Module 7: Formulation of Review of Related Literature and Studies

Group 6 Members:
● Abrenica, Mark James Ian
● Amurao, Daenna Liyanna
● Eusebio, Julianne
● Rico, Catherine Mae
● Pilarta, Janelle
● Vergara, Jesse

Scope and Limitations (Daenna Liyanna H. Amurao)

The Scope of the study refers to the details of how in-depth your study is to explore
the research question and the parameters in which it will operate in relation to the
population and timeframe.

The type of information to be included in the scope of a research project would include
locale, respondents, facts and theories about the subject of the problem.

➢ the scope is the domain of your research. It describes the extent to which the
research question will be explored in your study.
➢ It helps you make your research question focused and realistic. Also, It helps
decide what data you need to collect.
➢ It is vital for both academic articles and funding applications.
➢ Scope of the study can help the researchers plan what steps need to be done,
refine the research objectives, determine the personnel and budgetary
requirements, and note down essential areas to be covered

How to write Scope

● Why – the general aims and objectives (purpose) of the research.
● What – the subject to be investigated, and the included variables.
● Where – the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data will be gathered
and to which entity the data will belong.
● When – the timeframe within which the data is to be collected.
● Who – the subject matter of the study and the population from which they will be
selected. This population needs to be large enough to be able to make
generalizations.
● How – how the research is to be conducted, including a description of the
research design, methodology, research tools and analysis techniques.
Limitations are matters and occurrences that arise in a study which are out of the
researcher's control. They limit the extent to which a study can go, and sometimes
affect the end result and conclusions that can be drawn. Every study, no matter how
well it is conducted and constructed, has limitations.
➢ the shortcoming of the study, things you believe the researchers lacked or ways
in which it could have been better.
➢ Researchers can use it as a recommendation at the end of your study for other
researchers to investigate or study.

Limitations vs Delimitations
● Limitations - reflect the shortcomings of your study, based on practical or
theoretical constraints that you faced.
● Delimitations - reflect the choices that researchers made in terms of the focus
and scope of your research aims and research questions.
➢ Exclusion that were decided upon by the researchers due to justifiable
reasons. Example: Funding of the Research

Importance of limitation of the study in research

Presenting limitations also supports proper interpretation and validity of the

findings. A study’s limitation should place research finding within their proper context to
ensure readers are fully able to discern the credibility of a study’s conclusion and can
generalize findings appropriately.
➢ You can also use these part of this study to support your claims, just in case you
were not able to verbally discuss, but you wrote it to the limitation part of your
study, you can just refer or direct your readers that the limitations of the study are
stated in your work

Key Points To Rememeber!

● The scope should discuss the inclusions and coverage of your study including
locale and respondents.
● The limitations should discuss the exclusions from the study that were beyond
the control of the researchers
● The Scope and Limitations of the study may be presented in two paragraphs.

Hypothesis & Assumptions (Mark James Ian A. Abrenica)

A hypothesis is a statement that will be tested in the research. Therefore, its validity is
in question.
Hypothesis testing by definition is the method of testing whether a claim or hypothesis
is accepted or rejected.

We apply different statistical tools such as t-test, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and
regression analysis to test it with a significance level of 5%.

Types of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

- It is used to indicate that there is no difference between the two possibilities.
- H : Hypothesis
0 : No difference or no relationship

Example of Null Hypothesis:

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Grades of the Students of PSBA-Manila

X1 : Grades before pandemic

X2 : Grades during pandemic

Mathematical Equation
H0 : X1 = X2

Statement
There is no significant difference between the grades of students before (x1) and during
(x2) the pandemic.

Alternative Hypothesis (HA)

- It is an alternative to the null hypothesis.
- It indicates that there is a statistical significance between the two possible
outcomes.
- H : Hypothesis
A : Alternative

Example of Alternative Hypothesis:

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Grades of the Students of PSBA-Manila

X1 : Grades before pandemic

X2 : Grades during pandemic
Mathematical Equation
Ha : X1 ≠ X2

Statement
There is a significant difference between the grades of students before (x1) and during
(x2) the pandemic.

Key reminder:
In research, we only test the null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis is rejected, then the
alternative hypothesis will be used and that’s why it is called an alternative.

Theoretical Framework ( Catherine Mae P. Rico)

A theoretical framework is a foundational review of existing theories that serves
as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work.

Thus, it serves as your building blocks to explain existing theories and their relation to
your study

Importance
● it makes the research to focus on the questions why and how
● It gives the study a well-defined and proven basis of argument.
● It offers an explanation of the study's significance and validity

This supports your study and strengthens it by supporting your research point through
using theories as evidence.

Steps in making a theoretical framework

1. Identify your key concepts
2. Evaluate and explain relevant theories
3. Show how your research fits into existing research

Include the title of the theory, the author, definition or statement , its theoretical principle
and its relationship to your study

Conceptual Framework (Janelle M. Pilarta)

It is also known as “conceptual model or research model”.

-It is a visual representation in research that helps to illustrate the expected

relationship between cause and effect.
 -Different variables and the assumed relationships between those variables are
included in the model and reflect the expectations.

Origin
A conceptual framework originates in the financial reporting of accountancy. This
is a default setting for practical problems to be tested objectively.

Purpose and importance

In a conceptual model, the relationships are clearly defined between the different
variables and their relationship to each other. Typically, the model is prepared before
actual research takes place.

In addition, the type of research determines whether it is wise and useful to work
with a conceptual framework. In this type of research, the specific relationships are
identified afterwards and the variables are directly measurable and formulated
concretely.

In testing research, the use of a conceptual framework is customary.

Example

Explanation:

● Frameworks or rectangles
Are the dependent and independent variables drawn up in the frames.

● Arrows
 The arrows between two concepts indicate that there is a causal link;
where the arrow comes from influences; where the arrow points to.

● Lines
where a relationship or (correlation) between 2 variables is expected.

There are three main independent variables:

● food taste,
● speed of service,
● and staff performance.

This talks about that:

● Customers are very much concerned with the taste of the product.
● The amount of time it takes to serve them also affects how pleased or
displeased they are.
● Lastly, the performance of the staff that serves also affects their experience.

Customer satisfaction is the dependent variable.

Review of Related Literature (RRL) (Jesse Vergara & Julianne Eusebio)

● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is

related.
● Materials which are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias,
professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications.

Importance of Review of Related Literature

1. It helps or guides the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research
problem or topic.
2. It helps the investigator to understand his topic or research better.
3. It ensures that there will be no duplication of other studies
4. It provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the planned research
5. It gives the researcher a feeling of confidence
6. It provides findings and conclusions of past investigations.

Reminders when creating an RRL

1. Should have both Local and Foreign RRLs
2. Should be classified
3. Should be 5 years or early
4. At least 5 sources per variable