Atom and Element Lec4

Atoms and Elements
Elements and Symbols
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1
Elements
Elements are
• pure substances that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by ordinary laboratory
processes.
• the building blocks of matter.
gold carbon aluminum

2
Symbols of Elements
A symbol
• represents the name of an element.
• consists of 1 or 2 letters.
• starts with a capital letter.
1-Letter Symbols 2-Letter Symbols
C carbon Co cobalt
N nitrogen Ca calcium
F fluorine Al aluminum
O oxygen Mg magnesium
3
Symbols from Latin Names
Several symbols are derived from Latin names as shown

below.
Cu, copper (cuprum) Au, gold (aurum)
Fe, iron (ferrum) Ag, silver (argentum)

4
Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each.

A. Calcium
1) C 2) Ca 3) CA
B. Sulfur
1) S 2) Sl 3) Su
C. Iron
1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe
5
Solution
Select the correct symbol for each.

A. Calcium
2) Ca
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
3) Fe
6
Learning Check
Select the correct name for each symbol.
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel
B. P
1) potassium 2) phlogiston 3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) agean 3) gold
7
Solution
Select the correct name for each:

A. N
2) nitrogen
B. P
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver
8
Atoms and Elements
The Periodic Table

9
Groups and Periods
On the periodic table,

• elements are arranged according to similar
properties.
• groups contain elements with similar properties in
vertical columns.
• periods are horizontal rows of elements.
10
Groups and Periods

11
Group Numbers
Group Numbers
• use the letter A for the representative elements (1A to
8A) and the letter B for the transition elements.
• also use numbers 1-18 to the columns from left to right.
13
Names of Some Representative
Elements
Several groups of representative elements are
known by common names.

14
Alkali Metals
Group 1A(1), the alkali metals, includes lithium,

sodium, and potassium.

15
Halogens
Group 7A(17) the

halogens,
includes chlorine,
bromine, and
iodine.

16
Learning Check
Identify the element described by the following.
A. Group 7A(17), Period 4

1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn
B. Group 2A(2), Period 3

1) beryllium 2) boron 3) magnesium
C. Group 5A(15), Period 2

1) phosphorus 2) arsenic 3) nitrogen
17
Solution
A. Group 7A (17), Period 4

1) Br
B. Group 2A (2), Period 3
3) magnesium
C. Group 5A(15), Period 2
3) nitrogen
18
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
The heavy zigzag line

separates metals and
nonmetals.
• Metals are located to
the left.
• Nonmetals are located
to the right.
• Metalloids are located
along the heavy zigzag
line between the metals
and nonmetals.
19
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals,
and Metalloids
Metals
• are shiny and ductile.
• are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Nonmetals
• are dull, brittle, and poor conductors.
• are good insulators.
Metalloids
• are better conductors than nonmetals, but not
as good as metals.
• are used as semiconductors and insulators.
20
Learning Check
Identify each of the following elements as

1) metal 2) nonmetal 3) metalloid
A. sodium ____
B. chlorine ____
C. silicon ____
D. iron ____
E. carbon ____
21
Solution
Identify each of the following elements as

1) metal 2) nonmetal 3) metalloid
A. sodium 1 metal
B. chlorine 2 nonmetal
C. silicon 3 metalloid
D. iron 1 metal
E. carbon 2 nonmetal
22
Learning Check
Match the elements to the description.
A. Metals in Group 4A(14)

1) Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
B. Nonmetals in Group 5A(15)

1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P 3) N, P, As, Sb
C. Metalloids in Group 4A(14)

1) C, Si, Ge, 2) Si, Ge 3) Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
23
Solution
Match the elements to the description.
A. Metals in Group 4A (14)

1) Sn, Pb
B. Nonmetals in Group 5A(15)

2) N, P
C. Metalloids in Group 4A(14)

2) Si, Ge
24
Atoms and Elements
The Atom

25
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
In Dalton’s Atomic Theory, atoms
• are tiny particles of matter.

• of an element are similar and different from other elements.
• of two or more different elements combine to form compounds.
• are rearranged to form new combinations in a chemical reaction.

26
Subatomic Particles
Atoms contains subatomic particles,
• protons have a positive (+) charge.

• electrons have a negative (-) charge.
• like charges repel and unlike charges
attract.
• neutrons are neutral.

27
Structure of the Atom
An atom consists
• of a nucleus that
contains protons
and neutrons.
• of electrons in a
large empty
space around the
nucleus.

28
Learning Check
Identify each statement as describing a

1) proton 2) neutron 3) electron
A. found outside the nucleus

B. has a positive charge
C. is neutral
D. found in the nucleus
29
Solution
Identify each statement as describing a

1) proton 2) neutron 3) electron
A. 3 found outside the nucleus

B. 1 has a positive charge
C. 2 is neutral
D. 1, 2 found in the nucleus
30
4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
All atoms of an element

have the same number
of protons and the
same atomic number.
Learning Goal Given the atomic number and the mass

number of an atom, state the number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Atomic Number
The atomic number

• is a whole number specific for each element.
• is the same for all atoms of an element.
• is equal to the number of protons in an atom.
• appears above the symbol of an element in the
periodic table.
Atomic number 11
Symbol
Na
Karen C. Timberlake
Atomic Number = Protons in an Atom
Atomic number = number of protons—for example,

• the atomic number of H is 1; every H atom has one proton.
• the atomic number of C is 6; every C atom has six protons.
• the atomic number of Cu is 29; every Cu atom has 29 protons.
Core Chemistry Skill Counting Protons and Neutrons
Karen C. Timberlake
Atomic Number = Protons in an Atom
All atoms of lithium (left) contain three protons, and all atoms of carbon (right) contain six protons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Atoms are Neutral
For neutral atoms, the net charge is zero.

number of protons = number of electrons
Aluminum has 13 protons and 13 electrons. The net (overall)

charge is zero.
13 protons (13+) + 13 electrons (13–) = 0
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Use the periodic table to fill in the atomic number, number of

protons, and number of electrons for each of the following
elements:
Element Atomic Protons Electrons

Number
N
Zn
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Use the periodic table to fill in the atomic number, number of

protons, and number of electrons for each of the following
elements:
Element Atomic Protons Electrons

Number
N 7 7 7
Zn 30 30 30
S 16 16 16
Karen C. Timberlake
Mass Number
The mass number

• represents the number of particles in the nucleus.
• is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons.
• is always a whole number.
• does not appear in the periodic table.
Karen C. Timberlake
Composition of Some Atoms of Different
Elements
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Tips: Protons and Neutrons
Number of protons = atomic number
Number of protons + neutrons = mass number
Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
Note: Mass numbers are given for specific isotopes only.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207.
A. How many protons are in the nucleus?

B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?
C. How many electrons are in the atom?
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207.
A. How many protons are in the nucleus?

atomic number = 82; number protons = 82
B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?
mass number – number protons = number neutrons 207
– 82 = 125 neutrons
C. How many electrons are in the atom?
An atom is neutral, which means that the number of
electrons is equal to the number of protons. An atom of
Pb has 82 protons and 82 electrons.
Karen C. Timberlake
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element

• is listed below the symbol of each element
on the periodic table. Na
• gives the mass of an “average” atom of 22.99
each element compared to 12C.
• is not the same as the mass number.
43
Isotopes of Some Elements and
Their Atomic Mass
Most elements have two or more isotopes that
contribute to the atomic mass of that element.

44
Atomic Mass for Cl
The atomic mass of chlorine is

• due to all the Cl isotopes.
• not a whole number.
• the average of two isotopes:
35Cl and 37Cl.

45
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of

each element.
A. calcium __________
B. aluminum __________
C. lead __________
D. barium __________
E. iron __________
46
Solution
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of

each element:
A. calcium 40.08 amu
B. aluminum 26.98 amu
C. lead 207.2 amu
D. barium 137.3 amu
E. iron 55.85 amu
47
Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements
Electron Energy Levels

48
Energy Levels
Energy levels
• are assigned numbers n = n=4
1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.
• increase in energy as the n=3
value of n increases.
• are like the rungs of a
ladder with the lower n=2
energy levels nearer the
ground.
n=1
49
Energy Levels
Energy levels have a maximum number of electrons

equal to 2n2.
Energy level Maximum number of electrons

n=1 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2
n=2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8
n=3 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18
50
Valence Electrons
The valence electrons

• determine the chemical properties of the elements.
• are the electrons in the highest energy level.
• are related to the group number of the element.
Example: Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons.

5 valence electrons
P Group 5A(15) 2, 8, 5
51
Groups and Valence Electrons
All the elements in a group have the same number of

valence electrons.
Example: Elements in group 2A(2) have two (2)

valence electrons.
Be 2, 2
Mg 2, 8, 2
Ca 2, 8, 8, 2
Sr 2, 8, 18, 8, 2
52
Periodic Table and Valence
Electrons
Representative Elements Group Numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H He
1 2
Li Be Al C N O F Ne
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8
Li Mg Ge Si P S Cl Ar
2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8
53
Learning Check
State the number of valence electrons for each.

A. O
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8
B. Al
1) 13 2) 3 3) 1
C. Cl
1) 2 2) 5 3) 7
54
Solution

A. O
2) 6
B. Al
2) 3
C. Cl
3) 7
55
Learning Check

A. calcium
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3
B. group 6A (16)
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6
C. tin
1) 2 2) 4 3) 14
56
Solution

A. calcium
2) 2
B. group 6A (16)
3) 6
C. tin
2) 4
57
Solution

A. 2, 8, 5 5
B. 2, 8, 8, 2 2
C. 2, 7 7
58
Electron-Dot Symbols
An electron-dot symbol
• shows the valence electrons
around the symbol of the
element.
• for Mg has two valence
electrons as single dots on the
sides of the symbol Mg.
. .
·Mg · or Mg · or ·Mg or ·Mg
·
59
Writing Electron-Dot Symbols
Electron-dot symbols for

• groups 1A(1) to 4A(14) use single dots.
· ·
Na · · Mg · · Al · ·C·
·
• groups 5A(15) to 7A(17) use pairs and single dots.

·· ··
·P· : O·
· ·
60
Groups and Electron-Dot Symbols
In a group, all the electron-dot symbols have the

same number of valence electrons (dots).
Example: Atoms of elements in Group 2A(2) each

have 2 valence electrons.
· Be ·
· Mg ·
· Ca ·
· Sr ·
· Ba ·
61
Learning Check

A. X is the electron-dot symbol for
1) Na 2) K 3) Al

B.  X

 is the electron-dot symbol of
1) B 2) N 3) P
62
Solution

A. X is the electron-dot symbol for
1) Na 2) K

B.  X 
 is the electron-dot symbol of

2) N 3) P
63
Atomic Size
Atomic size is described using the atomic radius; the

distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons.

64
Learning Check
A. 2, 8, 5
B. 2, 8, 8, 2
C. 2, 7
66
Atomic Radius Within A Group
Atomic radius increases

going down each group
of representative
elements.

67
Atomic Radius Across a Period
Going across a period left to right,

• an increase in number of protons increases attraction for
valence electrons.
• atomic radius decreases.

68
Learning Check
Select the element in each pair with the larger atomic

radius.
A. Li or K
B. K or Br
C. P or Cl
69
Solution
Select the element in each pair with the larger atomic

radius.
A. K
B. K
C. P
70
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a

valence electron.
Na(g) + Energy (ionization)  Na+(g) + e-
71
Ionization Energy In a Group
Going up a group of
representative elements,
• the distance decreases
between nucleus and
valence electrons.
• the ionization energy
increases.

72
Ionization Energy
• Metals have
lower
ionization
energies.
• Nonmetals
have higher
ionization
energies.

73
Learning Check
Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization

energy.
A. Li or K
B. K or Br
C. P or Cl
74
Solution
Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization

energy.
A. Li
B. Br
C. Cl
75

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Atoms and Elements

Elements and Symbols

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

gold carbon aluminum

Several symbols are derived from Latin names as shown

Cu, copper (cuprum) Au, gold (aurum)

Fe, iron (ferrum) Ag, silver (argentum)

Select the correct symbol for each.

Select the correct symbol for each.

Select the correct name for each:

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

On the periodic table,

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Group 1A(1), the alkali metals, includes lithium,

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Group 7A(17) the

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Identify the element described by the following.

A. Group 7A(17), Period 4

B. Group 2A(2), Period 3

C. Group 5A(15), Period 2

A. Group 7A (17), Period 4

The heavy zigzag line

Identify each of the following elements as

Identify each of the following elements as

Match the elements to the description.

A. Metals in Group 4A(14)

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A(15)

C. Metalloids in Group 4A(14)

Match the elements to the description.

A. Metals in Group 4A (14)

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A(15)

C. Metalloids in Group 4A(14)

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• are tiny particles of matter.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Atoms contains subatomic particles,

• protons have a positive (+) charge.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Identify each statement as describing a

A. found outside the nucleus

Identify each statement as describing a

A. 3 found outside the nucleus

All atoms of an element

Learning Goal Given the atomic number and the mass

The atomic number

Atomic number = number of protons—for example,

Core Chemistry Skill Counting Protons and Neutrons

For neutral atoms, the net charge is zero.

Aluminum has 13 protons and 13 electrons. The net (overall)

13 protons (13+) + 13 electrons (13–) = 0

Use the periodic table to fill in the atomic number, number of

Element Atomic Protons Electrons

Use the periodic table to fill in the atomic number, number of

Element Atomic Protons Electrons

The mass number

Number of protons = atomic number

Number of protons + neutrons = mass number

Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

Note: Mass numbers are given for specific isotopes only.

An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207.

A. How many protons are in the nucleus?