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• Trickling Filters
Effluent
Inf.
Waste sludge
WAS -(Waste Activated Sludge)
A portion of the biomass has to be wasted from the system on a regular basis.
This is necessary to maintain a proper balance of biomass in the process. This
also provides a route to remove a large amount of phosphorus from the system.
Bugs are wasted out of the system on a batch basis, pretty much daily. These
bugs are wasted into our Biosolids Storage Tanks.
Biological Reactors
•Batch mode with discontinuous flow
•Plug flow mode with continuous flow
•Partially mixed mode with continuous flow
•Completely mixed mode with continuous flow
Types of Activated Sludge
Processes
Raw
wastewater Effluent
Aeration tank Final
clarifier
Waste
Return activated sludge (RAS) activated
sludge
(WAS)
Types of Activated Sludge Processes (Activated
Sludge process Modifications)
1. Complete Mix or High Rate
• Complete mix reactor
(uniform characteristic throughout the reactor)
Complete mix reactor
Effluent
Influent
Effluent
Waste sludge
b. Step Feed
Air supply for aeration & mixing
Effluent
Step feed
Influent
Return activated sludge (RAS) Waste sludge
Design Considerations
Factors to be considered in the design of activated sludge
processes
• Reactor type
• Hydraulic retention time
• Hydraulic loading
• Organic loading
• Aeration capacity
• Sludge age
• Food/microorganisms ratio (F/M)
• Return activated sludge recirculation rate
• Nutrients
•Environmental factors (pH, temperature ,etc)
Kinetics of Microbial Growth
Biochemical reaction
Biomass concentration.
The concentration of biomass, X (mg/L),
increases as a function of time due to
conversion of food to biomass:
( growth rate of bacteria)
substra
In some books,
given as
Since the hydraulic retention time, =
V/Qo, then
The mean cell residence time in the system is defined as
the mass of organisms in the aeration tank divided by the
mass of organisms removed from the system per day,
and is expressed as
Activated Sludge Design Equations
Mass balance of biomass production
Influent
biomass + biomass production = effluent
biomass + sludge wasted
Mass balance of food substrate
Influent substrate + substrate consumed =
effluent susbtrate + sludge wasted substrate
Solution
Wehner–Wilhelm model
f) BY-PASS PIPEWORK
Trickling filtration
A trickling filter is a bed of solid media for bacteria to
attach on its surfaces
Also called a biological filter/bio-film process/ slim layer
or fixed film process
Attached Growth Processes
principal components
Rotary distributor
Plastic media
provides surface area
for the micro-organisms
to grow
Under drain
Collection & aeration
supports the media
Effluent Influent
Schematic diagram of attached-growth process
In a packed tower or trickling filter, the
wastewater is sprayed or poured over rock
or synthetic media on which a microbial
population grows.
Contrary to the name, no filtration takes
place.
The wastewater simply flows (or trickles)
down through the media and collects in a
trough at the bottom.
The wastewater is recycled back through the
packed tower to increase the contact with the
biofilm and to provide a constant shear force to
prevent an excessive buildup of biomass.
Earlier versions of the trickling filter were
circular tanks with rocks (5 to 10 cm) used as
media for bacterial attachment.
The tank depth was usually limited to six or
seven feet, because of poor oxygen
penetration.
Design Equations (empirical)
1. Schultz and Germain Equation
Se k 20 D
= exp -
Si Q/A
k20 = Treatability constant for a given depth of filter at 20°C,
Z = filter depth,
Q = volumetric flow rate,
A= filter cross-sectional area,
The k20 must be corrected for depth if the design is not for
the same depth as used for the constant determination i.e., if
the constant was determined for a 15 ft. unit, then a correction
must be applied if it is to be used for designing a 30 ft or 20 ft.
unit.
A common correction is
x
D1
k 2 = k1
D2
K1 = Treatability constant at depth D1
K2 = Treatability constant at depth D2
Z1= depth of filter one
Z2=depth of filter two,
X = 0.5 for vertical and rock media filters 0.3 for cross
flow plastic media filters
2. National Research Council
EXAMPLE :
Estimate the BOD removal efficiency and effluent BOD5 of
a two-stage trickling filter using the NRC formula with the
following given conditions.
Solution:
Step 1. Estimate BOD loading at the first stage (consider 35% BOD removal
at primary clarifier)
Influent BOD= C1= 300 mg/L (1 - 0.35) = 195 mg/L
BOD(kg0d) =W = QC1=195*7570*1000=1476.15kg/m3
Step 2 Calculate BOD removal efficiency of filter 1
E1=63.8%
Step 3. Calculate effluent BOD concentration of filter 1 (C1e)