Name: Antonnette Faith F.

Sarmiento BSN –II

1. Clinical Practice

a. Electronic Health Record

Electronic Health Record Systems have the potential to transform the
healthcare system from a mostly paper-based industry to one that utilizes
clinical and other pieces of information to assist providers in delivering a
higher quality of care to their patients. The Health Information Technology
for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, which is part of the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , was signed into law with an
explicit purpose of incentivizing providers (e.g. hospitals and physicians) to
adopt EHR systems. Healthcare Information and Communication
Technology in the health sector can improve the quality of care, managerial
efficiency, and cost savings.
A electronic health record (EHR) system adds information
management tools to provide clinical reminders and alerts, linkages with
knowledge sources for health care decision support, and analysis of
aggregate data both for care management and for research. To use a paper-
based patient record, the reader must manipulate data either mentally or on
paper to glean important clinical information. In contrast, an EHR system
provides computer-based tools to help the reader organize, interpret, and
react to data.

b. Telemedicine
The role of medical informatics in telemedicine is dependent on using
the power of the computerized database to not only feed patient specific
information to the health care providers, but to use the epidemiological and
statistical information in the data base to improve decision making and
ultimately care. The computer is also a powerful tool to facilitate
standardizing and monitoring of care and when applied in continuous quality
improvement methodology it can enhance the improvement process well
beyond what can be done by hand. The coupling of medical informatics with
telemedicine allows sophisticated medical informatics systems to be applied
in low population density and remote areas.
c. E-health
Health informatics has been developing solutions for intra-
organizational information systems for many decades now. Recently, with
the emergence of inter-organizational (or trans-institutional) information
systems, the term “eHealth” has been shaped to describe “an emerging field
in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business,
referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through
the Internet and related technologies”. Generally speaking, the term eHealth
encompasses more traditional concepts such as telemedicine and tele-
monitoring as well as newer concepts such as shared electronic health
records or pervasive health care systems. eHealth applications offer the
potential for large benefits for health care, such as improved quality of care,
patient empowerment, health promotion, and cost savings. However, a lot of
challenges need to be overcome to exploit these potential benefits, such as
semantic and technical integration and human-computer interaction, but also
social, cultural, economical and organizational challenges as eHealth will
have an impact on the way health care is delivered in the future.

2. Administration

a. Clinical & Administrative Health Information System

Clinical Information Systems are large computerized database management
systems that support several types of activities that may include physician order
entry, result retrieval, documentation, and decision support (Clinical
Information Systems 2002). Clinicians use these systems to access data that are
used to plan, implement, evaluate case. Examples of CISS include nursing,
laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, medical information systems. CISs users
include nurses, physicians, pharmacist, social worker, respiratory therapist and
any other clinician requiring access to clients record. 
 Nursing Information Systems - support the use and documentation of
nursing processes, activities, and provides tools for managing the delivery of
nursing care. 

 Monitoring Systems - are devices that automatically monitor biometric

measurements in critical care and specialty areas, such as cardiology and
obstetrics. These devices may send information to the nursing
documentation systems. 
 Order Entry Systems - physician orders for medications and treatments are
entered into the computer and directly transmitted to the appropriate areas
whether that is the pharmacy, the laboratory, the radiology department, or
social service. 
COMPUTERIZED PHYSICIAN ORDER ENTRY (CPOE) -It is the
preferred method of the physician in entry of orders because this eliminates
issue related to illegible hand writing and transcription errors, speeds the
implementation of ordered diagnostic tests and treatment modalities, and can
enhance staff productivity and save money ((Dorenfest 2003: Marshalech
and Cassey 2003: May 2003: Stablein and Drazen 2003). -It represents a
major initiative on the part of the Institute of Medicine and Leapfrog Group
to improve the quality of care and reduce medical errors. 

 Laboratory Information Systems (LIS) - can provide many benefits,

including a short turnaround time for results, prevention of duplication
testing, decreased likelihood of human error, and identification of abnormal
results according to age, sex, and hospital standard. 

 Radiology Information System (RIS) - provides scheduling of diagnostic

tests, communication of clinical information, generation of clients
instructions and preparation procedure, transcription of results and
impressions and file room management suck as tracking of film location.
The radiology system generates billing information that can be sent to the
billing system. More recent developments in radiology information systems
include digital, filmless images as a replacement for traditional radiology
films. 

 Pharmacy Systems - offer many benefits that promote cost containment and
improve the quality of care. These systems can be used by a variety of health
care professionals who perform activities related to the ordering, dispensing,
and administration of medications. Another benefit offered by the pharmacy
systems is the tracking of medication use, costs, and billing information.
Automation of these functions generally improves accuracy and is more
cost-effective than manual methods. 
 Other Common Clinical System:
 Medical Records/abstracting Systems - facilitates the abstracting or coding
of diagnosis and chart management process. Client record may also be
stored on optical disk. 

 Operating Room System - may be used to schedule procedures, manage

equipment set-up for individual physicians, facilitate inventory control, and
provide client billing. 

 Emergency Department System - provides ready access to independent

systems such as poison control. They also allow the nurse to print specific
discharge and follow-up instructions based on the client’s diagnosis.

 Home Care Systems - allow the Health Care provider to access information
on clients and outpatient resources, and to document care provided. 

Administrative Information Systems support client care by managing

financial and demographic information and providing reporting capabilities.
includes client management, financial, payroll, human resources and quality
assurance system. 
 Client Registration System - is critic to the effective operation of many other
systems within the health care setting. This system is used to collect and
store client identification and demographic data that are verified and updated
at the time of each visit. these may also be known as
admission/discharge/transfer (ADT) systems. CISs use these data for the
management of client care and billing purposes. An important aspect of a
registration system used in a multientity health system network is the
development of a unique client identifier. 

 Financial Systems - provide the facility with accounting functions. Accurate

tracking of financial data is critical for enabling the organization to receive
reimbursement for services. 

 Payroll and Human Resource Systems - track employee time and attendance,
credentials, performance evaluations, and payroll compensation
information. 
 Risk Management Systems - track and plan prevention of usual occurrences
and incidents. 

 Quality Assurance Systems - monitor outcomes and produce reports that are
used to guide quality improvement initiatives. 

 Contract Management Systems - manage contracts with third-party payors.

 
 Scheduling Systems - allows a health care organization to schedule clients
and resources efficiently. 

3. Education

a. E-learning
E-learning is a rapidly growing industry, the effects of which we can trace
back to the 1980s and even well before that (in the form of distance learning
and televised courses).
Now that affordable e-learning solutions exist for both computers and
internet, it only takes a good e-learning tool for education to be facilitated from
virtually anywhere. Technology has advanced so much that the geographical
gap is bridged with the use of tools that make you feel as if you are inside the
classroom. E-learning offers the ability to  share material in all kinds of
formats such as videos, slideshows, word documents, and PDFs. Conducting
webinars (live online classes) and communicating with professors via chat and
message forums is also an option available to users.
There is a plethora of different e-learning systems (otherwise known as
Learning Management Systems, or LMSs for short) and methods, which allow
for courses to be delivered. With the right tool, various processes can be
automated such as a course with set materials and automatically marked tests.
E-learning is an affordable (and often free) solution which provides the learners
with the ability to fit learning around their lifestyles, effectively allowing even
the busiest person to further a career and gain new qualifications.
Some of the most important developments in education have happened since
the launch of the internet. These days learners are well versed in the use of
smartphones, text messaging and using the internet so participating in and
running an online course has become a simple affair. Message boards, social
media and various other means of online communication allow learners to keep
in touch and discuss course-related matters, whilst providing for a sense of
community.
In the fast-paced world of e-learning, the available technologies to make a
course new and exciting are always changing, and course content can and
should be updated quickly to give students the very latest information. This is
especially important if the e-learning training is being given to employees in a
sector where keeping up-to-date on industry developments is of the utmost
importance. This is one of the reasons why many businesses are now offering
training via e-learning – other reasons include low costs and the ability for
employees to study in their own time and place.
Overall, traditional learning is expensive, takes a long time and the results
can vary. The importance of e-learning is now a given fact and it can offer an
alternative that is much faster, cheaper and potentially better.

b. Teleconferencing
The application of this technology can have a global impact on the way that
education interacts with the outside community. As a primary objective of state
departments of education, the need for students to connect to real life examples
of required content can be fully integrated, investigated, and collaborated
through the use of video teleconferencing at any level of education for multiple
uses. Not only can students use this application to learn and share material, but
companies, organizations, and government agencies could also be able to do the
same while managing administrative duties through the use of face - to – face
conversation. Materials that need to be exchanged could be shared via the
internet connection, teacher training could be conducted without missing a day
of work, and parent conferences would be available at any time without the
need of leaving home. “Another advantage to teleconferencing is
providing access to education for those who cannot access it through more
traditional avenues”. Incorporation of this program will also allow educators
another means of authentic assessment whereby using twenty-first century
technology, one can properly determine what students know and understand
without the barriers of boredom and disconnect.
The use of this technology can be applied to any subject in any grade level
once the instructor dedicates the time to learn the required use of the equipment
and the students understand the limitations of conduct and how to use the
program. “Learning how to use the technologies available in teleconferencing
can be a learning experience in itself. In our current high technological climate,
exposing learners to new presentation methods and feeling comfortable around
technology are valuable skills”. “They also noted that, on the bright side,
good teleconferencing instructional strategies are also good classroom strategies
and therefore serve dual purposes”.

c. Webinar
 Webinars Are a Cost-Effective Learning Tool
Webinars are very cost-efficient for every party involved. Students do not
have to invest in transportation or accommodation to get an education.
Similarly, the educational institution does not have to make great investments to
accommodate additional students in terms of footage or class size.
In this regard, there is quite a lot of potential cost-savings when using
webinars as a teaching tool.

 Webinars Offer Great Flexibility and Convenience

Web-based webinar software, such as MegaMeeting, comes with the ability
to record a webinar live, or pre-record and play the recording during the
webinar session. This introduces a convenience factor that no other form of
learning or learning tool can emulate in its entirety.
Students, seminar attendees, or event attendees can access the webinar
anytime that is convenient for them. Similarly, webinar presenters and lecturers
can pre-record the webinars whenever is most convenient, posting them at the
scheduled time.
Effectively, webinars make for a very flexible learning experience thanks to
the time convenience they yield. They’re also convenient, geographically
speaking. Presenters and attendees alike can lecture or learn from anywhere in
the world. This is one of the major benefits of webinars in education.

 Webinars Encourage Interaction Through Anonymity

There is something comforting about the anonymity that comes with
webinars. For starters, all students or seminar attendees interact with the
teachers or presenters on equal footing. This means there are plenty of people in
any given webinar who may be more willing and likely to participate than they
would in a face-to-face class. This improves constructive discussions in the chat
sections of the webinars. With increased interaction, students can achieve
improved understanding of the contents of the webinar.

 Webinars Are an Effective Learning Experience

While this might seem counter-intuitive, he U.S. Department of Education
conducted studies on webinar effectiveness and found that students who
attended online classes had, on average, better performance than students who
attended face-to-face classes.
There are plenty of elements that account for this kind of disparity in terms
of performance. For instance, online classes offer playback from the live
recording, screen sharing sessions, chats, file sharing, and many other features
that bolster the learning experience and keep the students more engaged in the
material they are learning. When engaged in a webinar, students are in a better
place to effectively understand the lesson, thereby performing appreciably
better than those attending traditional classes.

 Webinars Provide A Wide Variety of Lessons

Webinars increase the choice of courses students have. Many students are
never able to enroll in courses they would like to take, simply because those
courses are not offered in their educational institution and they cannot or are
unwilling to change schools.
With webinars, students can take extra courses, regardless of the
geographical distance between where they live and the school offering the
course. This helps students broaden their skills, as well as their understanding
of their field of interest. This also allows students to attain new knowledge and
skills that can supplement or complement their main field of study.

 Webinars Are Easy to Use

For presenters and lecturers, investing in intuitive software like
MegaMeeting means you get a premium experience with easy-to-use webinar
software. For students and event attendees, everything is intuitively designed to
make it easy to attend the lesson, seminar, or presentation.
Importantly, webinars through web-based software like MegaMeeting are
browser-based multimedia presentations. You do not have to fiddle with
software to watch. With a compatible browser, you can access the webinars
from a smartphone, tablet, laptop, or desktop computer, all in the comfort of
your home, office, or anywhere else that suits you.

 Webinars Offer Educators a Wider Reach

Webinars allow institutions to reach out to tens, hundreds, or even thousands
of people instantaneously with exceptional ease. Compare this to face-to-face
classes, which are only accessible to the limited number of people that a lecture
or conference hall can host. This means that with webinars, educational
institutions have the capability to reach out to more people, thereby imparting
knowledge to more people and accessing a wider market of students.

 Webinars Allow Participants to Grow Their Networks

As mentioned above, among the defining characteristics of webinars
includes a wider reach and the ability to share files. This means there is an
inherent opportunity to reach out to more people, and subsequently, empower
participants to share their contacts. In effect, webinars give students or event
attendees from around the world the ability to share and network with vastly
more people than they could possibly do so in a face-to-face class, seminar, or
event. This is a benefit of webinars that is not to be understated.