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Example: Causal IIR Filter Impulse Response, Step Response, and System
Response (1)
❑ Transfer function of IIR filter given by difference equation ❑ The impulse response h(n) of the DSP system H(z) can be obtained
by solving its difference equation using a unit impulse input δ(n).

❑ For a step input, we can determine step response assuming the zero
ICs.

❑ z-transform of the general system response

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Frequency Response H(ejω) Evaluation of H(ejω)

❑ If the region of convergence, ROC, for H(z) includes the
unit circle, the transfer function is related to the frequency
response H(ejω) as

H (e j ) = H (z ) z =e j
❑ For a real coefficient transfer function

❑ If ROC contains the unit circle, then H(ejω) converges

uniformly → LTI system is stable
❑ z-transform is important in general for digital filter design
since it allows relatively easy characterizations and
❑ The values of the frequency response can be obtained by
manipulations
evaluating the z-transform on the unit circle in the z-plane, i.e.,
H(ejω) is H(z) at z = ejω

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Frequency Response Calculation

Frequency Response Calculation ❑ Find the response of the discrete-time system, given by the
following difference equation 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] to input
𝜋𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ?
4

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Stability Condition Stability Condition and Pole Locations

❑ LTI system is BIBO stable if h[n] is absolutely summable, that is ❑ The reverse is also true, i.e., if ROC contains the unit circle the
system is BIBO stable

LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if the transfer function has
a ROC that contains the unit circle
❑ For the transfer function, we have a bound

❑ Consequence of the above is that:

• Causal FIR filter with bounded impulse response is always
which implies existence of DTFT since now stable since all poles are at the origin
absolutely • Causal IIR filter is stable if all poles are inside the unit circle
summable h[n]
(and for anti-causal IIR filter, outside of it)
❑ Thus, BIBO stable system has always ROC that contains the
unit circle

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Pole Location & TD Behavior (Causal Signals)

❑ The z-transform 𝑋[𝑧] of a stable sequence x[n] has two zeros

at 𝑧1,2 = ±𝑗 and four poles at 𝑝1,2 = ±0.8 and 𝑝3,4 = ±𝑗0.8.
Furthermore, 𝑋(1) = 1. Determine the z-transform 𝑌(𝑧) of the
sequence 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 2], its pole-zero pattern, and its ROC.

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Reliaziation of Digital Filter Reliaziation of Digital Filter: DF 1

❑DF-1
❑DF-2
❑Cascade
❑Parallel

Second-order IIR filter (M = N = 2)

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Reliaziation of Digital Filter: DF 1 Reliaziation of Digital Filter: DF 2

and

Second-order IIR filter (M = N = 2)

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Reliaziation of Digital Filter: DF 2 Reliaziation of Digital Filter: Cacade

(Series) Realization

OR

. .

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Reliaziation of Digital Filter:

Parallel Realization

OR

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