Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TC Fundamentals 2011 Psychrometrics
TC Fundamentals 2011 Psychrometrics
1
A
Agenda
d
Properties of Air
The Psychrometric
y
Chart
Applications
Mixed Air
Cooling
Dehumidification
Energy Recovery
2
C
Course Obj
Objectives
ti
At the completion of this session, you should be able to use a
Psychrometric Chart to:
Identify
Id if the h properties
i off air
i at a given
i state condition
di i
Illustrate the performance characteristics of basic heating
and cooling processes
Demonstrate how the use of Energy Recovery devices can
reduce heating and cooling loads in building designs
3
P
Psychrometrics
h ti
Psychrometrics
h i is
i the
h science
i dealing
d li with
i h the
h physical
h i l
laws or air – water mixtures
4
P
Properties
ti off Air
Ai
Properties of Air
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Dew-Point Temperature
Relative Humidity
Humidity Ratio
Enthalpy
If any two of the above properties are known, the
Psychrometric Chart can be used to find the remaining
properties
5
Properties of Air
Dry-bulb temperature is the
temperature read from a
standard thermometer
Representative of the sensible
heat energy at the given
condition
Wet-bulb
Wet bulb temperature is read
from a thermometer with the
bulb covered by a wet wick
"Sling Psychrometer"
Difference between dry-bulb
and wet
wet-bulb
bulb represents the
dryness of air
6
P
Properties
ti off Air
Ai
Dew-point temperature is the
temperature at which
moisture leaves the air and
condenses on objects
When the dry-bulb, wet-bulb,
and dew-point temperatures
are equal, the air is saturated
Fog occurs when the air is
saturated
7
P
Properties
ti off Air
Ai
Relative humidity is the measure of how much moisture the air
is holding versus how much moisture the air can hold at a
given dry-bulb
dry bulb temperature
Expressed as a percentage
As the dry-bulb
dry bulb temperature increases, the amount of
moisture the air can hold increases
8
P
Properties
ti off Air
Ai
Humidity Ratio is a measure of the weight of water in a given
amount of air
Also
Al referred
f d to as S
Specific
ifi Humidity
H idi
Can be expressed in grains
7,000
7 000 grains equals one pound of water
Pounds
P d off moisture
it
Humidity Ratio =
Pounds of dry air
9
Th P
The Psychrometric
h t i Ch
Chartt
10
S t ti Curve
Saturation C
Saturation Curve
11
D B lb T
Dry-Bulb Temperature
t
12
W t B lb T
Wet-Bulb Temperature
t
13
D
Dew-Point
P i tTTemperature
t
14
R l ti H
Relative Humidity
idit
15
Humidity Ratio
16
S
Sensible
ibl and
dLLatent
t tE Energy
Sensible Energy is the heat that causes changes in the air's dry
bulb temperature
L
Latent Energy
E i the
is h heat
h associated
i d withi h phase
h change.
h It
I is
i
representative of changes in the air's moisture content with no
g to the dry-bulb
change y temperature
p
Enthalpy is the total energy in a given amount of air at its
present conditions
17
E th l
Enthalpy
18
P
Psychrometric
h t i Ch
Chartt R
Reconstructed
t t d
19
Example:
93°F DB, 65°F WB
Find: E th l
Enthalpy
Humidity Ratio
Relative Humidity
Dry-Bulb
20
Ai D
Air Density
it CCorrections
ti
Do NOT forget about elevation!
Above 2,000 feet elevation, the air density is reduced by
approximately
i t l 3 3.6%
6% per every 11,000
000 ffeett
A change in air density also changes the physical and
thermodynamic properties of air-water
air water mixtures
21
P
Psychrometric
h ti P Processes
Air Conditioning
Mixed Air
Cooling Coils
Reheat
Calculations
Energy Recovery
Sensible Devices
Total Enthalpy Devices
22
Psychrometric Processes
Example Processes
Evaporative Steam
Cooling Humidification
Sensible: Side
Side-to-side
to side 180
60 80
50 60
40
Heat
eat 40
30
20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Dry Bulb Temp.
23
Use the ASHRAE indoor
d i conditions
design di i to help
h l with
ih
ASHRAE IIndoor
d D
Design
process calculations
i C Conditions
diti
24
Mi d Ai
Mixed Air C
Conditions
diti
Step 1: Identify outdoor condition, indoor condition, and
ventilation rate (% outside air)
Step 2: Draw a straight line between the outdoor and
indoor conditions
Step 3: Draw a straight line between points 1 and 2
25
Mi d Ai
Mixed Air E
Example
l
Outdoor Air: 95°F DB/75°F WB
Room Air: 75°F DB, 50% RH
Ventilation: 25% Outdoor Air
95°F x 00.25
25 = 23
23.75°F
75°F
75°F x 0.75 = 56.25°F
Mixture = 80°F
26
C li P
Cooling Process E
Example
lCondenser
High
g Pressure
Compressor
Expansion Valve
E
Evaporator
t
Low Pressure
27
C li C
Cooling Coilil P
Processes
Capacity (Btu/hr) = 4.5 x SCFM x Δh
1 Cooling
C li TonT = 12,000
12 000 Btu/hr
B /h
Capacity (Tons) = 4.5 x SCFM x Δh / 12,000
28
C li E
Cooling Exercise
i
Exercise 2: A customer wants to cool 4,000 SCFM of
outside air from 93°F DB / 65° WB to 50°F saturated air
Find the following parameters for 50°F saturated air:
Property Value Units
Dew Point 50 °F
30
C li P
Cooling Process E
Example
lCondenser
High
g Pressure
Compressor
Expansion Valve
E
Evaporator
t
Low Pressure
31
H t Gas
Hot G Reheat
R h t
Discharge Line
Reheat
Coil
Air Conditions After Reheat Coil:
65°F DBT/56°F WBT (50% RH)
Evaporator
Supply Air
32
E
Energy R
Recovery
33
Traditional HVAC System
34
35
Wh E
Why Energy R
Recovery?
?
Economic Benefits
Reduced Initial Costs
Reduced
R d d Operating
O ti Costs
C t
ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines
ASHRAE 62.1 – 2010 – Ventilation for Acceptable
p indoor
air quality
ASHRAE 90.1 – 2010 – Energy Standard for Buildings
ASHRAE 189 189.1
1 – Standard for Design of High
Performance Green Buildings
36
ASHRAE Standard 62
“Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality”
37
ASHRAE 90
90.1-2010
1 2010
Exhaust Air Energy Recovery (6.3.6)
Supply air is greater than 5000 CFM
70% or more of supply is outdoor air (3500 CFM)
Energy recovery system shall have a total effectiveness
of greater than 50%
38
ASHRAE Climate Zones
39
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Table 6.5.6.1 Energy Recovery Requirement (IP)
40
ASHRAE 189.1
“Standard for Design of High-Performance Green Buildings”
www.ashrae.org/greenstandard
Table 7.4.3.8 Energy Recovery Requirement (IP)
41
E
Energy R
Recovery B
Basic
i TTerms
Sensible Energy Recovery transfers only sensible energy
(no moisture)
Also referred to as heat recoveryy
Total Energy Recovery transfers both sensible and latent
energy
Effectiveness refers to the efficiency of the energy
recovery device (expressed as a percentage)
Sensible effectiveness
Total effectiveness
42
S
Sensible
ibl HHeatt R
Recovery
Sensible Heat Recoveryy
Aluminum fixed plate
Run-around coils
Heat-pipe heat
exchangers
Sensible
S ibl wheels
h l (no
(
desiccant)
Transfers sensible energy
gy
only (no moisture transfer)
43
S
Sensible
ibl Pl
Plate
t HRV
44
Sensible Energy Recovery
Sensible Energy
gy recoveryy
moves the outdoor air dry
bulb temperature laterally 180
temperature 140
120
70
Heat Outdoor Air
100
Exchangers
60 80
50 60
Room Air
40 40
30
20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Dry Bulb Temp.
45
T t l Energy
Total E Recovery
R
Total Energy
gy Recoveryy
Enthalpy wheels
Enthalpy plates (or cores)
Transfers sensible energy
through the media
T
Transfers
f latent
l t t energy
through a desiccant (wheel) or
molecular transfer (core)
46
E
Energy R
Recovery
60 80
50 60
Room Air
40 40
30
20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Dry Bulb Temp.
48
P tL dC
Part-Load Conditions
diti
49
Energy
gy Recovery
y and Cooling
g
Potential
Energy Savings
50
Winter Operation
p
Supply Air
Dry Bulb 54°F
Humidity 31 grains/lb.
Room Air
(to be exhausted)
Dry Bulb 72°F
Humidity 41
grains/lb
grains/lb.
Outdoor Air
Dry Bulb 0°F
Humidity 2
grains/lb.
Exhaust Air
Dry Bulb 18°F
Humidity 12
grains/lb.
51
Winter Operation
Sensible vs. Total ERV
52
Energy Recovery and Frost
Possibility of condensation forming whenever a warm, moist
air stream comes in contact with a cold surface
Always consider frost control methods in when winter design
temps drop below 55°FF
53
Winter Exhaust Air Process
Sensible vs. Total ERV
Sensible
Total
54
Question?
55
R i
Review
Psychrometric Charts are useful tool for
understanding
g HVAC pprocesses
Easily find properties of air across numerous
conditions
Allows us to plot, predict, and calculate the
heating and cooling capacities
An understanding of psychrometrics is the
foundation of energy recovery
56
THANK YOU!
57