eencl—cl e287 Oe hye O 26 % 052 & gevle, toa 29 Lb ale par) - Single bord — 4 shaved cy ecm pr veo we 1 S Samp 8: oF . et Qectras Sa We bySosa ocmemeenes er Sees ieee Sosneratonmen new ees icotmeere He Ma (SE ct Whenever bonds formed (at whateverknd, energy released andinat Ok vehved mor taba than Wey were bore. The more bonds m NU Fe a ‘COVALENT BONDING INA HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE ‘Achiorie atom By stung 1 action wih pi STE numberof icons ase earst node gis stom. you look a the arangement a elscvors arune the corn atom nth covalent bondod melecle of HCI igure 4). you ve se thal ts lector coniguaton row [28,0 That ste sare a an ‘gon ate. Seley the Mycogen now has 2eecrons ints cuter shel ~ te fame sium Noten Fqure 8. that only the eae nthe oxter shal of the chlorine 20 sod in Banding. Inthe exarpes you wil met at trrational GOSE the ine loctensnever gel use. n fc then lector ae on it ‘utof bonding dams. Bu bo cart nan exam ely lave out hone ‘Sthtrors ihe quaston tls yout. nother way of vpresentng the covalent ong in His shown n Figure 8 We alo va neato represent ne cousent bone betwoen atoms, but be carol the dagram shown n Figure 86 nota do-and-ros agra. EO ‘chlorine atom hes 7 electrons ints oir shel, Each Cl sare let 20 that bah Clatama wi have &elactona nthe oute shal COE ee | Finan 88 sonoma cota of Name‘caren aon hi cs sr hal By rg | acon wi Seem sate Cue Sono Sd, ‘ioc Yath exch atanaaretas aa pss, ‘ape moans ace rsa ns Wana Pas‘There are ls four pais of electrons around he central atom in water: two ofthese re pars of ‘ecto Involedin covalent bonds ar! two are pals ‘of electrons inthe outer shel ofthe oxygen which. ‘re not involved in bending hese ae often called lone pairs of elections or just one pais). These four pare of electrons ar algo aranged na tetrahedral fsrangement 20 the actual shape ofa water molecule (how the atoms are arranged) s described as ‘bent’ forVshaped. The fact hata water molecule la ant Fi! eng {andthe dectrons ae attracted toa diferent extent by es an ectealy ‘the oxygen and hydrogen atoms means that awater —_°Mraedcom. molecule is polar has a slighty negative and a sightly postive endh and hata stream of water can be bent by anelectcaly charged object. Pe OEM nna na peu) MOLECULE: ETHANE Ethane nas the fomula C,H, Te Bonding is similar to methane (Figure 89), except that there isa carbon-carbon covalent bond as well asthe carbon= hhydrogen bonds. “This is cabgsemg organic compound, You willlearn more about molecules such = eaoes 4 ! ‘hon drawing molecules contaring w Cc-— {bon nd hope scat x a ‘emer tacatbon vay ome x ‘Soe by shang # econ ar | hyarogen stays toms 1 bond by sharing tsetton. The hycogen toma alvays goon the ausie, never inthe meas. ro N—* I = hh WLI EEE EI MOLECULE: DOUBLE BONDI ‘Ao oxygen atom has 6 electrons shall and so if two oxygen atoms combine, they willboth share 2 this means that each atom tt nave luc ts eSarENST There ae tortor vo shared pas of eectront “Tams; ths 's called a doubie covalent bond or, usually, just igre 8.150) Adot nce agra oO; an (te dt er‘Antrogen atom has 5 electrons ints outer shel and go two nrogen atoms ‘combine they ll bolh share 3 eetrons ene ths mess that each stom wl ‘ve electtone inte outer sal There are, therefore, thea shared pas of ‘Sectors baweon th nogon atoms th scald a ipl covalent bond o, ‘sual jsta triple bond, @P s trogen gs const nope maces bonded See. The il bond Why No is tern Shreyas : mevt ? Cunveacve ) ‘COVALENT DOUBLE BONDING Iu Cae ‘An anygen atom hes 6 electron i ts outer sel ana earbon stom has 4 Each orygen stom wl share 2elocvors with the carbon atom, Two double ‘bonds ar forme between te carbon and the two oxygens (Figure 817), ‘Alloms nave 6 eetrone in thor outer shel. gee BEES Ethone is rather ike eane in Figure 8.14, excop that only has two hysrogen toms tached to cach carbon bie bond between te carbon Wen ean compan uc 8 ane on and ethane you have to look at ther H) Soe wien (ec ") aa eee (OC) pee, Gr) aca rs p-Czee-¥ ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAINING HALOGEN ATOMS Bromomethane has the forma CH,Se: tho 3H atoms ac the Br atom ae Joico the cena C atom, Shas 35 eesrons ad we have not ised Now fo work out the elector conigatin ofa ale wih 35 elec, butyout a the Per tat Brin Gro 7. Seca is NOOR ao ane oe oe ‘cocoa Br Shell sgpumemrere, pabveremcereecranemecanatet chester” Ges inn canrgehonce ener omc T = Sac tn retintte aos auger ose Sihuajastonnaonels esos" miele Ho H i tence stoma | Theta of chorosthane can also be shown as stata nig 8.21 ag oS eu ea os ea ‘her ocr to hive @ sectors for cel Ths rea hat Bey hos Stata of enewors ins oer sol Another way of tnkng abo the at 3 Btom ony hae 8 vectors cuter sol an sos th manu ‘bert an shar o 1 Rortzz nance opt, 6 electvons “The cle aur cone osu) oxide. The conta atom San he | ‘er atoms sre Eaen © somher © secon nectar sno a 2 ‘odo share? oer scronato fave & easton nt ote eal Ste Stsom snes 2 actors wth ea ofthe © stoma to fom tw doe bonds ‘sul tem organ nade alecvorsin ts ote selena so how, Fi shares Smet’ “aims hbrodarsm oe a Shermans 208816: se Siete seeecmmnmaanm 5= 10 elecwltatermolen| ay — [mn oe) weaker Hhon Covaloxt ond alee tad wv \- intemolenia” “ores Intamolewlar Govt te woe) — Tome => Covatont 3 Maa In simple molealar sthuchver, inkormolewlor forces) are. boken dawn, not te [covalent _bords| Leni Beceinyioee MeroeMeiting [Biing font _wv Eso Coy actin s Touic ond Elecincoh cine tons Yee Game Corelont 10rd 4 Con du chity wernt peely mong Tataymo\n t ‘n) Metals — conduchas ~ 280g Mn Weng amie = ons arey Tenures t9 Wren, tow wale as sy MAM BytE Maho : 7 oe { bie no wufint —\ gaat CouleeEe energy to break he relatively weak intermolecular forces of traction Ia lamang thre ae no ntemotecurforees (thas a lar sructure, here ae ‘ho molecules). Covalent bonds which ae very strong, must be broken inorder tomo or bit In gonoral a substances with giant tres a7 me 30 has fo be Upped ane = trou lant structure. Other substances ‘A Foe 827Daneiatometoxten) with ‘cue graphite (discussed below) and slicon Seria, auisthehavssaaly oxide (SO). aeeae Again aot of energy has o be supp to beak the ein the giant srtur, Del bt canbe toged with trict. Al be electrons inthe outer shes of he carbon some’ ‘covalent bende between the atome. None ae ‘Diamond doesn csc wet orn any ote sobert. Ths sags because fhe ‘tong rain bonds betwean be ca at Hh dod aso, he ‘one wold mato be botan, Daanondeanducts hat ery wal atte tan ey otha trad As on odo he ‘pti heated eka ale ore. Te eng bonds tought he get “Src rman at hoz sere te uch arama femane aha cyt ‘othe ster Graphite i also: aough sth Thea pack of paying cards. In a pack of card Tonnies hence - seme natettotome ——atgrondenet apes ! c 209000000 cs ae - | tcWhy Guaghle/d7mro! A ave wah wap lop? wny yor te 's bron. ured ac ml phos’ igpwent Fo! eaert Poms of tme \wny aumd ic hovd? why drawn & 5 wot oa corduh?. Wh veplake of 4 te yo gee hwWsedunmcwndseomecs Peay ne atensen emer ms Nee Og ae Covelent aca 1 toga aoe «pe wpr-mural entre BE + Sorrows ttnagaar esc Fo, om 2 aw aan eas Grown oo coro som Pomme) behee CN) © cteomam oon 2 co Alo Covelont Tonic metallic ght hie appro crs can ote coma bananas B.C Oar a * irae oon pepe econ rone ae act MF shin orator 1 Mocamonnd hase tu FANS N-F = ome adhd sour orotate he 2 ene eras note ase omgon tin between wolecy led inkeemalocula ARS ot athagneCHAPTER 8 1 T2 mg ionic b CH,Br covalent ce H,0, covalent a FeCl, ionic e NaF ionic f HCN covalent 2» a Apair of electrons that is shared between two atoms. The atoms are held together because the nucleus of each is attracted to the shared pair.1b (lt doesn’t matter whether students use dots or ‘crosses or just different colours- or what positions (N, 'S, E, W) the hydrogens occupy in the H.S or PH) ee, AOW @ OW a> 5» or > er (it doesn’t matter what variations of colours or dots ‘and crosses are used. In the chloroethane case, the ‘Ci could equally well have been drawn together with ‘either ofthe other two hydrogen atoms on the right- hand carbon ator) Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure; diamond has a giant covalent structure. When carbon dioxide sublimes, only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction ‘must be broken - but when diamond sublimes, the strong covalent bonds must be broken. A lot more energy is required to break the strong covalent bonds in diamond ‘than the weak intermolecular forces in carbon dioxide. ‘2. Simplemolecular because itis quid at room ‘temperature. Only weak intermolecular forces of attraction ‘must be broken to mett sold hexane. Compounds with ‘lant structures have high melting points and boiling points and will be solids at room temperature. b Pentane has a lower boiling point. The intermolecular {forces of attraction are weaker in pentane because the relative formula mass is lower. Weaker intermolecular {forces require less energy to break. © Itwil not conduct electricity because there are no fons. present and all the electrons are held tightly in atoms ‘or covalent bonds. 9 To break apart diamond, strong covalent bonds must be broken, which requires a large amount of energy. ‘Much less energy is required to break the weak forces: of attraction between the layers in graphite. yo fullerene has amolecular structure but graphite has a giant structure. To melt Cop fullerene, only weak intermolecular forces must be broken, but to melt ‘graphite strong covalent bonds must be broken. ‘Much lass energy is required to break the weak intermolecular forces in Ce, fullerene than the strong ‘covalent bonds in graphite. ‘© Each Catom in graphite only forms 3 bonds so there is one ‘electron leftover on each on each atom, These delocalsed ‘electrons are free to move throughout the layers. Allthe outer shel electrons in diamond are held tightly in covalent bonds and unable to move around. (Weakest intermolecular forces of attraction) hydrogen, phosphorus trifluoride, ammonia, ethanol, water, c’thanamide (strongest intermolecular forces of attraction). Higher intermolecular attractions produce higher boiling points ~ more energy has to be supplied to overcome stronger forces of attraction between molecules. ‘2 Nitrogen usually forms 3 bonds because it has 5 ‘electrons in its outer shell. Each N forms 1 bond to F, ‘therefore there must be a double bond between the ‘wo N atoms. Formation of a double bond results in ‘each N having 8 electrons in its outer shel9 METALLIC BONDING METALLIC BONDING odin a mea. When sodium some bond together to form the solid meta the over electron on eo: xian beesmes es omowst’ou ‘20 9 lange ashe 1 pel gloms or past etre. ste you can ‘Dagctom z= toma around wrousr ETT Fate. Won a soc. ‘2am oes is outer acon a soduunon Na} ft bend. A mete ‘truchre conse ofa to ngunr rangement of poste ons ina saa of “Mocatsed electrons gue 2)VettingfBoi ing Pont Low high 7 L molowlay Gove Ginn Molewlar Electu col cond a eat eae Yes NO mealic caved c | goo dedi y & Ww male ith aie molt, in eae ———_—_ eos rena" * 2 20 Bee aot Giek cXoteatBonding —» complete => sree over tnost Shells Tome covolont_ Motalue 4 Metals and Non-mernie ashowrg of atecrons hve. ions (cohions) 4 2 oan peak iow vgs Cl-Ci. 0=0 NEN mo of prcoloed L wcevdecos gran leon angle abe tape ce NO 4, Erector, ret OF | betean en -narons pomliz aa AG vasing (bollng Rtivacton Yr oppose MRI 49 pot condor estoy 9 conduct BedteT{ Od caged 9 Eectnica Condon —1—. a si Giant =) wnadreable ond dychle sods 2 NO 4 Tons ave qe otto colon 9 Yes Tos el tole u' Gvalon. 5 thigh Metig [Boiling Poms ort wells Wi gla wel Oi Un4 pots nit weoie, Tripbnole lav sary enor Howmared to maize dive Sherr Sonie_ Compounds Bryrle 4 cubits — Yawn to ‘ a z ne. = — $B uv aa — oe od Elodriuly ones SO, con = ae vee! mes aes molten/aquey® NO chal me’ Wa mp /(apt2> 3> ea *rono own 0.00.0. oF HoH 0! 9 om Oe @O0@@@ ° 6 eo <— delocalised @ @ / electrons fo) fe) \7 3 2060 0,6 ° 6:@> sea of delocalised os electrons 0°59 000. 1, fe ° lattice of metal ions (The diagrams should show at least 9 ions but can be 4) of any size beyond that. Electrons could be shown as e-.) Mg 2, 8, 2. The two outer electrons will be lost from each Mg atom to form the sea of delocalised electrons. There will be a regular arrangement of Mg?* ions. Na will form Na* ions, Mg will form Mg?* ions and Al will form Al ions. There will be stronger electrostatic attraction between the metal ions and the delocalised electrons when the charge on the ion is higher. AlS* has the strongest attraction between the metals ions and the delocalised electrons, therefore most energy has to be supplied to overcome the forces of attraction. Delocalised electrons are free to move. The layers of metal ions are able to slide over each other without changing the bonding. giant covalent molecular molecular giant ionic giant metallic molecular giant metallic