REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature after the thourough and in
depth search done by the researcher.

According to Noell Eckley Selin that the carbon sequestration

occurs both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities and
typically refers to the storage of carbon that has the immediate potential
to become carbon dioxide gas. In response to growing concerns
about climate change resulting from increased carbon
dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere , considerable interest has
been drawn to the possibility of increasing the rate of carbon
sequestration through changes in land use and forestry and also
through geoengineering techniques such as carbon capture and storage.
Anthropogenic activities such as the burning of fossil fuels have
released carbon from its long-term geologic storage as coal,petroleum
and natural gas and have delivered it to the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide is also released naturally, through the
decomposition of plants and animal. The amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere has increased since the beginning of the industrial age,
and this increase has been caused mainly by the burning of fossil
fuels.Carbon Dioxide is a very effective greenhouse gas—that is, a gas
that absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface. As carbon
dioxide concentrations rise in the atmosphere, more infrared radiation
is retained, and the average temperature of Earth’s lower atmosphere
rises. This process is referred to as global warming.
 According to E Tamacs, T Krizan and M Kiss(2015) climate
change as one of the most important contemporary environmental
issues ,draws attention to the global climate regulation ecosystem
service of the natural vegation,in which forest play an outstanding
role .In the process of photosynthesis carbon dioxide is fixed in different
compartment of living biomass(stems, branches, foliage and roots)and
in the soil. After timber harvesting and industrial processing the carbon
of wood maybe stored further in wood products with different life
spans. In the end ,it returns to the atmosphere as a turnover or logging.
Earlier it was generally thought that ageing forest should be at best
considered in carbon neutral. This was based on the assumption that
the growth trends of individual trees and even-aged monospecific
stands can be directly extended to natural forest. Recently research on
the effects of forest management intensity has shown that forest
management and disturbance affect forest soil ang biomass carbon
stocks and emissions to the atmosphere. Harvesting frequency and
structural retention significantly affect mean carbon storage, and the
mean carbon sequestration is significant greater for non-managed
stands compared to any of the active management scenarios.

According to (Natural Resources and Environment at the

University of Michigan (2017) that the carbon utilization is the notion
that captured CO2 from BECCS, DAC or other means can be used in
ways beyond basic geologic storage. It is the view that captured CO2
provides value beyond the positive removal impact to the climate.
Carbon utilization provides a market for CO2 that is sequestered. One of
the main arguments against negative emission options is the cost of
such endeavors. If CO2 can be used for commercial purposes, then it
can offset costs of CDR options that are used to capture it and help kick-
start carbon removal activities. CO2 can be used in the soda industry,
making chemicals, cement, plastics, refrigerants, among other
products. Of all the possible products, this report chose enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) to focus upon. The rationale for this is that EOR is an
established option with decades of use in the oil production industry.
EOR is the process in which captured CO2 is injected into oil wells which
are nearing the end of their productive lives. This injection of CO2
increases the recoverable CO2 as it pushes crude oil out of the pores of
the sediment.One of the biggest factors that make EOR appealing to
CDR is that the oil wells act as a storage method. The CO2 which stays
in the wells remains there and the CO2 which comes up with the
recovered oil is injected again. While producing a source of revenue for
CO2 capture activities, EOR also uses infrastructure and knowledge of
oil wells that already exist which significantly reduce the costs
associated with EOR injection activities. In 2010, 50 MtCO2 were
injected into oil wells (Benson et al., 2013). To have a measurable
impact on the atmosphere, gigatonnes of CO2 would need to be
injected and the environmental consequences of such large-scale
injection are unknown.

According to Environmental Soil Chemistry(Second

Edition)2003, Carbon sequestration is a method that has recently
gained a great interest among many researchers. This process is closely
related to the GHG emission reduction order, which was imposed by the
Kyoto Protocol established in 2004. Carbon sequestration is associated
with the capture of its compounds from the environment, which reduces
the progress of the greenhouse effect (Lal et al., 2015).
There are two basic methods of carbon sequestration: direct and
indirect. The direct method is implemented by immediately binding
carbon compounds at the source of its formation—before it enters the
atmosphere. Bounded carbon is stored for a long period of time in
specially designated landfills that are properly protected and
environmentally friendly. The second method of sequestration—indirect
—involves the use of plants that bind CO2 in photosynthesis or when
carbon compounds are bound in a soil environment. In these methods,
sequestration can take place involving physical, chemical, or biological
processes. There is also the possibility of carbon sequestration by
advanced methods.