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Forces
Consider the wagon being pulled down the street. The wagon
has a handle that is not vertical or horizontal, but at an angle
to the horizontal. This means the wagon is being pulled up
and to the right at the same time.
Fapp
Direction of Motion
https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=8vWt6yJFLQo
1
Resolving Forces
A free body diagram would include this, and all other forces,
as seen below.
a
FN
Fapp
Ff
mg
Yes, a real free body diagram would just have a
dot for the wagon but the wagon body is shown
to help you follow the forces.
2
Resolving Forces
FN and mg act in the y direction and can be
handled together. fk acts only in the x
direction.
But, Fapp is a problem. It acts in both the x
a
and y dimensions.
FN
We need to separate Fapp into its
components along the x and y axis. fk Fapp
What mathematical discipline will
accomplish this separation? mg
3
Resolving Forces
Trigonometry.
To simplify the notation,
let Fapp = F. The diagram y (vertical)
to the right shows how we Fapp = F component
can express F as the vector Fy
sum of Fx and Fy. θ
x (horizontal) component
Another question given that
we know F and θ, what Fx
trigonometric functions can
we use to find Fx and Fy?
4
Resolving Forces
Cosine function.
Sine function.
Let's try an example. y (vertical)
Fapp = F component
Fy
θ
x (horizontal) component
Fx
5
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F component
F y
θ
x (horizontal) component
Fx
F needs to be expressed in component form with one
component on the x axis and the other on the y axis.
Then, they can be lined up in single dimensions with the
other forces. Let's work an example when the pulling
force is 50.0 N at 300 with respect to the ground.
y (vertical)
F = 50.0 N component
300 Fy
x (horizontal) component
Fx
6
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50.0 N component
300
F y
x (horizontal) component
Fx
Use the cosine function where cos θ = adjacent /hypotenuse to find F x
7
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50.0 N component
300 Fy
x (horizontal) component
Fx = 43.3 N
The horizontal (x) component of the force is equal to
43.3 N. This is now added to the free body diagram:
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
But the vertical (y) component of the original
force is temporarily lost... it must be found next.
8
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50.0 N component
300 Fy
x (horizontal) component
Fx = 43.3 N
Use the sine function where sin θ = opposite /hypotenuse to find F y
9
Resolving Forces
F = 50.0 N y (vertical)
component
300 Fy = 25.0 N
x (horizontal) component
Fx = 43.3 N
The vertical (y) component of the force is equal to 25.0 N.
This is now added to complete the free body diagram:
Fy
Fy
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
10
Resolving Forces
Fapp
Fy
Fy
Direction of Motion
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
Notice that our original force Fapp is no longer shown... it
has been replaced by its x and y components!
11