List of largest volcanic eruptions

In a volcanic eruption, lava, volcanic bombs and

ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic
vent and fissure. While many eruptions only pose
dangers to the immediately surrounding area, Earth's
largest eruptions can have a major regional or even
global impact, with some affecting the climate and
contributing to mass extinctions.[1][2] Volcanic
eruptions can generally be characterized as either
explosive eruptions, sudden ejections of rock and
ash, or effusive eruptions, relatively gentle
outpourings of lava.[3] A separate list is given below
for each type.
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the largest
eruption since 1912, is dwarfed by the eruptions in
There have probably been many such eruptions
this list.
during Earth's history beyond those shown in these
lists. However erosion and plate tectonics have
taken their toll, and many eruptions have not left
enough evidence for geologists to establish their size. Even for the eruptions listed here, estimates of the
volume erupted can be subject to considerable uncertainty.[4]

Contents
Explosive eruptions
Effusive eruptions
Large igneous provinces
See also
Notes
References

Explosive eruptions
In explosive eruptions, the eruption of magma is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the
explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical
eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of
several eruptions spread over several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick,
highly viscous, silicic or felsic magma, high in volatiles like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Pyroclastic
materials are the primary product, typically in the form of tuff. Eruptions the size of that at Lake Toba
74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the Yellowstone eruption 620,000 years
ago, around 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi), occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.[1][n 1]
 Age
Volcano— (Millions Volume
Location Notes Ref.
eruption[5] of (km3)[n 3]
years)[n 2]
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Guarapuava — Paraná Province [4]
132 Etendeka 8,600
Tamarana—Sarusas suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Paraná Province [4]
Santa Maria—Fria ~132 Etendeka 7,800
suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
Largest known
eruption on earth
in at least the
last million
[8] [9] [10]
years, possibly
Lake Toba Caldera— Sunda Arc, 2,000- responsible for a
0.073 [11] [12]
Youngest Toba Tuff Indonesia 6,000 population
bottleneck of the
human species
(see Toba
catastrophe
theory)
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Guarapuava — Paraná Province [4]
~132 Etendeka 7,600
Ventura suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
One of the
largest and
oldest
supereruptions.
Flat Landing Existence as a
Flat Landing Brook 2,000- [13] [14]
466 Brook single eruption
Eruption 12,000
Formation is controversial.
Possibly a
multiple 2,000+
km³ event under
a million years.
Volume includes
5550 km³ of
Sam Ignimbrite and 6,797- distal tuffs. This [15]
29.5 Yemen
Green Tuff 6,803 estimate is
uncertain to a
factor of 2 or 3.
Goboboseb–Messum 132 Paraná and 6,340 The nature of [16]
volcanic centre— Etendeka eruption is
disputed.
Springbok quartz traps, Brazil Paraná Province
latite unit and Namibia suggests an
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
The largest of
the Indian Peak-
Indian Peak- Caliente Caldera
Wah Wah Springs Caliente 5,500- Complex, and [17] [18]
30.06
Tuff Caldera 5,900 includes flows
Complex over 13,000 feet
thick at the
most.
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Caxias do Sul— Paraná Province [4]
~132 Etendeka 5,650
Grootberg suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
Part of at least
20 large caldera-
forming
San Juan eruptions in the
La Garita Caldera— volcanic San Juan [19][20]
27.8 5,000
Fish Canyon Tuff field, volcanic field
Colorado and surrounding
area that formed
around 26 to 35
Ma.
Formed the
White Rock
Indian Peak- Caldera, one of
Caliente the largest [17]
Lund Tuff 29.2 4,400
Caldera eruptions of the
Complex Mid-Tertiary
Ignimbrite
flareup.
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Paraná Province [4]
Jacui—Goboboseb II ~132 Etendeka 4,350
suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Paraná Province [4]
Ourinhos—Khoraseb ~132 Etendeka 3,900
suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
Volume estimate
Jabal Kura'a 3,797- [15]
29.6 Yemen is uncertain to a
Ignimbrite 3,803
factor of 2 or 3.
Windows Butte tuff 31.4 William's 3,500 Part of the Mid- [21][22]
Ridge, Tertiary
 central ignimbrite flare-
Nevada up
The nature of
eruption is
disputed.
Paraná and
Anita Garibaldi— Paraná Province [4]
~132 Etendeka 3,450
Beacon suggests an
traps
effusive origin
from local
sources.[6][7]
Really a regional
correlation of
many
Oxaya ignimbrites 19 Chile 3,000 ignimbrites [23]
originally
thought to be
distinct
One of 2
previously
unknown
Located in Yellowstone
Grey's Landing [24]
8.72 southern 2,800 hotspot
Supereruption
Idaho Supereruptions;
Largest
Yellowstone
eruption.
Forms a
Pacana Caldera— [25]
4 Chile 2,800 resurgent
Atana ignimbrite
caldera.
Taupo
Mangakino Caldera— Volcanic [26]
1.01 2,760
Kidnappers ignimbrite Zone, New
Zealand
Iftar Alkalb—Tephra 4 [4]
29.5 Afro-Arabian 2,700
W
One of the
Yellowstone Caldera largest
Yellowstone 2,450- [27] [28]
—Huckleberry Ridge 2.059 Yellowstone
hotspot 2,500
Tuff eruptions on
record
Nohi Rhyolite
total volume
over 7,000 km³
Nohi Rhyolite—Gero Honshū, [29]
70 2,200 in 70 to 72 Ma,
Ash-Flow Sheet Japan
Gero Ash-Flow
Sheet being the
largest
Largest in the
Taupo
Southern
Volcanic [30]
Whakamaru 0.254 2,000 Hemisphere in
Zone, New
the Late
Zealand
Quaternary
Palmas BRA-21— 29.5 Paraná and 1,900 The nature of [4]
Wereldsend Etendeka eruption is
traps disputed.
Paraná Province
suggests an
effusive origin
 from local
sources.[6][7]
Last of the
Near Kilgore, eruptions from [31]
Kilgore tuff 4.3 1,800
Idaho the Heise
volcanic field
One of 2
previously
Located in
McMullen unknown [24]
8.99 southern 1,700
Supereruption Yellowstone
Idaho
hotspot
eruptions.
Sana'a Ignimbrite— [4]
29.5 Afro-Arabian 1,600
Tephra 2W63
England,
One of the
exposed in
Millbrig eruptions— oldest large
Bentonites
454 Northern 1,509[n 4] eruptions
[5][32][33]
Europe and
preserved
Eastern US
First of several
Blacktail, eruptions from [31]
Blacktail tuff 6.5 1,500
Idaho the Heise
volcanic field
Taupo
Mangakino Caldera— Volcanic [26]
1 1,495
Rocky Hill Zone, New
Zealand
Emory Caldera— Southwestern [34]
33 1,310
Kneeling Nun tuff New Mexico
A part of the
large eruptions
Omine-Odai Caldera
Honshū, that occurred in [35]
—Murou pyroclastic 13.7 1,260
Japan southwest
flow
Japan to 13 to
15 Ma.
Also includes a
900 cubic km
Southwestern [36]
Timber Mountain tuff 11.6 1,200 tuff as a second
Nevada
member in the
tuff
Related to a
1000 cubic km
tuff (Tiva
Paintbrush tuff
Southwestern Canyon [36]
(Tonopah Spring 12.8 1,200
Nevada Member) as
Member)
another member
in the
Paintbrush tuff
Part of at least
20 large caldera-
forming
eruptions in the
Bachelor—Carpenter San Juan San Juan [20]
28 1,200
Ridge tuff volcanic field volcanic field
and surrounding
area that formed
around 26 to 35
Ma
Bursum—Apache 28.5 Southern 1,200 Related to a [37]
Springs Tuff New Mexico 1050 cubic km
tuff, the
Bloodgood
Canyon tuff
Taupo
Taupo Volcano— Volcanic Most recent VEI [38]
0.027 1,170
Oruanui eruption Zone, New 8 eruption
Zealand
Taupo
Mangakino Caldera—
Volcanic [26]
Ongatiti - 1.21 1,150
Zone, New
Mangatewaiiti
Zealand
Predates half of
Huaylillas Ignimbrite 15 Bolivia 1,100 the uplift of the [39]
central Andes
Related to a
Bursum—Bloodgood Southern 1200 cubic km [37]
28.5 1,050
Canyon tuff New Mexico tuff, the Apache
Springs tuff
A part of the
large eruptions
Kyūshū, that occurred in [35]
Okueyama Caldera 13.7 1,030
Japan southwest
Japan to 13 to
15 Ma.
Last large
eruption in the
Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone [40] [41] [42]
0.639 1,000 Yellowstone
—Lava Creek Tuff hotspot
National Park
area
Main [43]
Awasa Caldera 1.09 1,000
Ethiopian Rift
Catamarca
Elliptical caldera [44]
Cerro Galán 2.2 Province, 1,000
is ~35 km wide
Argentina
Related to a
1200 cubic km
tuff (Topopah
Paintbrush tuff (Tiva Southwestern [36]
12.7 1,000 Spring Member)
Canyon Member) Nevada
as another
member in the
Paintbrush tuff
Part of at least
20 large caldera-
forming
eruptions in the
San Juan—Sapinero San Juan San Juan [20]
28 1,000
Mesa Tuff volcanic field volcanic field
and surrounding
area that formed
around 26 to 35
Ma
Uncompahgre—Dillon 28.1 San Juan 1,000 Part of at least [20]
& Sapinero Mesa volcanic field 20 large caldera-
Tuffs forming
eruptions in the
San Juan
 volcanic field
and surrounding
area that formed
around 26 to 35
Ma
Part of at least
20 large caldera-
forming
eruptions in the
Platoro—Chiquito San Juan San Juan [20]
28.2 1,000
Peak tuff volcanic field volcanic field
and surrounding
area that formed
around 26 to 35
Ma
Helped cause
Thirtynine the exceptional
Mount Princeton— Mile volcanic preservation at [45]
35.3 1,000
Wall Mountain tuff area, Florissant Fossil
Colorado Beds National
Monument

Effusive eruptions
Effusive eruptions involve a relatively gentle, steady outpouring of
lava rather than large explosions. They can continue for years or
decades, producing extensive fluid mafic lava flows.[46] For
example, Kīlauea on Hawaiʻi continuously erupted from 1983 to
2018, producing 2.7 km3 (1 cu mi) of lava covering more than
100 km2 (40 sq mi).[47] Despite their ostensibly benign
appearance, effusive eruptions are no less dangerous than
explosive ones: one of the largest effusive eruptions in history
occurred in Iceland during the 1783–1784 eruption of Laki, which Effusive eruption of lava from Krafla,
3
produced about 15 km (4 cu mi) of lava and killed one fifth of Iceland
Iceland's population. [46] The ensuing disruptions to the climate
may also have killed millions elsewhere.[48] Still larger were the
Icelandic eruptions of Katla (the Eldgjá eruption) circa 934, with 18 km3 (4 cu mi) of erupted lava, and the
Þjórsárhraun eruption of Bárðarbunga circa 6700 BC, with 25 km3 (6 cu mi) lava erupted, the latter being
the largest effusive eruption in the last 10,000 years.[49] The lava fields of these eruptions measure 565 km2
(Laki), 700 km2 (Eldgjá) and 950 km2 (Þjórsárhraun).
 Age Volume
Eruption (Millions Location Notes Refs
(km3)
of years)
Mahabaleshwar–
Rajahmundry Traps 64.8 Deccan Traps, India 9,300 [4]
(Upper)

Columbia River Member comprises 8–10 flows

Wapshilla Ridge 5,000– [50]
~15.5 Basalt Group, United with a total volume of
flows 10,000
States ~50,000 km3
Columbia River
McCoy Canyon flow 15.6 Basalt Group, United 4,300 [50]
States
Columbia River Two flows with a total volume
Umtanum flows ~15.6 Basalt Group, United 2,750 [4]
of 5,500 km3
States
Columbia River
Sand Hollow flow 15.3 Basalt Group, United 2,660 [4]
States
Columbia River
Pruitt Draw flow 16.5 Basalt Group, United 2,350 [50]
States
Columbia River
Museum flow 15.6 Basalt Group, United 2,350 [50]
States
Gawler Range One of the oldest large [4]
Moonaree Dacite 1591 2,050
Volcanics, Australia eruptions preserved
Columbia River
Rosalia flow 14.5 Basalt Group, United 1,900 [4]
States

Gran Canaria shield [51]

14.5 to 14 Gran Canaria, Spain 1,000
basalt eruption p. 17
Columbia River
Joseph Creek flow 16.5 Basalt Group, United 1,850 [50]
States
Columbia River
Ginkgo Basalt 15.3 Basalt Group, United 1,600 [4]
States
Columbia River
California Creek– [50]
15.6 Basalt Group, United 1,500
Airway Heights flow
States
Columbia River
Stember Creek flow 15.6 Basalt Group, United 1,200 [50]
States

Large igneous provinces

Highly active periods of volcanism in what are called large igneous provinces have produced huge oceanic
plateaus and flood basalts in the past. These can comprise hundreds of large eruptions, producing millions
of cubic kilometers of lava in total. No large eruptions of flood basalts have occurred in human history, the
most recent having occurred over 10 million years ago. They are often associated with breakup of
supercontinents such as Pangea in the geologic record,[52] and may have contributed to a number of mass
extinctions. Most large igneous provinces have either not been studied thoroughly enough to establish the
size of their component eruptions, or are not preserved well
enough to make this possible. Many of the eruptions listed above
thus come from just two large igneous provinces: the Paraná and
Etendeka traps and the Columbia River Basalt Group. The latter is
the most recent large igneous province, and also one of the
smallest.[48] A list of large igneous provinces follows to provide
some indication of how many large eruptions may be missing from
the lists given here.
Extent of the Siberian Traps large
igneous province (map in German)
 Age Volume
Igneous
(Millions Location (millions Notes Refs
province
of years) of km3)
Largest igneous body on Earth, later
Ontong
split into three widely separated
Java–
Southwest Pacific 59– oceanic plateaus, with a fourth [53][54][55]
Manihiki– 121
Hikurangi
Ocean 77[n 5] component perhaps now accreted
onto South America. Possibly linked
Plateau
to the Louisville hotspot.
Linked to the Kerguelen hotspot.
Kerguelen Volume includes Broken Ridge and
Plateau– South Indian Ocean, the Southern and Central Kerguelen
112 17[n 5] [56][57]
Broken Kerguelen Islands Plateau (produced 120–95 Ma), but
Ridge not the Northern Kerguelen Plateau
(produced after 40 Ma).
North
Atlantic
55.5 North Atlantic Ocean 6.6[n 6] Linked to the Iceland hotspot. [5][58]
Igneous
Province

Southwest United Mostly andesite to rhyolite explosive

Mid-Tertiary States: mainly in (.5 million km3) to effusive (5 million
[59]
ignimbrite 32.5 Colorado, Nevada, 5.5 km3) eruptions, 25–40 Ma. Includes
flare-up Utah, and New many volcanic centers, including the
Mexico San Juan volcanic field.
Caribbean
large Caribbean–Colombian [60]
88 4 Linked to the Galápagos hotspot.
igneous oceanic plateau
province
A large outpouring of lava on land,
Siberian believed to have caused the [61]
249.4 Siberia, Russia 1–4
Traps Permian–Triassic extinction event,
the largest mass extinction ever.
Mainly Southern
Africa and Antarctica.
Karoo- [62]
183 Also South America, 2.5 Formed as Gondwana broke up
Ferrar
India, Australia and
New Zealand
Paraná and
Brazil/Angola and [63][64]
Etendeka 133 2.3 Linked to the Tristan hotspot
Namibia
traps
Central
Believed to be the cause of the
Atlantic [65]
200 Laurasia continents 2 Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.
magmatic
Formed as Pangaea broke up
province
A large igneous province of west-
central India, believed to have been
Deccan one of the causes of the [66][67]
66 Deccan Plateau, India 1.5
Traps Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
event. Linked to the Réunion
hotspot.
Along with Siberian Traps, may have
Emeishan [68]
256.5 Southwestern China 1 contributed to the Permian–Triassic
Traps
extinction event.
Coppermine 1267 Mackenzie Large 0.65 Consists of at least 150 individual [69]
River Group Igneous flows.
Province/Canadian
Shield
Ethiopia-
Yemen
Ethiopia/Yemen/Afar, Associated with silicic, explosive [70][71]
Continental 28.5 0.35
Arabian-Nubian Shield tuffs
Flood
Basalts
Columbia
River Pacific Northwest, Well exposed by Missoula Floods in [72]
16 0.18
Basalt United States the Channeled Scablands.
Group

See also
Extinction event
List of flood basalt provinces
List of large historical volcanic eruptions
List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
List of impact craters on Earth
Lists of earthquakes
Supervolcano#Massive explosive eruptions
Types of eruptions

Notes
1. Certain felsic provinces, such as the Chon Aike province in Argentina and the Whitsunday
igneous province of Australia, are not included in this list because they are composed of
many separate eruptions that have not been distinguished.
2. Dates are an average of the range of dates of volcanics.
3. These volumes are estimated total volumes of tephra ejected. If the available sources only
report a dense rock equivalent volume, the number is italicized but not converted into a
tephra volume.
4. Also the site of 972 and 943 km3 (233 and 226 cu mi) eruptions.
5. This is the volume of crustal thickening, so the figure includes intrusive as well as extrusive
deposits.
6. Actually several provinces, ranging in size from 1.5 to 6.6 million km3

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