Lect06 - 3G (UMTS) Systems

CCE502: Mobile Communications
Lecture 6: 3G (UMTS/WCDMA)
PREPARED BY
DR. SHERIF HEKAL
1) Introduction to 3G/UMTS Systems.
2) WCDMA Concepts.
3) UMTS Network Architecture.
4) UMTS Air Interface Principles.
5) UMTS Procedures
 Admission & Load Control.
 Power Control.
 Handover Control.
 Packet Scheduling.
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2G Evolution to 3G

Evolution of Mobile Communications
1G(Analog) 2G(Digital) 3G(Wideband)
GSM
AMPS 900/1800/1900
CDMA
IS-95
TACS IMT-2000
TDMA
IS-136
NMT
PDC

Mobile Usage Trends
Trend:
Voice  Data

Why 3G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!
For the consumer

◦ Video streaming, TV broadcast
◦ Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
◦ Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
For business Mobile transactions Imaging

◦ High speed teleworking / VPN access
◦ Sales force automation
◦ Video conferencing
◦ Real-time financial information
More airtime
More Subscribers Access anytime, anyplace
UMTS Driver
Video conferences
video telephony
Tele-Shopping
Electronic newspapers
Images / Sound files
UMTS offers
Tele-Banking flexible & dynamic
Financial services data rates:
8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s
Data base access
Information services
E-mail
Voice
10 100 1000 10,000

Data rate [kbit/s]
Release 99 feature.
New Radio Interface (UTRA)
FDD and TDD at 3.84 Mcps.
GSM/GPRS Handover.
Support for Multi-call (CS & PS) simultaneously.
Release 4 feature
Evolution of core network transport to IP.
Release 5 feature
IP based Multimedia service.
High-Speed Downlink Packet access (HSDPA).
Release 6 feature
High-Speed Uplink Packet access (HSUPA).
Release 7 feature
HSPA+ “ 64 QAM, MIMO “.
Release 8 feature
LTE
UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band : 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission.

• Terrestrial UMTS (UTRAN) : 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 2110-
2170 MHz bands

Vodafone Purchased & Active
Mobinil
GSM 900 Reserved for operator
Etisalat
MHz 880 890 902.5 915 925 935 947.5 960
UL DL
E-GSM E-GSM
Channels 1 62 63 124 975 1023 0
GSM 1800
MHz 1710 1715 1751 1756 1761 1766 1785 1805 1810 1846 1851 1856 1861 1880
1763.5 1858.5
UL DL
Channels 512 538 716 741 766 778 791 885
UMTS
MHz 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
UL
Channels 9612 9637 9662 9687 9712 9737 9762 9787 9812 9837 9862 9887
MHz 2110 2115 2120 2125 2130 2135 2140 2145 2150 2155 2160 2165 2170
DL
Channels 10562 10587 10612 10637 10662 10687 10712 10737 10762 10787 10812 10837

2) WCDMA Concepts.
5) UMTS Procedures
 Power Control.

What is CDMA ?

What is Multiple Access?
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a
transmission medium by multiple,
independent users.
Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have

tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit
Types of Media Transmission
◦ Twisted pair - copper
◦ Coaxial cable Medium
◦ Fiber optic cable
◦ Air interface (radio signals)
Advantages of Multiple Access
◦ Increased capacity: serve more users Each pair of users enjoys a
◦ Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the dedicated, private circuit
traffic through the transmission
◦ Decreased per-user expense medium, unaware that the
◦ Easier to manage and administer other users exist.

Multiple Access Techniques

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated FDMA
pathway through a transmission
medium for one user’s information
Power
The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided
into individual channels according to different criteria depending on the
technology used:
Here’s how the three most popular technologies establish channels:
– FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex Access)
TDMA
• each user on a different frequency
• a channel is a frequency Power
– TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access)
• each user on a different window period in time (“time slot”)
• a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency
– CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access)
• each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed CDMA
with different distinguishing code patterns
• a channel is a unique set of code patterns Power

- SDMA (Space-division multiple access)
 SDMA system reuses the transmission
frequency at suitable intervals of distance.
 Sectorization divides a cell into smaller “sub
cells,” some of which can reuse the same
frequency.
 A sector provides a fixed coverage area.
Intelligent “Smart "antennas can form narrow
spot beams in desired directions, which
increases the system capacity even further.

CDMA theory
What do YOU hear...
•If you only speak Japanese?

•If you only speak English?
•If you only speak Italian?
•If you only speak Japanese, but the
Japanese-speaking person is all the
way across the room?
•If you only speak Japanese, but the

Spanish-speaking person is talking
very loudly?

Code Division Multiple Access
(C1D1 +
C2D2 +
C3D3)
Perfect orthogonally
Number of users (capacity) are
related to the number of codes. C1 * C2 = 0
Rate of codes must be higher C1 * C3 = 0
than the data. (as the code C1 * C1 = 1
length increase the code rate
increase) C2 * C3 = 0
So spreading must be used which C2 * C2 = 1

minimize power per user C3 * C3 = 1
How does CDMA work ?
• Higher rate-of transition, causes spectral spreading

• Higher spreading factor gives higher processing gain

DSSS Technique
Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset
Input data
X X X
PN code used in TX
Transmitter +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
= = =
Transmitted +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Sequence
X X X
PN code used in
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Receiver
= = =
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
RX
Integrate Integrate Integrate Integrate
Result
Divide by Code
Length
processing gain concept
• Digital SNR: Eb/No
S
Eb  Energy per bit (Eb)
Rb equals the average signal power (S) divided by the data bit rate (Rb)
N
N0  Noise power density (N0)
The total noise power in the signal bandwidth, divided by the signal bandwidth
B
Energy per bit (Eb) - to - Noise Ratio

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) times the SSMA Processing Gain
Eb  S 1  S B  Eb E
       SNR  SF  c  Gp
N 0  Rb N 0   N Rb  N0 N0
chibrate B
G p  10 log SF SF  
datarate Rb

CDMA Rx Concept
 Correlation of channel codes in receiver If the BLER requires an Eb/No of 5dB
 Own channel correlates well, i.e. peaks (Signal) for a certain service and the processing gain
 Other channels appear as noise (Interference) (Gp) is 25dB for the service,
 More users  increased interference it means a C/I down to –20 dB is still
Power
acceptable
+5 dB
Power
+
Signal (Eb) Gp Signal (Eb)
Interference (No)
Interference
1 Carrier (5MHz)
& Noise (No)
–20 dB
Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference
Ratio (SIR) 1 Carrier (5MHz)
I.e. fulfilling the BLER requirements for that specific service Gp
Ec C  Eb  10  log(Rc/Ri )
No I No
Spreading Operation
Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
spreading includes two operations:
Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) - using orthogonal codes
Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) - using pseudo-noise code

Spreading and Scrambling?
Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
 Channelization codes are orthogonal codes, based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor (OVSF) technique
Can separate the transmission to multiple users from a single source (downlink)
Limited orthogonal codes must be re-used in every cell; need additional long (scrambling)
codes for inter-cell interference
Scrambling does not affect the signal bandwidth
Scrambling codes are pseudo-noise (PN) codes such as M-sequences or Gold codes, with
good auto-correction properties
Downlink use: to differentiate different cells (one code per base station)
Uplink use: to separate different users per cell (many codes per base-station)

Orthogonal Codes concepts
Downlink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels
Coming from each Base Station
OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC5, OC6, OC7
Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels

coming from each Mobile Station
OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3
OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Orthogonal Codes concepts
Generation of Orthogonal (Walsh) Codes
orthogonal Code Space: 5 users; one user has 4x data bandwidth
1
Digital/Analog Mapping
Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps
User with 2x Bit Rate logic 0  analog +1
logic 1  analog - 1
11 1.92 MSymbol/s 10
1111 1100 1010 1001
11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110
480 kSymbol/s 480 kSymbol/s
= Unusable Code Space

Payload calculations
Chip rate=3.84 Mchip/sec
1 0 1 0 1 0
SF=4 …. 4chip/bit …. 4ch … payload =768 Kbps
1 0 1
SF=8 …. 8chip/bit …. 8ch … payload =384 Kbps

Scrambling Code
Uplink  PN Code used to distinguish each Mobile Station SC 48
SC 0 SC 64
Downlink  PN Code used to distinguish each Base Station SC 16 SC 40 SC 56 SC 49
SC 8 SC 24 SC 1 SC 65
Cell Site “1” transmits using PN code 1 SC 32 SC 17 SC 41 SC 57
PN1 SC 9 SC 25
PN1
SC 33
PN3 PN4
Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2
PN2 PN2
Scrambling Code planning

PN5 PN6 example

Scrambling Code planning
 SC are organized in Code Groups.
 The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent Code Group by a
multiple of 8
64 Code Groups
0 8 16 ... ... 504

1 9 17 ... ... 505
2 10 18 ... ... 506
3 11 19 ... ... 507
4 12 20 ... 500 508
5 13 21 ... 501 509
6 14 22 ... 502 510
7 15 23 ... 503 511

Acquisition and Synchronization
Physical Layer Procedures

1) UE Acquisition and Synchronization
P-CCPCH
(PSC + SSC + BCH)
Initiate Cell Synchronization
UE Monitors Primary SCH code, detects peak in matched filter output
Slot Synchronization Determined ------>
UE Monitors Secondary SCH code, detects SCG and frame start time offset
Frame Synchronization and Code Group Determined ------>
UE Determines Scrambling Code by correlating all possible codes in group
Scrambling Code Determined ------>
UE Monitors and decodes BCH data
Cell Synchronization Complete

UMTS cell search
Frequency and Time Synchronization
• the frequency and time synchronization

procedure occurred when the power is turned
on in the UE.
• The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by
receiving the primary synchronization channel
(P-SCH) and detecting peaks in the output of a
filter that is matched to this universal
synchronization code.
• Thus the UE can determine when a slot starts,
but it does not know the slot number yet
(there are 15 slots in each frame), and thus it
does not know where the radio frame
boundary may be.

UMTS cell search
the UE correlates the received signal from the secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH)
with all secondary synchronization codes (SSC), and identifies the maximum correlation
value.
once the UE has identified 15 successive SSCs, it can determine the code group used as
well as the frame boundaries (i.e., frame synchronization).
Each code group identifies eight possible primary scrambling codes, and the correct one is
found by correlating each candidate in turn over the CPICH of that cell.

UMTS cell search

Channelization and Scrambling Codes
Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CCP + CCB
2 data channels
1 data channels
Voice (voice, control)
(control)
SC1 + CC1 + CC2 Uplink
Conversation SC1 + CC3
Packet Data
2 data channels 2 data channels

(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 SC4 + CC1 + CC2
Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CCP + CCB
3 data channels 4 data channels Videoconference

(voice, video, control) (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7
with Data
Videoconference
3 data channels
(voice, video, control) 4 data channels
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4

Summary
SC1
SC1
SC1
SC1

CDMA TX

 Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different replica of the desired
signal
Multipath Propagation
Time Dispersion
t2
t0 t3
t1
t 0 t1t 2 t 3 t

Each multi-path component is called a “finger”
Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:
◦ delay
◦ amplitude
◦ Phase
The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by coherent combining of multi-
path components belonging to the respective user.
CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver is the solution to combat fading.
Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection.
Also be used to track other base station’s signal during soft handover.
One finger used as a “Searcher” to identify other base stations
 Each finger tracks a different multipath component and other cells during Soft Handover
 A maximum ratio combining produces the output
 Search Finger is used to determine when to perform handovers
Buffer/delay
Correlators
Channel
Finger #1
C
O
Finger #2 M Sum of individual multipath
B components
I
Finger #3
N
E
Finger #N R
Power measurements of
neighbouring RBSs
Searcher Finger

2) WCDMA Concepts.
5) UMTS Procedures
 Power Control.

UMTS Architecture
A UMTS System comprises three main parts: UMTS GSM
The User Equipment (UE) CN NSS
Iu A
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
UTRAN BSS
Core Network (CN)
Uu Um
UE MS

PSTN
ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC
PCU
SS7 SCE
RNC SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS backbone/
Internet,
Intranet
SGSN GGSN
User UTRAN Network Core Network

Equipment
Domain Access Network Non Access stratum
Domain
Access stratum

Function of the Access network.
Responsible of the radio resources management.

Consists of several Radio network subsystem
(similar of BSS in GSM).
One RNC.
Several node Bs.

Function of the RNC.
Control several node Bs/ interface with the core network

(MSC/SGSN).
Radio resources management.
Admission and congestion control.
Handover and power control (outer loop).
Ciphering/deciphering.
Can softly be divided into 3 types
CRNC Control
SRNC Serving
DRNC Drift

Power Control in RNC.
Open loop power control

closed loop power control
Outer loop power control

Function of the Node B.
Contains the RF equipment that provide

the radio link in the air interface.
More intelligent than BTS.
Perform spreading/dispreading, channel
coding, also responsible of a part of the
power control (inner loop).
Ciphering using the ciphering key.
 Records and passes to the RNC the
Signal strength measurements
Mapping of Transport channels into
physical channels

3GPP WCDMA Overview
Physical Parameters:
◦ Chip rate = 3.840 Mcps
◦ RF Bandwidth = 5 MHz
◦ Physical Layer data rates of 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 kb/sec
◦ Payload data rates of 12.2, 64, 128, 144, 384, 768, and 2048 kb/sec
◦ Frame length = 10 mSec and15 time slot = 0.667 mSec
◦ Fast Power Control: Bi-directional; 1500 updates/sec

2) WCDMA Concepts.
5) UMTS Procedures
 Power Control.

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel

S-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s)
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

PICH - Paging Indicator Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels

PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Node B User
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Equipment
(BS) PCPCH – Physical Common Packet Channel
AP-AICH - Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (UE)

CD/CA-AICH -Collision Detection/Ch.Assignment
Indicator Ch.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel

UMTS Timing

WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels
Common Downlink Physical Channels
◦ P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

- Broadcasts cell site information
- Broadcasts cell SFN; Timing reference for all DL channels
◦ SCH Synchronization Channel
- Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
◦ S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
- Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UE’s
◦ P-CPICH Common Pilot Channel
◦ S-CPICH Secondary Common Pilot Channel (for sectored cells)
◦ PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
- Transmits high-speed data to multiple users
Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels

◦ DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel
◦ DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UE’s
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Downlink Indication Channels
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
◦ Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt
◦ (Echoes the UE’s Random Access signature)
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
◦ Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame
AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel)
◦ Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Packet Access attempt
◦ (Echoes the UE’s Packet Access signature)
CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel)
◦ Confirms that there is no ambiguity between UE in a Packet Access attempt
◦ (Echoes the UE’s Packet Access Collision Detection signature)
◦ Optionally provides available Packet channel assignments
CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)
◦ Broadcasts status information regarding packet channel availability

Uplink Physical Channels
Common Uplink Physical Channels

◦ PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
- Used by UE to initiate access to BS
◦ PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel
- Used by UE to send connectionless packet data
Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

◦ DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
◦ DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
CPICH
Null Data S/P
Common Pilot Channel
Cch 256,0 Gain
Sync Codes(*)
BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) PSC
S/P
Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch.

Cch 256,1 Gain
PCCH PCH Data GP

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
SSCi
S-CCPCH
S/P
CCCH Secondary Common Control Physical Ch. SCH (Sync Channel)
GS
Common Control Ch. Cch Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch. DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
CCTrCH One per UE
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Cell-specific
Scrambling Downlink
DTCH DCH Data Code RF Out
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
U M
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
X U
X
S/P
 I+jQ I
Filter

Cch Gain I/Q
Modulator
DTCH DCH Data Filter
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Q
DPCCH (one per UE)
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
DSCH Data PDSCH

S/P * Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Cch Gain
Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
AICH P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot
Access Indication data S/P
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)
PICH Cch Gain
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indicator Channel )
AP-AICH Cch Gain
Access Preamble Indication bits S/P
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
CSICH Cch Gain
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
CD/CA-ICH
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel Assignment )
Cch Gain

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
Chd Gd
CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.

RACH Control Part
Chc Gc j
Chd Gd
DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling
Uplink
 Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part
I
I+jQ Filter
Chc Gc j I/Q
 Filter
Mod.
Chd,1 Gd
Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Chd,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. I
Chd,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Chd,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional) 
Chd,4 Gd
DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) Q
Chc Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Thank You
REPORT DELIVERY W 05 OF TERM203
UMTS PROCEDURES

Lect06 - 3G (UMTS) Systems

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CCE502: Mobile Communications

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For the consumer

For business Mobile transactions Imaging

10 100 1000 10,000

• UMTS Band : 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission.

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MHz 880 890 902.5 915 925 935 947.5 960

Channels 512 538 716 741 766 778 791 885

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Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have

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•If you only speak Japanese?

•If you only speak Japanese, but the

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So spreading must be used which C2 * C2 = 1

• Higher rate-of transition, causes spectral spreading

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Energy per bit (Eb) - to - Noise Ratio

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OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

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1111 1100 1010 1001

11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110

480 kSymbol/s 480 kSymbol/s

= Unusable Code Space

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Chip rate=3.84 Mchip/sec

SF=4 …. 4chip/bit …. 4ch … payload =768 Kbps

SF=8 …. 8chip/bit …. 8ch … payload =384 Kbps

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Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2

Scrambling Code planning

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0 8 16 ... ... 504

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Physical Layer Procedures

(PSC + SSC + BCH)

Initiate Cell Synchronization

UE Monitors Primary SCH code, detects peak in matched filter output

Slot Synchronization Determined ------>

Frame Synchronization and Code Group Determined ------>

UE Determines Scrambling Code by correlating all possible codes in group

Scrambling Code Determined ------>

UE Monitors and decodes BCH data

Cell Synchronization Complete

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• the frequency and time synchronization

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