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The Discrete Time Fourier Transform

Outline (DTFT)
❑ Discrete-Time Signals in the Frequency Domain: ❑ The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) X(ejω) of a
discrete-time signal x[n]:
– Frequency-domain representation of discrete time signal:
DTFT
– Basic properties and theorems for DTFT
( )  xne

– Sampling and aliasing in frequency domain X e j = − j n

n = −

DTFT X(ejω) is a complex

function of ω

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( ) ( )
X e j = X re e j + jX jm e j
Real and imaginary parts and both
are function of ω
❑ For a real sequence x[n]: |X(ejω)| and Xre(ejω) are even function
of ωwhereas Θ(ω) and Xim(ejω) are odd function of ω
( )
( ) ( )
X e j = X e j e j  ( + 2 k ) = X e j e j ( ) , k  I ( )
The phase function θ(ω) cannot be uniquely specified

( ) ( )
for any DTFT
X e j = X e j e j ( ) ❑ Where ω is the digital frequency or relative frequency (-π≤ ω≤
π) and ω = ΩT. X(ejω) is periodic with period 2 π. (ie. X(ω+2 π)
= X (ω))

Magnitude Phase
Function or Function or called the principal value. −    ( )  
Spectra Spectra

 ( ) = argX (e j )
❑ The DTFTs of some sequences exhibit discontinuities of 2π in
where their phase responses

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DTFT of the Unit Impulse Sequence DTFT of the Causal Sequence

❑ Find the DTFT of xn =  un;  1 n0
n
1,
1, n=0 un = 
 n = 
( )  xne

X e j = − jn  0, else
 0, else
n = −

( )  xne

X e j = − jn
n

( ) ( )
 
1   e − j =   1
n = − X e j =   n e − jn =  e − j =
1 −  e j
( )   ne
 n =0 n =0
X e j = − jn
= .... +  − 1 +  0 +  + 1 + .... = 1
n = − ( )
X e j =
1
=
1
=
1
 n  1 X(ejω)
1 − e j 1 −  cos  + j sin   1 −  cos   + jsin  
[n] 1
Magnitude and phase response for
F
( )
X e j =
1
0
n 0
ω
1 − 2 cos  +  2

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 = 0 : X (e j ) =
1 1 1 1
= = = =2
1 − 2 +  2 1 −  1 − 0.5 0.5

 =  : X (e j ) =
1 1 1 1
= = = = 0.6
1 + 2 +  2 1 +  1 + 0.5 1.5

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❑ The DTFT X(ejω) of x[n] is a continuous function of ω

❑ It is also a periodic function of ω with a period 2π: Finite-energy Rectangular Signal
( )  xne

X e j ( + 2k ) = − jn ( + 2k )
e − j 2kn = 1 k , nZ
n = −
 
=  xne
n = −
− jn − j 2kn
e =  xne
n = −
− j n

= X e j ( ) kZ
❑ Thus
( )  xne

X e j = − jn

n = −

represents the Fourier series representation of the

periodic function


 X (e )e d
❑ IDTFT:
xn =
1   j j n

2 −

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IDTFT Existence/Convergence of the DTFT

❑ The IDFT represents the time-domain signal x[n] in terms of
complex exponential functions ❑ Convergence Condition - An infinite series of the form


 X (e )e ( )  xne

xn =
1 j j n
d X e j = − jn
2 
sin  (n − l )
−
xn =  xl  n = −
Integration can be done over any 2π
l = −  (n − l ) may or may not converge
interval

 
 j n sin  (n − l ) 1, n=l ❑ Consider the following approximation
xn =    xl e
1 − j l
e d =
2  (n − l ) nl
 0, ( )  xne
K
− l = − X K e j = − j n

  1 
 =  n − l  n=− K
xn =  xl  − e e d 
− j l j n
❑ Hence ❑ Then for uniform convergence of X(ejω),
l = −  2 

  1 

xn =  xl  n − l  ( ) ( )
lim X e j − X K e j = 0
xn =  xl  j ( n − l ) K →

l = −  2 −
 e d 

l = −

= xn  lim X (e ) = X (e )
K
j j
K →

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❑ If x[n] is an absolutely summable sequence, i.e., if



 xn  
n = −
Then

( )  xne

X e j = − j n

n = −

  xn e
n = −
− j n

( )   xn  

j
X e
n = −

i.e. for all values of ω guaranteeing the existence of X(ejω)

❑ Thus, the absolute summability of x[n] is a sufficient condition
for the existence of the DTFT

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