MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

The Department _ Chemical Engineering

The branch _ Process Engineering
The Study _ Morning Study
The Class _ Third Stage

Design Of Distillation Column

Prepare by : Meshkat Ahmed & Natheer khudair

Supervise by : 1- Riyadh.S.Almukhtar
2- Zainab Adnan
 Table of contents

NO Contents NO. Pages

1 Introduction 3

2 Application of distillation 5

3 History of distillation 5

4 Problem Sheet 6

5 Phyiscal Properties 7

6 Vapour / Liquid Equilibrium 9

7 Calculations 15

8 Sieve Plate Design 21

9 Michanical Design 39

10 Data Sheet 42

11 Refrences 43

12 Knowledgment 43

2
Introduction
Distillation separates two or more liquid components in a mixture using the
principle of relative volatility or boiling points. The greater the difference in
relative volatility the greater the nonlinearity and the easier it is to separate the
mixture using distillation. The process involves production of vapour by boiling
the liquid mixture in a still and removal of the vapour from the still by
condensation. Due to differences in relative volatility or boiling points, the vapour
is rich in light components and the liquid is rich in heavy components. Today
many industries use distillation for separation within many categories of
products: petroleum refining, petrochemicals, natural gas processing and, of
course, beverages are just some examples. The purpose is typically the removal
of a light component from a mixture of heavy components, or the other way
around, the separation of a heavy product from a mixture of light components.

3
The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed
so that both liquid and vapor phases are present and can contact each other on
each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different
volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent.
Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means.
Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is
created by thermal means.

Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead

distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while
the distillate may be liquid or a vapor or both. The distillation column contains
one feed stream and two product streams. The feed contains a mole percent of the
light component, ZF. The product stream exiting the top has a composition of X D
of the light component. The product stream leaving the bottom contains a
composition of Xb of the light component. The column is broken in two sections.
The top section is referred to as the rectifying section. The bottom section is
known as the stripping section. The top product stream passes through a total
condenser. This effectively condenses all of the vapor distillate to liquid. The
bottom product stream uses a partial reboiler. This allows for the input of energy
into our column.

Distillation is the process of heating a liquid solution, or a liquid-vapor mixture,

to derive off a vapor and then collecting and condensing this vapor. In the
simplest case, the products of a distillation process are limited to an overhead
distillate and a bottoms, whose compositions differ from that of the feed.
Distillation is one of the oldest and most common method for chemical
separation. One of the major operations in the process industries is the separation
of liquid mixtures into their various components. Distillation is the most widely
used method of achieving separation and this is the key operation in any crude oil
process refinery. Basic problems of design associated with physical, chemical
properties and hydraulic phenomenon inside the unit are considered;
incorporating the column internal configurations. The composition of the vapour
in equilibrium with a liquid of given composition is determined experimentally
using an equilibrium still.

4
Applications of distillations are mentioned below:
▪ It is used in fossil fuel industry

▪ It permits separation of air into its components and this is availed for
the industrial purposes

▪ It is used in laboratory scale

▪ It is used in industrial distillation

▪ It is used in food processing

▪ It is used in distillation of herbs for medicines and perfumery

History of distillation:
Distillation was glorious in an ancient Asian country, evident from baked clay
retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in Pakistan, chemical
analysis back to the first centuries of the Common Era. These “Gandhara
stills” were solely capable of manufacturing very extremely weak liquor, as
there were no economical means that of assembling the vapors at low heat.
Evidence of distillation conjointly comes from alchemists operating in
Alexandria, Roman Egypt, within the first century. Work on distilling
alternative liquids continued in early Byzantine Egypt, beneath Zosimus of
Panopolis within the third century. Distillation in China might have begun
throughout the Japanese Han dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), however, the
distillation of beverages began within the Jin (12th–13th centuries) and
Southern Song (10th– 13th centuries) dynasties consistent with archeological
proof.

5
 Proplem Sheet

Design of Distillation Column

Project NO. (61):[A:Heptane ; B: Octane]

Feed flow rate (ton/hr) 6.5 ton/hr

Feed composition (mole%)XFA 20 mole% heptane

Product purity (mole%)XPA 98 mole% octane

Bottom Composition (mole%) Xbot. 2 mole% heptane
A
Operation Pressure (bar) 3
Feed Temperature ( ̊ C) Saturated liquid

6
Physical Properties:

For (Heptan) ………….ref [1]

Mwt =100.25 ; TBP.=98.4 C° ; 𝝆𝑳 = 𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 ;

𝝀 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝒈 ∕ 𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍

Standard pressure P°
𝑩
𝑳𝒏 𝑷 = 𝑨 −
𝑻+𝒄
Where:

𝑻 = 𝑲°

P = mmHg

A = 15.8737 ; B = 2911.32 ; C = - 56.51

Viscosity 𝝁𝒍
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝝁𝒍 = 𝑨 [ − ]
𝑻 𝑩
𝑻 = 𝑲°

𝝁𝒍 = 𝒎𝑵𝒔/𝒎𝟐

A=436.73 ; B=232.53

For (Octan) ………….ref [1]

Mwt =114.23 ; TBP.=125.6 C° ; 𝝆𝑳 = 𝟕𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 ;

𝝀 = 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒈 ∕ 𝑲𝒎𝒐𝒍

7
Standard pressure P°
𝑩
𝑳𝒏 𝑷 = 𝑨 −
𝑻+𝒄
Where:

𝑻 = 𝑲°

P = mmHg

A = 15.9426 ; B = 3120.29 ; C = - 63.63

Viscosity 𝜇𝑙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝝁𝒍 = 𝑨 [ − ]
𝑻 𝑩
𝑻 = 𝑲°

𝝁𝒍 = 𝒎𝑵𝒔/𝒎𝟐

A = 473.70
B = 251.71

Vapour /liquid equilibrium

At operating pressure = 3 bar = 2280 mmHg
𝐵
And 𝐿𝑛 𝑃 = 𝐴 − ……… ref [1]
𝑇+𝑐

8
 For (A: Heptan)
2911.32
𝐿𝑛 (2280 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) = 15.8737 −
𝑇𝑘 + (−56.51)

𝑇𝐵𝑃(𝐴) = 414.0 K = 141 C°

For (B: Octan)

3120.29
𝐿𝑛 (2280 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) = 15.9426 − ……… From ref [2]
𝑇𝑘 +63.63

𝑇𝐵𝑃(𝐵) = 443.7 K = 170.7 C°

𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝐵 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝐴
𝑋𝐴 = 𝑌𝐴 =
𝑃𝐴 −𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝑇

For comp. A, Heptan → 𝑇𝐵𝑃 = 141 𝐶°

For comp. B, Octan → 𝑇𝐵𝑃 = 170.7 𝐶°

Where

𝑃𝑡 = 3𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 2280 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Temp. 𝑷𝑨 𝑷𝑩 𝑿𝑨 𝒀𝑨
C°
141 2275.42 1137.86 1.0 1.0
143.97 2433.34 1226.30 0.873 0.932
146.94 2599.37 1319.97 0.750 0.855
149.91 2773.76 1419.07 0.636 0.774
152.88 2956.75 1523.80 0.528 0.685
155.85 3148.61 1634.37 0.426 0.588
158.82 3349.59 1751.26 0.331 0.486
161.79 3559.93 1873.83 0.241 0.376
164.76 3779.89 2003.15 0.156 0.258
167.73 4009.73 2139.15 0.075 0.132
170.7 4249.69 2282.03 0.0 0.0

9
10
From figure (XA vs. YA)
𝜃𝑚 = 0.16

𝑋 = 𝑋𝑃𝐴 = 0.98

Where

𝑿
𝜽𝒎 = …. …. From ref [1]
𝟏+𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏
0.98
0.16 =
1+𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.125

Where

𝑹𝒐𝒑 = (𝟏. 𝟐 ~𝟏. 𝟓) ∗ 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 …….From ref [1]

Operating R = 1.3 * 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.3 *(5.125) = 6.7

So R= 6.7

11
Where (Rop .=6.7) & ( Xd =98%) &( Qmin = 0.16)
𝑿𝒅
QOP. = 𝟏+𝑹𝒐𝒑 , ( operating value )

𝟎.𝟗𝟖
= 𝟏+(𝟔.𝟕) = 0.127

At (𝑄𝑜𝑝 ) and ( fig .4) ; find 1- upper operating line

2- lower operating line

- From ( fig.2 ):
Theoretical NO. stages =25
Then :
theoretical plates ; Ntheo = (25-1)
N (theo) =24

Figure : 3

12
-Temp. for striping section (Tw ) and for Rectifing (TD)
at:
➢ XA feed= 20%
➢ XA top = 98%
➢ XA bottom = 2%

And from (fig .3)

Top temp. ( rectifying ) ; TD = 141.89 ℃
Bottom temp (( rectifying ) ; Tw = 169.81℃
Feed temp. : TF=163.13 ℃

Figure : 4

13
Actual No. of plate ; N act
Where Ntheor =24 ( theoretical no. of plate)
𝑃
And 𝛼𝑎𝑣. = 𝑃𝐴 = 1.93 (avarage relative volatility)
𝐵

𝑇𝐷+ 𝑇𝑊 141.89+169.81
At Tav. = = = 155.85 ℃ = 428.85 𝐾°
2 2
1 1
And from 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜇𝑙 = 𝐴 − [𝑇𝑘 − 𝐵 ]

For comp. A= Heptane 𝜇𝐴=0.138 𝑚𝑁𝑠

𝑚2

B= octane 𝜇𝐵=0.167 𝑚𝑁𝑠

𝑚2

𝜇𝐴+ 𝜇𝐵 0,138+0,167 𝑚𝑁𝑠

𝜇𝐴𝑣.= = = 0.153
2 2 𝑚2

From ref [1] ; ( chemical eng. Desigin –vol6)

Plate efficiency = E = 51 -32.5 log (𝜇𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝛼𝑎𝑣. )

E= 51 -32.5 log (0.153 * 1.93) = 68.2 %
𝑁𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟 24
N act = = = 35 actual no. of plate
𝐸 0.682

14
Average 𝝆𝒗 for stripping and rectifying section
For rectifying section (top)
(Av. Mwt )D =(98%*100.25) + (2%*114.23) = 100.53
𝑃𝑡 ∗𝑀𝑤𝑡 3∗(101.3)∗(100.53)
𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦; 𝜌𝑣 = = = 8.86kg/m3
𝑅∗𝑇𝐷 (8.314)∗(141.89+273)

𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ; 𝜌𝐿 = 𝑋𝐴 ∗ 𝜌𝐴 + 𝑋𝐵 ∗ 𝜌𝐵

𝜌𝐿 = (98% ∗ 684) + (2% ∗ 703) = 684.38 kg/m3

Where :
Pt =Top press. =(operating press)= 3 bar

For Striping Section (bottom)

(Av. Mwt )w =(2%*100.25) + (98%*114.23) = 113.95
𝑃𝑡 ∗𝑀𝑤𝑡 3∗(101.3)∗(113.95)
𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦; 𝜌𝑣 = = (8.314)∗(169.81+273) = 10.47 kg/m3
𝑅∗𝑇𝐷

𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ; 𝜌𝐿 = 𝑋𝐴 ∗ 𝜌𝐴 + 𝑋𝐵 ∗ 𝜌𝐵
𝜌𝐿 = (2% ∗ 684) + (98% ∗ 703) = 702.62 kg/m3

Assume (∆𝑃)per plate = 100mm (water)

Where :-
Pb=bottom press.
Pb=(Top press.)+(Column press. Drop)
Pb=[(3bar *105)pas]+[(100mm H2O)*10-3*1000*9.81*35]
Pb=334335 pas = 3.34 bar
15
“Evaluate the surface tension” ; 𝛿 …ref (1);chemical eng._vol6_ch.8_eq:8.23

𝑝𝑐ℎ ∗ (𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣 ) 4

𝜎=[ ] ∗ 10−12
𝑀
Where:
𝜎=surface tention ; mJ/m2 (dyne/cm)

Pch = Sugden’s parachor

𝜌𝐿 =Liquid density ; kg/m3
𝜌𝑣 =density of the saturated vapour ; kg/m3

M=molecular weight ; kg/kmol

For comp. A ; (Heptane_C7H16)

Where :-
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐿 = 684.38 ; 𝜌 = 8.86 ; 𝑀 = 100.53 ;
𝑚3 𝑣 𝑚3
C=4.8*7=33.6 & H=17.1*16=273.6
Pch=33.6+273.6 = 307.2

307.2 ∗ (684.38 − 8.86) 4

𝜎=[ ] ∗ 10−12
100.53
𝑚𝐽
𝜎 = 18.16 = 0.0182 𝑁/𝑚
𝑚2

16
For comp. B ;( Octane _C8H18)
Where :-
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐿 = 702.62 ; 𝜌 = 10.47 ; 𝑀 = 113.95 ;
𝑚3 𝑣 𝑚3
C=4.8*8= 38.4 & H=17.1*18= 307.8
Pch=38.4+307.8= 346.2

346.2 ∗ (702.62 − 10.47) 4

𝜎=[ ] ∗ 10−12
113.95
𝑚𝐽
𝜎 = 19.56 = 0.0196 𝑁/𝑚
𝑚2

Average (Mwt)
(Av. Mwt)=(X1 Mwt1) + (X2 Mwt2 )
For(F) ; (Av. M wt)F =(20% * 100.25)+(80% * 114.23)= 111.43
For(D) ; (Av. Mwt)d =(98% * 100.25)+(2% * 114.23)= 100.53
For(W) ; (Av. Mwt)w =(2% * 100.25)+(98% * 114.23)= 113.95

17
18
Overall Material Balance

Where:
F=6.5 ton/hr = 6500 kg/hr
Moles of F = 6500/111.43 = 58.333 Kmol/hr

F = D + W
58.333 = D + W ………..(1)

Comp.(A)M.B.

(20%*F) = (98% *D) + (2% *W)

(20%*58.333) = (98% *D) + (2% *W) …….(2)

∴ D= 10.937 kmol/hr
W= 47.396 kmol/hr
___________________________________________________

19
 F= 58.333 kmol *111.43 kg/kmol = 6500 kg/hr
D= 10.937 kmol *100.53 kg/kmol = 1099.5 kg/hr
W= 47.396 kmol *113.95 kg/kmol = 5400.8 kg/hr

Rectifying Section (top)

R= Ln/D =6.7 Ln= R*D
Ln=6.7 *1099.5 = 7366.65 kg/hr
Vn = Ln + D = (7366.65 + 1099.5) = 8466.15 kg/hr

Stripping Section (bottom)

Where:
For feed q=1.0 “sat. liq.”
Vn=Vm+ (1-q) * F
Vn= Vm = 8466.15 kg/hr

Lm = L n + q * F
Lm = 7366.65 + 6500
Lm = 13866.65 kg/hr

20
 Sieve plate design procedure ☺

ASSUMPTION:-
1- Pressure drop at each tray 100mm water .
2- Tray spacing 0.45 m
3- Cross flow tray single pass.
4- Maximum vap. & liq. ; (Vn , Ln) ; minimum 70% of (Vn , Ln)
5- A value of 85% of the flow ding velocity used.
6- Assume that the hole-active area is 10%
7- Hole diameter = 5mm
8- First ttrial take the downcomer area as 12% of total column area.

Sieve plate_ design ☺

1-Calculate FLV
For (top): av.Mwt= 100.53 kg/kmol

𝜌𝑣 = 8.86 kg/m3

𝜌𝐿= 684.38 kg/m3

Ln = 7366.65 kg/hr

Vn = 8466.15 kg/hr

Ln 𝜌 7366.65 8.86
FLV)top =
Vn
√ 𝜌𝑣 = 8466.15
√
684.38
= 0.099
𝐿

FLV)top = 0.1

For (bottom): av.Mwt= 113.95 kg/kmol

𝜌𝑣 = 10.47 kg/m3

𝜌𝐿 = 702.62 kg/m3
Ln = 13866.65 kg/hr

Vn = 8466.15 kg/hr

Ln 𝜌 13866.65 10.47
FLV)bottom =
Vn
√𝜌𝑣 = 8466.15
√
702.62
= 0.1999 = 0.2
𝐿

21
2- find K from fig. ……. From ref(1)_ vol6_(fig.11_27);for “sieve plate type”
Take : tray spacing = 0.45 m

For top ☺
At FLV = 0.1
K = 7.5 *10-2 “from fig”

For bottom 
At FLV = 0.2
K = 6.5 *10-2 “from fig”

To correct K to Kʹ …….. ref(1)

Where :
𝜎=surface tention ;N/m

For (Heptane) ; 𝜎=0.0182

For (Octane) ; 𝜎=0.0196

𝜎2 0.2 𝜎2 0.2
kʹ = k [𝜎 ] = k [0.02]
1

0.2
-2 0.0182
for top kʹ = 7.5*10 [ ] =0.0736
0.02
0.2
-2 0.0196
for bottom kʹ = 6.5*10 [ 0.02
] =0.0647

22
3- Calculate Uf ; flooding velocity

For top ☺

𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣
Uf = kʹ1 √ 𝜌𝑣

684.38 − 8.86
Uf =0.0736 √ = 0.643 m/sec
8.86

For bottom 

𝜌𝐿 −𝜌𝑣
Uf = kʹ1 √ 𝜌𝑣

702.62 − 10.47
Uf =0.0647 √ = 0.526 m/sec
10.47

̂𝑣
4- allowable vapour velocity ; 𝑈
̂𝑣 )
Vapour velocity (𝑈

For top ☺
̂𝑣 = 0.85 ∗ 0.643 𝑚/ sec = 0.547 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑈

For bottom 
̂𝑣 = 0.85 ∗ 0.526 𝑚/ sec = 0.447 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑈

23
5- Net Area (An) and Column diameter

For top ☺
8466.15 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑛
Vo= volumetric rate =𝜌 = 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑣 8.86 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

V𝑜 0.2654 𝑚3/𝑠𝑒𝑐
∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = = 0.551 𝑚2
̂𝑣
𝑈 0.547 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Take (down comer) = 12% An =88%* Ac

𝐴𝑛 0.485
Ac =(column area ) = = = 0.551m2
0.88 0.88

4 𝐴𝑛
Dc= (column diam.) = √ = 0.84 m
𝜋

For bottom 
8466.15 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑚
Vo= volumetric rate = 𝜌 = 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑣
10.47 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

V𝑜 0.2246 𝑚3/𝑠𝑒𝑐
∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = = 0.503 𝑚2
̂𝑣
𝑈 0.447 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐴𝑛 0.503
Ac =(column area ) = = = 0.572 m2
0.88 0.88

4 𝐴𝑛
Dc= (column diam.) = √ = 0.85 m
𝜋

Column diameter ; DC = 0.85 m

That is maximum diameter

24
 Plate Layout

The following area terms are used in the plate design :

Ac = total column cross –sectional area .

Ad = area of downcomer ; (12%).

An = equal to (Ac – Ad) for a singale – pass plates.

Aa = equal to (Ac –2 Ad) for a singale – pass plates.

Ah = hole area ; the total area of all the active holes ,

(assume 10% of the active area ).

Weir height = ( assumed 50 mm)

Plate thickness = (assumed 5 mm)

______________________________________

Ac = 0.572 m2
Ad = 0.12 * Ac = 0.0686 m2
An = (Ac – Ad) = 0.503 m2
Aa = (Ac –2 Ad) = 0.435 m2
Ah = 0.1 * Aa = 0.0435 m2
Weir height = 50 mm
Plate thickness = 5 mm

25
Weep point check …. “ 1st trial”
Where :
hw = height of the weir = 50 mm
𝒍𝒘 = 0.76 *Dc ……..from ref(1)_fig. 11:31
𝐿𝑤
= 0.76 𝑎𝑡 12% 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑐

Dc = 0.85 m
So 𝒍𝒘 = 0.76 * 0.85 m
𝒍𝒘 = 0.646 m

Liquid rate ; Lw = 13866.65 kg/hr = 3.852 kg/sec

Minimum liquid rate ; Lw min = 0.7 * 3.852 = 2.696 kg/sec

26
For weir liquid crest ☺
𝐿𝑤 2/3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 [ ]
𝜌𝐿 ∗ 𝑙𝑤

Where :
how = weir crest ; mm liquid
𝑙𝑤 = weir length ; = 0.646 m
Lw = liquid flow rate ;= 2.696 kg/sec
𝜌𝐿 =702.62 kg/m3
2
2.696 3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 [ ] = 24.6 𝑚𝑚
702.62 ∗ 0.646
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 25 𝑚𝑚

27
(hw + how) =(50 + 25) = 75 mm

K2= 30.6 ………. From ref(1)_fig.11-30

For weep point ☺

[𝐾2 − 0.90(25.4 − 𝑑𝑛 )]
𝑈ℎ =
(𝜌𝑟 )1/2

Where:

Uh = predicated minimum vapour velocity through the holes ; m/sec

dh = hole diameter ; m

K2 = constant

[30.6 − 0.90(25.4 − 5)]

𝑈ℎ = 1 = 3.78 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
(10.47)2

28
For minimum vapour velocity 
0.7 ∗ 𝑉𝑣
𝑈𝑣 (min ) =
𝐴ℎ

Where:
Vv = 0.2246 m3/sec ; Ah = 0.0435 m2

0.7 ∗ 0.2246
𝑈𝑣(min) = = 3.62 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.0435

Then

𝑼𝒗(𝐦𝐢𝐧) > 𝑼𝒉

3.62 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 < 3.78 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Not acceptable

So , min. vap. Velocity will be above weap point ..

29
The 2nd trial
Assume : in 2nd trial (takedown comer area as 10% of
total column area )
& assume (take Ah =8% of active area Aa )
take (down comer)=10% An =90% *Ac

For top ☺
𝐴𝑛 0.485
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = = = 0.54 𝑚2
0.9 0.9

4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 4 ∗ 0.54
𝐷𝐶 = √ =√ = 0.83 𝑚
𝜋 𝜋

For bottom 
𝐴𝑛 0.503
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = = = 0.56 𝑚2
0.9 0.9

4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 4 ∗ 0.56
𝐷𝐶 = √ = √ = 0.844 𝑚
𝜋 𝜋

∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓; 𝑫𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟒𝒎

30
 Plate Layout

for 2nd trial [area of downcomer ; 10% and hole area (AAh)
8% of active area (Aa)

Ac = 0.56 m2
Ad = 10% * Ac = 0.056 m2
An = (Ac – Ad) = 0.503 m2
Aa = (Ac –2 Ad) = 0.448 m2
Ah = 8% * Aa = 0.036 m2
Weir height = 50 mm
Plate thickness = 5 mm

31
Weep point check …. “ 2nd trial”
Where :
hw = height of the weir = 50 mm
𝒍𝒘 = 0.73 *Dc ……..from ref(1)_fig. 11:31
𝐿𝑤
= 0.73 𝑎𝑡 10% 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑐

Dc = 0.844 m
So 𝒍𝒘 = 0.73 * 0.844 m
𝒍𝒘 = 0.62 m

Liquid rate ; Lw = 13866.65 kg/hr = 3.852 kg/sec

Minimum liquid rate ; Lw min = 0.7 * 3.852 = 2.696 kg/sec

32
For weir liquid crest ☺
𝐿𝑤 2/3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 [ ]
𝜌𝐿 ∗ 𝑙𝑤

Where :
how = weir crest ; mm liquid
𝑙𝑤 = weir length ; = 0.62 m

Lw = liquid flow rate ;= 2.696 kg/sec

𝜌𝐿 =702.62 kg/m3
2
2.696 3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 [ ]
702.62 ∗ 0.62
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 25.3 𝑚𝑚

33
(hw + how) =(50 + 25.3) = 75.3 mm

K2= 30.6 ………. From ref(1)_fig.11-30

For weep point ☺

[𝐾2 − 0.90(25.4 − 𝑑𝑛 )]
𝑈ℎ =
(𝜌𝑟 )1/2

Where:

Uh = predicated minimum vapour velocity through the holes ; m/sec

dh = hole diameter ; m

K2 = constant

[30.6 − 0.90(25.4 − 5)]

𝑈ℎ = 1 = 3.78 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
(10.47)2

34
For minimum vapour velocity 
0.7 ∗ 𝑉𝑣
𝑈𝑣 (min ) =
𝐴ℎ

Where:
Vv = 0.2246 m3/sec ; Ah = 0.036 m2

0.7 ∗ 0.2246
𝑈𝑣(min) = = 4.37 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.036

Then

𝑼𝒗(𝐦𝐢𝐧) > 𝑼𝒉

4.37 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 > 3.78 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Acceptable

So , min. vap. Velocity will be above weap point ..

35
Checking plate pressure drop ; ht
The total plate drop is given by :
ht = hd +(hw + how)+ hr
where :
hd = orifice loss press. ; (dry plate drop);mm
hw = weir height ; (static head); mm
how = weir liquid crest ; mm
hr = residual press. ; mm
___________________________________
For weir liquid crest ; how
2⁄
𝐿𝑤 3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 750 ( )
𝜌𝐿 ∗ 𝑙𝑤
Where :
Lw(max) = max. liquid rate =13866.65kg/hr = 3.852 kg/sec

𝑙w = 0.73 *Dc =0.62 m

𝜌𝐿 = 702.62 kg/m3
2⁄
3.852 3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 750 ( ) = 32.1 𝑚𝑚
702.62 ∗ 0.62
36
 For dry plate press. Drop ;hd
𝑢̂ℎ 2 𝜌𝑣
ℎ𝑑 = 51 [ ]
𝐶𝑜 𝜌𝐿

Where :
𝑢̂ℎ = vapour velocity through the holes= 4,37 m/sec = uv(min)
C0 = Constant …. From ref(1);(fig:11.34)
𝐴ℎ
At percent perforated area ; ( ∗ 100) = 8%
𝐴𝑝

𝐴
∴C0 =0.83 at ( 𝐴ℎ ∗ 100) = 8%
𝑝

2
4.37 10.47
∴ ℎ𝑑 = 51 [ ] = 21.10 𝑚𝑚
0.83 702.62
_______________________________
For residual head ; hr
12.5 ∗ 103
ℎ𝑟 =
𝜌𝐿
12.5 ∗ 103
ℎ𝑟 = = 17.8 𝑚𝑚
702.62

37
∴ total plate pressure drop ; ht
ht = hd +(hw + how)+ hr
ht = 21.10 + [50+32.1] +17.8
ht = 121.0 mm water
where ☺
(Assumption):pressure drop at each tray;100 mm water

∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

Check Entrainment ;𝜓 ….. ref(1)

Where :
FLV)top = 0.1 and uf(top) = 0.643 m/sec
FLV)ot. = 0.2 and uf(bot.) = 0.526 m/sec
uv(top) = 0.547 m/sec
uv(bot.) = 0.447 m/sec

𝑢𝑣 0.547
∴ %𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 )𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 85%
𝑢𝑓 0.643

𝑢𝑣 0.447
%𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 )𝑏𝑜𝑡. = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 85%
𝑢𝑓 0.526
∴ from ref (1); (𝑓𝑖𝑔: 11.29) ∴ Ψtop. =0.033
Ψbot. =0.033

∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

38
Mechanical Design :
1- Cylinderical Shell thickness
𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃𝑖
Where :
𝐷𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 844𝑚𝑚
t = minimum thickness ;mm
Ti = design Temp. ; C
Pi = design Press. ; N/mm2
S = design Stress ; N/mm2
E = weld efficienc ; 1.0

Design temp. =Tbot.(max)+15=169.81+15=184.81 C

Design press. =3bar * 1.1 = 3.3 bar = 0.33 N/mm2
S = stress = 108 N/mm2
(0.33)(844)
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 1.3 𝑚𝑚
2(108)(1) − 1.2(0.33)

tactual = (tmin) + (corrosion allownace)

tactual = (1.3 + 2) = 3.3 mm = 4 mm

39
2- Head thicknes
Choose (Toriisphical head type); at Pi =3.3bar

0.885 𝑃𝑖 𝑅𝑐
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃𝑖
Where:
Di = Rc = 844 mm
Pi = 0.33 N/mm2
E = 1
S = 108 N/mm2
0.885 (0.33)(844)
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 2.3 𝑚𝑚
(108)(1) − 0.1 (0.33)

tactual = (tmin) + (corrosion allownace)

tactual = (2.3 + 2) = 4.3 mm

40
3-Nozzle Sizing
➢ For Nozzle (F) ; (feed)
Where :
𝑚° 𝐹 6500 𝑚3
⋎̊ = = = = 9.373 = 2.604 ∗ 10−3 𝑚 3/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌𝐹 𝜌𝑎𝑣 693.5 ℎ𝑟

U= 2.0 m/sec ; (saturated liquid)

𝑚3 𝜋
2.604 ∗ 10−3 = (2.0 m/sec ) * [ ∗ 𝑑𝐹 2]
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4

∴ dF = 0.41 m = 41 mm = 1.6 inch.

➢ For Nozzle (V) ; (top)

Where :
𝑚° 𝑉𝑛 8466.15 𝑚3
⋎̊ = = = = 955.55 = 0.266 𝑚 3/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌𝑡 𝜌𝑡𝑜𝑝 8.86 ℎ𝑟

U= 15 m/sec ; (vapour phase)

𝑚3 𝜋
0.266 = (15m/sec ) * [ ∗ 𝑑𝑉 2]
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4

∴ dV = 0.150 m = 150 mm = 5.9 inch.

➢ For Nozzle (L) ; (bottom)

Where :
𝑚° 𝐿𝑚 13866.65 𝑚3
⋎̊ = = = = 19.74 = 5.48 ∗ 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌𝐹 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 702.62 ℎ𝑟

U= 1.0 m/sec ; (liquid from bottom)

𝑚3 𝜋
5.48 ∗ 10−3 = (1.0 m/sec ) * [ ∗ 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑡. 2 ]
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4

∴ dbot. = 0.084 m = 84 mm = 3.3 inch.

41
42
 References

1- Coulson & Richardson ; Chemical Engineering Design

R K SINOTT / 2005 volume 6 - fourth edition - Chemical Engineering Series

2- Smith ; Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

6th Edition / 2005 volume 6 - van ness & abbot

3- DISTILLATION PROCESS PDF

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281112200_Distillation_Processes

Knowledgment
To those who contributed to our success

To all who taught us something new

And fed our thought of science and knowledge

To all who stood beside us and helped us

In all difficulties

To our professors and lecturers at the university

To the cup of empty dishes to hold me a drop of love

To whom we wish to give us a moment of happiness To the

one who took the thorns from Derby to guide me through
the flag To the big heart

To Dr. Rihadh Almukhtar , lect.Nessma , Lect. Zainab also

Dr. .Besma
43