Vha 1

Introduction to the
Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM network
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 1

Introduction to the Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM Network
 1 Introduction
 2 General Specification
 3 Services Provided
 4 Radio Interface
 5 Interchanges over the Network
 6 Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
 Appendix

Introduction to the Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM Network
1 Introduction

Introduction
Contents
 1.1 GSM 900 / 1800 / 1900
 1.2 History of Cellular Networks
 1.3 Limits of GSM Systems
 1.4 Overview of Current Standards
 1.5 GSM Key-Dates
 1.6 International Agreements: "Memorandum Of Understanding"
 1.7 Contribution of GSM Standard
 1.8 Contents of GSM "Recommendations"

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GSM 900 / 1800 / 1900
 GSM: Global System for Mobile communication

 Pan-European standard for communication with mobiles, already adopted by
more than 60 countries and now the worldwide reference for mobile radio
networks. Since 1995 (phase 2), this standard harmonizes the 900 MHz GSM
system and the 1800 or 1900 MHz Digital Cellular Systems (DCS).
 GSM 900:
 2 x 25 MHz frequency bands around 900 MHz .
 GSM 1800:
 2 x 75 MHz frequency bands around 1800 MHz.
 GSM 1900: (North and South American variant of the GSM 1800):
 2 x 75 MHz frequency bands around 1900 MHz.

INTRODUCTION
1.2 History of Cellular Networks
 Mobile network "Prehistory":

 1946: St Louis (Missouri)
 1970 - 80: NATEL (Switzerland)
 1st Generation: ANALOGUE cellular networks

 1979: Chicago: AMPS
 1981: Sweden: NMT
 1985: UK: TACS
 2nd Generation: DIGITAL networks

 1992: Europe: GSM
 1995: US: IS95 (CDMA)
 3rd Generation: Universal(?) Standards

 2002: IMT 2000
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Limits of GSM systems
public
PABX
residential
PSTN PSTN PSTN
office PABX
GSM
Small Cells Medium Cells Large Cells

INTRODUCTION
1.4 Overview of current standards
Standard CT2 GSM DCS DECT IS95

System type cordless cellular cellular cordless satellite
Frequency
band (MHz) 864 - 868 890 - 915 () 1710 -1785 () 1880 -1900 1610 -1626.5 ()
935 - 960 () 1805 -1880 () 2483.5 -2500 ()
Commercial Pointel Itinéris Bouygues Digital Globalstar

names Bi-bop SFR Telecom domestic
cordless
telephones
Company
mobiles

INTRODUCTION
1.5 GSM key dates
 1979 World Administrative Radiocommunications Conference

(WARC) : 900 MHz band reserved
 1982 Stockholm - Creation of the "Groupe Spécial Mobile" within
CEPT (Post & Telecom European Conference)
 1986 Creation of a GSM " Standing Committee »
CNET Paris : Comparative trials of 8 prototypes
 1987 "Broad Avenue" : Choice of main techniques:
Medium Band - Digital Transmission < 16 kbit/s - 8 x Time-
division multiplexing, subsequent development to 16 x - Slow frequency
hopping
 1988-89 GSM taken over by ETSI
First publication of the (Draft) "recommendations"
 1990 Beginning of studies for adaptation to 1800 MHz (at UK's request)
 1990-91 "Phase 1" recommendations fixed (GSM, then DCS)
First GSM prototypes in service (Télécom'91 Geneva)
 1992 First commercial GSM networks placed in service
 1995 "Phase 2" recommendations issued (upward compatibility)

INTRODUCTION
1.6 International agreements
 GSM - MoU: Memorandum of understanding
 signed on 87/09/07 between european

operators
3
 1991: acceptation of non-european 3 3
signatories (UAE, Hong Kong, 2
New Zealand, Australia) 3 4 3
4
5 2
 Scope: 4
3
. System deployment schedule 3 4 22
. Routing and numbering plan 4
compatibility 3 3
. Joint introduction of new services 3
. Harmonization of tariff setting principles 2
. Definition of billing procedures
European GSM-MoU signatories (operators) in 1999

INTRODUCTION
1.7 Contribution of GSM standard
 Pan-European standard + MoU
 GLOBAL system (standardized infrastructure)
 New concept: SIM card ("SIM-roaming")
 Digital transmission, speech encoding
 Introduction of state of the art techniques
 Integrated security procedures
 Considerable potential market

INTRODUCTION
1.8 Contents of GSM recommendations
 GSM recommendations : series

 01 General aspects
 02 Definition of services
 03 Network Aspects
 04 MS - BS interface and protocols
 05 Radio Interface: Physical level
 06 Speech encoding/ decoding
 07 Terminal Adapters
 08 BS - MSC interfaces
 09 Interworking
 11 Equipment
 12 Operation and Maintenance

INTRODUCTION
 GPRS General Packet Radio Service (1)

 01.60: Requirements specification of GPRS
 01.61: GPRS ciphering algorithm requirements
 02.60: Service description; stage 1
 03.60: Service description; stage 2
 03.64: Overall description of the GPRS radio interface; Stage 2
 04.60: Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio
Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol
 04.64: Mobile Station (MS) - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN); Logical
Link Control (LLC) layer specification
 04.65: Mobile Station (MS) - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN);
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)
 07.60: Mobile Station (MS) supporting GPRS

INTRODUCTION
 GPRS General Packet Radio Service (2)

 08.14: Base Station System (BSS) - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
interface; Gb interface layer 1
interface; Network Service
interface; BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)
 09.16: Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) - Visitors Location Register
(VLR); Gs interface network service specification
 09.18: Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) - Visitors Location Register
(VLR); Gs interface layer 3 specification
 09.60: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp Interface
 09.61: Interworking between the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
supporting GPRS and Packet Data Networks (PDN)
 12.15: GPRS charging
INTRODUCTION TO THE Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM
NETWORK
2 General Specifications

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Contents
 2.1 General Concepts in Cellular Networks

 2.1.1 PLMN and Mobile Stations
 2.1.2 Cellular Coverage
 2.1.3 Data Transmission
 2.2 GSM Architecture
 2.2.1 Types of Mobile Stations
 2.2.2 PLMN Elements
 2.2.3 Base Station System
 2.2.4 Network and Switching System
 2.2.5 GPRS
 2.2.6 Operation and Maintenance
 2.3 GSM Interfaces and Protocols
 2.4 Position of Transcoding Unit (TRAU)

2.1.1 General Concepts: PLMN and Mobile Stations
PSTN
PLMN
ISDN
PLMN = Public Land Mobile Network

PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network
ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network PDN
PDN = Packet Data Network

2.1.2 General Concepts: Cellular Coverage
(25)
150
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
200
150 KEY
150 50
300
300
(25) traffic in Erlangs (BTS)
150 traffic Erlangs (BSC)
omnidirectional antenna
50 sectored antenna
100 50 directional antenna
50
Base Station
Base Station Controller
Frequency Reuse Pattern
4 7 1 8 5
3 10 2 9 6 11
4 7 1 8 5 12
3 3
D
10 2 9 6 11 10
4 7 1 8 5 12 4 7 1 8 5
2 9 6 11 3 10 2 9 6 11
12 4 7 1 8 5 12
2 9 6 11
12
Example of 12-Cell Three-sector Pattern

International Colour Codes
NCC
0 or 4
1 or 5
2 or 6
3 or 7

 Radio Resources are limited
 To increase Spectrum efficiency,

specific techniques are introduced:
 Power Control
 Handover
 Frequency Hopping downlink
 Discontinuous GSM antenna
uplink VIP
transmission (DTX)

2.2 GSM architecture
OPERATORS
OSS
GSM
NSS BSS
MS
EXTERNAL
NETWORKS USERS

2.2.1 GSM architecture: types of Mobile Stations
Um
"plug-in" SIM
MT0
SIM card
ISDN terminal
BSS
TE1 S
MT1
R
TE2 TA
ISDN
MT2 MT = Mobile Termination

TE2 (Conventional terminal - (including TE = Terminal Equipment
Modem interface) TAF) TA(F) = Terminal Adaptor (Function)
ISDN concepts GSM concepts

2.2.2 GSM architecture: PLMN Elements
MS
(Mobile Station) Base station system BSS
BTS Basic Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS
BTS
BTS Network and switching system
BTS
BTS MSC Mobile Switching Centre
BTS BTS
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitors Location Register
BSS
BSC BSC (Base Station System) AuC Authentication Centre
Optional
PSTN, NSS EIR Equipment Identification Register
ISDN... (Network & Switching System)
MSC Voicemail Server
SM-SC Short Message Service Centre
Voicemail Server
GCR Group Call Register
Operation and maintenance subsystem OSS

EIR
OMC Operation and Maintenance Centre
SM-SC VLR HLR AuC GCR
[NMC Network Management Centre]
OMC OMC
OSS
(Operation & maint. Sub System)
NMC
GSM interfaces
X.25 links

2.2.3 GSM architecture: Base Station System
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
BTS
PHYSICAL CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
BTS (on Radio channel)
BTS
BTS
BTS BSC
BTS
MANAGEMENT OF INTERFACES WITH
BTS BTS NSS & OSS
MANAGEMENT OF RADIO "LOGICAL"

BSC CHANNELS
BSC
BTS MONITORING
CBC : Cell Broadcast Centre (optional)

NSS CBC
Buffer STORAGE and Generation of
CELL BROADCAST SHORT MESSAGES

2.2.4 GSM architecture: Network and Switching System
MSC
CALL HANDLING (subscriber exchange)
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
BSS
- VLR/HLR database updating
- Subscriber radio paging
- Handover management
GATEWAY FUNCTION
for terminating calls
HLR
Reference DATABASE (for a region)
PSTN, STORES: Identities - Directory numbers -
ISDN...
Services subscribed + Approx. location (VLR)
MSC
VLR
LOCAL DATABASE
(associated with one or more MSCs)
COPIES HLR data for VISITING subscribers
ACCURATE LOCATION of visiting subscribers
Call redirection DATA
 AuC
SECURITY DATABASE
(authentication and encryption)
VLR HLR AuC GENERATION of KEYS
2.2.4 GSM architecture: Network and Switching System
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
BSS EIR
Mobile EQUIPMENT DATABASE
CONCEPT of "white", "grey" and "black" mobiles
Voice Mail Server

VOICE MESSAGING SERVER
Voice Mail Server MSC (not specified in GSM standard)
SM-SC
SHORT MESSAGE STORAGE
during subscriber unavailability
GCR : Group Call Register (optional)

EIR
VOICE CALL GROUP SERVER
(new services in phase 2+, PMR type)
SM-SC
GCR
2.2.5 GSM architecture: GPRS
Voice MSC/VLR
Data
ISDN
GSM+GPRS
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
GPRS Internet
GPRS Backbone
Mobile

2.2.6 GSM architecture: Operation and Maintenance
BSS NSS GPRS
OMC
(OMC-R) (OMC-M or S) (OMC-G)
OMC: Configuration
Fault
NMC Performance
Security
Cost
NMC: Telecom Management Network
(optional)
2.3 GSM interfaces and protocols
M
S M M GSM Circuit-switching:
M S M
S M
S S Um (Radio) MS - BTS LAPDm
S
(GSM specific)
BTS BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Abis BTS - BSC LAPD
BTS BTS (ISDN type)
BSC BSC
A BSC-MSC (SS7 basic) + BSSAP
E
MSC MSC B MSC-VLR
C (SM-G)MSC-HLR
B C F I D HLR-VLR
E (SM-G)MSC-MSC (SS7 basic)+ MAP
G D F MSC-EIR
H G VLR-VLR
VLR EIR GCR H HLR-AuC
VLR HLR AuC
I MSC-GCR
PSTN MSC-PSTN (SS7 basic)+ TUP or ISUP

PSTN, ISDN MSC-ISDN
ISDN...

2.3 GSM interfaces and protocols
M
S M M GSM Packet-switching (GPRS):
M S M
S M
S S LAPDm
S Um (Radio) MS - BTS
(GSM specific)
BTS BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Abis BTS - BSC LAPD
BTS BTS (ISDN type)
BSC BSC
Gb BSC-SGSN
SGSN Gn
Gs
SGSN MSC
Gn SGSN-SGSN IP
Gn Gr Gf SGSN-GGSN IP
GGSN Gr SGSN-HLR SS7
Gc GGSN-HLR (IP)/SS7
Gc Gf SGSN-EIR SS7
Gs SGSN-MSC/VLR SS7
HLR EIR
Gi
Gi GGSN-Data Network IP
Data Network

2.4 Position of Transcoding Unit (TRAU)
BTS BSC MSC VLR

TRAU
BTS BSC MSC VLR

TRAU
BTS BSC MSC VLR

TRAU
Abis interface A interface
16 kbit/s transmission
KEY :
64 kbit/s transmission

NETWORK
3 Services Provided

SERVICES PROVIDED
Contents
 3.1 Teleservices
 3.1.1 Teleservices and Bearer Services
 3.1.2 Categories of Teleservices
 3.1.3 Principle
 3.1.4 Data transmission in circuit mode
 3.1.5 Data transmission in packet mode
 3.2 Supplementary services
 3.2.1 Number Identification Services
 3.2.2 Call Forwarding Services
 3.2.3 Call Completion Services
 3.2.4 Multi-Party Services
 3.2.5 Billing Services
 3.2.6 Call Barring Services
 3.2.7 Phase 2+ Services
 3.2.8 Sundry Services

SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.1 Teleservices and Bearer Services
 Teleservice: Transmission capability including terminals and applications

 Bearer Service: Transmission capability between defined user Interfaces
Teleservices
Bearer services
TE
TE GSM Transit Terminating

IWF network, IWF network
PLMN if any
TE = Terminal Equipment IWF = InterWorking Function
 Transparent and Non-Transparent Services and Bearer Services

 Transparent : Fixed rate, no flow control: fast but high error ratio
 Non-Transparent : RLP added: low error ratio, slower transmission
SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.2: Categories of Teleservices
 Voice Services:
 Telephony
 Emergency Calls
 Voice Call Groups (Groups of mobiles sharing limited radio resources)
 (Voice Messaging: not identified by the GSM as a specific service)
 Short Message Services (SMS):

 POINT-TO-POINT, Network to Mobile (SMS - MT/PP)
 POINT-TO-POINT, Mobile to Network (SMS - MO/PP)
 BROADCAST, Network to Mobile (SMS - CB)
 Other Non-Voice Services

SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.3 Teleservices: principles
Standard interface PSTN Standard interface
3.1 kHz audio line

Audio modem Audio modem
PSTN user PSTN user
(DTE) (DCE) (DCE) (DTE)
Standardized transmission
Conventional connection PSTN user < -- > PSTN user
Standard interface
IWF PSTN Standard interface
GSM infrastructure
3.1 kHz audio line

Audio modem
GSM transmission (DCE) Standardized transmission Audio modem
GSM user (DCE) PSTN user
(DTE) (DTE)
Connection GSM user < -- > PSTN user
By comparison with PSTN access, the entire GSM infrastructure can be treated as a DTE-DCE line
between the terminal and the MODEM which is inserted by the network.

SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.3 Teleservices: principles
 General Principles:
 DIGITAL transmission on the radio channel
 AUDIO MODEM inserted at the interworking point (IWF) between the two
networks (generally in the MSC)
 Data Transmission Services:

Usable MODEM TYPES defined by the GSM standard:
 V21: 300 bit/s asynchronous
 V22: 1200 bit/s, asynchronous or synchronous
 V22 bis: 2400 bit/s synchronous
 V23: 1200/75 bit/s asynchronous
 V26 ter: 2400 bit/s synchronous
 V32: 4800 or 9600 bit/s synchronous
SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.4 Teleservices: Data transmission in circuit mode
PSTN
3.1 kHz audio line

Audio modem Audio modem
Standard FAX machine Standard FAX machine
Conventional connection PSTN user < -- > PSTN user
GSM infrastructure
PSTN
TAF
Audio modemAudio modem 3.1 kHz audio line
Standard FAX machine FAX adapter Audio modem Audio modem
Standard FAX machine
GSM user
Connection GSM user < -- > PSTN user
DIGITAL radio transmission ==> FAX adapter function (including audio modem + T30 functions)
Standard TAF: synchronous information bearer (as for data transmission services)
Audio MODEM: includes V21 - V27 ter and V29 protocols essential for dialogue between FAX machines

SERVICES PROVIDED
3.1.5 Teleservices: Data transmission in packet mode
User 2
Packet Data Network

GSM Network GGSN
User 1 Virtual Circuit
SGSN
Internet
GGSN
Datagram
User 3
 Services provided:  With Quality Of Service profiles:

 All Personal mobility  Service Precedence (Priority)
application  Reliability
 Internet Access  (Transfer) Delay
 Car Traffic management …  Use Data Throughput

SERVICES PROVIDED
3.2.1 Supplementary Services
Number identification services
 CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation (terminating call)

Lets the called party receive the caller's identity (applicable to all
services except SMS)
 CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction (originating call)
Lets the caller withhold his number from the called party
(either permanently or on a per-call basis)
 CoLP Connected Line Identification Presentation (originating call)
Indicates the party's number when the call has been set up
 CoLR Connected Line Identification Restriction (terminating call)
Lets the called party withhold his number from the caller
(either permanently or on a per-call basis)
 MCI Malicious Call Identification
Lets the network store call parameters
(called and calling party numbers - date - time)
SERVICES PROVIDED
Call forwarding services
 CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

These four services are used to forward calls to the local PLMN or to
another PLMN (Id = International number)
 CFB Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Busy
Up to five consecutive forwarding operations (system parameter)
 CFNRy Call Forwarding on No Reply
Calling/called party notification possible
 CFNRc Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable
Overall deactivation possible
 CD Call Deflection
Lets the mobile subscriber screen out calls (with CLIP) and forward
calls as required on a per-call basis

SERVICES PROVIDED
Call Completion services
 CW Call Waiting
 Answering delay from 30 seconds to three minutes
 Channel indication if the two calls are telephone calls
 First call can be placed on hold when waiting call accepted
 HOLD Active call hold
Call retrieval possible
 CCBS Call Completion to Busy Subscriber
CCNRy Call Completion on No Reply
(calling mobile) Indication when called party free
ringback optional

SERVICES PROVIDED
Multi-Party services
 MPTY Multi Party service

Conventional options: Hold - Retrieval of first call or transition to
conference
 CUG Closed User Group
Optional allowing or barring of incoming or outgoing calls
(OA/IA - OCB/ICB) - Preferential CUG allowed
 ECT Explicit Call Transfer
With mobile A connected to two parties, B and C, these two parties
can be connected and A can withdraw (telephone call only)

SERVICES PROVIDED
Billing services
 AoCI Advice of Charge - Information

Advice of call charge at end of call or in real time. Applicable to all
services, except short messages and packet data
 AoCC Advice of Charge - Charging
Calls barred when the mobile is located in a PLMN not providing this
service
 REVC Reverse Charging Service eliminated in phase 2

SERVICES PROVIDED
Call Barring services
 BAOC Barring of All Outgoing Calls

 BOIC Barring of Outgoing International Calls
 BOIC-ex HC Barring of Outgoing International Calls, except those
directed to the Home PLMN Country
 BAIC Barring of All Incoming Calls
 BIC-Roam Barring of All Incoming Calls when Roaming
outside the Home PLMN country*
for all:
 Barring except emergency calls
 Subscription possible for any combination
 Activation protected by password

SERVICES PROVIDED
Phase 2+ services
 UUS User to User Signalling

Allows sending or receiving of user-to-user short messages during a
completed call or during call set-up
 eMLPP Enhanced Multi_Level Precedence & Preemption
Allows one of seven precedence levels to be assigned to some mobiles
so that they can set up calls rapidly (no authentication), in some cases
cutting off calls of lower precedence
 SNPN Support of Private Numbering Plan
Access to a virtual private network (VPN) with private number
translation handled by an external PN manager

SERVICES PROVIDED
Sundry services
 MSP Multiple Subscriber Profile

Allows up to 4 subscriber profiles for the same SIM card
 NITZ Network Identity and Time Zone
Transfers the network identity and local time to the terminating mobile
 PDS Packet Data on Signalling Channel
PTP transfer (circuit-oriented) of very short data packets between a
mobile and a host
 ODB Operator Determined Barrings
Allows the service provider to apply 24 different types of call barring
 CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced
Logic
Allows for supplementary services specific to a given operator (for
example, INSS) outside the origin PLMN
 SOR Support of Optimal Routing
Optimized call forwarding to avoid "tromboning"
NETWORK
4 Radio Interface

RADIO INTERFACE
Contents (1)
 4.1 Introduction
 4.1.1 Importance of the Radio Interface
 4.1.2 Traffic and Signalling
 4.1.3 Mobile Station Status (Circuit and Packet Switched Mode)
 4.1.4 Radio Resources
 4.2 Physical Channels : Multiple Access Diagram
 4.2.1 Frequencies
 4.2.2 TDMA Frame
 4.2.3 Normal Burst
 4.3 Logical Channels
 4.3.1 Principle
 4.3.2 Time-Division Multiplexing on a Physical Channel
 4.3.3 Channel Mapping
 4.3.4 Timing Advance
 4.3.5 Paging
 4.3.6 Access to the Network
 4.3.7 Logical Channel Summary
RADIO INTERFACE
Contents (2)
 4.4 Speech Processing

 4.4.1 Radio Channel Generation
 4.4.2 Discontinuous Transmission
 4.4.3 GMSK Modulation
 4.5 Radio Techniques

 4.5.1 Frequency Hopping
 4.5.2 Power Control
 4.5.3 Space Diversity

RADIO INTERFACE
4.1.1 Importance of the radio interface
 RADIO INTERFACE : essential part of GSM specifications because of:
 Inter-PLMN COMPATIBILITY ==> Complete Specification

(to the nearest bit)
 Very elaborate SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY optimization techniques:

Reduction of INTERFERENCE to Manage a large number of Mobiles per km²

RADIO INTERFACE
4.1.2 Traffic and Signalling
 TRAFFIC :
INFORMATION interchanged from USER-TO-USER, after setting up the
call, requiring dedicated radio resource allocation.
In GSM, TRAFFIC can be an interchange of SPEECH or DATA
 SIGNALLING :
INFORMATION interchanges (in some cases, without the user's
knowledge) between the MOBILE EQUIPMENT and NETWORK
MACHINES
 Out of Call : required for managing mobiles, eg. : location update
 During a Call : required for various reasons, eg. : handover, access to

a supplementary service, call release

RADIO INTERFACE
4.1.3 MS status
Circuit Switching Mode
"Connected"
MS
reachable
"Idle"
MS not
reachable
"Power Off"

RADIO INTERFACE
4.1.3 MS status
Packet Switching Mode
"Idle"
MS not
reachable
MS
reachable
Out of Time
"Stand-by" "Ready"
Packet Tx or Rx

RADIO INTERFACE
4.1.4 Radio Resources
Typical Mobile - Network Transaction:
Access
"Idle" Status "Connected" Status
procedure
Mobile Network Access Out of call TRAFFIC phase
pre-synchronization signalling phase (Optional)
Channels Common Common Dedicated Dedicated

to be used Broadcast Access Signalling Traffic
Channels Channels Channels Channels
Main Frequency Frequency (Paging) Authentication Traffic

Monitoring
Tasks search
Access Location Updating Signalling
and Timing Request
 Inter- Synchro
Short Messages
Dedicated
change (Traffic Channel
System Channel
Types Assignment)
Parameter Assignment
Analysis

RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.1 Frequencies
960 960 1880 MHz frequency

axis
900 bands
(2 x 25 MHz : 124 carriers)
DOWNLINK
200 kHz
BAND
possible extension of GSM bands
(2 x 33 MHz : 164 carriers) (BTS -> MS)
935 925 1805

1800 bands
(2 x 75 MHz : 374 carriers)
915 915 1785 MHz
UPLINK
BAND
(MS -> BTS)
890 1710
880
RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.2 TDMA Frame
frequency
axis
22
17 DOWNLINK
BAND
Frequency shift (BTS -> MS)
7 cell "beacon" frequency 45 MHz in 900,
95 MHz in 1800,
1 BTS (eg. 3 carriers)
22
UPLINK
17
BAND
(MS -> BTS)

RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.2 TDMA frame
frequency
axis
Time slot (or burst window)
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
22
DOWNLINK
17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BAND
(BTS -> MS)
7 1 "CHANNEL" (in 1 direction)
Time shift between

1 BTS (eg. 3 carriers)
transmit and receive : 3 TS
22 UPLINK
17 BAND
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(MS -> BTS)
7 Same "CHANNEL" (if bidirectional)
time axis

RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.3 Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms

22
17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7 CHANNEL
Time Slot (TS) or Burst Period (BP)

"window" of around 577 µs
time axis
training sequence
"USABLE" part (114 bits)

guard delays

RADIO INTERFACE
4.2.3 Normal Burst
 TRAINING SEQUENCES :
8 different bit patterns, chosen so that:
 They are easily recognizable (very accurate auto-correlation function)
 They are easily distinguishable from one another (little correlation
between each pattern)
 STEALING FLAGS:
Training sequence
26 bits
"Stealing Flags"
S=0 57 bits + 57 bits TCH ( or SDCCH )
57 bits + 57 bits FACCH

S=1
RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.1 Logical Channels
example : "Beacon" frequency, downlink:

TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTS MS
FCCH TCH
"Beacon" frequency Traffic sample decoding
SCH FACCH
Timing synchronization In call signalling receipt
BCCH
System information
SDCCH
Out of call signalling receipt
PCH
Subscriber paging SACCH
AGCH Power Control
Response to access request
FCCH
SDCCH
Out of call signalling -> MSi SCH
SACCH Mobile presynchronization
Power Control -> MSi BCCH
TCH
Traffic samples -> MSj PCH
Subscriber paging
FACCH AGCH
In call signalling -> MSj Response to access request

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.1 Logical Channel
Use of Logical Channels

during transactions between Network and Mobile Station
PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH + SACCH TCH / FACCH + SACCH
1 2 3 4 5
SACCH FACCH
 1 If the transaction is "Mobile Terminated" (incoming call), the mobile must be paged
 2 The mobile accesses the PLMN network
 3 The network allocates a dedicated channel to the mobile for signalling
 4 Signalling interchange (SDCCH and SACCH).
If necessary, the network allocates a TRAFFIC channel to the mobile
 5 Traffic interchange (speech or data) on TCH, with associated signalling in SACCH
(background tasks) and FACCH if required

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.2 Time Division Multiplexing
GSM (Circuit Switching)
1 TDMA frame = 120/26 # 4.615 ms
TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"TRAFFIC" type MULTIFRAME :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 23242526 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 23 242526
Multiframe = 26 frames, giving 120 ms
"SIGNALLING" type MULTIFRAME :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 51 1
Multiframe = 51 frames, giving 235 ms approx.

RADIO INTERFACE
GPRS (Packet Switching) (1)
1 TDMA frame = 120/26 # 4.615 ms
TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
52 Frame - Multiframe on pdch:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 5152 1
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
Multiframe = 52 frames, giving 240 ms.

RADIO INTERFACE
GPRS (Packet Switching) (2)

TFI: Temporary Flow Identifier:
created when data has to be transmitted and until all data have been transmitted
BSN: Block Sequence Number
TFI 43 TFI 2 TFI 39
Data Flow to User A Data Flow to User B Data Flow to User C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 5152 1
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Block 9 Block 10 Block 11
TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI =43 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 2 TFI = 39 TFI = 39 TFI = 39
BSN =21 BSN =22 BSN =23 BSN =24 BSN =25 BSN =12 BSN =13 BSN =14 BSN =15 BSN =75 BSN =76 BSN =77
Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data
Multiframe = 52 frames, giving 240 ms.

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.3 Channel Mapping
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 0 (DOWNLINK channel)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 21 31 41 51 1
F S B B B B c c c c F S c c c c c c c c F S c c c c c c c c F S c c c c c c c c F S c c c c c c c c - F S
Multiframe of 51 frames (giving 235 ms approx.)

F = FCCH S = SCH B = BCCH
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
CHANNEL and/or USABLE BIT ROLES and USES of INFORMATION CARRIED
RATE
FCCH - Locking the mobile local oscillator on the exact frequency
Frequency 1 every 10 frames - Roughly estimating the position of the receive window
Correction (46 ms)
SCH - Exact synchronization of receive window

Synchro as FCCH (46 ms), 8 TS - Decoding the Frame Number (from 0 to 2,715,647)
after
BCCH 1 TS every 4 consec. frames - General information (system) concerning the station:
Broadcast every 51 frames, - Identity of operator, access authorized or not,
Control giving 456 usable bits - Organization of logical channels in the cell (paging...),
every 235 ms - Frequencies used, Frequency hopping...,
- Time-Outs applicable...
RADIO INTERFACE
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 0 (Non-combined BCCH)

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R -
UPLINK
(Multiframes of 51 frames)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 21 31 41 51 1
f s b b b b C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C f s C C C C C C C C - f s
DOWNLINK
f = FCCH s = SCH b = BCCH C C C C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH) R = RACH
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
RATE
RACH - used by the mobile to request access to the network
Random Only uplink ("Channel Request" message with mobile short format identity)
Access
AGCH - used by the network to acknowledge the access request and

Access These 2 sub-channels assign a dedicated channel to the mobile ("immediate
Grant share the "CCCH" assignment" message with identity echo)
channel based
PCH on variable rules - used by the network to signal a call to a mobile:
Paging according to cell and Short format identity, unambiguous in the cell
operator

RADIO INTERFACE
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 1

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 - - -
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 - - -
DOWNLINK
A1 A2 A3 - - - D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
A5 A6 A7 - - - D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
UPLINK (Multiframes of 51 frames)

D = SDCCH A = SACCH
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
RATE
SDCCH 8 TSs every 2x51 frames, - Out of call signalling, such as location update, authentication,
Standalone giving 456 bits / 235 ms transition to encrypted mode, assignment of a traffic channel...
Dedicated ---> 1.94 kbit/s
Control
SACCH 4 TSs every 2x51 frames, - Non-urgent procedures (background), occurrence ~0.5
Slow giving 456 bits / 470 ms sec:measurement reports, power monitoring, timing advance,
Associated ---> 950 bit/s + Short Message Service (SMS)
Control
RADIO INTERFACE
Traffic Channels + Associated Signalling Channels

1 "FULL-RATE" + 1 SACCH :
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T - T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Multiframe = 26 frames, giving 120 ms

T i = Sample i, TCH/F channel A = Associated SACCH
2 "HALF-RATE" + 2 SACCHs :
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T A T T T T T T A
T T T T T T
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 2 1 T T T T T T 2
Ti = Sample i, channel TCH/H n°1 Ti = Sample i, channel TCH/H n°2

A1 = SACCH associated with TCH 1 A2 = SACCH associated with TCH 2
LOGICAL OCCURRENCE
RATE
TCH/F 24 TSs every 120 ms - Traffic at max rate 13 kbit/s
TCH/H ---> 22.8 kbit/s (Speech encoded at 13 kbit/s or Data at up to 9600 bit/s)
Traffic 12 TSs every 120 ms - Traffic at max rate 5.6 kbit/s
Full & Half Rate
---> 11.4 kbit/s (Speech encoded at 5.6 kbit/s or Data at up to 4800 bit/s)
SACCH 4 TS every 480 ms ---> - Non-urgent procedures (background), occurrence ~ 0.5 sec:
Slow ~ 1 kbit/s (as SACCH associated with a SDCCH)
Associated TCH cycle stealing :---> - Signalling after TCH set-up: end of call processing, "high
Control max 11.4 or 22.8 kbit/s speed" signalling
RADIO INTERFACE
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Other 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frequencies
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTS
FCCH + SCH + BCCH + PCH + AGCH downlink direction

TS 0 :
RACH uplink direction
TS 1 : 8 SDCCH/8 + 8 SACCH/8 in each direction
other TSs: TCH (+ SACCH / FACCH) in each direction

Examples : Number of Frequencies Number of TCH Channels ERLANGS (formula B, blocking 2%)
3 22 15
4 30 22
5 38 29
RADIO INTERFACE
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
Other 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frequency
BTS
TS 0 of beacon frequency: FCCH + SCH + BCCH + PCH + AGCH + RACH + 4 SDCCH/4 + 4 SACCH/4
other TSs: TCH (+ SACCH / FACCH)
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 0 (Config. n° 1: combined BCCH) :

DOWNLINK (Multiframes of 51 frames)
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 -
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 -
UPLINK
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
F = FCCH S = SCH B = BCCH C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH) R = RACH Dn/An = SDCCH/SACCH/4

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.4 Timing Advance
forward propagation time
return propagation time MS

BTS
TS i T.A. measured by BTS

Tx TS i
BTS
Rx
Rx
MS1
Presynchronized Tx
Access Burst
forward propagation time
TS i
Tx TS i
BTS
Rx
Rx
MS1 - TA
(after TA) Tx

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.5 Subscriber Paging
BSC
 The NETWORK knows the LOCATION AREA (LA) in which the mobile is
travelling.
An LA can cover more than one cell.
 The PCH channel is used to signal a CALL to a mobile.

The same "Paging" message is transmitted to all cells in the area (shaded
areas above).
 Only a mobile in "IDLE" state (pre-synchronized) can respond to paging.

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.6 Access to the Network
 An access request is always initiated by the MOBILE

(when a mobile is called, the "paging" procedure is used).
 The RACH channel is used to transmit the "CHANNEL REQUEST" message.
 The channel is called "random" since the mobile chooses the call TS
randomly.
This means that there is a risk of collision.
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS4
MS5 MS5
Collisions are resolved by retransmission after pseudo-random delays.

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.7 Logical Channel Summary
GSM (circuit switching)

Family Abbreviation Name Type Role/Info carried Burst format
FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel MP --> MS Frequency for synthesizer alignment Frequency
Broadcast
SCH Synchronization CHannel MP --> MS Timing sync - Frame N° Sync
BCCH Broadcast Common CHannel MP --> MS Broadcast system information Normal
RACH Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
PCH Paging CHannel PP --> MS Subscriber paging (paging) Normal

CCCH
AGCH Access Grant CHannel PP --> MS SDCCH channel assignment (Imm.Ass) Normal
CBCH Cell Broadcast Control CHannel MP --> MS Broadcast short messages (SMS/CB) Normal
NCH Notification CHannel MP --> MS Accessibility notification (VGCS/VBS) Normal

Dedicated SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Ctrl CH. PP <----> Out of call signalling Normal
signalling
(out of call) SACC Slow Associated Control CH. PP <----> Measurements - P Contr. - Timing adv. Normal
H
TCH/F Traffic / Full Rate CHannel PP <----> 13 kbit/s traffic Normal
Dedicated
Traffic + TCH/H Traffic / Half Rate CHannel PP <----> 5.6 kbit/s traffic (phase 2) Normal
signalling
(during call)
SACCH Slow Associated Control CH. PP <----> Measurements - P Contr. - Timing adv. Normal
FACCH Fast Associated Control CH. PP <----> In call signalling (cycle stealing) Normal

RADIO INTERFACE
4.3.7 Logical Channel Summary
GPRS
Family Abbreviation Name Type Role/Info carried Burst format
Broadcast PBCC Packet Broadcast Common CH. MP --> MS Broadcast system information Normal
H
PRACH Random Access CHannel PP <-- MS Network access (Channel request) Access
PPCH Packet Paging CHannel PP --> MS Subscriber paging (paging) Normal

CCCH
PAGC Access Grant CHannel PP --> MS SDCCH channel assignment (Imm.Ass) Normal
H
NCH Notification CHannel MP --> MS Accessibility notification (VGCS/VBS) Normal
PDTCH Packet Data Transfer Channel PP <----> User Data Normal

pdch
PACCH Packet Associated Control Ch. PP <----> Acknowledge - Power Control Normal
PTCCH Packet Timing Control Ch. PP <----> Timing advance Normal

RADIO INTERFACE
4.4.1 Radio Channel generation
Speech
Digitization Channel Burst
and Encoding Interleaving Encryption Modulation Transmission
Formatting
Encoding
POWER MONITORING
Speech frames :
260 bits / 20 ms :13 kbit/s 22.8 kbit/s 270.8 kbit/s (modulated)
(per channel)
Channel De- Burst

Speech Demodulation
Decoding interleaving Deformatting Decryption Reception
Decoding

RADIO INTERFACE
4.4.1 Radio Channel generation
Bit Rate on Um interface
 GSM circuit-switched
 Full Rate (FR) / Enhanced Full rate (EFR) speech: 13 Kbit/s
 Half rate (HR) speech: 5.6 Kbit/s
 Data transmission: maximum 14,4 Kbit/s
 GSM packet-switched (GPRS) : 4 Coding Schemes

 CS-1 : 9,05 Kbit/s (per TS)

RADIO INTERFACE
4.4.2 Discontinuous Transmission
 Principles (Mandatory in the mobile and on the BTS uplink path) :

 DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) : reduced rate transmission (~ 500 bit/s)
during silences
 VAD (Voice Activity Detection): Measurement of signal strength for detecting
moments of "silence” (neither speech nor tone) - adaptive-threshold FILTER
 Comfort Noise Generation:
In receive mode, reconstitution of background noise based on the
characteristics received in Silence Descriptor (SID) frames, to avoid giving the
receiving user the impression that the line has been cut off
SPEECH
TRAU --> BTS SILENCE
TRAU
S* SID FRAME
S S' S' S' S' S' S' S' S"
480 ms BTS
MS <--> BTS

RADIO INTERFACE
4.4.3 GMSK Modulation
 GMSK = Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying:
Principle close to offset quadri-phase shift keying p/2

(OQ PSK) modulation, obtained by convolution of
an MSK ramp of height /2 and width 1 bit, by a
Gaussian function: "gradual" 0-1 or 1-0 transitions of ± /2 :
t
 PROPERTIES : -2T -T 0 T 2T
 Gradual transitions avoid the need to filter signal harmonics which are
very weak
dB
 Spectrum efficiency of the order of 1 bit/Hertz 0
-10
(270.8 kbaud/200 kHz) -20
 Modulation spectrum: -30
==> To prevent catastophic interference,

it is essential to avoid using
adjacent frequencies in adjacent cells. -70
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 kHz

RADIO INTERFACE
4.5.1 Frequency Hopping
"f"
"GAP" in frequency " f " reception

RADIO INTERFACE
4.5.1 Frequency Hopping
FCCH/ SCH/ BCCH/ CCCH

No Hopping SDCCH
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"Beacon" frequency
Other
frequencies
TS0 : Hopping over 4 frequencies TS3 : Hopping over 5 frequencies
 N-frequency hopping groups can be defined for each TS (N>=4)

 The overall system capacity remains unchanged (eg. : 32 mobiles on 4
frequencies)

RADIO INTERFACE
4.5.2 Power Control
 Measurement Ratios sent every 470 or 480 ms (SACCH occurrences) by MS

 Power Control algorithm run in the BSC (or BTS)
 Modulation of the power transmitted by the BTS and message transmission to the MS
(in SACCH)
 Possible MODULATION :  2 dB max. every 60 msec,
within a range from 6 to 21 x2 dB (DL) and optionally 15 x2 dB (UL):
dBm Level
8W dBm
39 39
2W P max MS 2W
33 33
26 dB
20 mW
13 13
time
0 0
2 power steps 15
60 ms
controls
EXAMPLE for a portable MOBILE 19 17 31 31 29 dBm
RADIO INTERFACE
4.5.3 Space Diversity
PATH 1
RESULT
PATH 2
 In Receive Mode, 2 independent paths in the base station
 A Discriminator identifies the best signal.

NETWORK
5 Interchanges over the Network

INTERCHANGES OVER THE NETWORK
Contents
 5.1 GSM Numbers and Identities

 5.1.1 GSM Subscribers: main types of identification
 5.1.2 Mobile Equipment identification
 5.1.3 Geographic identification
 5.2 BSS / NSS Protocols and Software Modules
 5.2.1 General
 5.2.2 Radio Interface (Um) : Layer 3 : "RIL 3" protocol
 5.2.3 GPRS protocols
 5.3 Typical Sequence for an Originating Call
 5.4 Level 3 GSM Procedures
 5.4.1 Setting up the radio connection
 5.4.2 Security Functions
 5.4.3 Mobile Originating Call (MO)
 5.4.4 Mobile Terminating Call (MT)
 5.4.5 Example of an International Call
 5.4.6 Location Updating
 5.4.7 Change of Cell during the Call ("Handover")
5.1.1 GSM number and identities: Subscriber identifications
IMSI MS - ISDN
( International Mobile Subscriber Identity ) ( Mobile Station - Integrated Service Digital Network n° )
Nature International Identity E212 compliant Directory Number ISDN type, E.164/E.213 compliant
MCC MNC MSIN CC SN

H1 H2 x x x ........ x x x NDC M1 M2 xx xx xx xx
Format
(ZAB) (PQ)
Mobile Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
Mobile National including H1 H2 = N° of physical HLR Country National Subscriber Number
Meaning Country Code Code Destination ( national identity )
Code Code* including M1 M2 identifying the logical HLR
NMSI ( national identity )
3 2 max 10 1 to 3 2 to 4 total up to 15
N° of digits
* instead of identifying a geographic area, the NDC identifies an OPERATOR:
234 ? 44 802 Cellnet GSM

Examples 44 385 Vodafone GSM
U.K.
44 956 Mercury DCS
44 973 Hutchinson DCS
208 01 69 xx xx xx xx LYON 33 607/8 61 MC DU to 69 MC DU LYON
France France Télécom 94 xx xx xx xx MASSENA 01 MC DU to 09 MC DU MASSENA
10 33 609 11 xxxx to 3x xxxx LA FOURCHE
SFR
Characteristics Stored in SIM module and AuC Allocated to an IMSI (by MMC) in the HLR

5.1.2 GSM number and identities: Mobile Equipment identification
IMEI / IMEISV
( International Mobile Equipment Identity )
( International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version number) (Phase 2+)
IMEI TAC FAC SNR SP

(SPare)
:
Type Approval Code Serial NumbeR
Final Assembly Code Software Version Number
IMEISV: TAC FAC SNR SVN
 Stored in the Equipment (Terminal)

 Used to replace the IMSI or TMSI if they cannot be used
(example : emergency calls with no SIM card) or at the network's request (maintenance)
 Can be used to update the EIR database (if there is one)

5.1.3 GSM number and identities: Geographic identification
MCC MNC LAC CI
LAI
CGI
 LAI: Location Area Identification
 MCC = Mobile Country Code
 MNC = Mobile Network Code
 LAC = Location Area Code
Use of LAI:
 Paging
 Location Area Updating
 Security
 CGI Cell Global Identification
 CI = Cell Identifier
5.1.3 GSM number and identities: Geographic identification
For GPRS: MCC MNC LAC RAC
RAI
 RAI: Routing Area Identification

 MCC = Mobile Country Code
 MNC = Mobile Network Code
 LAC = Location Area Code
 RAC = Routing Area Code
Use of RAI:
 Paging
 Routing Area Updating

5.2.1 BSS / NSS Protocols and Software Modules: general
(SMS) SS (SMS) SS (SMS)

SS
CC
CC
(Relays) (Relays)
MM
MM
DTAP DTAP MAP MAP
BSS BSS
RR MAP MAP TCAP TCAP
RR SCCP SCCP SCCP SCCP

3
RR' BTSM BTSM MTP 3 MTP 3 MTP 3 MTP 3
2 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP 2 MTP 2 MTP 2 MTP 2
1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1 S.C.1

Um A bis A (D)
MS BTS BSC MSC / VLR NSS

(eg. : HLR)

5.2.2 BSS / NSS Protocols and Software Modules: Radio Interface
Radio Interface Layer 3 protocol
Protocol Meaning Function Entities

Discriminator
RR Radio Resource - Paging management MS - BSC

Management - Ciphering mode management (and BTS)
- Frequency redefinition
- Dedicated channel assignment
- Handover management
- Measurements and power control
- Paging management
MM Mobility Management MS -
- Ciphering mode management
MSC / VLR
- Frequency redefinition
- Dedicated channel assignment
CC Call Control - Call handling and routing MS - MSC
- DTMF facilities
SMS Supplementary Services - Access to Supplementary (+ HLR)
Services
SS Short Message Service (+ SMS-C)
- Short Message Service
5.2.3 BSS / NSS Protocols and Software Modules: GPRS protocols
GPRS operation: basic procedures
 Opening
Session(s)
 Attachment
IP Network
BSS
TID1 GGSN1 PDN1
= IMSI + session1
MS1 TLLI1
SGSN
TID2 GGSN2 PDN2
= IMSI + session2
LLC
GTP

IP overview
http ftp smtp wap gtp http ftp smtp wap gtp
IP network
tcp 1 tcp 1
Routers
ip ip ip ip ip
Client Server
SGSN GGSN

5.2.3 BSS / NSS Protocols and Software Modules: GPRS Protocols
Layer Model for Transmission plan (GPRS)
Appli
IP / X25 IP / X25
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
LLC LLC UDP & UDP &
TCP TCP
relay
RLC BSSG BSSGP IP IP
RLC P
MAC MAC Frame Frame L2 L2
Relay Relay
Physical Physical L1 bis L1 bis L1 L1
Layer Layer
Um Gb Gn
MS BSS SGSN GGSN

Layer Model for Transmission plan (GPRS) (2)

IP/X25 Header Data
SNDCP Header Data Compression of each part
Division of the SDU in 2 blocks

Header
Label added for each block
Header = < 1520 Bytes CRC

LLC LLC Encapsulation
Header CRC CRC CRC LLC frame splitted

RLC MAC into blocks
RLC Encapsulation
PHYSICAL Header CRC
Channel Coding CS1 to CS4
Block 1Block 2Block 3Block 4Block 5Block 6Block 7Block 8
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 8

Layer Model for Signalling plan (GPRS)
G G
SM SMS SM SMS
GMM GMM GTP GTP

LLC LLC UDP UDP
relay
RLC BSSG BSSGP IP IP
RLC P
MAC MAC Frame Frame L2 L2
Relay Relay
L1 RF L1 RF L1 bis L1 bis L1 L1
Um Gb Gn
MS BSS SGSN GSN GSN

5.3 Typical Sequence for an Originating Call
MOBILE GSM NETWORK PSTN or ISDN
CHANNEL REQUEST SET-UP of an

IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT RR CONNECTION (MO)
CM SERVICE REQUEST SERVICE INDICATION
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING MODE CMD

CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE TRANSITION to CIPHERING MODE
SET UP START of CALL

CALL PROCESSING
ASSIGNMENT CMD TRAFFIC CHANNEL

ASSIGNMENT COM ASSIGNMENT
ALERTING
CALL CONFIRMATION
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK CALL ACCEPTED

5.4.1 Level 3 GSM procedures: Setting up the radio connection
Um A bis A
MS BTS BSC MSC

RR CHANNEL REQUEST
RACH BTSMCHANNEL REQUIRED
ASSIGNMENT of an
SDCCH Channel
BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV.
SDCCH N°
ACTIVATION of
Channel indicated
CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
BTSM
RR IMM. ASSIGN. CMD
RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
AGCH SDCCH N°
CONNECTION to the
SDCCH Channel T3101
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH ESTABLISH INDIC.
SABM
SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
MM CM_SERVICE REQUEST T9105
SDCCH SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
UA

5.4.2 Level 3 GSM procedures: Security Functions
 Authentication
 Checks that the Mobile Station is the required station and not an intruder
 Ciphering
 All Information (Signalling, Speech and Data) is sent in cipher mode, to avoid
monitoring and intruders (who could analyze signalling data)
 Temporary Identification
 Each time the network is accessed for whatever reason, a different number is
used to identify a subscriber, so that the subscriber identity cannot be used by
an intruder: On each access operation a new temporary number is sent in
cipher mode, and provides identification for the next access operation.

Random number selection

RAND (128 bits)
Radio Channel AuC
SIM card
Identification key (128 bits)
Ki RAND Ki
A3 A3
A3 A3
Signed ref. (32 bits) SRES SRES

=?
OK
A8 A8
A8
A8 Cipher command BTS
Kc : Cipher key Kc
for the call (64 bits)
A5 A5
Speech - Data - Signalling A5 Ciphered data A5 Speech - Data - Signalling
Ciphering/Deciphering Ciphering/Deciphering

SIM card IMSI

RAND RAND Ki
IMSI TMSI A4
Ki A5 (ciphered)
A3 SRES SRES A4
A8 Kc =?
RAND IMSI
Ki
Kc Kc Triplets
Triplet
A5 Generation
A2
Ki
A3 Ki
Speech A8 IMSI
Ciphering Data Ciphering
Sign° RAND
Function RAND
Function SRES SRES
(ciphered) Kc Kc
IMSI IMSI IMSI
Speech TMSI Ki
A5 Kc Data
A3
Sign°
A8
MS BTS MSC / VLR HLR AuC OMC

5.4.3 Level 3 GSM procedures: Mobile Originating Call
CHANNEL REQUEST
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
CM SERVICE REQUEST VEA : Very Early Assignment :
or SET UP if VEA
Immediate assignment of a TCH :
AUTHENTICATION
No authentication or ciphering
(Signalling carried on FACCH)
CIPHERING
omitted if VEA
SET UP
ASSIGNMENT CMD EA : Early Assignment :

ASSIGNMENT COM TCH allocated BEFORE call confirmation
ALERTING CALL CONFIRMATION

ASSIGNMENT CMD 1/2 OACSU :
ASSIGNMENT COM TCH allocated after called party ringing
CONNECT CALL ACCEPTED
CONNECT ACK
ASSIGNMENT CMD OACSU complete
"Queuing" ASSIGNMENT COM TCH allocated after called party answer

Um A bis A
MS BTS BSC MSC/VLR PSTN
RR CHANNEL REQUEST
RACH
RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGN. SDCCH N°
AGCH
SABM
SDCCH MM CM Serv. Req. ESTABLISH INDIC. SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
UA MM CM Serv. Req.
MM CM Serv. Req.
SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING
Ciphered
SDCCH CC SET - UP
DATA INDICATION CC Set - Up SCCP DATA CC Set - Up
DATA REQUEST SCCP DATA
CC CALL PROCEEDING
CC Call Proceeding. CC Call Proceeding.
CIC selection
BTSM PHYS. CTX REQ. SCCP DATA
BSSMAP
Assignment Request
BTSM PHYS. CTX CONF.TCH allocation ISUP IAM
BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV. TCH ( or SSUTR2 MIF)

BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
RR ASSIGNMENT CMD TCH DATA REQUEST

RR Assignment Cmd
T3107
RELEASE REQ *Local End * if no answer from MS

Um A bis A
MS BTS BSC MSC/VLR PSTN

SABM ESTABLISH INDIC.
FACCH
UA
ASSIGNMENT COMPL.
DATA INDICATION SSCS DATA
Assign. compl. MIF
Assign. compl.
RF CHANNEL REL.
RF CHANNEL REL. ACK
ACF Called P. ringing
DATA REQUESTAlerting SSCS DATA Alerting
ALERTING
RIU Off-hooking
DATA REQUESTConnect SSCS DATAConnect
CONNECT
CONNECT ACK DATA IND. Connect

SSCS DATA
Ack
Connect
Ack
CONVERSATION PHASE

5.4.4 Level 3 GSM procedures: Mobile Terminating Call
VMSC
8
5
VLR
4
Visited PLMN
7 Origin PLMN
3
PSTN 6 HLR
2
GMSC
1
TUP MAP
messages messages
 1 Called party MS-ISDN number
 2 Detection of a mobile n° call directed to PLMN concerned
 3 HLR interrogation : transmission of mobile MS-ISDN
 4 VLR interrogation : transmission of mobile MS-ISDN and IMSI
 5 Temporary routing N° allocation by VLR : MSRN (roaming number)
 6 Return of MSRN to the GMSC
 7 Call rerouted to the visited MSC
 8 After VMSC-VLR dialogue, TMSI-based subscriber paging
5.4.4 Level 3 GSM procedures: Mobile Terminating Call
PAGING REQUEST
SET-UP of an
CHANNEL REQUEST
RR CONNECTION (MT)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
PAGING RESULT SERVICE INDICATION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
CIPHERING MODE CMD

CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE TRANSITION to CIPHERING mode
SET UP
CALL CONFIRMED START OF CALL
ASSIGNMENT CMD TRAFFIC CHANNEL

ASSIGNMENT COM ASSIGNMENT
CALL CONFIRMATION
ALERTING
CONNECT CALL ACCEPTED
CONNECT ACK

5.4.5 Level 3 GSM procedures: International Call
VMSC
VLR
Visited PLMN International SCCP
Gateways
COUNTRY 3
Incoming C.I.
Called party
Outgoing C.I. origin PLMN
interrogation
Incoming C.I. HLR
Outgoing C.I. GMSC
PSTN
COUNTRY 1
COUNTRY 2

5.4.6 Level 3 GSM procedures: Location Updating
 General
 This procedure is always initiated by the Mobile Station and involves providing the VLR (and
HLR if required) with its current position,
 The visited VLR stores the Location Area (LA),
 The LA n° (LAI) received is updated dynamically in SIM non-volatile memory.
 Normal Location Update

 When the mobile is switched on without having stored the LAI (eg.: initial use of SIM),
 When the mobile is switched on in a different LA from the LA stored in the SIM,
 When the pre-synchronized mobile moves from one LA to another (same or different VLR).
 Periodic Location Update

 When the SIM internal counter overflows
(This counter is automatically incremented by the mobile when it is switched on)

MOBILE GSM NETWORK
CHANNEL REQUEST SET-UP of an

IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT RR CONNECTION (MO)
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST SERVICE INDICATION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
CIPHERING MODE CMD

CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE TRANSITION to CIPHERING MODE
LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPTED TMSI ALLOCATION of a

TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETE NEW TEMPORARY N°
CHANNEL RELEASE RR CONNECTION RELEASE

Um A bis A
MS BTS BSC MSC VLR HLR

RACH RR CHANNEL REQUEST
BTSMCHANNEL REQUIRED
BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV.
BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV. ACK
RR IMM. ASSIGN. CMD

RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGN.
AGCH
SABM MM Loc. Upd. Req.
SDCCH ESTABLISH INDIC.
SCCP CONNECT REQUEST
MAP UPDATE LOCATION
UA MM Loc. Upd. Req. MM Loc. Upd. Req.
MM Loc. Upd. Req. AREA MAP UPDATE LOCATION
SCCP CONNECT CONFIRM
MAP UPDATE LOCATION ACC
MAPINSERT SUBSCR. DATA
TMSI Alloc.
MAP LOC. AREA UPD. ACC.
SCCP DATA MAP INSERT SUB. DATA ACK
MM LOCATION UPDATE ACC. DATA REQUEST
MM Loc. Upd. Acc.
TMSI MM Loc. Upd. Acc.
MM TMSI REALLOC COMPLETE
DATA INDICATION SCCP DATA
MM TMSI Realloc. compl.
MM TMSI Realloc. compl.

5.4.7 Level 3 GSM procedures: Handover
 3 Phases :
 Identification of requirement, Selection of a new cell, Execution
 Mobile Station:
 Continuous Quality and Received Power Control
 Continuous adjacent cell Power monitoring
 Transmission of measurement reports to the BTS (every 0.5s)
 Network:
 The BTS measures the Quality and the received Power from the mobile
 The BSC runs the Power Control and Handover central algorithm
 The BSC controls the handover operation
 Handover Types:
 Intra-BSC / Inter - BSC, Intra - MSC / Inter - MSC (first and subsequent)
 Internal (within the same BTS) if there is uplink or downlink interference
 Synchronized / non-synchronized
BTS 1
BSC
BTS 2
MSC / VLR
BSC
PSTN
MSC / VLR
BSC
BSC MSC / VLR

A bis A
Um
MS BTS 1 BTS 2 BSC MSC PSTN

MEASUREMENT REPORT
SACCH RR
MEASUREMENT REPORT
SACCH MEASUREMENT REPORT
RR
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Internal Handover decision

BTSM CHANNEL ACTIV.
BTSMCHANNEL ACTIV. ACK

DATA REQUESTRR Handover Cmd
RRHANDOVER COMMAND
(old) FACCH (RELEASE REQUEST)Local End
T8
(new) FACCH
RR HANDOVER ACCESS
(access burst) HANDOVER DETECTION
RR PHYSICAL INFO
FACCH Changeover to new channel
SABM
ESTABLISH INDIC.
UA
RRHANDOVER COMPLETE
DATA INDICATION
SCCP DATA
RR Handover. compl.
BTSMRF CHANNEL RELEASE BSSMAP H.O. Performed
BTSMRF CHANNEL RELEASE ACK Release of old channel

BTS 1
BSC 1
BTS 2
MSC / VLR
BSC 2
PSTN
MSC / VLR
BSC
BSC MSC / VLR

BSC
MSC / VLR 1
BSC 1
BTS 1 PSTN
BTS 2
MSC / VLR 2
BSC 2
BSC MSC / VLR

BSC
MSC / VLR 1
BSC
PSTN
MSC / VLR 2
BTS 1 BSC 1
BTS 2
BSC 2 MSC / VLR 3

5.4.8 Level 3 GSM procedures: Attach procedure in GPRS
MS BS SGSN HLR GGSN

S
Attach Request
1
Security functions Security

functions 2
Update Location
3
Insert Subscriber Data
(IMSI, Subscriber data) 4
Insert Subscriber Data Ack
Update Location Ack
Attach Accept
5
Attach Complete
6
(simple case:
MS attached to the GPRS Network - GPRS attach only
(able to be paged) - one SGSN involved)
5.4.9 Level 3 GSM procedures: PDP Context Activation in GPRS
MS BS SGSN HLR GGSN

S
MS Activate PDP Context
reques Request
t
Security Functions
Create PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context
Response
Activate PDP context Accept
PDP PDU
Send Routing Info
for GPRS GGSN
request
Send Routing Info
for GPRS Ack
PDU Notification Request

PDU Notification Response
Request PDP Context Activation
PDP Context Activation Procedure

5.4.10 Level 3 GSM procedures: RA update in GPRS
(New) (Old)
MS BS SGSN SGSN GGSN HLR
S
Routing Area Update Request

1
( Identity old RA) SGSN Context Request
SGSN Context Response
2
Security functions
3
SGSN Context Ack
Update PDP Context Request
Update PDP Context Response 4
Update Location
5
Cancel Location
Cancel Location Ack

Ack
Update Location
Routing Area update Accept Ack
6
Routing Area update Complete 7
NETWORK
6 Alcatel 900 /1800 /1900 Solution

Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution
Contents
 6.1 Base Station Sub-System
 6.2 Network and Switching Sub-System
 6.3 General Packet Radio Service
 6.4 Operation and Maintenance
 6.5 Value-added Services
 6.6 Intelligent Network / CAMEL Services
 6.7 Overall infrastructure

6.1 Base Station Sub-System
OMC
GPRS into BSS sites via
software download only
New standard TRX

GSM / EDGE plug-in
BSC MFS
the GPRS box
UMTS TRX BTS

plug-in

EVOLIUM Base Transceiver Station
Cabinet TRX max

Configuration
type /sector
Omni 4
IND mini
2 sectors 2
Omni 12
IND medi 2 sectors 6
3 sectors 4
Omni 4
OUT mini 2 sectors 2
3 sectors 2
Omni 12
OUT medi 2 sectors 6
3 sectors 4
And a great variety of multiband configurations such as
3x2 TRX 900 + 3x2 TRX 1800 in one cabinet
EVOLIUM Base Transceiver Station
 12 TRX BTS with dualband, EFR and GPRS inside

 Continuous improvement in design with backward compatibility:
 Standard version (1998)
_ EFR, dualband, 12 TRX
 Evolution Step 1 (2000)
_ AC power supply, integrated Microwave,
3x2 indoor MINI cabinet
 Evolution Step 2 (2000)
_ EDGE/GPRS/GSM new standard TRX
 Stand-alone UMTS Node B (2001)
 Multistandard BTS (2002)
_ UMTS TRX plug-in

EVOLIUM Micro Base Transceiver Station
 Main radio features:

 GSM 900 and/or GSM 1800
 Single-antenna or low-loss version
 Omni, sectored
 Dualband configurations
( including Dualband cell in B6 )
 Options
 Complete cover (for aesthetics or protection)
 Integrated fan for hot environmental conditions
 Integrated antenna
 VSWR detector
 Site Support Cabinet for Battery Backup Unit (up to 270 minutes
for 2 TRX) and transmission equipment (HDSL, Microwave, NTL).
EVOLIUM Base Station Controller
 Configurations
 Small configurations in 1 BSC cabinet (32 or 128 TRXs)
 Medium configurations in 2 BSC cabinets (192 or 288 TRXs)
 Large configurations in 3 BSC cabinets (352 up to 448 TRXs)
 with release B7: 4 BSC cabinets (up to 512 TRXs)
 Scalability
 6 BSC configurations from 32 TRXs up to 448 TRXs
_ On-line extension possible to minimise
network impact
 Up to 264 cells or 255 BTSs in the largest configuration

EVOLIUM A935 MFS
 Typically one MFS per MSC site

 Up to 22 EVOLIUM™ BSC’s per EVOLIUM™ MFS
 Up to 8 PCM lines towards each BSC
 Up to 240 simultaneously active radio
channels (PDCH) per BSC
 GPU hardware prepared for
960 active PDCH per BSS (future release)
 Up to 13.4 kbit/s per radio channel
 CS-2 raw data rate
 GPU board prepared for higher data rates
(future release)

6.2 Network and Switching Sub-System
Air
Interface
A
BTS Alcatel
BTS BSC 1000 E10 PSTN/
SSP SS7
BTS
IN
RCF HLR/AUC
BTS MSC
VLR
VLR
BTS
Alcatel 1421
RCP

RCP : Radio Control Point (Alcatel 1421)
 Server handling GSM 900 / 1800 functions

(security, roaming, handover
 Connected to the Alcatel 1000 E10 via the IN interface
 Capacity : 300 000 subscribers (14 CPUs)

(depending on traffic and subscriber mobility)
 Modularity : 16 RCPs with the same Alcatel 1000 E10
 Based on the Alcatel 8360 : duplex architecture, real time application, ...
 Incorporates the VLR function

HLR : Home Location Register (Alcatel 1422)
 Dialogue with the MSC via the SS7 network and MAP protocol
 Capacity : 600 000 subscribers (14 CPUs)
 Based on the Alcatel 8360 : duplex architecture, real time application
 Incorporates the AUC function

Function SSP RCP/VLR HLR/AUC

Authentication X X X
Paging X X
Registration X X X
Handover :
- checking X X
- connection X
Call processing :
- switching X
- charging X

6.3 GPRS
BSS NSS
OMC-G
OMC-R
SGSN GGSN
Gn
Gb
A935
MS MFS
BTS
BSC SSP
TC A + RCP
BTS
A bis A ter

6.3 GPRS
SGSN
SGSN Craft terminal HLR
GSS OMC & GIN (IMC)
SGSN P-VLR
(Alcatel 1000)
• SS7 MAP interfaces
• SGSN VLR data base
• Mobility Procedure Control
• P-VLR O&M
Gb Front- SGSN P-MSC Datacom

(Digital Unix servers) (CISCO 7206) Gn
Gb End • Service Handler : GMM SM • GTP handling
(GPU boards) • High Level Packet Handler : LLC, SNDCP, R • Gn low layers
• Frame Relay • Low Level Packet Handler : NS BSSGP • IP router
• E1 PCM links • O&M / Accounting • Datacom O&M
SGSN Craft terminal SGSN Craft terminal

GSS OMC, CG, GIN (IE-G) GSS OMC
6.3 GPRS
SGSN
1x BSXTU 2*Compaq WS
(GPU) PH & SH
(configuration. A) Peak
Configuratio MS
Switching
attached
2x 2*Compaq WS n Throughput
Compaq WS PH & SH
VLR OAM (configuration. B) SGSN Basic 12 Mbit/s 25 000
+ SS7 2*Compaq WS
2x Routers PH & SH SGSN Option 24 Mbit/s 50 000
(configuration. C)
B
SGSN Option C 36 Mbit/s 75 000
2*Compaq WS
2x LSN hubs PH & SH
(configuration. D) SGSN Option D 48 Mbit/s 100 000
SGSN configurations - 3 ETSI Racks
 Nominal Capacity with Alcatel Traffic Model
 Up to 100 000 dynamic MM contexts (MS attached)
 Up to 90 000 activated PDP contexts

6.3 GPRS
GGSN
 All functions handled by a standard router (Cisco 7200 routers) with a

specific software
 Up to 90000 simultaneously active PDP contexts per GGSN (7206 VXR)
 Switching Capacity: 25000 packet/s (for 256 Bytes packets)  50 Mbit/s
 Physical interfaces
 6 physical slots to be shared between Gn and Gi
 ATM, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, ISDN, WAN E1 interfaces, ...
6.3 GPRS
Charging Gateway
Hot Billing System
Statistics,
Billing Traffic
System Performance
Charging Gateway
A1338
CDR Collector
SGSN Equipment
VLR O&M Router GGSN

6.4 Operation and Maintenance
BSS BSS
OMC-R
A935 MFS
Q3 SGSN
NMC OMC-G
GGSN
OMC-S MSC/VLR
HLR

6.5 Value-added Services
 Voice messaging service (VM)
 Short message service (SM-SC + SMS-CBC)
 Equipment identity register (EIR)
 Sales administration centre

 Billing
 SIM card management
 Subscriber administration
 University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01

© Alcatel Page 140
6.5 Value-added Services
Short Message Service Center and Voice Mail server
TUP / ISUP PSTN/

ISDN
TUP / ISUP
Voice Mail
BTS BSC MSC
X.25 X.25
SMS - CBC MAP SM- SC
MAP MAP
HLR SS7

6.6 Intelligent Network / CAMEL Services
Architecture for «Intelligent Network» services
PSTN/
SSP
ISDN
RCP
RCP
MSC
HLR INAP
SCP "IN" Server
WS
8 OMC SMP
"IN" Service Management
Service Provider
Service Subscriber
6.6 Intelligent Network / CAMEL Services
Architecture for "CAMEL » services
PSTN/
SSP
ISDN
RCP
RCP
MSC
CAP
HLR SCP SRP
Server for
"CAMEL" services
WS
SMP
Service Management
8 OMC "CAMEL"
Service Provider
Service Subscriber HPLMN
6.7 Overall Infrastructure (GSM)
Air
Interface
IWF
A-bis Alcatel 1000 E10 Voice
Interface "A" Interface SSP Mailbox
MS PSTN/
BSC Echo
BTS TC canceller ISDN SMS
Call
S/Mux processing
EIR
SS7
Mobile radio Network
functions
OMC-R OMC-NSS
VLR HLR
RCP
AUC
Sales
Terminals Billing Management Subscriber
centre administration
system
Operator terminals

6.7 Overall Infrastructure (GPRS)
Voice MSC/VLR
Data A
ISDN
D
Gs, Gd
GSM+GPRS
SGSN HLR
Gr Gc
GGSN
Gb Gn GPRS Gi
Internet
Backbone
GPRS
DNS/DHCP Border OMC-G Charging W@P
Interception
Gateway Gateway
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01
Node Page 145
NETWORK
7 Appendix

Appendix
W@P
 W@P
 Allows to bring Internet information to any device
 Encompass any Digital Cellular technology (CDMA/GSM/TDMA/UMTS)
 W@P server bring security, E-customer care, billing facilities
 A De-facto Standard with
 More than 200 members in W@P Forum

Appendix
W@P
I need to know:
stock exchange info,
sport scores,
flight info, weather
Mobile Network Internet
W@P Gateway W@P Service
 Role of the W@P gateway

 Adaptation of the information to the mobile
 Compression of the data
 Buffering of the information
Appendix
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AMR Advanced Multi Rate (TC) BSC Base Station Controller

AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services BSS Base Station (sub)System
AN Antenna Network (BTS) BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol
AS Access Switch (BSC) (GPRS)
AS Alarm Surveillance (O&M) BTS Base Transceiver Station
ASMA A-ter Submultiplexer A CAE Customer Application Engineering
ASMB A-ter Submultiplexer B CAL Current Alarm List (O&M)
BC Broadcast CBC Cell Broadcast Center
BCU Broadcast Unit CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM TS)
BCLA BSC Clock A CBE Cell Broadcast Entity
BCR Broadcast Register CCCH Common Control Channel (GSM TS)
BCU Broadcast Unit CCU Channel Coding Unit
BCCH Broadcast Common Control Channel CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
(GSM TS) CE Control Element (BSC)
BCF Base station Control Function (BTS) CEK Control Element Kernel
BG Border Gate (GPRS) CLK Clock
BIE Base Station Interface Equipment CLSI Custom Large Scale Integrated circuit
BIEC Base Station Interface Equipment (BSC) CMA Configuration Management Application (O&M)
BIUA Base Station Interface Unit A CMDA Common Memory Disk A
BPA Back Panel Assembly CMFA Common Memory Flash A
Appendix
CPR Common Processor (Type: CPRA, CPRC) EI Extension interface

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check EML Element Management Level
CS Circuit Switching (Telecom) EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only
CS Coding Scheme (GPRS): Memory
CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4 ETSI European Telecom Standard Institute
CU Carrier Unit (BTS) FPE Functional and Protective Earth
DCE Data Circuit Terminating Equipment FR Full Rate (GSM TS)
DL DownLink FR Frame Relay (Telecom)
DLS Data Load Segment FRDN Frame Relay Data Network (Telecom)
DMA Direct Memory Access FU Frame Unit (BTS)
DRFU Dual Rate Frame Unit FW Firmware
DRX Discontinuous Reception (GSM TS) GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node (GPRS)
DSE Digital Switching Element GMM GPRS Mobility Management (GPRS)
DSN Digital Switching Network GPRS General Packet Radio Service
DTX Discontinuous Transmission (GSM TS) GPU GPRS Packet Unit
DTC Digital Trunk Controller GS-1 Group Switch of stage 1 (BSC)
(Type: DTCA, DTCC) GS-2 Group Switch of stage 2 (BSC)
DTE Data Terminal Equipment GSL GPRS Signalling Link
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM TS GSM Technical Specification
Appendix
HAL Historical Alarm List (O&M) LED Light Emitting Diode

HDSL High rate Digital Subscriber Line LEO Low Earth Orbit (Satellite)
HDLC High Level Datalink Control LLC Logical Link Control (GPRS)
HLR Home Location Register MA Mobile Allocation (GSM TS)
HMI Human Machine Interface MAC Medium Access Control (GPRS)
HO HandOver MAN MicroBTS Antenna Network (BTS)
HR Half Rate MCB Multiplex Channel Block
HW Hardware MFS Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS)
IDR Internal Directed Retry MLU Massive Logical Update
ILCS ISDN Link Controller MMI Man Machine Interface
IMT Installation and Maintenance Terminal MMM (3M) Maximum Multiband Mobile Control
(MFS) MO Managed Object (O&M)
IND Indoor (BTS) MS Mobile Station
IP Internet Protocol MSC Mobile Switching Center
ISDN Integrated Services Data Network MSUM MicroBTS Station Unit Module (BTS)
IT Intelligent Terminal NMI Non Maskable Interrupt
LA Location Area (GSM TS) NPA Network Performance Analyser
LAC Location Area Code (GSM TS) NSS Network SubSystem
LAN Local Area Network NTL Network Termination Line

Appendix
NW Network PCM Pulse Coded Modulation

OBC On Board Controller PCU Packet Control Unit (GPRS)
OBCI On Board Controller Interface PDCH Packet Data CHannel
ODMC On Demand Measurement Campaign PDN Packet Data Network (Telecom)
(O&M) PLL Phase Locked Loop
O&M Operation and Maintenance PMA Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M)
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center PMC Permanent Measurement Campaign
OMC-R Operation and Maintenance Center - (O&M)
Radio
PPCH Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS)
OML Operation and Maintenance Link
PRACH Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS)
OMU Operation and Maintenance Unit (BTS)
PRC Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M)
OS Operating System
PSDN Packet Switching Data Network
OUT Outdoor (BTS)
(Telecom)
PBA Printed Board Assembly
PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Common Control (Telecom)
CHannel (GPRS)
PTP-CNLS Point To Point CoNnectionLeSs data
PC Personal Computer transfer (GPRS)
PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel QoS Quality of Service
(GPRS)
RA Radio Access
PCH Paging CHannel (GSM TS)
Appendix
RACH Random Access CHannel (GSM TS) SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
RAM Random Access Memory SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
RCP Radio Control Point (GSM TS)
RLC Radio Link Control (GPRS) SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node (GPRS)
RLP Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS) SIEA SCSI Interface Extension A
RML Radio Management Level SM Submultiplexer
RNO Radio Network Optimisation SMP Service Management Point
RNP Radio Network Planning SMS Short Message Service
RSL Radio Signalling Link SMS-CB Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast
RTS Radio Time Slot SRAM Static RAM
RxLev Received Level SRS SubRate Switch
RxQual Received Quality SS7 Signalling System ITU-T N°7 (ex CCITT)
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel SSD Solid State Disk
(GSM TS) SSP Service Switching Point
SAU Subrack assembly unit (BSC) SW Software
SC Supervised Configuration (O&M) SWEL Switch Element
SCC Serial Communication Controller TBF Temporary Block Flow (GPRS)
SCP Service Control Point TC Transcoder
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part TCC Trunk Controller Chip

Appendix
TCH Traffic CHannel (GSM TS) TS Time Slot

TCIL TransCoder Internal Link TS Technical Specification (GSM TS)
TCSM TransCoder / SubMultiplexer equipment TSS Time Space Switch
TCU TRX Control Unit (Type: TCUA, TCUC) TSCA Transmission Sub-System Controller A
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access (BSC)
TFO Tandem Free Operation (TC) TSU Terminal Sub Unit (BSC)
TFTS Terrestrial Flight Telecom Systems TU Terminal Unit (BSC)
TLD Top Level Design UL UpLink
TMN Telecommunication Management UMTS Universal Mobile Transmission System
Network USSD Unstructured Supplementary Services Data
TRAC Trunk Access Circuit VBS Voice Broadcast Service
TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adapter Unit VGCS Voice Group Code Service
TRCU Transcoder Unit VLR Visitor Location Register
TRE Transceiver Equipment VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (BTS)
TRS Technical Requirement Specification WAN Wide Area Network
TRU Top Rack Unit WAP Wireless Application Protocol
TRX Transceiver

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Introduction to the

Alcatel 900/1800/1900 GSM network

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 1

 5 Interchanges over the Network

 6 Alcatel 900 / 1800 / 1900 Solution

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 2

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90125 0143 VT ZZA Ed.01 Page 3

 1.1 GSM 900 / 1800 / 1900

 1.2 History of Cellular Networks

 1.3 Limits of GSM Systems

 1.4 Overview of Current Standards

 1.5 GSM Key-Dates

 1.6 International Agreements: "Memorandum Of Understanding"

 1.7 Contribution of GSM Standard

 1.8 Contents of GSM "Recommendations"

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 GSM: Global System for Mobile communication

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 Mobile network "Prehistory":

 1st Generation: ANALOGUE cellular networks

 2nd Generation: DIGITAL networks

 3rd Generation: Universal(?) Standards

PSTN PSTN PSTN

Small Cells Medium Cells Large Cells

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Standard CT2 GSM DCS DECT IS95

935 - 960 () 1805 -1880 () 2483.5 -2500 ()

Commercial Pointel Itinéris Bouygues Digital Globalstar

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 1979 World Administrative Radiocommunications Conference

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 GSM - MoU: Memorandum of understanding

 signed on 87/09/07 between european

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 Pan-European standard + MoU

 GLOBAL system (standardized infrastructure)

 New concept: SIM card ("SIM-roaming")

 Digital transmission, speech encoding

 Introduction of state of the art techniques

 Integrated security procedures

 Considerable potential market

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 GSM recommendations : series

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 GPRS General Packet Radio Service (1)

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 GPRS General Packet Radio Service (2)

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 2.1 General Concepts in Cellular Networks

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PLMN = Public Land Mobile Network

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Frequency Reuse Pattern

Example of 12-Cell Three-sector Pattern

International Colour Codes

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 Radio Resources are limited

 To increase Spectrum efficiency,

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MT2 MT = Mobile Termination

ISDN concepts GSM concepts

Operation and maintenance subsystem OSS