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Lecture 4
Activated Sludge Processes
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Activated Sludge Process
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Activated Sludge Process
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Activated Sludge Process
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Activated Sludge Process
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Suspended Growth (Activated Sludge) Treatment Process
Configurations
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Process Configurations of Activated Sludge Process
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Process Configurations of Activated Sludge Process
A. Modifications Based on Physical Configuration
1. Plug Flow (Conventional)
2. Step Aeration
3. Completely Mixed
4. Contact Stabilization
Ref: Table 6.1 Rittmann, 5. Activated Sludge with Selector
B. E., McCarty P. B. Modifications Based on Oxygen Addition or
Environmental Distribution
Biotechnology: Principles 1. Conventional Aeration
and Applications.
McGraw Hill. 2001. 2. Tapered Aeration
3. Pure Oxygen
C. Modifications Based on Organic (BOD) Loading
1. Conventional
2. Modified Aeration
3. High Rate
4. Extended Aeration 9
Process Configurations of Activated Sludge Process
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Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Treatment (CSTR)
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Plug-Flow Activated Sludge Processes
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Plug-Flow Activated Sludge Processes
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Plug-Flow Activated Sludge Processes
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Reactor Configurations
Ref: Fig 6.2Rittmann, B. E.,
McCarty P. Environmental
Biotechnology: Principles
and Applications. McGraw
Hill. 2001.
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Biomass & Substrate Mass Balances
in a Complete Mix Reactor
The ave period of time during which the sludge has remained in the
aeration tank
SRT or Ѳc
Residence time of sludge in the clarifier does not contribute to the
effective sludge age
• nosubstrate in sec clarifier
•low DO conc
•metabolic activity of sludge is not significant
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mass of organisms in the aeration t ank
SRT (c )
mass of organisms removed daily
wasting from RAS line or directly from aeration
removal basin
m.o overflowing the secondary clarifier weir into
effluent (i.e. m.o. escaping from secondary
clarifier)
The SRT (solids retention time) is completely anologous to HRT
(hydraulic retention time)
•However ; HRT and SRT are very different
To achieve this, cells
•(Ѳ) HRT is on the orders of hours (microorganisms) are recyled
•(Ѳc) SRT is on the orders of days from clarifier over and over
again
VX
For the case of aeration tank with no clarifier and c
thus no sludge recyle QX
•It affects :
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SRT min (Ѳc min) critical value
It is the residence time at which the cells are washed out or wasted from the system
faster than they can reproduce
•To ensure adequate waste treatment, biological treatment processes are usually
designed and operated with SRT=2-20 SRTmin
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•Ref: Metcalf & Eddy
Treatment goal SRT Factors affecting SRT
•Table 8-6 Range, d
Removal of soluble BOD 1-2 Temperature
•Typical in domestic wastewater
minimum SRT Conversion of particulate 2-4 Temperature
organics in domestic
ranges for wastewater
activated Develop flocculent 1-3 Temperature
biomassfor treating
sludge domestic wastewater
treatment
Develop flocculent 3-5 Temperature/ compounds
biomassfor treating
industrial wastewater
•S,X,
Q,So,Xo Q,Xe,S
QR,XR,S
System
boundary
Qw,XR,S
∀ ∀𝑋
𝜃= 𝜃𝐶 =
𝑄 𝑄 − 𝑄𝑊 𝑋𝑒 + 𝑄𝑊 𝑋𝑅
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A) Mass Balance for the system including wasting from the
Sludge Return Line
•S,X,
Q,So,Xo Q,Xe,S
QR,XR,S
System
boundary
Qw,XR,S
0 0 Q Qw X e Qw X R rg'
𝑟𝑔′ = −𝑌𝑟𝑠𝑢 − 𝑘𝑑 𝑋
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Biomass Mass Balance
𝑄 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆
𝑟𝑠𝑢 = − 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆 = −
∀ 𝜃
c YSo S
X
1 k
d c
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Substrate Mass Balance
•S,X,
System
boundary QR,XR,S
Qw,XR,S
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Substrate Mass Balance
dS
QS o Q e S Q w S rsu
dt
Assumption:
steady-state conditions prevail
K s 1 k d c
S effluent subst conc
c Yk k d 1
(Yk=µm)
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B) Mass Balance for the system including wasting from the aeration
tank Q ,X,S
w
(Q-QW),Xe,S
Q,Xo,So
QR,XR,S
Biomass Mass Balance
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dX
dt
QXo Q Q w X e Q w X rg'
Assumption: 1) the conc. of m.o in the influent is negligible
2) steady-state conditions prevail
c YSo S
X
1 k d c
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Qw,X,S
Q,Xo,So
QR,XR,S
Substrate Mass Balance
dS
QS o Q e S Q w S rsu
dt
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Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation
dS
QS o Q e S Q w S rsu
dt
K s 1 k d c
S eff . subst.conc.
c Yk k d 1
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Solids Production
Total MLVSS conc in the = biomass conc + non – biodegradable VSS conc
aeration tank, XT
X Xİ
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3 c YSo S
Biomass conc. (X, g / m ) (from substrate mass balance)
1 k d c
c Y(So S
Fd k d c
1 k d c
QX o,i X o,i c
nbVSS in the influent ( g / m ) 3
c
c Y So S
C Y So S X o ,i C
Fd k d C
1 k d C 1 k
d C
PX T ,VSS
C
Y S S Y So S X o ,i
PX T ,VSS ( o
Fd kd C )
(1 kd C ) (1 kd C )
VX TSS VX VSS
C
PX T ,TSS PX T , VSS
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more biomass decays the difference bw MLVSS and
A s θC
more cell debris accumulates biomass VSS conc increases
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QYSo S YQ So Sc
Fd k d X o,i Q
1 k d c 1 k d c
Yobs
QSo S
Y f d k d Yc X o,i
Yobs •depends on ww characteristics
1 k d c 1 k d c So S & type of pretreatment S<<So
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F/M (Food / Microorganism) Ratio
𝑆0 − 𝑆
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑠𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓 % = 100
𝑆0
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So S
U
X
So
QSo U FM
U
F M E
E So S 100 X(100) X100 E 100 100
So
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Return Sludge Pumping Rate
S,X,
Q,Xo,So Q+QR
•X (Q-QW),Xe,S
QR,XR,S
Qw,XR,S
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Biomass Mass Balance around secondary clarifier
dX
dt
(Q Q r ) X Q e X e Q w X r Q r X R
Assumption: 1) steady-state conditions prevail
2) solids in the effluent from the settling tank is negligible
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dx Q QR Q X Q w XR Q R XR
0 X e e
dt
QX Q R X Q W XR Q R XR
X X
c
Q Q w Xe Q w X R Q w X R (for wasting from RAS)
Qw XR X
c
QX Q R X X Q R X R
c
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QX X
QX X QR X R QR X
C Q
c
X R X R
X Q
XQ X Q
C C
QR QR
XR X XR X
𝜃
𝑋𝑄(1 − 𝜃 )
𝐶
𝑋𝑅
𝑋( 𝑋 − 1) QR 1 C
𝑄𝑅 R
𝑅=
𝑄
=
𝑄
Q X R X 1
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If you write biomass mass balance around
aeration tank
(boundary cond : black dotted line)
Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow
QX0 QR X R Q QR X
dx
dt
QR X R QX QR X
0
QX Q R XR X R
QR
X
Q XR X
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B) Wasting from the Aeration Tank
Qw,X,S
Q,Xo,So Q+Qr-Qw (Q-QW),Xe,S
QR,XR,S
•Biomass Mass Balance
•Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation
Q Q R Q w X (Qe X e Q R X R )
dX
dt
•Assumptions: 1)solids in the eff from the settling tank is negligible
• 2) steady-state conditions prevail
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dx
0
Q QR Qw X QeXe QR X r
dt
QX Q R X Q W X Q R XR
0
Q W X QX Q R X XR
X QX Q R X X R X
C
Q R QX X X R
C
X
QX
C Q R 1 / C
QR Recyle ratio= R
XR X Q X R X 1
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Determination of Biomass Conc. in the Return Sludge (XR)
In ATV approach,
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•Ref: Metcalf & Eddy