1 STATES OF MATTER reer eee eee a: STATES OF MATTERsubolIMoHO melting ae ow So\d ——2Liguid— Gas = Freeing Condonsaition Pe pes ‘HONAne) FARRER) There are two ditrent ways this can happen, called boiling and evapora BOILING que Pucdesofwatdsappaar gute qucky despite ne outs Temperature often bing below 5°C in jigud. This is because thewirtrinthe UK. Te waterintha — atracton pues corny doos rot bo a tis fempersture; the water evaporates, So If gas is cooled, the partcles eventually move slow/y enough tha forces of ator wil vaperateal, for example, attraction between them start to form and Hold them together as aliquid, The 5°C but ony bol a 100°C, fs condenses. ‘aster move parses escapra ee ‘om he sacs fom ga Evaporati liquid or gas. th But at each temperature, come partcles wi 390 and others more siowiy ‘any Bubbing: the quid just, Ifthe liquid isin a closee container, Tha process ofa gas changngintoa Fire 18Thischrg of sas res drcty toma sold oa gas ané tom agasto sols, ‘Asal numberof su toa sold, TheSoh ad oe » mr =O ora @— wer caret aot 1° ME oF 50 ( Bo | oO C3 sid My tw =e ve v Gas Melting PE = Freezing * pb = Condansakion pant TR piffusion : tual comentvahin — low aesTis garnet on etn bee near) ad ston ‘horde HO gone ogre we sid anon care BCE iia Hor — Nc) Light Srafl enscsenes [Brite ef enmona sr nogen conse ome aon feo co pane ro. eis wean or com ae terra nus, RCI We = M4 Sete 17 pe ae Hse #9sero > vias “> lees spave Face of ottiortion “solute — Solute Cale rdeeles)) Solvent Solvent CHO holet sage? (=> : : lg a . omny cant tee I oe Gane aa Tivuntanbent Ve ay bse wiv acco! aeeacan 2Cet aes STATES OF MATTER ‘A Figure 1.16 A saturated solution EI It's possible to get supersaturated solutions with some solutes. These contain more dissolved solid than you would expect ata particular temperature. If you add even one tiny Crystal of solid to these solutions, all the extra solute will crystalse out, and you are left with a normal saturated solution. You don't have to worry about this at Intemational GCSE. Having Lndissolved sold present when you make a saturated solution prevents. supersaturated solutions forming. In other words, itis the maximum mass of sol issolves i sont aa periular SABO ed ——E—E_—X——— For example, the solubility of sodium chloride (common salt) in water at 25: is about 36g per 100g of water. Eta Aaa sis PSUR eR Rae aL) A procedure we can use to measure the solubility of potassium nitrate in water at 40°C is as follows: ————— 1. Weigh an evaporating basin. 2. Heat a boiling tube of wafer to just above 40° 3. Add potassium nitrate to the water in the boiling tube and stir rapidly Until no more of it will dissolve and there is undissolved solid left over. 4, Allow the solution to cool to exactly 40°C. 5. Pour off some of the solution into the evaporating basin (itis important that you only pour off solution and no solid). You do not have to pour off all the solution. 6. Weigh the evaporating basin and contents 7. Heat the evaporating basin and contents gently to evaporate off all the water. 8 When it looks as if all the water has evaporated weigh the evaporating basin and contents, 9. Heat the evaporating basin and contents again and then re-weigh. ‘This is to make sure that all the water has, indeed, evaporated and is, called heating to constant mass, ———— This procedure is summarised in Figure 1.17. 4, wesc 4 a pace a, * earn = | so | ss eee oon x S Go | — > > ie proton washed Eyeatonen ero oes t 2 samen tedeanaacl ‘evaporating basin ie water ‘evaporating basin For t Revd A. Figure 1.17 Finding the solublity of potassium nitrate in water at 40°C,Teg STATES OF MATTER rm Because solublity varies with temperature, you must always quote a temperature with a solubilty value, 2.9. the solublity of sodium chloride at 30°Cis. ‘Mass of evaporating basin + salution/g ‘Mass of evaporating basin + dry erystals/g, We need to calculate the mass of the solid and also the mass of water ‘evaporated from the solution: mass of crystals = 38,00 - 25.72 = 12.289 mass of water = 58.00 ~ 38.00g = 20.00g 12.28¢ of solid is the maximum mass that dissolves in 20.00g of water, therefore 5 times as much would dissolve in 100g of water. That works out at 61.49, The solubility of potassium nitrate at 40°C is therefore 61.49 per 100g of water. More generally, we can calculate the solubility of a substance in 100g of solvent using the equation: a ESS ‘The solubility of solids changes with temperature and you can plot this on a solubility curve. Most ts shown in Figure 1.18. ° 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 tomperaturerc 44. Figure 1.18 Solubility cures for potassium nitrate and potassium chloride You can use solubility curves to work out what mass of crystals you would get if you cooled a saturated solution. Consider the solubilty curve for potassium nitrate (KNO,) in Figure 1.18. At 90°C. 2009 of potassium nitrate dissolves in 100g water. At 30°C only 50g will dissolve. Therefore, if we have a solution containing 200g of potassium nitrate dissolved In 100g of water a "°C, 150g of potassium