24305_Odd Semester 2021/2022

Week 7.1
▪ Crude oil, natural gas and their refined products

▪ Marine Vessels for Oil and Gas Distribution

▪ Hydraulic Properties of Hydrocarbon Fluids

▪ Computing the numbers of marine vessel voyage and vessel utilizations

▪ Checking cargo quality and quantity (Q&Q)

Many different types of molecules make up hydrocarbon fluids.
The properties of hydrocarbon that must be considered are:
▪ Density
▪ Viscosity
▪ Vapor pressure
▪ Compressibility
▪ Density – it is the quantity of fluid expressed in terms of mass per
unit volume. It can be expressed as pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft^3)
or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3). In the oil and gas industry,
the relative density or specific gravity is used.

▪ Specific gravity is the density of fluid/density of reference material.

For example, gasoline with sg = 0.69 means that it has 69% of the
mass of the same volume of water, while natural gas with sg = 0.67
means that it has 67% of the mass of the same volume of air.

▪ Temperature and pressure both affect density. If one raises the

temperature, molecules move faster, they jump around a little more
and push against each other harder, taking up more space and
decreasing density. Compressing gas forces more gas into the same
space, increasing its density.
▪ API gravity is the density measurement standard developed by American Petroleum
Institute in the early part of the 20th century. The higher the API gravity, the lighter
the oil (since natural gas only use the specific gravity).

▪ The density of a fluid has a direct

impact on the amount of energy
required to move the fluid to a
higher elevation, and therefore the
pressures in a pipeline. Denser
(heavier) fluids require higher
pressures to push them uphill, but
they gain more pressure as they go
downhill.
▪ Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction
of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular
makeup gives it a lot of internal friction.

▪ The amount of energy

required to move fluids
depends to a large
extent on their viscosity.
Higher viscosity fluids
have more resistance to
flow, requiring more
energy to push them
along.
▪ In general, lower API gravity fluids (the heavier ones)
are more viscous, while the higher API gravity fluids
(the lighter ones) are less viscous and flow more
easily.

▪ As part of the viscosity, Pour Point is another property

of the oil hydraulic that concerns with how the fluid
will flow. It is the lowest temperature at which the oil
will pour or flow when it is cooled, without stirring,
under standard cooling conditions. Pour
point represents the lowest temperature at which oil
is capable of flowing under gravity.
▪ The next property that connects to viscosity of
the fluid is vapor pressure and evaporation.
▪ Most liquids eventually evaporate if it is left
standing in an open container. Some evaporate
faster than others, while pressures and
temperatures can affect the rate.
▪ Vapor pressure and evaporation should be
considered in both oil and gas transport, since
it can cause cavitation in the pumps during oil
distribution and blockage of gas flow in the
compressor because a component in the gas
mixture suddenly liquifies.
▪ Compressibility is the measure of how much work it
takes to force a given mass into a smaller space. Every
material has a specific bulk modulus, defined as the
numerical constant that describes the elastic
properties of a solid or fluid when it is under pressure
on all surfaces.
▪ In the English system bulk modulus is expressed in units
of pounds per square inch (psi), and in the metric
system as Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or Pascals.
▪ The bulk modulus of water is about 312,000 psi,
gasoline is about 190,000 psi and steel is about
29,000,000 psi. The values show, not surprisingly, that
more force is required to compress steel than water.
Gasoline compresses more than water at the same
pressure.
Loading Port Discharge port Cargo Volume (KL) DWT Distance Cargo (LT) ELF Speed Port Day
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Kero 175.20 3,000 202 138.39 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Pertamax 1,408.90 3,000 202 1,049.07 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Solar 476,288.50 3,000 202 392,977.31 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Kero 11,037.60 3,000 200 8,718.48 77.35% 5.00 1.91
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Premium 55,969.10 3,000 200 40,498.63 77.35% 5.00 1.91
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Solar 79,040.75 3,000 200 65,215.14 77.35% 5.00 1.91
TT T.Uban Fuel Depot Jambi Premium 371,818.20 3,000 221 269,043.56 71.50% 5.00 1.66

▪ Vessels are transporting oil products from RU III and

Transit Terminal Tanjung Uban (near Batam) to Fuel
Depot Jambi and Tanjung Pandan.
▪ The vessels required for this activity are those with
cargo capacity of 3,000 DWT and transport speed is
assumed of 5 Nautica Miles.
▪ Compute the annual total ships required to transport
the products needed.
Loading Port Discharge port Cargo Volume (KL) DWT Distance Cargo (LT) ELF Speed Port Day
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Kero 175.20 3,000 202 138.39 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Pertamax 1,408.90 3,000 202 1,049.07 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot Jambi Solar 476,288.50 3,000 202 392,977.31 78.29% 5.00 1.20
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Kero 11,037.60 3,000 200 8,718.48 77.35% 5.00 1.91
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Premium 55,969.10 3,000 200 40,498.63 77.35% 5.00 1.91
RU III Fuel Depot T.Pandan Solar 79,040.75 3,000 200 65,215.14 77.35% 5.00 1.91
TT T.Uban Fuel Depot Jambi Premium 371,818.20 3,000 221 269,043.56 71.50% 5.00 1.66
𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 𝑅𝑇𝐷 𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = ෍ = ෍
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖

( 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 𝑥
= ෍ 𝐸𝐿𝐹𝑥𝐸𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑖=1

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ൘ 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖
24 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥
𝐸𝐿𝐹𝑥(90% 𝐷𝑊𝑇 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑖𝑙)
= ෍
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑖=1
Where:
ELF = Effective Load Factor n = Total Routes A = number of Laden and Ballast Leg B = Number of Port Calls
Loading Discharge Port
Port port Cargo Volume (KL) DWT Distance Cargo (LT) ELF Speed Day ECC RTD Voyage no. No.Vessels
Fuel Depot
RU III Jambi Kero 175.20 3,000 202 138.39 78.29% 5.00 1.20 0.9 5.77 0.0655 0.0010
Fuel Depot
RU III Jambi Pertamax 1,408.90 3,000 202 1,049.07 78.29% 5.00 1.20 0.9 5.77 0.4963 0.0079
Fuel Depot
RU III Jambi Solar 476,288.50 3,000 202 392,977.31 78.29% 5.00 1.20 0.9 5.77 185.9077 2.9780
Fuel Depot
RU III T.Pandan Kero 11,037.60 3,000 200 8,718.48 77.35% 5.00 1.91 0.9 7.15 4.1746 0.0830
Fuel Depot
RU III T.Pandan Premim 55,969.10 3,000 200 40,498.63 77.35% 5.00 1.91 0.9 7.15 19.3917 0.3853
Fuel Depot
RU III T.Pandan Solar 79,040.75 3,000 200 65,215.14 77.35% 5.00 1.91 0.9 7.15 31.2266 0.6205
TT Fuel Depot
T.Uban Jambi Premium 371,818.20 3,000 221 269,043.56 71.50% 5.00 1.66 0.9 7.00 139.3647 2.7112

TOTAL 6.7869
 Loading Port Discharge port Cargo Volume (KL) DWT Distance Cargo (LT) ELF Speed Port Day
RU V Jobber Berau Pertamax 28,800 4,400 325 21,444.54 78.29% 5.00 1.91
RU V Samarinda Pertamax 102,000 3,000 34 75,949.42 78.29% 5.00 1.91
RU V Tarakan Pertamax 36,000 3,000 388 26,805.68 78.29% 5.00 1.91
TBL Kotabaru Banjarmasin Pertamax 212,400 5,500 296 158,153.50 77.35% 5.00 1.66
TBL Kotabaru Pangkalan Bun Pertamax 52,800 4,400 405 39,314.99 77.35% 5.00 1.66
TBL Kotabaru Pulang Pisau Pertamax 178,500 4,400 345 132,911.49 77.35% 5.00 1.66
TBL Kotabaru Sampit Pertamax 68,400 4,400 305 50,930.79 77.35% 5.00 1.66

Compute the number of vessels needed to

ensure the eastern parts of Kalimantan get
their Pertamax!
Generally, there are two types of vessel utilization during oil product transportation:
Direct (one loading point to one discharge point) and Milk Run (one loading point to
two or more discharge points).

Factors that influence the arrangements of marine vessel type and schedule in fuel
distribution in Indonesia:
▪ Total demand of fuel at the discharge point;
▪ Total capacity of the storage tanks at the discharge point fuel terminal;
▪ Vessels’ availability and utilization;
▪ Vessel Charter rate;
▪ Fuel, Loading, Discharge and Bunker Costs.
▪ Checking Quality and Quantity of cargo is mandatory. Known as
gauging, the activity of measuring the level of cargo after
loading and before discharging to ensure the quantity. While
the quality is measured through the density of the cargo.

▪ In the 1st picture, the worker is checking the ullage (the level
of cargo inside the vessel compartment (tank). Since the
position of the tanker is not completely stabilized, they will
include the heel port factor in ullage calculation.

▪ In the 2nd picture, the workers are checking the cargo average
temperature. The density at 15degC as the basis and the denof
the cargo is measured to check both quality and quantity. By
multiplying the
▪ The changes in temperature of
crude oil and its refined products
will affect density, thus, the total
volume and mass measured will
also different.

▪ A longer pipeline/hose that is used

during loading (from storage tank
to the vessel) will lead to higher
friction between product and the
transport medium → higher product
temperature.

▪ Temperature difference between

loading and discharge ports will
also affect the density and volume.
Thank you ☺