RESEARCH (1ST QUARTER)
End the BOS with a clinching statement that
A review of the Introduction
Research is a systematic/scientific process of
gathering and processing data in seeking new
knowledge and in order to find answers to critical
questions/problems.
Background of the study
● The primary purpose of the BOS is to provide
the reader with the context and explain the
circumstances that led to the study.
● This part describes the development of the
problem and its contextualization within a
bigger problem area.
● Discuss how the research can fill a gap that
exists in a bigger problem.
● Often begins with a description or overview
that is of interest to the researcher
● It is then followed usually by a discussion of
this situation followed by a brief mention of
selected literature or studies related to the
situation being discussed.
● Describe the problem situation by considering
global, national, and local scenarios.
● Discussion must be deductive in approach.
● Justify the existence of the problem situation
by citing casual analysis, facts, figures, and
authoritative sources which will add
substance to the discussion.
● Write a clinching statement or paragraph that
relates the background of the study/situational
analysis to the study.
Usual Format of the BOS
1. Start with a general overview of the problem.
It should come from you.
2. Using a deductive approach, provide
discussion to support your claim.
3. Present facts and figures from authoritative
sources to substance the discussion.
4. Provide the foundation of your research by
discussing the questions to be addressed in the
research.
5.
provides your aim as the researcher in the
conduct of the study.
Statement of the problem
● Consist of a general problem that is broken
down into specific problems
● Specific problems should be stated in
quantifiable or measurable terms when in
quantitative research.
● Maybe stated in a declarative or descriptive
manner or in the question form.
● Specific problems must be in a logical
manner; from factual to analytical; descriptive
to inferential.
● The research problems must imply the
possibility of empirical testing.
How to write the SOP
1. The main problem is technically the title of
the research.
2. Specific problems should stem from the
general problem and should be measurable.
Significance of the study
● This part of the study tells your reader why
the study is valuable, what contributes, the
reader should devote time to reading it.
● Should be written in a deductive manner.
How to write the Significance
1. A deductive approach is recommended
Scope and Delimitation
● The scope defines the boundaries of the study
in terms of time period, locations,
respondents, context, subject, etc.
● The delimitation describes the boundaries of
the study that is set by the researcher.
● The limitation refers to the condition that may
affect the study that is beyond the researcher’s
control.
How to write the scope
1. Scope mentions period, respondents, locale,
etc.
How to write the delimitation
1. Delimitation mentions the boundary of the
research.
Hypothesis (Quantitative)
● A statement that negates or affirms the
existence of a relationship or difference
between variables.
● For studies concerned with correlation or
comparison between variables - quantitative
studies.
It comes in two forms
● Null hypothesis: establishes no relationship,
no effect, no interaction among the variables.
Ex: The is no significant relationship
● Alternative hypothesis: Established a
relationship among variables.
Ex: There is a significant relationship
● Hypothesis must be based on the inferential
problems of the study and should always be
expressed in the null form.
How to write the Hypothesis/es
1. This should answer the problems that have
relationships, differences, etc.
2. Basically, It’s Making the specific inferential
questions into negative statements.
Assumption (Qualitative)
● A statement the researcher presumes to be
true and will no longer be proven statistically.
● Based on specific problems.
● Formulated for studies not concerned with
correlation or comparison between variables.
How to write the Assumption
1. Basically, it’s basing on the general problem
of qualitative research.
Conceptual Framework
● Presents and discusses the essential concepts
involved in the study in terms of the main
dimensions or variables of the study based on
the theories and the presumed relationship
among them.
● Include the authoritative references which can
further substantiate the discussion.
● Explains the relationship among the ideas
considered.
● Serves as the guide in the conduct of the
study.
How to write the conceptual framework
● It basically discusses the relationship between
and among the variables of the study.
Research Paradigm
● Shows the interrelation of the concepts
discussed through the use of a diagram
● Basically, the visual and more summarized
form of the conceptual framework.
● Could be Input - Process - Output or
Independent - Variable - Dependent _ Variable
depending on the study.
Variables
● A measurable characteristic that varies from
group to group, person to person.
● Dependent variable - show the effect of the
manipulation of the independent variable
● Independent variable - variable that the
researcher controls or manipulates.
Theoretical Framework
● A discussion of theories and concepts related
to the researcher’s problem guides the
researcher in organizing the research
questions, identifying key variables, and
outlining the relationships between them.
How to write the theoretical framework
1. The first paragraph explains the theory, next
paragraph explains the connection of the
theory to the study.
 2. Identify 3-4 Theories that guides you in the (Author Surname, year)
research and briefly explain how it is applied Example : ((Torneo, 2018)
in the study.
● Two authors (paraphrase)
Operational definition of terms (author surname and author surname, year)
● Provides meaning of the variables in terms of Example: (Borromeo & Rosal, 2018)
how they have been used in the study.
● This differs from the conceptual definition of ● Three or more authors (paraphrase)
the variable given by the dictionary. Author surname et. al (year)
Example: According to Atwood et al., (2021)
Review of Related literature
● Group or corporate authors (paraphrase)
Importance of RRL First time paraphrased: (complete name
● Improve your knowledge and understanding [initialism/acronym]. year)
of your topic. Subsequent times paraphrased: (initialism/acronym,
● Know about the developments in your year)
research Example
● Learn from the gaps from the past researchers First time : (St. Paul College of Ilocos sur [SPCIS],
● Address and improve these gaps. 2021)
Subsequent: (SPCIS,2021)
Sections of the RRL
Narrative format - comes inside or within the
1. Introduction or opening statement - Discusses sentence.
the related literature, studies related to the ● One author (paraphrased)
study. Author name (year)
Topics (Divide your subheadings) Example: According to Torneo (2018)
2. Independents Variable/s - first look for studies
related to your research and you can also put ● Two authors (paraphrase)
important information that you did not include Author Surname and Author Surname (year)
in your BOS Example: In the study by Borromeo and Rosa (2021)
3. Dependent variable/s - Explain or elaborate
on these dependent variables using past ● Group or corporate authors (paraphrase)
researches First time: According to World Health Organization
4. Link between the variables - you place a (WHO, 2021)
summary paragraph in your rrl to summarize Subsequent: yet, WHO (2021) mentions that…
your literature review. (deductive approach)
(global to local) Narrative and parenthetical format
5. Summary
● No author (paraphrase)
Citing and References (screen name, year)
Example: ( middlekid, 2020)
Notable Changes of APA 7th Edition

In-text Citation
Parenthetical format - last part of the sentence.
● One Author (paraphrased)
References

● For Web Pages: Surname, Initial. (Year,

Month Date). Title. Link
● For blog and news websites: Surname, Initial.
(Year, Month Date) title of post. Title of blog.
Link
● For Journal: Surname, Initial. (year). Title.
Name of Journal, Volume No. (Issue No.),
pages. DOI or URL

Tips in writing the paper

1. Begin a new page for your references list and

place the label “references” at the top of the
center page.
2. Double-space the list
3. All lines after the first line of each entry in
your references list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. This is
called hanging indentation.
4. APA endorses they, their, and them as
gender-neutral pronouns.
5. Be sensitive in labels (unbiased, write in a
general manner)
● Gender
● Sex and sexual orientation
● Racial and ethnic identity
● Disabilities
● Age
● Relevant conditions or illnesses
6. Use the active voice to acknowledge the
participants of the subject.
7. Only get from reputable sources