5 Language of Chemistry

as it was not practical. A new system of

Learn about symbols proposed by the scientist Berzelius

was introduced in its place. A few rules of

Symbols of Elements the system are as follows.

Formulae of Compounds of the elements

Symbols of some are
Chemical Equations (from Word
derived from the first letter of their
Equations)
Balancing Simple Chemical Equations English names and are represented by a

Chemical capital letter [Table 5.1 (a)].

Information gathered from a

Equation If two or more elements have names

Limitations of a Chemical Equation with the same letter, then one

beginning
more letter is added to the first letter.
For exanmple, chromium has the symbol
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS The
Cr and chlorine has the symbol Cl.
A chemical symbol is the representation is written with the first letter in
symbol
letter in lower
of an atom of an element (or the element capitals and the second
itself). example, the chemical symbol
For case [Table 5.1(b).
of hydrogen is H. In early days, pictorial Symbols of some elements are derived
for
symbols were used as chemical symbols from their Latin names [Table 5.1(c)].
elements. This system was later discarded
their symbols
Table 5.1 Common elements and
their Latin namne

(b) Symbols derived from two letters Symbols derived from

(a) Symbols derived from the first of their English name
letter of their English name

Symbols Elements |Symbols

Elements Symbols Elements Na
He Sodium (Natrium)
H Helium
Hydrogen Potassium (Kalium) K
C Magnesium Mg
Carbon Fe
Aluminium Al Iron (Ferrum)
Nitrogen N
Copper (Cuprum) Cu
Silicon Si
Oxygen Silver (Argentum) Ag
Chlorine Cl
Phosphorus P Au
Calcium Ca Gold (Aurum)
Sulphur Mn Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg
lodine Manganese
Lead (Plumbum) Pb
Cobalt Co

Zinc Zn

69
 Valency of elements

FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS available in the outermost shell

electrons
The valence electrons and
are called
The chemical formula of a compound is of an atom
valence shell.
shell is called
molecule of the outermost
the representation of a the

compound. It represents the

number of
is usually equal to the number of
Valency
shell of the atom
of the elements present in
one
the o u t e r m o s t
electrons in
atoms

molecule of the compound. it that number is less than 5.

of that element
outermost electrons is 5 or
chemical formula of water If thenumber of
For example, the 1s 8 minus this number.
a molecule of water more the valency
is H20. It represents
combination of two atoms of has one electron
formed by the For example, hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen. shell and we see that its
hydrogen in the outermost
nas 6 electrons in
valency is also 1; 0xygen
Valency shell, its valency is 2 (8 6).
the outermost
a molecule
The number of atoms present in
called monovalent, divalent.
of a compound depends on the combining An element is
and pentavalent
the trivalent, tetravalent,
capacity of the elements forming
according as its valency 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
compound. The combining capacity of
an
elements also exhibit
atom of an element is called its valency. respectively. Some
different
compounds.
multiple valency in
The valency of an element is a whole
Table 5.2 lists the valencies of a few
number. It varies from 1 to 8.
common elements.

Table 5.2 Elements and their valencies

a) Elements with single valency (b) Elements with multiple valency

Elements Valency Elements Valencies

Lithium, sodium, potassium, Nitrogen 3,5

and hydrogen Phosphorus 3,5
Sulphur 2, 4, 6
Oxygen, magnesium, and zinc 2 Chlorine 1,3,5,7
Manganese 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
Iron
Boron and aluminium 3 2,3
Cobalt 2,3
Copper 1,2
Silicon 4 lodine
1,3, 5, 7
Lead
2,4
Valency of ions or a
group of atoms that gains electron(s)
Charged particles formed when an atom or develops a negative charge and is known as
a group of atoms gains or loses electrons are an anion.

called ions. An atom or a group of atoms

Table 5.3 summarizes some of the
that loses electron(s) develops a positive common
ions, their names, and their
charge and is known as a cation. An atom symbols.
Table 5.3 lons, their names, and their symbols
Metals Non-metals
Name of the Symbol of the Name of the Symbol of the
Element Element
ion ion ion ion

Iron Ferrous/Ferric Fe2+/Fe3+

Fluorine Fluoride F

Sodium Sodium ion Nat

Chlorine Chloride
Potassium Potassium ion K

Calcium Calcium ion Ca2 Bromine Bromide Br

Magnesium Mg2
Magnesium ion
Sulphur Sulphide
Cuprous/ Cu /Cu2
Copper Cupric
Oxygen Oxide 0
Zinc Zinc ion Zn2

An 1on having more than one atoms is called polyatomic ion. The valencies of polyatomic

ions are listed in the Table 5.4.

and valencies/charge
Table 5.4 Common polyatomic ions, their chemical formulae,
Chemical formula Valency/charge
Polyatomic ion

Sulphate SO2
Carbonate CO,2

Nitrate NO
Sulphite S0
Phosphate PO
+1
Ammonium NH
1
Hydrogen carbonate HCO
1
Hydroxide (or Hydroxyl) OH
Qprestions
Write T for True and F for False.

. be a whole number or a fraction.

Valency can

2. Ferrous and ferric ions are ions of copper.

ol [Wo.
negative charge
. Oxygen forms an oxide ion with a
OI One.
4. Fluorine forms an ion with a positive charge
5. On losing electrons, atoms develop a positive charge

Step 3: C,0
Representation of Compounds
A molecule of a compound can be Step 4: Since the
valencies are divisible bv 2
would be CO,
represented by a chemical formula. It is the simplified formula
derived on the basis of the following rules.
Example 2 Derivation of iron sulphide.
Step 1 Write down the symbols of the
elements that make up the compound. Step 1: Write the symbols Fe and S

valencies +2 and-2
Step 2: Write the
Step 2 Write down the valency of each of the
Step 3: Interchange the valencies Fe, and S
elements below their respective symbols. and write as subscripts

valencies and write Step 4: Divide the valencies by a

Step 3 Interchange the Common factor
Fe, and S
them as subscripts next to the symbols. You
Chemical formula of iron(!)
need not write any subscript if the valency FeS
sulphide
is 1.
Example 3 Derivation of the chemical
Step 4 Simplify the formula by dividing
formula of iron (11) carbonate (made up of
the valencies by a common number. If not
iron and carbonate ion made up of carbon
divisible by any common number, leave the
and oxygen.
valencies as they are.

Step 1: Write the symbols Fe and CO0,

Example 1 A molecule of carbon dioxide is
formed by the combination of atoms of the Step 2: Write the valencies +3 and-2

elements carbon and oxygen. Step 3: Interchange the valencies

Fe, and (CO0
and write as subscripts
Step 1
Step 4: Divide the valencies by a
Not divisible
common factor
Chemical formula of iron[11)
Step 2: carbonate FeCO)
 vation of the chemical (RHS). The reactants are written on the left
Eran nple 4
iormula of
tormu
calcium hydroxide (made up of hand side and the products are written on

alcium
and nydroxide, a polyatonmic ion the right-hand side. A plus sign is written
of oxygen and hydrogen). between the reactants (between products
made up
too, if nmore than one are formed) and an
Write the symbols Ca and OH arrow points towards the products.
Step 1:
Write the valencies +2 and -1
step 2: The conditions necessary for the reaction
step 3: interchange the valences Ca and
are usually written on top of (or below)
and write as subscripts (OH) the arrow. When a chemical reaction is
Step4: Divide the valencies bya Not
Common factor divisible represented using only the names of the
chemicals involved, then it is called a word
Chemical formula of calcium
hydroxide
Ca(OH) equation.

Derivation of the chemical For example, the burning of magnesium is a

Example 5
formula of ammonium carbonate (made up chemical reaction in which magnesium and
oxide.
of ammonium, an ion made up of nitrogen Oxygen react to produce magnesium
The same can be represented as
and hydrogen, and carbonate, another ion
made up of carbon and oxygen). Heat
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium
NH and CO Oxide
Step 1: Write the symbols
+1 and -2 To convert this equation into the language
Step 2: Write the valencies
of chemistry, the names of the chemicals are
Step 3: Interchange the
valencies and write as (NH,), and (CO replaced with symbols and formulae to get

subscripts the chemical equation:

Step 4: Divide the valencies by Not divisible Heat
a common factor Mg + O MgO
Chemical formula of
ammonium carbonate (NH,),CO, But this chemical equation is not correct
because oxygen in the air exists as in
molecular form (O,) and not in atomic torm
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (FROM (0). Therefore, the revised equation is:
WORD EQUATIONs) Heat

ne
representation of a chemical reacton
Mg +
O
0 MgO
LStrng symbols and formulae is known as a Even this equation is not correct. It violates
chemical equation. very important law of matter - the law of

A conservation of mass (reter to Chapter-1).

chemical equat has two parts: the
Such an equation is called unbalanced
left-hand side (LHS) and the right-hand side

N
 = 0 =
1
of Mg
RHS: No. of atoms
of this magnesium
atoms is
equation number of
The
balanced
the
of oxygen atoms is
equation.
Here,
number
the
reaction is: balanced but
Heat 2MgO not.
2Mg+
to balance the
coniorms
Multiply the R S by 2
equation 2.
balanced
chemical
o atoms on both sides.
A and the law number of oxygen
atomic theory
to both the Heat
conservation ot mass.
+ 2MgO
Mg
of Mg =l 0 =2
BALANCING SIMPLE LHS: No. of atoms
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 2 0 2
No. of atoms of Mg =

the RHS:
balanced on
be
equation
can
atoms is
A chemical law of number of oxygen
laws: atomic
theory and Here, the
basis of two of magnesium
balanced but the number
conservation of mass.
atoms is not.

Applying Atomic Theory magnesium on the LHS by 2.

3. Multiply
atomic theory, in a
According to the Heat
the atoms of the reacting 2Mg+ O
0, 2MgO
chemical reaction
transfer
molecules do not change. They only 2 0 2
of Mg
=

themselves in LHS: No. of atoms

or share electrons among
the 2
compounds. Therefore, 0 -

of Mg =
2
forming newer
RHS: No. of atoms

number of of each element must

atoms
sides
atoms on both
the sides of a chemical the numbers of
be equal on both Now,
can be used in balancing balanced chemical
equation. This fact are equal. This is a

a chemical equation. equation.

For exampie, to balance a chemical equation, look at few more examples

Let us take a a

follow the steps given below.

of atoms of each
Example1
1. Count the number Wite the word and the chemical
equations
element on the LHS and that of each product the
for the burning of carbon and balance
on the RHS.
chemical equation.
So, in the equation
Heat Solution
Mg + 0,
MgO Word equation:
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
LHS: No. of atoms of Mg 1 0 2
chemical e q u a t i o n :
Solution
C+ 0, Co, Word equation:
Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride
No. of atoms of C =
1 OO =
2
IHS:
Chemical equation: H, + Cl HCI
No. of atoms of C
=
1 O 2
RHS: LHS: No. of atoms of H = 2

of atoms are equal on both No. of atoms of Cl = 2

The number
this is a balanced chemical
sides. Thus, RHS: No. of atoms of H = 1
equation.
No. of atoms of Cl = 1

Example 2
Multiply RHS by 2 to balance the number of
Write the word and chemical equations for a
hydrogen and chlorine atoms on both sides.
reaction between hydrogen and oxygen and
balance the chemical equation.
H +Cl 2HCI
LHS: No. of atoms of H = 2
Solution
Word equation: Hydrogen + Oxygen -Water No. of atoms of Cl = 2

Chemicale quation: H, + O, H,o RHS: No. of atoms of H = 2

LHS: No. of atoms of H = 2 0 = 2 No. of atoms of Cl = 2

RHS: No. of atoms of H = 2 0 1 This is balanced chemical

a equation.
Multiply H on LHS and the RHS by 2 to Example 4
balance the number of hydrogen atoms on Write the word and chemical equations for
both sides. the reaction between iron and sulphur and
2H, +0, 2H,O balance the chemical reaction.
LHS: No. of atoms of H =
4 O=
2 Solution
RHS: No. Word equation: Iron (11) +
Sulphur
of atoms of H =4 O =2
Iron (1) sulphide
his is the balanced chemical equation. Chemical equation: Fe + S FeS
Example 3 LHS: No. of atoms of Fe = 1
Write the word and chemical No. of atoms of S =1
Teaction between equations for
alance the
hydrogen and chlorine and
RHS: No. of atoms of Fe = 1
chemical equation.
No. of atoms of S = 1

The number of atoms is

equal on both sides.
This is a balanced chemical
equation.
Example 5 Solution
Write the word and chemical equations for Word equation:
the reaction between carbon dioxide and Hydrogen + Oxygen
Water
water and balance the chemical reaction.
Chemical equation: H , 0 H, + 0,

Solution LHS: No. of atoms of H == 2 O 1

Word equation:
RHS: No. o f atoms of H = 2 O 2
Carbon dioxide +
Water Carbonic acid

Chemical equation: CO, + H , 0 - H,C0 Multiply LHS by 2 to balance the number of

atoms on both sides.
oxygen
LHS: No. of atoms of
C 1 O 3 H 2 H2 +
O
2H,0
LHS No. of atoms of H =
4 0 =
2
RHS No. of atoms of

C 1 O 3 O H 2 RHS: No. o f a t o m s of H = 2 0= 2

The number of atoms is equal on both sides. 2 to balance the

Multiply H on RHS by
This is a balanced chemical equation.
number of hydrogen atoms on both sides.

Example 6 2H,0 2H, + O

Write the word and chemical equations for
the dissociation of water (decomposition LHS: No. of atoms of H =4 O 2

reaction) and balance the chemical reaction. RHS: No. of atoms of H 4 0 2

The numbers of atoms are equal on botn

sides. This is a balanced chemical equation.

Qrestions.
Balance the following equations.
ron (catalyst)
1. H + N NH
2. Fe H,O Fe,O+ H
3. Al+ NaOH + H,O NaAlO, + H,

4. Fe(NO,), + NaOH Fe(OH), + NaNO,

5. Fe,O, + CO Fe+ CO,

 plying Law of Conservation of Total Mass (of reactants) on
LHS 40 + 73 = 113
Mass
ording to the law of conservation of
Total Mass (of products) on
smatter is neither created
mass
nor destroyed RHS 111+ 2= 113
in a chemical reaction (or physical change).
Achemical equation can be balanced by
applying this law on the atomic masses of INFORMATION GATHERED
reactants and products. If a reactant or a FROM A CHEMICAL EQUATION
product is a compound, then the atomic
mass of each constituent element must be
A chemical equation is a symbolic
used to calculate the molecular mass of the representation of a chemical reaction. But
a chemical
Compound. equation carries only a limited
amount of information about the chemical
For example, let us balance the following reaction it represents.
equation:
Let us consider the
Ca+ HCI CaCl, + H, following chemical
equation:
Now, the atomic mass of
Ca- 40u; H =
lu; Cl =35.55 Ca
Ca 2HCI CaCl +

HH
Therefore,the molecular mass The information that be
(average mass
can
gathered from
of a molecule) of this equation are:
reactants and products
becomes 1. Name of reactants: Calcium and
Ca+ HCI
40 CaCl, +H, Hydrochloric acid
40
+35.5) 40+(35.5x2) (1x2) 2.
5 111
Name of the products: Calcium chloride
2
Total Mass and Hydrogen
(of reactants) on
LAS 40 + 36.5 =
76.5
3. The number of molecules of each
reactant: 1 molecule of Calcium
lotal Mass and 2
(of products) molecules of
RIHS 1 + 2
on Hydrochloric acid
113 4. The number of molecules of
each
erence of mass 113 product: molecule of Calcium chloride
1
=

76.5 =
36.5
Mass of one and 1 molecule of
should be addedmolecule of HCl, which Hydrogen
5.
to the LHS. Therefore, the Proportion of reactants: Calcium
Dalanced equation is Hydrochloric
and
acid react in the ratio
Ca 1:2
4040 2HCI
2x (1+35.5) CaCl,
6.
Proportion products: Calcium chloride
of
+H,
40+(35.5 x 2) (1 x 2) and hydrogen in the
73 ratio 1:1
111 2
 Answer: Thus,
28 8 of lime will he
7. Mas of the reactants: Calcium 40g and
heating 50 8 OI calcium carbonate
obtained
on
Hydrochloric acid 73g
Example2
8. Mass of the products: Calcium chloride Calculate the amount of lime (Ca
when 75 g of calcium carbonate is heated
formed
111g and Hydrogen 28
Example 1 CThe atomic masses of the elements are:
formed 12, and O
of lime (Ca0) 16.)
=

Calculate the amount

Ca -40, C=
is heated.
when 50 g of calcium carbonate
elements are: Solution
(The atomic m a s s e s of the
one: Write the balanced chemical
C=12, and O 16.) Step
Ca 40,
=

equation.
Solution
Write the balanced
chemical When calcium
carbonate (limestone) is
Step one:
heated, carbon dioxide
is liberated.
equation.
CaO +
CO,
When calcium carbonate (limestone)
is CaCO Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate
liberated.
heated, carbon dioxide is
two: Calculate the molecular masses of
CaCO Ca0 CO Step
Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide compounds using atomic masses given.
Calcium carbonate

of
Step two: Calculate the molecular masses
CaCO Ca0 CO
compounds using atomic masses given. 40+16 12+2/16)
40+12+3(16)
CaCO Ca0 CO 100 56 44

40+12+3(16) 40+16 12+2(16)

44 Step three: Write the molecular masses o
100 56
the compounds.

Step three: Write the molecular masses of

CaCO CaO CO
100 g 56 6 448
the compounds.

CaCO CaO CO Using the unitary method,

100 8 56 8 44 8 100 g of calcium carbonate will form s0 6

Using the unitary method, calcium oxide or lime on heating

100 g of calcium carbonate will form 56 g of
8of calcium carbonate will form 56/1006
calcium Oxide or lime on heating.
of lime on
heating
1g of calcium carbonate will form 56/100 g form
Hence, 75 g of calcium carbonate W
of lime on heating. (56/100) x 75 g of lime.
ained
Hence, 50 g of calcium carbonate will form
Answer: Thus, 42 g of lime will be Obld
* 50 g of lime.
(56/100) On heating 75 g of calcium carbonate.

78
Example 3

calculate the amount of magnesium oxide Example4

Calculate the amount of
(MgO) formed when 60 g of magnesium magnesium oxide
air. (The atomic masses of the
in
(Mg0) formed when 90 g of magnesium
burnt
is is burnt in air (The
ments are: Mg= 24 and 0-16.) atomic masses of the
elements are: Mg-24 and 0-16)
Solution
Solution
Step one: Write the balanced chemical
Step one: Write the balanced chermical
equation. equation
2Mg O, 2MgO 2Mg
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide Magnesium 2MgO
Oxygen Magnesium oxude
Step tuo: Calculate the molecular masses of
Step two: Calculate the molecular masses of
compounds using atomic masses given
compounds using atomic masses given

2Mg 2Mgo 2Mg O 2Mgo

24x2 16 x 2
2(24+16) 24x 2 16x 2 224-16
48 32 80 48 32
Step three: Write the molecular masses of Step three: Write the molecular masses of
the compounds. the compounds

2Mg O, 2MgO 2Mg 2MgO

48 32 8 80 4S 8 S08
Using the unitary method, Using the unitary method.
48g of magnesium burns in air and forms 80 48 g of magnesium burns in air and forms S0
8 of magnesium oxide. 8 of magnesium oxide

gof magnesium will form S0/48 g of

1gof magnesium will form 80 48 g ot
magnesium oxide. magnesium oxide
Hence, 60 g of magnesium will form Hence, 90 g magnesium will torm
S0/48) x 60 g of magnesium oxide. (S0/48) x 90 g of magnesium axide

Answer: Thus, 100g of magnesium Answer: Thus. 150 g ot maSINESIUm

ONide will be obtained Oxide will be obtained on heatung s0 g ot
on heating 60 g ot
magnesium in air. magnesum n a
 are a number of limitatione
totality. There
Example 5 reaction can be intluenced by
A chemical
How much sulphur is required to convert Just by bringing two reactante
many factors.
112 g of iron into iron sulphide? (The atomic cause a chemical
tOgethermay not always
masses of the elements are: Fe 56 and =
Conditions must exist for
reaction. Certain
a

S 32.) reaction to occur. In current form

chemical
does not indicate
Solution the chemical equation
information. However, it can be
Step one: Write the balanced chemical these
modified to include these intormation.
equation.
Fes solution
Fe Pure state o r
Iron Sulphur Iron sulphide
Certain reactions take place only when all
masses of
of
Step two: Calculate the molecular are in the form of solutions
the reactants
compounds using atomic masses given.
For example, when sodium iodide solution
Fe S Fes
nitrate soIution,
is added to silver reaction a

56+32
56 32 takes place. However, it silver nitrate is
sodium iodide is in
56 32 88 in the solid state and
solution state, then the reaction does not
three: Write the molecular masses of
Step take place. Therefore, the equation must
the compounds.
mention this intormation as shown in the
Fe S FeS
88g
following equation.
56 g 32g
AgNO, (aq) + Nal(aq) NaNO,(aq) + Agl
Using the unitary method,
iron sulphide A solution in water is mentioned as (ag)
S6g of iron is converted into
using 32 8 of sulphur. next to the solution in a chemical equation.
It reads 'aqueous' meaning watery.
Tg ofiron is converted into iron sulphide
using 32/56 g of sulphur.
Heat and temperature
Hence, 112 g of iron is converted into iron Certain chemical reactions take place at
sulphide using (32/56) x 112 g of sulphur.
high temperatures, whereas some take place
Answer: Thus, 64 g of sulphur is required to at low temperatures. The necessity ot heat
Convert 112 g of iron into iron sulphide. must be stated in the chemical equation.

For example, calcium carbonate, when

LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL heated, produces calcium oxide and carbon
EQUATIONS dioxide.
A chemical equation does not describe
Heat
the chemical reaction that it represents in CaCO Ca0 + CO

80
 chlorate, when
tassium
heated, produces
notassium chlorid and alters the
oxygen. speed of reaction ithout itself
a

2KCIO
Heat undergong any chemical
2KCI+ 30, is specilic in nature change. A catalyst
Cannot be used for The same catalyst
all
Light
For
reactions.
Certain hemical
reactions take place in example, iron is used as
catalyst
1manufacturing process of ammonia.
a
in the
thepresence sunlight For example
of.
photosynthesis in green plants takes
place N2 Iron as catalyst
in he presence of sunlight. The 3H
oht must be stated in the
necessity of A 2NH,
light chemical equation. catalyst can be a positive or a

light catalyst. A positive catalyst negative

6CO, +6H,O the speed of a helps to increase
CH,0, + 60, reaction, whereas a
catalyst helps decrease the negative
Electricity reaction. speed
of a

Certain chemical reactions such as the

decomposition ot water
require electricity. Phosphoric acid in hydrogen peroxide
When electric current is passed decomposition actS as negative catalyst.
a

water, it splits into

through If
phosphoric acid is added to hydrogen
hydrogen and oxygen. peroxide, then the breaking up of
The necessity of electricity must
be stated in peroxide is slowed down. hydrogen
the chemical equation.
Phosphoric acid
Electricity H,0
2H,0 2H2 H
O2
Pressure Physical states
A chemical
Certain reactions, where one or more
equation should also specify the
reactants are in the physical states of the reactants and products
gaseous state, occur of the reaction.
when pressure is
applied.
The dissolution of gaseous carbon dioxide
The dissolution of carbon dioxide in water
to
in liquid water making liquid carbonic acid
make carbonated drinks
takes place under under high pressure can be
high pressure. The expressed as:
necessity of pressure
must be stated in high pressure
the chemical equation. COg) + H,O 0) H.CO, 0
High pressure An upright arrow is also used to indicate the
CO + H,O
H,CO release of a gaseous product.

Catalyst
A
Mg+ H,SO, MgSO +H
catalyst is a chemical substance that

81
 Endothermic or exothermic

A downward arrow is used to indicate the equation should indicate

A chemical
precipitate of a product.
whether the reaction being represented is
e n d o t h e r m i c o r exothermnic.
AgNO,+ NaCl NaNO, + AgCl

An exothermic reaction iS shown below as it

Reversibility shows energy

produced.
Some chemical reactions are reversible. Such co, +4H, CH+ 2H,0 + heat
reactions proceed in both the directions.
and the An endothermic reaction 1s shown below as
The reactants produce the products S
reactants. absorbed. Photosynthesis.
products also react to form the it shows energy
in the an endothermic reaction
This is indicated by the double arrow
for example, is
equation, as shown here. 6CO,(g)+ 6H,O ()*heat* CgH,,O,(s) +60,(g
Iron (catalyst) also be written asS:
2NH3 The same can
3H + N2
6CO,(g)+6H,0 () CH120,(s) +60,(g) -

heat

Questions that can be gathered from the following chemical

List the various information
equation.
2C+O2 2CO + Energy

WRAP UP
r the element itself.
representation of an atom of an element, or
A chemical symbol is a

compound represents a molecule of the element or

T h e chemical formula of an element or a

Compound.
of element. Most elements have variable
Valency represents the combining capacity of an atom an

valency. catiOn
when of atoms gains or loses electrons. A
atom or a group
lons are charged particles formed an
is formed by the loss of electrons and an anion formed is by the gain of electrons.
A chemical equation is a representation ofa chemical reaction using symbols and formulae
side.
In a chemical equation reactants are shown on the left-hand side and products on the right-hand
The number ofatoms of reactants should be equal to number of atoms of products.
The total mass of the reactants should be equal to the total mass of the products.
A chemical equation is said to be balanced if the atoms of each element on either side are equal in

number.
A chemical equation carries only a limited information about a chemical reaction.
A chemical reaction can be influenced by reactant state, heat or temperature, light, electricity, pressule
or presence of a catalyst.

82
Exercises, es
SECTION I

Name the following.

A.
1. The combining
The Symbol thatcapacity of an
atom
indicates that a
. An atom or a
group ot atoms thatparticular reactant is in the form of
A
chemical substance that alters thehave lost or gained electrons solution in water
chemical change speed of a
reaction without itself
R Choose the correct option.
undergoing any
Elements or compounds that are
a. reactants
tormed as a result of a
C. ions
b. products chemical reaction are called
d. catalyst
2, Which type of reaction does
a. Exothermic
a
doubly headed arrow
b. Reversible
represent?
C. Irreversible
d. Endothermic
3. In the
equation of an endothermic reaction heat is
a. +heat on the LHS shown as
b. +heat in RHS
C. -heat on RHS
d. both (a) and (b)
4. A downward arrow placed next to a substance in a chemical
substance is a equation indicates that the
a. product
b. precipitate
c. liquid
d. solution
C. Write T for True and F for False.
Correct the False statements.
1. All elements have
only one number of valency.
2. The ion formed when
an atom loses
electron(s) and develops a negative charge is known as
a cation.
3. The reaction of
photosynthesis takes place in the presence of electricity.
4.
Electrically charged atoms are called ions.
,Complete and balance the given chemical equations.
1. 2H, +
O...
2. 2Mg +
0
3. C+ OD. ****'**°''**

4. CO, + H,0
5. H, + Cl, ****

6. Fe + S.

83
 SECTION II
A. Give reasons for the
following
1. Chemical formula of sodi suiphate is Na 50, and not Naso
0
2. The
valency of carbon is 4
3 A downward arrow is placed n the folowing teactio0
AgNo, aCl NaN0, AgCl
-

B.
Explain the foliowing terms.
1Valency
2 ions
3 Balanced chermical equation
C.
Distinguish between the following
.Cation and anion
2 Chemical
symbol and chemical formula
D. Short answer
1. What do
questions5.
you understand by valency of element:
an
2
2 Nane any two elements that have variable valences.
3 Write the symbols, atomic
number, mass number. and valency of any ive
4. Write the nane, chemical
iormula, and valency of three ions.
elements
any
E. Long answer
1.
questions.
What is a chemical
symbol? List the rules to write a chemical
2. Cive the
step-by-step procedure to derive the chemical formulasymbol
of
hydroxide. water and calcium
3 What is a chemical equation? Why does a chemical equation need be
F Numerical questions
to balanced?
(The atomic masses of a few elements
are: Ca =
40, C =
12. O
1. Calculate the =
16, Fe =
56. S 32, and
amount of calcium ozide
formed when 500
=

Mg=
g of calcium carbonate is heatea
2. What amount of iron
CaCO,Ca0 co
sulphide is formed when 11.2 g of iron is
Fe S Fes heated with sulphur:
3 What anount of iron
sulphide is formed when 224 of iron
g is heated with
FeS Fes suiphur
4 How much magnesium oxide will be formed
when 96 g of
of air? magnesium is bunt in the
esu
5. What is the amount of
magnesium required to form 160 g of
magnesium in air? magnesium oxide by burn

2MgO: >2MgO

84
 CTURE-BASED QUESTIONS
PICTURE

Answer the following questions based on the

given table
Elements Symbols Elements
Na Symbols
K Ag
Au
Fe
Cu Hg
Pb
a Write the Latin name and the
English name for the symbols given in the table
b. Who proposed the new
system of symbols?
c. Name two elements whose symbols have A as first letter.
Answer the questions based on the given equation:
Iron (catalyst)
H2 N2 NH,
a. Balance the equation.
b. Mention any three intormation which you get by seeing this chemical
equation
C. Calculate how much hydrogen and nitrogen will be required to produce
68g of ammonia.
Given: Atomic mass for H=1 and N = 14]
3. Answer the following using the table given below
Elements Symbols Elements Symbols
Hydrogen H Helium He
Carbon C Magnesium Mg
Nitrogen N Aluminium Al
Oxygen Silicon Si
Phosphorus P Chlorine CI
Sulphur S Calcium Ca
lodine Manganese Mn
Cobalt Co
Zinc Zn

a. Name any two anions that can be formed using the combinations of the elements

mentioned in the table.

b. Name any three elements which have two letters in their symbol.
C. Write a chemical formula using calcium, nitrogen and oxygen.
d. Calcium nitrate on heating gives calcium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. Write the
Word equation and balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

85
 Mytearming comer
A. Think about

Make a table having seven negative polyatomic ions and seven cations. Now
ow write chem
formula using these anions and cations. [You will be able to write 49 tormula.|

B. Picture study

Answer the following on the basis of the table shown here:

Polyatomic ion Chemical formula Valency/charge

Sulphate s02 -2

Carbonate
Co
Nitrate 1
NO
Sulphite -2
S0
Phosphate PO, 3
Ammonium
NH +1
Hydrogen carbonate HCO -1
Hydroxide (or Hydroxyl) OH -1
a. Identify the
polyatomic ion of sulphur.
b. Name any two
negative polyatomic ions having -2 charge.
c. What is the difference
between sulphite and sulphate ions?
d. Write formula for ammonium
phosphate.
e. Which polyatomic anion has two atoms only? What is its charge? Write its formula with
Potassium cation.

C. Try out

1. Take a pinch of sodium carbonate in a test tube and add few

acid. Note your observations in your drops of dilute
hydrochloric
scrapbook and write a
balanced equation for the
reaction.

86