chain, such as animal welfare, biotechnology, the
environment, fair trade, health and safety, and labor and human rights. General
supply chain CSR issues like community and procurement are also taken into
account. The issues being addressed in this study shows that the food industry
has a relation with the CRS and thus they must align together to meet significant
goals respectively. Finally, the framework serves as a comprehensive tool to
assist food industry practitioners and researchers in the evaluation of strategic
and operational issues.

13. Van Marrewijk, M. (2004). Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate
Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion. Journal of Business
Ethics, 44(2-3), 95-105. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226846604_Concepts_and_Definitions
_of_CSR_and_Corporate_Sustainability_Between_Agency_and_Communion

In this article the authors offers an overview of the current debate over the
concepts and definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate
Sustainability (CS). In this study, the factors and reasons of why a certain debate
between the two parites have been moved into a motion, hence basing on the
daily performance of each. Authors based on the impact of historical
perspectives, philosophical analyses, the impact of changing contexts and
situations, and practical considerations, the conclusions show that the "one
solution fits all"-definition for CS(R) should be abandoned, in favor of accepting
various and more specific definitions that match the development, awareness,
and ambition levels of organizations. Additionally, environmental management,
eco-efficiency, responsible sourcing, stakeholder engagement, labor standards
and working conditions, employee and community relations, social equity,
gender balance, human rights, good governance, and anti-corruption measures
are among the key CSR issues mentioned by the authors in the article.

14. Kok, P., T. van der Wiele, R. McKenna and A. Brown: 2001, ‹A Corporate Social
Responsibility Audit Within a Quality Management Framework’, Journal of
Business Ethics 31, 285-297. doi:10.1023/A:1010767001610. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227042013_A_Corporate_Social_Resp
onsibility_Audit_within_a_Quality_Management_Framework

The authors in this paper develops a corporate social responsibility audit based
on the underlying methodology of the quality award/excellence models. To begin
with, the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the European Quality
Award are examined to determine the extent to which quality awards already
 incorporate the development of social responsibility. The authors described the
corporate social responsibility as a management concept in which businesses
incorporate social and environmental concerns into their business operations
and interactions with stakeholders. Thus, it will be demonstrated that the quality
awards do not yet include ethical aspects of social responsibility. In this study,
the authors stated that, there is a clear definition of social responsibility, as well
as an improved audit instrument, are both required. It is being differentiated that
a definition and an audit instrument are created to encourage movement in that
direction and to assist organizations in reflecting on their practices.

15. Jamali, D.: 2007, ‹A Stakeholder Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility: A

Fresh Perspective into Theory and Practice’, Journal of Business Ethics.
doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9572-4. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5149329_A_Stakeholder_Approach_to
_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_A_Fresh_Perspective_into_Theory_and_Prac
tice

In this study, authors described stakeholder theory that it had gained currency in
business and society literature in recent years in light of its practicality from the
perspective of managers and scholars. In accounting for the recent ascendancy
of stakeholder theory, this article presents an overview of two traditional
conceptualizations corporate social responsibility (CSR) highlighting their
predominant inclination toward providing static taxonomic CSR descriptions. The
article then makes the case for a stakeholder approach to CSR, reviewing its
rationale and outlining how it has been integrated into recent empirical studies. In
light of this review, the article adopts a stakeholder framework. Ethical
Performance Scorecard proposed by Spiller to examine the CSR approach of a
sample of Lebanese and Syrian firms with an interest in CSR and test relevant
hypotheses derived from the CSR/stakeholder literature. The findings are
analyzed and implications drawn regarding the usefulness of a stakeholder
approach to CSR.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

1. Devita, G. (2000). Inclusive approaches to effective communication and active

participation in the multicultural classroom: An international business
management context. Active Learning in Higher Education, 1(2), 168–
180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787400001002006

In this article, the author researched reports on the author's experiences with,
and reflections on, theory-based practices in the context of business
management education with regard to communication and participation in the
multicultural classroom. Moreover, the key issues that is all about concerning
international students' learning experiences are being identified and examined,
and recommendations for implementing inclusive approaches to effective
communication and active participation in a culturally diverse class of
international business management are provided. This article also concludes the
way how to improve the students’ performances in doing business- and
business-related works. The study states that it would be beneficial for those
students who are willing to have a good performance when it comes to managing
a business. Also, the authors have identified ways on how improve their skills in
managing, thus it helps improves the quality and services given to the students.
Conclusion is when students became competent.

2. Hill, C. (2008), "International Business: Competing in the Global Market

Place", Strategic Direction, Vol. 24 No. 9. .
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/sd.2008.05624iae.001/full/
html?fullSc=1&mbSc=1

The authors in this study states that the transfer of resources (raw materials,
capital, and people), goods (finished assemblies and products), services
(management consulting, financial services, insurance, and education, to name a
few), knowledge and skills (managerial skills, intellectual property rights), or
information (databases and networks) across national borders are being referred
to as an international business. Moreover, the authors included that multinational
corporations, in fact, benefits from and contributes to the growing
interdependence of the nations. IBM and Microsoft software is written by Indian
 software developers in both India and the United States, and Levi Strauss jeans
and other apparel are manufactured by Bangladeshi subcontractors and sold
worldwide. Given in the first part of this article, the authors concluded that it gives
a new and broad overview of international business concepts, including recent
developments in the global business environment. Thus, this section
acknowledges the complexities of international business operations

3. Miller, K. (1992). A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International

Business. J Int Bus Stud 23, 311–331 (1992).
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490270.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490270

According to the study being conducted by the authors in this article, in the
international management literature, risk treatment focuses primarily on specific
uncertainties, to the exclusion of other interrelated uncertainties. As authors
described it in the article, the Integrated risk management (IRM) is a set of
practices and processes that improve decision-making and performance by
providing an integrated view of how well an organization manages its unique set
of risks. It’s supported by a risk-aware culture and enabling technologies. Risk
identification, risk measurement and assessment, risk mitigation, risk reporting
and monitoring, and risk governance are some of the topics covered.
Additionally, it is a type of IT security technology that protects sensitive
information-containing documents from unauthorized access. IRM guards
against unauthorized copying, printing, and editing of files. This paper proposes
a framework that categorizes risks that international firms faces, as well as
financial and strategic corporate risk management strategies.

4. Yadong Luo. (2021). Illusions of techno-nationalism, Journal of International

Business Studies, 10.1057/s41267-021-00468-5,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41267-021-00468-5

In this study, it encompasses the Techno-nationalism that has been created new
risks in international trade, increasing volatility, uncertainty, and complexity for
multinational corporations (MNEs). This study explains how today's techno-
nationalism differs from its traditional form, the underlying theoretic logic, the
potential harm it could cause MNEs, and what MNEs can do to mitigate the risk.
We elaborate on several points: (1) new techno-nationalism combines
geopolitical, economic, national security, and the ideological considerations, and
is thus more complex and disruptive to international business than the traditional
standpoint; (2) the new techno-nationalism is underpinned by the realism
doctrine, which portrays the world as zero-sum competition in which states
leverage their power of economic coercion, and does not recognize the
importance of technological interconnectivity, the resource complementarity,
open innovation, and positive-sum co-opetition; and (3) techno-nationalism
 obstructs MNEs, especially those dependent on the global technology supply
chain and on target country market contribution
5. Peter J Buckley, Liang Chen, L Jeremy Clegg, Hinrich Voss. (2020).
The role of endogenous and exogenous risk in FDI entry choices, Journal of
World Business. 10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101040, 55, 1, (101040),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090951618308307

In this study the authors revied about the effect of risk on entry into a new foreign
market is moderated by firm experience, according to FDI research. According to
the authors in this article, that recent research contradicts the said conclusion.
Thus, the authors showed that the proposed learning mechanism only applies to
endogenous risk, not exogenous risk, by revisiting economists' and behaviorists'
conceptions of risk. This is because assessing endogenous risk necessitates
self-evaluation of risk-reducing capability, it is hypothesized that firms will take
different risks depending on their experience and ownership. In contrast to
exogenous risk, we find both observed and unobserved variations in firm
responses to endogenous risk. The literature on FDI has consistently shown that
firm experience moderates the effects of FDI. Including in the study, is the ARDL
error correction model revealed institutional stability to be an exogenous
variable. Moreover, FDI is a naturally occurring variable.

6. Yidi Guo, Quy Nguyen Huy, Zhixing Xiao, How middle managers manage the

political environment to achieve market goals: Insights from China's state ‐owned
enterprises, Strategic Management Journal, 10.1002/smj.2515, 38, 3, (676-696),
(2016). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smj.2515

In this study, the authors stated that although the literature on middle management has
identified various bridging roles that middle managers play in the market environment, it
is unclear whether and how they manage the political environment to achieve market-
related goals. The authors said that pperational middle managers were found to play an
active role in dealing with political actors to achieve market efficiency in their local
environments in an inductive field study of four large state-owned enterprises based in
mainland Communist China, employing two distinct bridging strategies. According to the
field research conducted by the authors, middle managers are better equipped than
their bosses (top executives) and subordinates (frontline employees) to bridge the gap
between competing market and political imperatives in a variety of local settings. Lastly
it is difficult for a handful of top executives to deal with numerous political actors in firms
that operate across multiple geographies.

7. Amjad Hadjikhani, The Political Behavior of Business Actors, International

Studies of Management & Organization, 10.1080/00208825.2000.11656784, 30,
1, (93-117), (2016).
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00208825.2000.11656784
 In this article, while most international business studies assume that
governments have authority over multinational corporations (MNCs), this article
takes an interactional approach to the relationship between MNCs and political
actors. There is an interaction between multinational corporations (MNCs) and
political decision-makers is referred to as political behavior being stated in this
article. Authors made a question to be answered, “How do multinational
corporations interact with political actors”. A model that included factors of
interactive behavior, the characteristics of the actors involved, and the outcome
was used to study the political behavior of Swedish MNCs interacting with
European Union (EU) political units have been made buy the authors of this
study. According to the authors of this article, a government makes policy
changes that have an effect on international trade. Governments frequently use
trade relations to solve domestic issues. Hence, an international business could
be caught in a trade war.

8. Maria A. De Villa, Tazeeb Rajwani, Thomas Lawton, Market entry modes in a

multipolar world: Untangling the moderating effect of the political environment,
International Business Review, 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.10.001, 24, 3, (419-429),
(2015). https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/iburev/v24y2015i3p419-429.html

Authors reviewed the extant literature on market entry modes to explain the
multi-levels of the political environment that can have a moderating effect on
transnational corporations’ (TNC) market entry processes. Based on a
systematic review of the Uppsala model, transaction cost analysis, real options,
eclectic paradigm, industrial network, and institutional approaches, we show that
the market entry modes literature has largely excluded some aspects of the
political environment from market entry mode decisions. Consequently, we
continue to struggle with the question of how TNCs can factor the political
environment into their foreign market entry processes. We suggest a more
detailed analysis of the political environment may enable future research to
address this challenge using corporate political activity literature and institutional
theory. In particular, a distinction between macro and micro levels of analysis
can explain how the moderating effect of the political environment on market
entry mode decisions can be untangled.

9. Ilke Kardes, Ayse Ozturk, S. Tamer Cavusgil, Erin Cavusgil, Managing global

megaprojects: Complexity and risk management, International Business Review,
10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.01.003, 22, 6, (905-917), (2013).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259139351_Managing_global_megapr
ojects_Complexity_and_risk_management

The authors studied about the “Megaproject,”. In which it is a concept of growing

importance in today's globally connected business environment, requires a
 closer examination as a result of the expansion of global networks, increasing
collaborations among numerous partners, and the complexity of managing such
projects. Nonetheless, given their high failure rate, it is critical to investigate the
factors that contribute to megaproject success. Companies will inevitably engage
in complex, global, collaborative projects in order to reap the benefits of these
significant, large-scale initiatives and eventually become major players in the
game in such a high-pressure, competitive, and complex environment. Authors
said that, despite the considerable scale of megaprojects, the international
business literature has largely neglected to examine this topic. This paper takes
an exploratory approach to identify key characteristics of global megaprojects,
factors contributing to disappointing outcomes, and offers a risk management
framework and managerial prescriptions for enhancing success.

10. Thomas Lawton, Steven McGuire, Tazeeb Rajwani, Corporate Political Activity:

A Literature Review and Research Agenda, International Journal of Management
Reviews, 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00337.x, 15, 1, (86-105), (2012).
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00337.x

This paper reviews the diverse literature on corporate political activity (CPA) and
develops a framework that details and integrates existing research in this field. In
this study, a systematic analysis of extant CPA literatures is conducted to order
them into domains that have implications for organizational performance.
Author’s contribution of each to an understanding of CPA in pursuit or defense of
corporate competitive advantage is discussed. The authors also suggested that
the internationalization of business, including the more recent emergence of
developing country economies and companies, would present scholars with the
challenge of understanding CPA in more varied institutional settings. CPA
practices are becoming more widespread as commerce becomes more global,
involving a broader range of political actors and institutions. In conclusion, this
paper contributes by improving the clarity of CPA classification, reflecting on the
implications of a multi-polar world for CPA research, and advancing future
agendas for CPA scholars.

11. Romeo V. Turcan, Svetla Marinova, Mohammad Bakhtiar Rana, Empirical

Studies on Legitimation Strategies: A Case for International Business Research
Extension, Institutional Theory in International Business and Management,
10.1108/S1571-5027(2012)0000025023, (425-470), (2012).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242023383_Empirical_Studies_on_Leg
itimation_Strategies_A_Case_for_International_Business_Research_Extension

The authors in this paper focuses on company legitimation and legitimation

strategies. The authors follow the systematic review process. Also, the authors in
this study have examined the empirical studies that investigate legitimation and
 legitimation strategies from various theoretical perspectives. Moreover, the
authors also made an outline potential research directions in the legitimation
strategies of firms engaged in international business operations using key
findings from reconnoitering and comparing the theoretical background,
approaches, methodologies, and findings of these empirical studies. In this
article, it examines existing theories about international strategies by drawing on
current research in international business strategies. Additionally, dunning was
well-known for his work on the economics of international direct investment and
multinational corporations. The authors described the international business in
this article as the trade of goods, services, technology, capital, and/or knowledge
across national borders and on a global or transnational scale is referred to as
international business.

12. Amjad Hadjikhani, Peter Thilenius, Industrial relationships and the effects of

different types of connections, Industrial Marketing Management,
10.1016/j.indmarman.2009.05.011, 38, 6, (679-686), (2009).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238291137_Industrial_relationships_an
d_the_effects_of_different_types_of_connections

Emphasizing the primary and secondary functions in business networks, this

paper is based on the presumption that the primary function of the focal dyadic
relationship is connected to business, political, ancillary and competitive
relationships, i.e. what has been denoted as the secondary function. The
question is how these secondary functions affect the primary function. The
conceptual view developed for the focal dyadic relationship is founded on the two
key relationship concepts of trust and commitment. The empirical study is based
on a survey of 353 firms and their most important customer relationships. The
analysis examines nine hypotheses through a structural model in LISREL.
Conclusions from the statistical test show the heterogeneity in the impacts of
these different types of connections on trust and commitment. Knowledge of the
impact of these connections can aid the further understanding of relationship
connections and also assist business firms in developing strategies towards
these units.

13. Joshua B Levy, Eunsang Yoon, Methods of country risk assessment for

international market-entry decision, Getting Better at Sensemaking,
10.1016/S1069-0964(00)09010-4, (287-323), (2000).
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1016/S1069-0964(00)09010-
4/full/html

In this article, the authors stated that researchers and practitioners of

international market entry typically have a difficult task obtaining and processing
requisite information to evaluate potential opportunities and risks. It includes
 points that have inappropriate measures of input requirements, inadequately
defined information categories, and the overall complexity of the decision
process frequently confound essential analysis. In response to these concerns,
this study introduces a three-stage guiding framework for market-entry decisions
and presents alternative methodologies for country risk assessment, which is a
key component in the final stage. Lastly, a variety of discrete methods are
included such as subjective interaction by deliberating experts, scoring models,
the analytic hierarchy process, simulation, and statistical designs using
regression or factor analysis. New analytic rule-based no discrete techniques
utilizing fuzzy logic are also introduced. Using rules that do not require a perfect
match between input data and their antecedental values in order to fire.
14. Strange, R., Filatotchev, I., Buck, T. et al. Corporate Governance and
International Business. Manag Int Rev 49, 395–407 (2009).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0001-z

In this study, authors studied about the broad sense of corporate governance
that is being concerned with how businesses should be governed in order to run
effectively and efficiently. This paper examines corporate governance
mechanisms from a broad perspective and considers potential synergies
between corporate governance and international business (IB) research. The
authors have come to summarize the papers in this Focused Issue and highlight
their key contributions to the literature. The contrary, the authors have also
compared and contrast the four theoretical perspectives on corporate
governance and IB adopted in the five papers, namely transaction cost
economics, the resource-based view, agency theory, and institutional theory. In
this focused Issue, we summarize the papers and highlight their key
contributions to the literature. Moreover, authors compare and contrast the five
papers' four theoretical perspectives on corporate governance and IB, namely
transaction cost economics, the resource-based view, agency theory, and
institutional theory.

15. Darling, J.R. (1994), "Crisis Management in International Business: Keys to

Effective Decision Making", Leadership & Organization Development Journal,
Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739410073047

In this study, the authors have collected views that there are many crises and
crisis like events that are not normally associated with normal operations affect
firms engaged in international business. The authors described crisis
management as a systematic and orderly response of a business to a crisis
situation. Authors also said that, there are many crises that can be avoided – or
at least dealt with more effectively – if they are detected early. The real challenge
is not simply recognizing crises, but recognizing them in a timely manner and
with the intent to address the issues they represent. A crisis in an international
business firm can have four distinct stages: the prodromal crisis stage, the acute
crisis stage, the chronic crisis stage, and the crisis resolution stage. Hence,
recognizing and dealing with these phases effectively gives the business
manager a significant advantage in addressing issues of importance to the
organization.