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Configuration
Atomic Forces
Two atomic forces hold an atom together:
• Nuclear force – holds the ‘nucleus’ together
• Electromagnetic force – holds electrons & protons together
Nuclear force – nucleus contains p+ and no . Since like charges
repel each other, the neutrons act like a buffer between p+ to minimize
this electrostatic repulsion. Thereby, helping to maintain stability.
• So…..
for energy level 1, there can be only 1 sublevel
for energy level 2, there can be only 2 sublevels
for energy level 3, there can be only 3 sublevels
for energy level 4, there can be only 4 sublevels
for energy level 5, there can be only 4 sublevels
for energy level 6, there can be only 4 sublevels
for energy level 7, there can be only 4 sublevels
Sublevels
• These sublevels are labeled with a number that
represents the primary energy level and a letter -
s, p, d, or f - that corresponds to the shape of the
sublevel.
Chlorine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 ( this is how the 17 electrons are
distributed for a Chlorine atom)
Electron configurations & the periodic
table
The shape of the periodic table shows energy
levels, sublevels, and orbitals.
Electron Configuration Summary
There are a maximum of 7 primary energy levels
corresponding to the 7 rows of the periodic table.
• Valence electrons are the only electrons that can participate in chemical bonds
with other atoms.
• The valence electrons are the number of electrons that the atom can gain, loose,
or share in a chemical reaction with another atom of another element.
• An atom’s valence electrons are the electrons that are in the highest primary
energy level of an atom; i.e. the energy level the farthest away from the nucleus.
This corresponds to the period (row) where the element is located.
• With a few exceptions, on the periodic table the number of valence electrons
increases from left to right across a period (row).
• With a few exceptions, elements in a group (column) on the periodic table have
similar properties because they all have the same number of valence electrons.
• Elements in column #1 all have 1 valence electron, elements in column #2 all have
2 valence electrons, elements in column 13 have 3, column 14 have 4, column 15
have 5, column 16 have 6, column 17 have 7, and column 18 have 8 (except He).
• Columns 3 thru 12 all have 2 valence electrons (many exceptions in this section)
Examples
• Na 1s22s22p63s1 1 valence
• Fe 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 2 valence
• Br 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 7 valence
• Ba 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s2
2 valence
• Ag 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9 2 valence
• Co 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7 2 valence
• I 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p5
7 valence