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*Correspondence: dschneid@stanford.edu
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.008
Effective pathogens are successful, by definition, because they can defeat our immune response. Pingen
et al. (2016) in this issue of Immunity demonstrate that some mosquito-transmitted viruses depend upon a
strong host immune response triggered by the innate immune response to the bite to promote dissemination
through the body.
Insect bites are complicated; a blood- the pathogen, which inadvertently leads to dissemination as could suppression of
feeding arthropod doesn’t simply slice its spread. caspase 1 function with the protease
open our skin and feed on the pooling Our immune responses fail to contain inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. If the host limited
blood or dip a proboscis into a capillary many viral infections spread by mosqui- its immune response to a bite with a viral
for a drink. If they tried that, they would toes, as evidenced by the diseases caused challenge naturally, it would limit the
surely get slapped or if we failed to notice by these infections. Culicine mosquitoes symptoms of the disease and prevent dis-
the bite, our rapid ability to clot would like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, ease transmission to another mosquito.
prevent the pest from feeding. Mosquito, among others, are responsible for trans- Why would our immune system evolve
sandfly, blackfly, bug, and tick salivas mitting important viruses like yellow fever, to do something so foolish as trafficking
contain a pharmacopeia of compounds dengue, and Zika. Yellow fever has been a virus? One answer might be that these
that manipulate the bite to provide anes- causing human suffering for centuries, viral pathogens are not co-evolved hu-
thesia, modulate inflammation, reduce and dengue and Zika are newly emerging man pathogens and thus our immune
clotting, and even physically glue the threats. Any step where we can interfere systems haven’t had the opportunity to
blood sucker to the host (Schneider and with the process of disease transmission, evolve an effective response. It is hard
Higgs, 2008). Vector-mediated disease from viral growth in the mosquito, mos- to test this idea because it predicts that
transmission of viruses, bacteria, worms, quito olfaction of a vertebrate host, trans- our immune response excels at blocking
and protozoa occurs in the middle of this mission to a vertebrate host, spread within infections of viruses that have infected
battlefield where the host is mounting the host, or transmission back to a mos- us historically and now don’t make us
a response to a small wound while quito vector will help us limit the damage sick. Of course we don’t study these in-
the arthropod interferes with the host caused by these infections. Pingen et al. fections because they have little impact
response. Pingen et al. (2016) wanted to (2016) set out to determine how a mosquito on our lives; rather, we study things that
understand how these non-viral factors bite contributed to an arbovirus infection to can evade our immune responses and
affect pathogen proliferation. identify potential restriction points for viral cause pathology.
Diseases transmitted through arthropod treatment. If our immune responses have evolved
bites are peculiar in that they must initiate The authors developed a model in to be balanced to fend off a variety of
an infection with the tiny inoculum con- which they introduced the insect-borne pathogens, what will happen if we manip-
tained in an insect bite, but to be trans- Semliki forest virus (SFV) into the skin of ulate this response? Is there a risk that
mitted from a vertebrate host back to an a mouse via an injection. They injected in developing treatments to alter our im-
insect, the virus must reach high titers in mice either in un-manipulated skin or at mune response to better defend against
the blood so that it can be picked up in the site of a mosquito bite and found some pathogens, we will expose our-
a miniscule blood meal. Typically, this that the virus reached higher systemic selves to new ones? There is already an
means that the pathogens need to spread titers when introduced at a bite site. example that suggests this could happen.
systemically and replicate spectacularly; Though they found that edema occurring Sandflies transmit leishmaniasis and the
their growth burst and the accompanying at the site of infection limits initial trans- parasite is transmitted more efficiently if
immune reaction are responsible for the mission of the virus from the site of infec- the vertebrate host does not suffer a large
symptoms we experience. The balance tion to draining lymph nodes, this effect inflammatory response after the bite (Col-
between how hard the host tries to clear was a transitory victory. This neutrophil- lin et al., 2009; Oliveira et al., 2015). This
the pathogen and the intensity of the driven bite with a viral response attracts finding provides a potential route for a
resulting symptoms defines our disease myeloid cells, which are ultimately res- vaccine based on sandfly saliva, which
tolerance to the pathogen (Ayres and ponsible for spreading the disease from would cause hosts to have a local adap-
Schneider, 2012). In the case of viral trans- the initial site of infection (Figure 1). The tive immunity-driven immune response
mission from an Aedes mosquito, this authors showed that depletion of neutro- in response to a bite, which could prevent
balance seems set too much toward killing phils with an antibody could prevent this pathogen spread. Reducing the immune
Immunity 44, June 21, 2016 ª 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. 1251
Immunity
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