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Argumentation
(1) | have hoped against hope that someinfluential man (or woman) would take up our cause
and put usin the right way to remedy—forof course there is a remedy—forthe evils we are
suffering from. But although one cannot open a newspaperwithout seeing whatall sorts and
conditions of men are constantly agitating for and slowly but surely obtaining—asin the
miners’ eight hour bill'—only very vague mention is ever made of the under-paid, over-worked
“Factory Girl.” And | have come to the conclusion, sir, that as long as weare silent ourselves
and apparently content with our lot, so long shall we beleft in the enjoyment [?] of thatlot.
(2) The rates paid for work done by us are so fearfully low as to betotally inadequate to—I had
almost said keep body and soul together. Well, sir, it is a fact which | could prove, if necessary,
that we are compelled, not by our employers, but by stern necessity, in order to keep
ourselvesin independence, whichself-respecting girls even in ourclassoflife like to do, to
work so many hours—I would rather not say how many—thatlife loses its savour, and our toil,
which in moderation and at a fair rate of remuneration would be pleasurable, becomes
drudgery of the most wearisome kind.
(3) . To take what may be considered a good week’s wagethe work hasto be so close and
unremitting that we cannot besaid to “live’—we merely exist. We eat, we sleep, we work,
endlessly, ceaselessly work, from Monday morningtill Saturday night, without remission.
Cultivation of the mind? Howisit possible? Reading? Those of us who are determinedtolive
like human beings and require food for mind as well as body are obliged to take time which is
necessary for sleepto gratify this desire. As for recreation and enjoying the beauties of nature,
the seasons come and go, and webarely have time to notice whether it is spring or summer.
(4) Certainly we have Sundays: but Sundayis to manyofus, after our weekof slavery, a day
of exhaustion. It has frequently been so in my case, and | am notdelicate. This, youwill
understand, sir, is when workis plentiful. Of course we haveslack times, of which the present
is one (otherwise | should not have time to write to you). It may be said that we should utilise
these slack times for recruiting our bodies and cultivating our minds. Manyof us do so,asfar
as itis possibleiin the anxious state we are necessarily in, knowing that we are not earning our
“keep,”forit is not possible, absolutely not possible, for the average ordinary “hand”to earn
enough in busy seasons, even with the overtime | have mentioned, to make up for slack ones.
“A living wage!” Oursis a lingering, dying wage.
from "A Living Wage for Factory Girls at Crewe, 5 May 1894" by Ada Nield Chew

1 @ bill that limited miners' shifts to eight hours

Whichof the following best describes a counterargument addressed by the

author in this passage?

€) A. Factory girls are fairly represented both in society and in newspaper coverage.
© B. Factory girls should use their free time to refresh their bodies and cultivate their minds.
© C. Factory girls rely onovertime pay in order to afford opportunities to improve their minds.
© D. Factory girls cannot use slack times for recreation because of financial worries.
©) E. Factory girls prefer to keep busy schedules rather than take time off to relax.

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2. In the second paragraph, the author of this passage argues that

h
© A. the factorygirls are able to gain their independence by working for iower wages.
© B. the factory girls are forced to work long hours because they are not paid enough.
(2 C. the factory girls are often required by their employers to work extra hours for no pay.
© D. the factory girls' work is shameful and beneath the dignity of "self-respecting girls."
©) E. the factory girls do their work poorly because they do not receive adequatepay.

3. The author mentions the miners' eight hour bill as evidenceto support the idea
that

A. laborers should work together to gain morerights.

QOoo00

B. influential people in society can effect change.

€. campaigning for rights is an effective strategy.
D. men have more power in society than women.
—. newspaper coverage focuses only on men's issues.

4. What evidence does the author give to support the statement that concludesthe .
passage ("Oursis a lingering, dying wage")?

I. The factory giris' employers force them to work long hours.

II. The factory girls cannot earn enough money with overtime to
make up for slack times.
III. The factory girls are only allowed one dayoff a week.
IV. The factory girls must work indoors where they cannot view the
changing seasons.

€) A. I and IV
© B. III and IV
© C.1, II, III, and IV
© D.II, II, and IV
© E. II and III

(7) The chief advantage that would result from the establishment of Socialism is, undoubtedly,
the fact that Socialism would relieve us from that sordid necessity ofliving for others which, in
the present condition of things, presses so hardly upon almost everybody. In fact, scarcely
anyoneat all escapes.
2
2) Now andthen, in the course ofthe century, a great manofscience,like Darwin; a great
poet, like Keats; a fine critical spirit, like M. Renan; a supreme artist, like Flaubert, has been
able to isolate himself, to keep himself out of reach of the clamorousclaimsof others, to stand
‘under the shelter of the wall,’ as Plato puts it, and so to realize the perfection of what wasin
_ him, to his own incomparable gain, and to the incomparable and lasting gain of the whole
world. These, however, are exceptions. The majority of people spoil their lives by an unhealthy
and exaggerated altruism—are forced, indeed, so to spoil them. They find themselves
surroundedby hideouspoverty, by hideous ugliness, by hideousstarvation. It is inevitable that
they should be strongly movedbyall this. The emotions of man are stirred’ more quickly than
man’sintelligence; and, as | pointed out sometime agoin anarticle on the function of criticism,
it is much more easy to have sympathy with suffering than it is to have sympathy with thought.
Accordingly, with admirable, though misdirected intentions, they very seriously and very

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sentimentally set themselves to the task of remedying the evils-that they see. But their
remedies do not cure the disease: they merely prolongit. Indeed, their remediesare part of the
disease.
(3) Theytry to solve the problem of poverty, for instance, by keeping the pooralive; or, in the
case of a very advanced school, by amusing the poor.
(4) Butthis is not a solution: it is an aggravation of the difficulty. The properaim is to try and
reconstruct society on such a basis that poverty will be impossible. And thealtruistic virtues
have really prevented the carrying outof this aim. Just as the worst slave-owners were those
whowerekind to their slaves, and so prevented the horror of the system being realized by
those whosuffered from it, and understood by those who contemplatedit, so, in the present
state of things in England, the people whodo most harm are the people whotry to do most
good; andat last we have had the spectacle of men who havereally studied the problem and
knowthelife—educated men wholive in the East End—comingforward and imploring the
communityto restrain its altruistic impulses of charity, benevolence, and the like. They do so
‘on the ground that such charity degrades and demoralizes. They are perfectly right. Charity
creates a multitude of sins.
from "The Soul of Man Under Socialism" by Oscar Wilde

5, The author supports the argument with all of the following reasons EXCEPT

© A. people devote too much time to the poor.

©) B. people need more timefor themselves.
€) C. poverty is made worse through charity.
© D. charity belittles and shames people.
© E. people are wrong to act based on feeling.

6. In paragraphs 3 and 4, the author develops the argument primarily

© A. by addressing other views..

© B. through expert opinion.
©) €. through factual evidence.
© D. by appealing to the reader's morality.
© E. by avoiding logical fallacies.

7. Whichof the following best summarizes the argument presented in the passage?

(> A. A socialist society would eliminate poverty and charity.

© B.Society has not done enough to help the unfortunate.
© C. Individuals would develop their talents in a socialist society.
€ D. Under a socialist society, there would be no need for money.
© E. Society should be reconstructed from capitalism tosocialism.

(1) | would have myfellow-critics consider what they are really in the world for. The critic must
perceive,if he will question himself more carefully, that his office is mainly to ascertain facts
andtraits of literature, not to invent or denounce them; to discover principles, not to establish
them;to report, not to create.
(2) It is so much easierto say that youlike this or dislike that, than to tell why onethingis, or
where anotherthing comesfrom, that manyflourishingcritics will have to go out of business
altogether if the scientific method comesin, for then the critic will have to know something
besides his own mind. He will have to know something of the lawsof that mind, andofits

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generic history. a
(3) The history ofall literature showsthat even with the youngest and weakest author criticism
is quite powerless against his will to do his own workin his own way;andif this is the casein
the green wood, how much morein the dry!It has been thought by the sentimentalist that
criticism, if it cannot cure, can at least kill, and Keats was long allegedin proofof its efficacy in
this sort. But criticism neither cured norkilled Keats, as we all now very well know. It wounded,
it cruelly hurt him, no doubt; andit is always in the powerofthe critic to give pain to the
author—the meanestcritic to the greatest author—for no one can help feeling a rudeness. But
every literary movement has been violently opposed at the start, and yet never stayed in the
least, or arrested, by criticism; every author has been condemnedforhis virtues, but in no wise
changedbyit. In the beginning he readsthecritics; but presently perceiving that he alone
makes or mars himself, and that they have noinstruction for him, he mostly leavesoff reading
them, though heis always glad of their kindness or grieved by their harshness when he
chancesuponit. This, | believe, is the general experience, modified, of course, by exceptions.
(4) Then, are wecritics of no use in the world? | should notlike to think that, though | am not
quite ready to define our use. More than one soberthinkeris inclining at present to suspect
that aesthetically or specifically we are of no use, and that we are only useful historically; that
we mayregister laws, but not enact them. | am not quite prepared to admit that aesthetic
criticism is useless, though in view ofits futility in any given instanceit is hard to denythatit is
so. It certainly seems as useless against a book that strikes the popular fancy, and prospers
on in spite of condemnation by the bestcritics, as it is against a book which does not generally
please, and which nocritical favor can make acceptable. This is so common a phenomenon
that | wonderit has neverhitherto suggestedto criticism that its point of view was altogether
mistaken, and thatit was really necessary to judge books not as dead things, but as living
things—things which haveaninfluence and a powerirrespective of beauty and wisdom, and
merely as expressionsof actuality in thought and feeling. Perhapscriticism has a cumulative
andfinal effect; perhaps it does some good wedo not knowof.It apparently does not affect
the authordirectly, but it may reach him through the reader. It may in some casesenlarge or
diminish his audiencefor a while, until he has thoroughly measured and tested his own
powers. If criticism is to affectliterature atall, it must be through the writers who have newly
left the starting-point, and are reasonably uncertain of the race, not with those who havewonit
again and again in their own way.
from Criticism and Fiction by William Dean Howells

8. Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in this
passage?

© A. Critics should reevaluate their methods if they want to influence authors.

© B. Readers should consider critics' advice when choosing literature.
© C. Critics must learn to censor their criticism to avoid offending authors.
© D. Society should stop blaming critics for the death of authors, such as Keats.
© EE.Young and inexperienced authors should receive the harshestcriticism.

9. In this passage, the author arguesthatcriticism is

© A. always based on the critic's feelings about a work.

© B. vital in creating new literary movements.
€ C. responsible for ending authors' careers.
© D. only effective when paired with the scientific method.
©) E. ineffective when applied to experienced authors.

10.
In the fourth paragraph of this passage, the author develops his argument

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primarily through the use of ate

© A. emotional appeal.
€) B. ad hominemfallacies.
© C. counterargument.
©) D. appeal to authority.
© E. slippery slope fallacies.

11. The author mentions Keats (paragraph 3) as evidence to supporthis belief that

© A.criticism has the greatest effect on young, inexperienced authors.

© B.criticism's power is limited, although it can cause hurt feelings.
€) C. most authors blatantly ignore criticism of their work.
© D. critics are generally unaware of the effects of their criticism.
{2 E. critics often phrase their criticism in deliberately cruel terms.

(1) Life has no pleasure higher or nobler than that offriendship. It is painful to consider, that
this sublime enjoyment may be impaired or destroyed by innumerable causes, and that there
is no human possessionof which the duration is less certain.
(2) Manyhavetalked, in very exalted language, of the perpetuity of friendship, of invincible
constancy, and unalienable kindness; and some examples have been seen of men who have
continuedfaithful to their earliest choice, and whose affection has predominated over changes
of fortune, and contrariety of opinion.
(3) But these instances are memorable, becausethey are rare. The friendship whichis to be
practiced or expected by common mortals, must take-its rise from mutual pleasure, and must
end whenthe powerceasesofdelighting each other.
(4) Many accidents therefore may happen, by which the ardorof kindnesswill be abated,
without criminal baseness or contemptible inconstancy on either part. To give pleasureis not -
always in our power; andlittle does he know himself, who believes that he can be always able
to receiveit.
(5) Those who would gladly pass their days together may be separatedbythe different course
of their affairs; and friendship, like love, is destroyed by long absence, though it may be
increased by short intermissions. What we have missed long enough to wantit, we value more
when it is regained; but that which has been losttill it is forgotten, will be found atlast with little
gladness,andwithstill less if a substitute has supplied the place. A man deprived of the
companion to whom he used to open his bosom, and with whom heshared the hours of
leisure and merriment, feels the day at first hanging heavy on him; his difficulties oppress, and
his doubts distract him; he sees time come and go without his wonted gratification, and all is
sadness within, and solitude about him. But this uneasiness never lasts long; necessity
produces expedients, new amusements are discovered, and new conversation is admitted.
(6) No expectation is more frequently disappointed, than that which naturally arises in the mind
from the prospect of meeting an old friend after long separation. We expectthe attraction to be
revived, and the coalition to be renewed; no man considers how muchalteration time has
madein himself, and very few inquire whateffect it has had upon others. Thefirst hour
convinces them that the pleasure, which they had formerly enjoyed, is forever at an end;
different scenes have made different impressions; the opinions of both are changed; and that
similitude of manners and sentimentis lost, which confirmed them both in the approbation of
themselves.
from The Idler by Samuel Johnson

12. In paragraph 6, the author indicates that friendships are rarely continued
because

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© A. mental connections are lost over time.

© B. people expect too much from reunions.
(2 C. responsibilities change as one growsolder.
© D. one loses interest in youthful pleasures.
€) E. individuals become more reclusivewith age.

13. The author argues that most friendships end

© A. without fault from anyone.

© B. when mutual interests conflict.
© C. after the first reunion has taken place.
© D. long before individuals realizeit.
© E. because of some disagreement.

14. The author makes the argument that the value of a friendship derives from

© A. the lengthof time in whichit endures.

{) B. the rare moments one happens upon.
© C. the number of individuals one connects with.
© D. the brevity in whichit is enjoyed.
©) E. the mutual qualities one shares with another.

(1) Thehistory of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.
(2) Freemanandslave,patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in
a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an
uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either ina
revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the commonruin of the contending
classes.
(3) In the earlier epochsof history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangementof
society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have
patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-
masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almostall of these classes, again, subordinate ©
gradations.
(4) The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not
done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of
oppression, newforms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the
bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class
antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and moresplitting up into two great hostile camps,
into two.greatclasses, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie’ and Proletariat.?
(5) From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghersof the earliest towns.
From these burgessesthefirst elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.
(6) The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh groundfor the rising
bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization-of America, trade with
the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to
commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby,to the
revolutionary elementin the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
(7) The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolized by
closed guilds, now no longersufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The
manufacturing system tookits place. The guild-masters were pushed on onesideby the
manufacturing middle class; division of labor betweenthe different corporate guilds vanished
in the face of division of labor in each single workshop.

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(8) Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand everrising, Even manufacture no
longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production. The
place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial
middle class, by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern
bourgeois. :
- (9) Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America
paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce,to navigation,
to communication by land. This developmenthas, in its time, reacted on the extension of
industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same
proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increasedits capital, and pushed into the background
every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
(10) We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisieis itself the product of a long course of
development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
from The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

1 the class that controls the meansfor producing wealth; the upper class undercapitalism
2 the class that mustsell their labor to survive; the lower or working class under capitalism

15. Which of the following best describes the type of argument the author usesin
this passage?

. deductive—leaving no possibility
Oooo 0
moOoqnw Pp

. ethical—appealing to the emotions

. logical—reasoning whatis evident
. inductive—expressing high probability
i moral—condemning humanity

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