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PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tong Chu bien kiem Chu bien)
NGUYfiN NGOC CO (dong Chu bien)
NGUYfiN ANH DUNG - TRINH DINH TUNG - TRAN THI VINH

LICH SU
(Tdi bdn ldn thi( tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUC VIET NAM

 Chiu trach nhiem xud't hdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI
Pho Tong Giam doc kiem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO

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Che bdn CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG

Sach CO sCf dung mot so hinh anh tu lieu t i / : History of the world
XX century, volume I (1900 - 1945) ; An introductory history ; Lich
SLf the gidi 1917 - 1951 cua Xin-ga-po ; Viet Nam mpt cupc chien
1858 - 1975 ; Dai cUong lich SLT Viet Nam - Tap II... va mpt so
trang w/eb nu6c ngoai.

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bp Giao duo va Dao tao.

ucHsCru
Ma s o : CH115T1
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In 60.000 ban, kho 17 x 24 cm. In tai Cong ty CP in Dien Hong 187^^ Giang Vo - Ha Noi.
So in: 185/10. In xong va nop lUu chieu thang 01 nam 2 0 1 1 .
LICH SU THE GI(JI CAN DAI
(Tiep theo)
 Chu-ang I

cAc miOc CHAU A, CHAU PHI VA KHU VUG MT LATINH

(ThekiXIX-dauMkiXX)

M^/ NHAT BAN

Cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri nam 1868 c6 y nghTa nhu mot cuoc each mang
tu san, da dtra Nliat Ban phat trifen theo con duong cua cttc nuoc phuong
Tay va tro thanh mot niroc de quoc duy nhat d chau A.

[ ] N h a t B a n tijf d a u t h e k i XIX d e n trifofc n a m 1868

Den giira the ki XIX, sau hon 200 nam thong tri, che do Mac phu T6-i<u-ga-oa
b Nhat Ban, dung dau la Sogun (Tuong quan), da lam vao tinh trang khung hoang,
suy yeu nghiem trong. Day la thdi ki trong long xa hoi phong kien Nhat Ban chiia
dung nhieu mau thuSn 6 tat ca cac ITnh vuc kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi.
Ve kinh te. nen nong nghiep van dtia tren quan he san xuat phong kien lac
hau. Dia chti hoc lot nong dan rat nang ne. Miic to trung binh chiem tdi
50% so'thu hoa ldi. Tinh trang mat mua, doi kem lien tiep xay ra. Trong
khi do, ci cac thanh thi, hai cang, kinh t e h a n g hoa phat trien, cong trUdng
thli cong xuat hien ngay cang nhieu. Nhiing mam mong kinh te tU ban chii
nghia phat trien nhanh chong.
Ve xd hot, Chinh phti Sogun vin duy tri che do dang cap. Tang ldp Daimyo
la nhiing quy toe phong kien ldn, quan li cac vung lanh dia trong nUdc. co
quyen lUc tuyet doi trong lanh dia ctia ho. Tang ldp Samurai (vo si) thuoc
gidi quy toe hang trung va nho, khong co ruons; dat, chi phuc vti cac
daimyo bang viec huan luyen va chi huy cac doi vu trang de hUdng bdng
loc. Do mot thdi gian dai khong co chien tranh, dia vi ciia Samurai bi suy
giam, lUdng bong that thUdng, ddi song khd khan, nhieu ngUdi rdi khoi
lanh dia, tham gia hoat dong thUdng nghiep, md xUdng thii ciing... dan dan
tu san hoa, trd thanh lUc lUdng dau tranh chong che do phong kien loi thdi.
 Tang ldp tu san cong thUdng nghiep ngay cang giau co, song cac nha tU
san cong thudng lai khong co quyen lUc ve chinh tri. Nong dan la doi tUdng
boc lot chii yeu ciia giai cap phong kien, cdn thi dan thi khong chi hi phong
kien khong che ma con bi cac nha budn va nhiing ngUdi cho vay lai hoc lot.
Ve chinh tri, den gifla the ki XIX, Nhat Ban van la mot quoc gia phong
kien. Thien hoang cd vi tri to! cao, nhUng quyen hanh thUc te thuoc ve
Sogun dong ho T6-ku-ga-oa d phii Chiia (Mac phii).
GiCra liic mau thuSn giai cap trong nuoc ngay cang gay gat, che do Mac phu
khung hoang nghiem trong thi cac nirdrc tu ban phuong Tay, truoc tien la MT, diing
ap lire quan su doi Nhat Ban phai "md cira".

Nam 1854, Mac phii buoc phai ki vdi Mi hiep udc, theo do, Nhat Ban md
2 cita bien Si-mo-da va Ha-ko-da-te cho ngUdi Mi ra vao buon ban. Cac
nUdc Anh, Phap, Nga, Diic thay vay ciing dua nhau ep Nhat Ban ki nhiing
hiep Udc bat binh dang vdi nhiJng dieu kien nang ne.
Nhu vay, den gi&a the ki XIX, Nhat Ban da lam vao mot cuoc khung hoang tram
trong, dung trudc su lira chon : hoac tiep tuc duy tri che do phong kien tri tre, bao
thii de bi cac nudc de qud'c xau xe hoac tie'n hanh duy tan, dua Nhat Ban phat trien
theo con dudng cua cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay.

® Tinh hinh Nhat Ban tu" dau the ki XIX den trudc nam 1868 c6 nhCrng diem gi
ndi bat ?

Q Cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri

NhOng hiep udc bat binh dang ma Mac phii ki vdi

nudc ngoai lam cho cac tang ldp trong xa hoi phan ung
manh me. Phong trao dau tranh chdng Sdgun phat tridn
manh vao nhung nam 60 cua the ki XIX da lam sup do
che do Mac phii. Thang 1 - 1868, sau khi len ngdi,
Thien hoang Minh Tri da thuc hien mot loat cai each
tien bo nham dua Nhat Ban thoat khdi tinh trang mot
nudc phong kien lac hau. Dd la cudc Duy tan Minh Tri,
duoc tie'n hanh tren tat ca cac ITnh vuc : chinh tri, kinh
te, quan su, van hoa - giao due... Hinh 1. Thien hodni; Minh Tri
(1852 -1912)
 Ve chinh tri : Nhat hoang tuyen bd thu tieu che do Mac phu, thanh lap chinh
phii mdi, trong dd dai bieu ciia tang ldp quy toe tu san hoa ddng vai trd quan trong,
thuc hien quySn binh dang giua cac cdng dan. Nam 1889, Hien phap mdi duoc ban
hanh, che do quan chu lap hien duoc thiet lap.
Ve kinh te : Chinh phu da thi hanh cac chinh sach thdng nha't tien te, thdng nha't
thi trudng, cho phep mua ban rudng da't, tang cudng phat trien kinh te tu ban chu
nghTa d ndng thdn, xay dung co sd ha tang, dudng sa, cau cd'ng...
Vi qudn sif: Quan ddi duoc to churc va hua'n luyen theo kieu phuong Tay, che
do nghTa vu quan su thay cho che do trung binh. Cdng nghiep ddng tau chien dugc
chu trong phat trien, tien hanh san xuat vu khi, dan dugc va mdi chuyen gia quan
sunudc ngoai...
Ve gido due : Chinh phii thi hanh chinh sach giao due bat budc, chii trong ndi
dung khoa hgc - kT thuat trong chuong trinh giang day, cir nhung hgc sinh gidi di
du hgc d phuong Tay...

( ? ) - Trinh bay npi dung co ban cua cupc Duy tan Minh Tri.

- y nghla noi bat cua cupc Duy tan IVlinh Tri la gi ?

QJ N h a t B a n c h u y e n s a n g g i a i d o a n d e q u o c c h i i n g h i a
Trong 30 nam cud'i the ki XIX, dac biet tir sau cudc Chien tranh Trung - Nhat
(1894 - 1895), chu nghTa tu ban phat trien nhanh chdng d Nhat Ban. Cdng nghiep
(nha't la cdng nghiep nang), nganh dudng sat, ngoai thuong, hang hai cd nhung
chuyen bien quan trgng. Viec day manh cdng nghiep hoa keo theo su tap trung
trong cdng nghiep, thuong nghiep va ngan hang. Nhieu cdng ti ddc quygn xua't hien
nhu Mit-xui, Mit-su-bi-si... Cac cdng ti nay lam chii nhieu ngan hang, ham md,
XI nghiep, dudng sat, tau bien... va cd kha nang chi phdi, IQng doan ca kinh te iSn
chfnh tri d Nhat Ban.
it' ,> ^ • ^'-.l^'^^^'k'" 'fi

!r<?v

^•
j5f-!}T(fpr?l*iTRi''

i'>i'5

Hinh 2. Le l^hdnh thdnh mot dodn tdu a Nhdt Bdn

 Su phat trien manh me cua ndn kinh te Nhat Ban cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX
da tao sue manh kinh te, quan sir va chmh tri cho gidi cam quyen thi hanh chinh sach
xam luge va banh trudng. Nhat Ban chuyen sang giai doan de qud'c chii nghTa gdn lien
vdi cac cudc chien tranh xam luge : Chien tranh Dai Loan (1874), Chien tranh Trung -
Nhat (1894 - 1895) va chien tranh de qud'c : Chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905).
Thang Igi trong cac cudc chien tranh nay da dem de'n cho Nhat Ban nhieu hiep udc cd
loi vi da't dai va tai chfnh, thuc day nhanh hon tdc do phat trien kinh te.
Mac dii tie'n len chu nghTa tu ban, song Nhat Ban vSn duy tri quyen sd huu rudng
da't phong kien. Tang ldp quy tdc, dac biet la gidi vd sT Samurai, vSn cd uu the chinh tri
rat ldn. Hg chii truong xay dung Nhat Ban bang siic manh quan su. Tinh hinh dd lam
cho de qud'c Nhat cd dac diem la chii
nghia dequdc phong kien qudn phiet.
•(1905)

Ciing vdi su phat trien ciia chii

nghTa tu ban la su ban ciing hoa cua
quan chung nhan dan lao ddng.
c#^'' Cdng nhan Nhat Ban phai lam viec
Bic Kinh i'
UEU OONG
mdi ngay tir 12 de'n 14 gid, trong
UJ Thuan

nhung dieu kien rat tdi te ma tien

luong lai thap hon rat nhieu so vdi d
W^A
cac nudc chau Au va MT. Su bdc lot
nang ne ciia gidi chu da dan tdi
7 H 4 /
nhi6u cugc dau tranh ciia cdng nhan
B i A /y
ddi tang luong, cai thien ddi sd'ng,
' •'TniOcChau ddi quygn tu do, dan chii.
D ( " (i iV fV
Su phat trien ciia phong trao
I I Land Ihij Nhai Ban nam 1812 D^tchife'mnSm 1905 cdng nhan la co sd cho viec thanh
^ H Dat chigm nam 1872-1879 DStchi^mnam 1910

Dltchigmnam 1895 Bit chilm nam 1914

lap cac td chiic nghiep doan.
Pham vi anh huong
Nam 1901, Dang Xa hdi dan chii
Hinh 3. Luac do ve su bdnh truang cua de quoc Nhat Ban dugc thanh lap, dudi su
Nhdt Bdn cuoi the ki XIX-ddu tiie ki XX lanh dao cua Ca-tai-a-ma Xen.

Ca-tai-a-ma Xen xua't than trong mot gia dinh nong dan ngheo. Nam 23 tuoi,
ong lam cong nhan in d T6-ki-6, tham gia hoat dong tich cUc trong phong
trao cong nhan. Nam 1898, dng lanh dao cong nhan dUdng sat bai cdng
gianh thang ldi sau hang thang da'u tranh. Ong la mot lanh tu noi tieng
cua phong trao cong nhan Nhat Ban ; sau nay la ban cua Nguyen Ai Quoc
trong Quoc te Cong san.
 {2J Nhung sii kien nao chifng to vao cuoi the ki XIX, Nhat Ban da chuyen sang giai doan
de quoc chu nghla ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Tai sao ndi cudc Duy tan Minh Tri cd y nghTa nhu mdt cugc each
mang tu san ?
2. Diia vao luge dd (hinh 3), trinh bay nhirng net chi'nh v6 su banh
trudng ciia de qud'c Nhat Ban cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX.

W^^AN DO
Tu giua the ki XIX, mau thuSn giOa ddng dao nhan dan An Do vdi
thuc dan Anh ngay cang trd nen sau sSc. Cac cudc dau tranh gianh
dgc lap dan tgc difen ra quyet liet dudi nhieu hinh thuc, ldi cudn
ddng dao cac tang ldp nhan dan tham gia. Dien hinh la cudc khdi
nghTa Xipay (1857 - 1859), phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap tu
san vdi su ra ddi ciia Dang Qud'c dai. cugc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan
Bom-bay nam 1908...

| ] T i n h h i n h k i n h t e , x a h o i A n D o nijfa s a u t h e k i XIX

Tir dau the ki XVII, cudc tranh gianh quy6n lire giira cac chiia phong kien trong
nudc lam cho An Do suy yeu. Lgi dung co hdi nay, cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay,
chil yeu la Anh va Phap, tranh nhau xam luge . ^ Do. De'n giOa the ki XIX, thuc dan
Anh da hoan thanh viec xam luge va dat ach cai tri d An Do.
Ve kinh ti, thuc dan Anh md rdng cdng cugc khai thac An Do mdt each quy
md, ra siie vo vet luong thuc, cac ngudn nguyen lieu va bdc lot nhan cdng de thu
lgi nhuan. An Do trd thanh thugc dia quan trgng nha't ciia thuc dan Anh, phai cung
cap ngay cang nhifiu luong thuc, nguyen lieu cho chfnh qud'c.

8
 Trong khoang 25 nam cuoi theki XIX, nhiing nan doi lien tie'p xay ra lam
gan 26 trieu ngUdi chet. Trong khi do, lUdng thUc ciia An Do bi vd vet dUa
ve nudc Anh ngay cang nhieu ; ddi song nhan dan An Do ngay cang
khd khan.
Ve chinh tri - .\d hpi, Chfnh phii Anh nam quyen cai tri true tie'p An Do. Ngay
1 - 1 - 1877, Nu hoang Anh tuyen bd ddng thdi la NO hoang An Dg. De tao chd
dua viing chac cho n6n thd'ng tri ciia minh, thuc dan Anh da thuc hien chinh sach
chia Ai tri, mua chugc tang ldp cd the lire trong giai cap phong kien ban xiif, tim
each khoi sau su each biet ve chiing tgc, tdn giao va dang cap trong xa hgi.

© Hay neu nhCrng net ldn trong chinh sach thong tri cua thiic dan Anh 6 An Do.

C u o c k h d i n g h i a X i p a y (1857 - 1859)

Mau thuan giira cac tang ldp nhan dan An Do vdi thuc dan Anh ngay cang sau
sac, lam biing nd nhieu cugc khdi nghTa chdng Anh. Tieu bieu cho phong trao da'u
tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciia An Do vao nira sau the ki XIX la cudc khdi nghTa cua
quan Xipay va nhan dan d Mi-nit.
Xipay la ten goi nhiing ddn vi binh linh ngUdi An Do trong quan doi cua
thUc dan Anh. Mac dii la mot trong nhiing cong cu xam lUdc va thong tri
ciia thiic dan, binh linh ngUdi An van bi si quan ngUdi Anh doi xU tan te
Tinh than dan tgc va tin ngUdng ciia hg luon bi xiic pham nghiem trgng
Hg rat bat man khi phai diing dan phao co bgc gia'y tam md bo, md ldn
Muon ban loai dan nay, ngUdi linh thUdng phai dung rang de xe cac loai
giay do, trong khi nhiing ngUdi linh Xipay theo dao Hindu thi kieng thit
bo va theo dao Hoi thi kieng thit ldn. Vi the hg da chong lenh ciia si quan
Anh va noi day khdi nghia.
Rang .sang 10 - 5 - 1857, d Mi-riit (gan De-li), khi thuc dan Anh sdp ap giai
85 binh linh Xipay trai lenh thi 3 trung doan Xipay ndi day khdi nghTa, vay bat bgn
chi huy Anh. Ndng dan cac viing phu can cung gia nhap nghia quan. Thira thang,
nghTa quan tie'n vi De-li. Cudc khdi nghTa nhanh chdng lan ra nhxiu dia phuong
thugc miin Bde va mien Trung An Do. NghTa quan da lap duge chfnh quy^n, giai
phdng mgt sd thanh phd ldn. Cudc khdi nghTa duy tri dugc khoang 2 nam thi bi
thuc dan Anh ddc toan luc dan ap rat da man. Nhieu nghTa quan bi trdi vao mieng
ndng dai bae rdi ban cho tan xac. Mac dii that bai, eude khdi nghTa Xipay cd y nghTa
lich sir to ldn, tieu bieu cho tinh than da'u tranh bat khuat ciia nhan dan
An Do chdng chii nghTa thuc dan, giai phdng dan tdc.

{^ij Hay neu nguyen nhan, d i i n bie'n va y nghla cua cuoc khdi nghTa Xipay.

D a n g Q u o c d a i v a p h o n g t r a o d a n t o e (1885 - 1908)
Tir giiia the ki XIX, giai cap tu san va tang ldp trf thiic v^ Do da dan dan ddng
vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Hg md nhi6u xf nghiep det d cac thanh
phd ldn hoac lam dai li cho cac hang budn eua Anh. Tu san An Do mudn tu do phat
trien kinh te va ddi hdi duge tham gia chinh quyen, nhung bi thuc dan Anh kim ham
bang mgi each.
Cud'i nam 1885, Dang Qud'c dan dai hgi (ggi tat la Dang Qud'c dai), chinh dang
dau tien cua giai cap tu san An Do, dugc thanh lap, danh dau mdt giai doan mdi -
giai doan giai cap tu san An Dg budc len vii dai chinh tri.
Trong 20 nam dau (1885 - 1905), Dang Qud'c dai chu truong dung phuong
phap dn hoa de ddi chfnh phii thuc dan tie'n hanh cai each va phan dd'i phuong phap
da'u tranh bang bao lire. Giai cap tu san An Do chi yeu cau Anh ndi rdng cac di6u
kien d^ hg dugc tham gia cac hgi ddng tu tri, giiip dd hg phat trien kT nghe, thuc
hien mdt sd cai each v6 mat giao due, xa hdi. Tuy vay, thuc dan Anh van tim each
han che hoat dgng eiia Dang Qude dai.
That vgng trudc thai do thoa hiep cua mgt sd ngudi lanh dao Dang Qud'c dai va
chfnh sach hai mat ciia chfnh quy6n Anh, trong ngi bd Dang hinh thanh mdt phai
dan chil cap tie'n do Ti-lac dung dau, thudng dugc ggi la phai "cue doan". Phai nay
phan dd'i thai do thoa hiep ciia phai "dn hoa" va ddi hdi phai cd thai do kien quyet
chdng Anh.
Ban Gan-da-kha Ti-lftc la nha ngon ngii, nha sti hgc, da tap hdp nhiing
tri thiic tie'n bg co tinh than cho'ng thUc dan Anh de tuyen truyen y thitc
dan tgc, khdi day long yeu nUdc trong nhan dan, dac biet la tang ldp
thanh nien. Ong chu trUdng phat dgng nhan dan lat do ach thd'ng tri cua
thuc dan Anh, xay dUng mgt quo'c gia doc lap dan chii.

10
 Nham han che phong trao da'u tranh cua
nhan dan An Do, chfnh quySn Anh tang cudng
thuc hien chfnh sach chia de tri. Thang 7 - 1905,
chung ban hanh dao luat chia ddi xii Ben-gan :
mi^n Ddng cua cac tfn dd theo dao Hdi va mien
Tay ciia nhirng ngudi theo dao Hindu. Di^u dd lam
bung len phong trao dau tranh chdng thuc dan
Anh, dac biet d Bom-bay va Can-ciit-ta. Ngay
16 - 10 - 1905, dao luat chia cat Ben-gan bat dau
cd hieu lire ; nhan dan coi dd la ngay qud'c tang.
Hon 10 van ngudi keo den bd sdng Hang, ddng
sdng linh thieng ciia ngudi An, lam li tuyen the
Hinh 4. B. Tl-ldc
va hat vang bai Kinh chao Ngudi - Me hien To
(1856 - 1920)
qiidc de td y chf doan ke't, thd'ng nhat. Khap noi
vang len khau hieu : "An Dg ciia ngudi An Do".
Thang 6 - 1908, thuc dan
Anh bat Ti-lac va ket an ong 6
ly- TRUNG QUdC
„&^ PEN-GIAP ' nam til. Vu an Ti-lac thdi bting
^-'>%.rS len mdt dgt dau tranh mdi. Hang
van cdng nhan d Bom-bay tie'n
Be-li^(, • ^.j-ie.-PAi^'~• r• <'^-:im hanh tdng bai cdng trong 6 ngay
(de phan dd'i ban an 6 nam tu ciia
Ti-lac), xay dung chien luy,
iivciJt-ta^V ?
thanh lap cac don vi chien da'u
chdng lai quan Anh. Nhan dan
cac thanh phd khae cung hudng
ting. Cudc da'u tranh len de'n dinh
>Trung tam cao, budc thiJc dan Anh phai thu
phong trao cong nhan
hdi dao luat chia cat Ben-gan.
- ^ Trung tam
XRIll-AN-CA C-J phong trao nong dan Cao trao 1905 - 1908 the hien
Bien gi(}i
quoc gia ngay nay
tinh than dau tranh bat khuat cua
AN DO DUONG
I I Mot tinh cua An Bp nhan dan An Dg chdng chii nghTa
."' MAN-OI-VO thuoc Anh
thuc dan Anh. Cao trao nay do
Hinh 5. Luac do phang trdo cdch nuing mdt bd phan giai cap tu san
d An Do cudi the ki XIX-ddu the ki XX

11
lanh dao, mang dam y thiic dan tdc, thuc hien muc tieu dau tranh vT mdt nudc An Dg
ddc lap va dan chii. Day la net khae biet so vdi nhung phong trao da'u tranh trudc dd,
danh da'u su thiic tinh cua nhan dan An Do, hoa chung vao trao luu dan tgc dan chii
ciia nhieu nudc chau A trong nhiing nam dau the ki XX. Lan dau tien, cdng nhan
An Do tham gia phong trao dan tgc. Tuy vay, chfnh sach chia re ciia thuc dan Anh va
su phan hoa trong Dang Qud'c dai da lam cho phong trao tam ngimg.

© Hay trinh bay SL/thanh lap va phan hoa trong Dang Quoc dai.

Cau lioi va bai tap

1. Dang Qud'c dai cd vai trd nhu the nao trong phong trao da'u tranh ciia
nhan dan An Dg ?
2. Neu tfnh chat va y nghTa ciia cao trao da'u tranh 1905 - 1908 cua
nhan dan An Dd.

"3^3 TRUNG QUOC

Sau cudc Chien tranh thud'c phien (1840 - 1842), lich sir Trung Qud'c
chuyen sang mgt thdi ki mdi. Dd la thdi ki Trung Qude bi cac nudc
de qud'c Au - Mi dua nhau xain luge va chia xe ; cung la thdi ki nhan
dan Trung Qud'c dau tranh anh dung, lien tuc va rdng khap chdng xam
luge, chdng phong kien Man Thanh ma dinh cao la cugc Cach mang
Tan Hgi (1911).

Q T r u n g Q u o c b i c a c nu'dc d e q u o c x a m liidc
Tir the ki XVIIl va nhat la sang the ki XIX, cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay tang
cudng xam chiem thi trudng the gidi. Trung Qud'c la mdt nudc ldn, ddng dan nha't
chau A, Cling diing trudc nguy co trd thanh "mieng mdi" cho cac nudc de qud'c phan
chia, xau xe.

12
 Di xam chiem Trung Qud'c, cac nudc tU ban phuong Tay, trudc tien la Anh, tim
mgi each ddi chfnh quygn Man Thanh phai "md cUa", ddi tU do budn ban thud'c
phien - mdn hang mang lai lgi nhuan ldn cho gidi tu ban.
Vien cd chfnh quyen Man Thanh tich thu va dot thud'c phien ciia cac tau budn Anh,
thuc dan Anh da tie'n hanh cudc chien tranh xam luge Trung Quoc, dugc ggi la Chien
tranh thuoc phien, bat dau tir thang 6 - 1840 va ke't thuc vao thang 8 - 1842. Chinh quyen
Man Thanh phai kf Hiep udc Nam Kinh, chap nhan cac diiu khoan theo yeu cau ciia thuc
dan Anh nhu : bdi thudng chien phf, nhugng lai Hdng Cdng va md cira 5 cira bidn cho
tau ciia Anh dugc ra vao budn ban. Day la mdc md dau qua trinh bie'n Trung Qud'c tir
mdt nudc phong kien dgc lap trd thanh nudc nira thugc dia, nira phong kien.

Hinh 6. Cdc nudc de qud'c xdu xe "cdi hdnh ngot" Trung Quoc

Sau Chien tranh thud'c phien, cac nudc de qud'c tiing budc xau xe Trung Qud'c.
De'n cud'i the ki XIX, DU'C da chiem viing Son Ddng ; Anh chiem vimg chau thd sdng
Duong Tir (Trudng Giang); Phap chiem viing Van Nam, Quang Tay, Quang Ddng ;
Nga, Nhat Ban chiem ddng viing Ddng Bae...

© Xac dinh tren ban do Trung Quoc (treo tu'dng) nhung viing bi cac nudc de quoc
chiem ddng.

Phong trao dau t r a n h cua n h a n dan Trung Quoc

ttf giufa t h e k i XIX d e n d a u t h e k i XX
Trudc su xam luge ciia cac nudc de qud'c va thai do thoa hiep cua trieu dinh
Man Thanh, tir giu:a the ki XIX nhan dan Trung Qud'c lien tuc ndi day da'u tranh
chdng thuc dan, phong kien.

13
 Md diiu la cudc khdi nghTa Thai binh Thien qude dudi sir lanh dao cua
Hdng Tu Toan, nd ra ngay 1 - 1 - 1851 d Kim Dien (Quang Tay), sau dd lan rdng
ra nhieu dia phuong khae. Day la phong trao ndng dan ldn nhat trong lich sir
Trung Qud'c. Cudc khdi nghia keo dai sud't 14 nam (tir 1851 de'n 1864). NghTa quan
da xay dung dugc chfnh quyin Trung uong d Thien Kinh (tiic Nam Kinh) va thi
hanh nhiiu chfnh sach tie'n bg. Lan dau tien trong lich sir Trung Qud'c. chfnh sach
binh quan rugng dat, quyin binh dang nam nu... dugc di ra.
Ngay 19 - 7 - 1864, dugc su giup dd ciia cac nudc de qud'c, chfnh quyin Man
Thanh da tan cdng Thien Kinh, dan ap phong trao. Cugc khdi nghTa that bai.
Cud'i the ki XIX, trong bdi canh cac nudc de qud'c tang cudng xau xe Trung Qud'c,
mdt sd nhan vat tien bd thugc gidi sT phu Trung Qud'c chii truong tien hanh cai each
de Clin van tinh the. Dd la cudc van ddng Duy tan nam Mau Tuat (1898) do hai nha
nho yeu nudc Khang Hiin Vi va Luong Khai Sieu lanh dao, vdi su ddng tinh va iing
hg cua vua Quang Tu. Phong trao phat trien chii yeu trong cac tang ldp quan lai, sT
phu cd y thire tie'p thu tu tudng tien tie'n ma khdng dua vao luc lugng nhan dan. Vi
vay, cudc van ddng Duy tan da nhanh chdng that bai khi vap phai su chdng ddi manh
me ciia phai thii cuu trong giai cap phong kien do Thai hau Tir Hi cam dau.
Ngay 21 - 9 - 1898, khi phong trao Duy tan mdi diin ra hon 100 ngay. Thai
hau Tir Hi lam cugc chfnh bie'n. ra lenh bat vua Quang Tu, tich thu an tfn, bat va xir
tir nhirng ngudi lanh dao phai Duy tan ; Khang Hii"u Vi va Luong Khai Sieu phai
lanh ra nudc ngoai.
Gan nhu ddng thdi vdi phong trao Duy tan, mgt cudc khdi nghTa vii trang ciia
ndng dan chdng de qud'c da diin ra d miin Bae Trung Qud'c - phong trao NghTa
Hoa doan. Biing nd d Son Ddng, phong trao nhanh chdng lan rgng ra True Le, Son
Tay. NghTa quan tan cdng cac sir quan nudc ngoai d Bdc Kinh. Ngay sau dd, lien
quan 8 nudc (Anh, Nhat Ban, Diic, MT, Nga, Phap, Ao - Hung, l-ta-li-a) tie'n vao
Bae Kinh, dan ap phong trao. NghTa Hoa doan da chien da'u chdng xam lang, nhung
cud'i ciing hi danh bai vi thieu su lanh dao thd'ng nhat, thieu vii khf. Nha Man Thanh
lai mdt lan nira dau hang de qud'c, kf Dieu udc Tan Sim (1901), theo dd Trung Qud'c
phai tra mgt khoan tiin ldn de bdi thudng chien tranh va budc phai de cho cac nudc
de qud'c dugc quyin ddng quan d Bae Kinh. Vdi Diiu udc Tan Sim, Trung Qud'c da
thuc sir trd thanh nudc nira thude dia, nira phong kien.

© - ' Neu dien bien chinh cua cac phong trao yeu nUdc cua nhan dan Trung Quoc tu giiia
the kl XIX den dau the ki XX.

14
 T o n T r u n g S o n v a C a c h m a n g T a n H d i (1911)
Giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c ra ddi tir cud'i the ki XIX va da ldn manh len rat
nhieu vao dau the ki XX. Hg bi tu ban nudc ngoai va triiu dinh phong kien Man
Thanh chen ep, kim ham. Dua vao cac cudc dau tranh bin bi ciia quan chiing nhan
dan, giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c bat dau thanh lap cac td chuc chfnh tri cua minh.
Tdn Trung Son la dai dien uu tu va la lanh tu ciia phong trao each mang theo khuynh
hudng dan chu tu san d Trung Qud'c.

Ton Trung Sdn sinh nam 1866 d tinh

Quang Dong, trong mgt gia dinh nong dan.
Nam 13 tuoi, ong de'n hgc d H6-n6-lu-lu
(Ha-oai) vi co ngUdi anh buon ban d day.
Sau dd, ong tiep tuc hgc ci Hong Cong,
roi hgc y khoa d Quang Chau. Ong da di
nhieu nUdc tren the gidi, co dieu kien
tie'p xiic vdi tU tUdng dan chu Au - Mi
mgt each c6 he thong. DUng trUdc nguy
cd da't nUdc bi xam lUdc ngay cang
nghiem trgng, ong nhin thay ro sU thoi
nat ciia chinh quyen Man Thanh nen
sdm nay nd tU tUcing each mang lat do
trieu Thanh, xay diing mgt xa hgi mdi. Hinh 7. Tdn Trung San
(1866-1925)

Ddu nam 1905, phong trao da'u tranh chdng de qud'c, chdng phong kien cua
nhan dan Trung Qud'c da lan rdng khap cac tinh. Hoa kiiu d nudc ngoai cung nhiet
liet hudng ung phong trao. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Tdn Trung Son tir chau Au vi
Nhat Ban, hdi ban vdi nhirng ngudi diing dau cac td chiic each mang trong nudc de
thd'ng nha't luc lugng thanh mgt chinh dang. Thang 8 - 1905, Trung Qud'c Ddng minh
hdi - chinh dang eua giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c ra ddi.
Tham gia td chiic nay cd tri thiic ur san, tieu tu san, dia chu, than sT bat binh vdi
nha Thanh, cimg mdt so ft dai bieu cdng ndng. Cuong ITnh chfnh tri ciia Ddng minh
hdi, dua tren hgc thuyet Tam ddn ciia Tdn Trung Son, neu rd : "Dan tdc ddc lap, dan
quyen tu do, dan sinh hanh phuc". Muc tieu ciia Hgi la danh dd Man Thanh, khdi phuc
Trung Hoa, thanh lap Dan qud'c, thuc hien quyen binh dang ve rudng dat cho dan cay.

15
 Dudi su lanh dao ciia Ddng minh hdi, phong trao each mang Trung Qude phat
triin theo con dudng dan chu tu san. Tdn Trung Son va nhiiu nha each mang khae
da tich cue chuan bj mgi mat cho mdt cudc khdi nghTa vu trang.
Ngay 9 - 5 - 1 9 1 1 , chinh quyin Man Thanh ra sdc lenh "Qud'c huu hoa dudng
sat", thuc chat la trao quyin kinh doanh dudng sat cho cac nudc de qude. ban re
quyin lgi dan tdc. Sir kien nay da gay nen mdt lan sdng cam phSn cdng khai trong
quan chiing nhan dan va trong tang ldp tu san, cham ngdi cho mdt cudc each mang.
Ngay 10 - 10 - 1911, Ddng minh hgi phat dgng khdi nghia d Vu Xuong. Cudc
khdi nghTa thang lgi nhanh ehdng va lan rdng ra tat ca cac tinh miin Nam va miin
Trung Trung Qud'c.
Ngay 29 - 12 - 1911, Qud'c dan dai hgi (gdm dai bieu cac tinh nd ra each
mang) hgp d Nam Kinh, tuyen bd thanh lap Trung Hoa Dan qud'c, bau Tdn Trung
Son lam Dai Tdng thd'ng, dung dau Chfnh phii lam thdi. Tai dai hgi nay, Hien phap
lam thdi dugc thdng qua, cdng nhan quyin binh dang va quyin tu do dan chii ciia
mgi cdng dan, nhung khdng di cap den va'n di rudng dat ciia ndng dan nhu da dugc
ghi trong Cuong ITnh cua Ddng minh hdi.

Hinh 8. Luac dd Cdch mgng Tdn Hai

Trudc thang lgi budc dau cua each mang, mdt sd ngudi lanh dao Ddng minh
hgi chil truong thuong lugng vdi Vien The Khai - mdt dai than cua triiu dinh

16
Man Thanh. Theo thoa thuan, sau khi da ep budc vua Thanh thoai vi, Tdn Trung Son
phai tir ehirc ( 2 - 1 9 1 2 ) , ngay 6 - 3 - 1 9 1 2 Vien The Khai tuyen the nham ehiic
Dai Tdng thd'ng Trung Hoa Dan qud'c. Tren thuc te, each mang de'n day cham diit.
Cac the luc phong kien quan phiet len ndm chfnh quyen.
Cach mang Tan Hgi la cudc each mang dan chii tu san, da lat dd triiu dai
Man Thanh, cham diit che do quan chu chuyen che tdn tai lau ddi d Trung Qud'c, md
dudng cho chu nghTa tu ban phat trien va cd anh hudng nhat dinh den cudc dau tranh
giai phdng dan tdc d mdt sd nudc chau A. Cach mang Tan Hgi tuy thanh lap
"Dan qud'c" nhung da khdng thu tieu thuc sir giai cap phong kien, khdng dung cham
den cac nudc de qud'c xam luge va khdng giai quyet van di rudng dat cho ndng dan.

( ? ) Dua tren iuoc do (hinh 8), trinh bay dien bien chinh cija Cach mang Tan Hoi.

Cau lioi va bai tap

1. Neu ket qua ciia Cach mang Tan Hgi. Vi sao ggi cudc each mang nay
la cudc each mang tu san khdng triet di ?
2. Nhan xet vi phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Trung Qude tir giua
the ki XIX de'n dau the ki XX.

m^4 CAC Nl/OlC DONG NAM A

(Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX)

Ddng Nam A la mdt khu vuc kha rdng, bao gdm nhiiu qud'c gia tren luc
dia va hai dao, sdm trd thanh muc tieu xam luge ciia cac nudc thuc dan
phuong Tay. Tir nira sau the ki XIX, cac nudc d Ddng Nam A diu trd
thanh thugc dia, trir Xiem''' la giu dugc dgc lap nhung bi le thugc nudc
ngoai vi nhiiu mat. Sir xam luge va dd hd ciia cac nudc de qud'c thuc
dan da gay nen nhung chuyin bien ldn trong xa hdi, dua den nhung
phong trao dau tranh manh me vi dgc lap dan tdc va tien bg xa hdi d cac
nudc Ddng Nam A.

(1) T u n a m 1939, nudc Xiem doi ten thanh Thai Lan.

2-LICHSU 11...-A 1/
Q Q u a t r i n h x a m Ixidc c u a c h u n g h i a thijfc d ^ n v a o c a c nvfdc
Dong Nam A

Tir giiia the ki XIX, khi cac nudc chau Au va Bdc MT can ban da hoan thanh
each mang tu san, dua nhau banh trudng the lire, xam chiem thugc dia thi d hdu het
cac nudc khu vue Ddng Nam A, che dg phong kien vdn giir dia vi thd'ng tri va diu
lam vao cudc khiing hoang triin mien vi chfnh tri, kinh te, xa hdi. Nhan co hdi nay,
cac nudc thuc dan phuong Tay md rdng va timg budc hoan thanh viec xam luge cac
nudc Ddng Nam A, trir Xiem.

d In-do-ne-xi-a, ngay tit theki XV, XVI thiic dan Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha,
Ha Lan da co mat va tiing budc chiem Imh thi trUdng. Den giiia the ki XIX,
Ha Lan hoan thanh viec xam chiem va thiet lap nen thong tri thUc dan
tren da't nUdc nay.
Phi-lip-pin ciing bi thUc dan Tay Ban Nha thong tri tU giiia the ki XVI.
Sau khi gianh thang ldi trong cugc chien tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha nam
1898, de quoc Mi lien tie'n hanh cugc chien tranh xam lUdc Phi-lip-pin
(1899 - 1902) va bie'n quan dao nay thanh thugc dia cua minh.

Hinh 9. Luac dd Ddng Nam A cudi theki XIX - ddu theki XX

2-LICH SU 11..,-B
 6 Mien Dien (nay la Mi-an-ma), tii nam 1824 den nam 1885, thUc dan Anh
da tie'n hanh 3 cugc chien tranh xam lUdc. Nam 1885, Anh thon tinh
Mien Dien roi sap nhap nUdc nay vao thanh mgt tinh cua An Do thugc Anh.
Ma Lai (nay thugc Ma-lai-xi-a va Xm-ga-po) sdm bi cac nUdc tU ban nhom
ngo, can thiep. Den dau theki XX, Ma Lai hoan toan trd thanh thugc dia
cua Anh.
Ba nUdc Viet Nam, Lao, Cam-pu-chia la doi tUdng xam lUdc ciia thtic dan
Phap. De'n cuoi the ki XIX, Phap da hoan thanh viec xam lUdc va bat dau
thi hanh chinli sach bdc lot, khai thac thugc dia.
Xiem trong niia sau the ki XIX trd thanh "vung dem" cua de quoc Anh va
Phap. Vdi chinh sach ngoai giao mem deo, khon kheo cua vua Ra-ma V,
Xiem la nUdc duy nha't d Dong Nam A giii dUdc nen dgc lap tUdng doi ve
chinh tri.

© - ' Dua vao lUdc do, trinh bay nhiing net chinh ve qua trinh xam lUdc cua cac nudc de
quoc d Dong Nam A.

Phong trao chong thiic dan Ha Lan cua nhan dan In-do-ne-xi-a

O In-dd-ne-xi-a, sau that bai ciia cugc khdi nghTa do Di-pd-ne-gd-rd lanh dao
trong nhirng nam 1825 - 1830, nhan dan A-che da anh dung chien da'u chdng lai
3 000 quan Ha Lan dd bd len viing nay vao thang 10 - 1873.
De cho'ng lai quan xam lUdc, nhan dan In-do-ne-xi-a da tie'n hanh cugc chien
tranh du kich. Quan Ha Lan tuy chiem dUdc hoang cung nhUng van khong
chinh phuc dUdc A-che. Tie'p d6 la cac cugc khdi nghia d Tay Xu-ma-td-ra
(1873 - 1909), Ba Tdc (1878 - 1907), Ca-li-man-tan (1884 - 1886).

Phong trao dau tranh eua ndng dan nd ra manh me. Dien hinh la cudc khdi
nghTa ndng dan nam 1890 do Sa-min lanh dao.
Sa-min khong thiia nhan nen thong tri cua Ha Lan nen da van dgng nhan
dan, chu yeu la nong dan, cho'ng lai nhiing thil thue vo li cua bgn thiic dan.
Ong chu trUdng xay diing mgt da't nUdc ma mgi ngUdi deu co viec lam va
dUdc hUdng hanh phiic. Ong da tuyen truyen, dgng vien, to chiic quan
chiing nhan dan chong lai ach ap biic, boc lot, bat cong.
Phong trao cdng nhan eung sdm hinh thanh vdi su ra ddi ciia cac td chiic : Hiep
hdi cdng nhan dudng sdt (1905), Hiep hdi cdng nhan xe lira (1908)... Thang 1 2 - 1914,
Lien minh xa hdi dan ehii In-dd-ne-xi-a ra ddi, nhdm tuyen truyin chu nghTa Mac
trong cdng nhan, dat co sd cho sir thanh lap Dang Cdng san (5 - 1920). Giai cap

19
tu san dan tdc, tdng ldp trf thire tiep thu tu tudng dan ehii tu san chau Au ddng vai
trd nha't dinh trong phong trao yeu nudc d In-dd-ne-xi-a ddu the ki XX.

\2J Hay neu nhung net ldn trong phong trao dau tranh chong thuc dan Ha Lan cua nhan dan
In-do-ne-xi-a cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX.

P h o n g t r a o c h o n g thi^c d a n of P h i - l i p - p i n
Tir giira the ki XVl, Phi-lfp-pin da trd thanh thude dia ciia Tay Ban Nha. Trong
hon 300 nam dd hd, thuc dan Tay Ban Nha da ra sire khai thac cac ddn diin, hdm
md... d Phi-lip-pin phuc vu cho chfnh qud'c. Diing ddu bg may hanh chfnh la vien
Toan quyin ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Viec cai tri cac tinh cung ndm trong tay cac tdng
ddc ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Hdu het cu dan d day theo dao Thien Chiia do ngudi Tay
Ban Nha truyen den. Chi ed mgt so cu dan d phfa nam (dao Min-da-nao) theo dao
Hdi, nhung lai bi phan biet dd'i xir rat tdi te. Nhirng diiu dd lam cho mau thudn giira
nhan dan Phi-lfp-pin vdi thuc dan Tay Ban Nha ngay cang trd nen gay gat.
Nam 1872, nhan dan thanh phd Ca-vi-td ndi day khdi nghTa, hd vang khdu hieu
"Da dao bgn Tay Ban Nha !", tan cong vao cac ddn tni cua quan ddi Tay Ban Nha,
lam chil Ca-vi-td trong 3 ngay. Cudi cimg, cugc khdi nghTa that bai, nhiing ngudi
lanh dao bi bdt va hi xir tir.
Vao nhiing nam 90 ciia the ki XIX, d Phi-lfp-pin xud't hien hai xu hudng chfnh
trong phong trao giai phdng dan tdc.
Thli nha't la xu hudng cai each ciia Hd-xe Ri-dan.
JMttltL Nam 1892, Hd-xe Ri-dan thanh lap "Lien minh
•^^^ % Phi-lfp-pin", thu nap nhiiu trf thLi:c yeu nudc, dia chii
^ ^^ va tu san tie'n bd ciing mdt sd dan ngheo. Lien minh
chil truong tuyen truyen, khoi day y thiic dan tdc, dau
tranh ddi quyin binh ddng cho ngudi Phi-lfp-pin.
Thli hai la xu hudng bao ddng ciia Bd-ni-pha-xi-d.
Khdng tan thanh dudng ldi cai each on hoa,
thang 7 - 1892, Bd-ni-pha-xi-d tach khdi Lien minh
Phi-lfp-pin, thanh lap "Lien hiep nhung ngudi con yeu
Hinh 10. Hd-.\e Ri-dan quy ciia nhan dan" - vie't tdt la KATIPUNAN.
(1861 -1896)

20
 Ngay 28 - 8 - 1896, Bd-ni-pha-xi-d phat
lenh khdi nghTa vdi khau hieu "Chien thdng hay
la chet !", dugc nhan dan hudng iing nhiet liet.
Phong trao khang chien chdng thuc dan lan
rdng toan qudn dao. Tai nhiiu viing giai phdng,
chfnh quyin nhan dan do KATIPUNAN lanh
dao da dugc thie't lap, tien hanh chia rugng dat
cho ndng ddn, tie'n tdi thanh lap nin cdng hoa.
Sau dd, Bd-ni-pha-xi-d bi sat hai, KATIPUNAN
tan ra (1897).
Vao liie nay, de qud'c MT dang tim each banh Hinh 77. Bd-ni-pha-xi-d
trudng sang bd Tay Thai Binh Duong nen da (1863 -1897)
khdng bd Id co hgi. Thdng 4 - 1898, Mi gdy
chien vdi Tay Ban Nha dudi danh nghTa iing hg cugc dau tranh chdng thuc dan eua
nhan dan Phi-lip-pin. Thang 6 - 1898, Mi dung A-ghi-nan-dd len lam Tdng thdng
nudc Cdng hoa Phi-lip-pin. Sau khi Tay Ban Nha thua tran, quan MT dd bd chiem
Ma-ni-la va nhiiu noi tren qudn dao. NghTa qutn Phi-lfp-pin chuyen sang dau tranh
chdng MT xam luge. Cudc khang chien cua nhan dan Phi-lfp-pin chdng MT diin ra
trong tinh trang khdng can siie, keo dai de'n nam 1902 thi bi dap tdt. Tir day,
Phi-lfp-pin trd thanh thude dia ciia MT.
Cudc khdi nghTa nam 1896 d Phi-lfp-pin duge coi la cudc each mang mang tfnh
chat tu san, chdng de qud'c ddu tien d Ddng Nam A, danh ddu su thiic tinh ciia nhan
ddn Phi-lfp-pin trong cugc dau tranh gianh ddc lap cho To qud'c.

( ? ) - So sanh nhufng diem gidng va khae nhau giCia 2 xu hudng da'u tranh 6 Phi-lip-pin.
- Cach mang nam 1896 6 Phi-lfp-pin dien ra nhuthe nao ?
- Am mull va thu doan cua Mi ddi vdi Phi-lip-pin nhu the nao ?

21
Q Phong trao dau tranh chong thiic dan Phap cua nhan dan
Cam-pu-chia
Vao nua sau the ki XIX, trong qua trinh tien hanh chien tranh xam luge
Viet Nam, thuc ddn Phap da timg budc xam chiem Cam-pu-chia va Lao.
Nam 1863, Phdp gay ap lire budc vua Cam-pu-chia la Nd-rd-ddm phai chap
nhan quyin bao hd cua chting. Sau khi gat bd anh hudng ciia Xiem ddi vdi triiu
dinh Phndm Penh, Phap bugc vua Nd-rd-ddm kf Hiep udc 1884, bien Cam-pu-chia
thanh thude dia cua Phdp.
Ach thd'ng tri ciia thuc dan Phap da gay nen ndi bat binh trong hoang tdc va cac
tdng ldp nhan dan. Nhiiu cudc khdi nghTa chdng thuc dan Phap diin ra sdi ndi trong
ca nudc.
Md ddu la cudc khdi nghia ldn cua Hoang than Si-vd-tha, keo dai hon 30 nam
(1861 - 1892).
Si-v6-tha la em cung cha khae me vdi N6-r6-d6m. Bat binh ve thai do nhu
nhUdc cua trieu dinh doi vdi quan Xiem va quan Phap, ong da tap hdp
dong dao quan chting nhan dan noi daj' khdi nghia, tan cong thang vao
quan Phap d co' do U-dong va Phnom Penh, md rgng dia ban hoat dgng.
De'n thang 10 - 1892. ong qua ddi vi benh nang ; sau do phong trao suy
3'e'u dan va tan ra.

Cugc khdi nghTa cua A-cha Xoa (1863 - 1866) diin ra d cac tinh giap vdi hien
gidi Viet Nam, da gay cho thue dan Phdp nhiiu tdn that to ldn.
Ban dau, A-cha Xoa tham gia phong trao cua Si-v6-tha. Do phong trao nay
bi dan ap. ong va nhieu nghia quan phai lanh sang Viet Nam - d vimg
Chau Do'c. Tinh Bien. Nhan dan Viet Nam sSn sang giiip dd A-cha Xoa
cho'ng Phap.

Tir vimg mii That Sdn. A-cha Xoa lay Chau Doc. Ha Tien lam ban dap tan
cong quan Phap d Cam-pu-chia. Nam 1864, co lan nghia quan da chiem dUdc
tinh Cam-pot va ap sat Phnom Penh. Hoat dgng cua nghia quan trong cac
nam 1864 - 1865 cang manh me. Bien gidi Viet Nam - Cam-pu-chia trd
thanh vimg can cit cho cugc khdi nghia cua A-cha Xoa. Ngay 19 - 3 - 1866,
do bi thUdng nang, A-cha Xoa bi Phap bat.

22
 Cudc khdi nghTa ciia Pu-cdm-bd (1866 - 1867) khdng chi thi hien tinh thdn
anh dQng, bat khuat ciia nhan dan Cam-pu-chia ma cdn la biiu tugng vi lien minh
chien dau ciia nhan dan hai nudc Viet Nam va Cam-pu-chia trong cudc ddu tranh
chdng thuc dan Phap xam luge.
Pu-c6m-b6 la nha sU co uy tin trong nhan dan, tUng lanh nan d Nam Lao
trong 17 nam. Nam 1866, ong phat dgng cugc khdi nghia cho'ng Phap va
lap can cii d Tay Ninh. Nghia quan gom ngUdi Khd-me, ngUdi Cham,
ngUdi Xtieng, ngUdi Kinh. TrUdng Quyen (con TrUdng Dinh) va Vo Duy
DUdng (Thien hg DUdng) da lien ke't vdi nghia quan Pu-c6m-b6 danh
Phap. Khi liic lUdng ldn manh, Pu-c6m-b6 tien quan ve nUdc, kiem soat
Pa-man, tan cong U-dong (17 - 12 - 1866). Nhan dan Viet Nam d ba tinh
mien Tay Nam Ki thUdng xuyen cung cap lUdng thiic, vil khi cho nghia
quan. Ngay 3 - 12 - 1867, Pu-c6m-b6 hi sinh trong chien da'u.

( ? ) - Trinh bay dten bien chinh cac cugc khdi nghla chong thuc dan Phap cua nhan dan
Cam-pu-chia.
- Nhan dan hai nudc Viet Nam va Cam-pu-chia da doan kei chien dau nhu the nao
trong cac cugc khdi nghia cua A-cha Xoa va Pu-c6m-b6 ?

Phong trao dau tranh chong thu'c dan Phap ciia nhan dan Lao
dau the ki XX
Khi tien hanh xam luge Viet Nam va Cam-pu-chia, thuc dan Phdp da tfnh de'n viec
thdn tfnh Lao. Nam 1865, nhiiu doan tham hiem ngudi Phap di ngugc sdng Me Cdng
len thugng ngudn de tham dd kha nang xam nhap Lao, gay siic ep budc triiu dinh
Ludng Pha-bang phai cdng nhan nin thd'ng tri cua Phap. Tien hanh dam phan vdi
Xiem, Phap dat dugc Hiep udc 1893, theo dd Chfnh phii Xiem thiia nhan quyin cai tri
ciia Phap d Lao. Nhu vay, Lao thuc su bie'n thanh thude dia ciia Phap tir nam 1893.
Ngay tir ddu the ki XX, nhan dan Lao da tien hanh nhiiu cudc ddu tranh bat
khuat tren toan lanh thd de chdng lai ach nd dich tan bao cua thuc dan Phap. Md
ddu la eude khdi nghla eiia nhdn ddn Ldo (1901 - 1903) dudi sir chi huy ciia
Pha-ca-dudc. Phong trao da phat trien nhanh ehdng, giai phdng Xa-van-na-khet,
md rdng hoat ddng sang ca viing bien gidi Lao - Viet.

23
 Cudc khdi nghTa tren cao nguyen Bd-l6-ven, do Ong Keo, Com-ma-dam chi
huy. nd ra nam 1901 va keo dai de'n nam 1937.
Cac cudc khdi nghTa ehdng thuc dan Phap cua nhan dan ba nudc Ddng
Duong cud'i the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX mac dii diin ra rat sdi ndi, quyet liet,
the hien tinh thdn dd'u tranh bdt khudt vi dgc lap tu do cua mdi dan tdc, song diu
thdt bai. Nguyen nhan la do cac phong trao nay diu mang tfnh tu phat, thieu
dudng ldi diing va thieu td chire manh. Nhiing cudc khdi nghTa dd da thi hien
tinh thdn yeu nudc va rinh doan ke't cua nhan dan ba nude Ddng Duong trong
cudc ddu tranh chdng thuc dan Phap.

{"•J Neu nhOtig cugc khdi nghTa tieu bieu trong phong trao chong Phap cua nhan dan Lao
dau the ki XX.

Q X i e m giiJa t h e k i XIX - d a u t h e k i XX

Vao giua the ki XIX, cung nhu cac nudc d Ddng Nam A, Vuong qud'c Xiem
diing trude su de doa xam nhap cua thuc dan phuong Tay, nha't la Anh vd Phap.
Triiu dai Ra-ma. dugc thiet lap nam 1752, theo dudi ehfnh sach ddng cira, ngan
can thuong nhan va giao sT phuong Tay vao Xiem. Den thdi vua Mdng-kiit
(Ra-ma IV, tri vi tir nam 1851 de'n nam 1868) chu truong md cira budn ban vdi ben
ngoai, lgi dung su kiim che ldn nhau giira eae nudc tu ban de bao ve nin dgc lap
cua ddt nudc.
Ra-ma IV la vua Xiem dau tien gioi tie'ng Anh, tieng Latinh. nghien ciiu
va tie'p thu nen van minh phUdng Tay, tie'p xiic vdi cac nha truyen giao
Au - Mi va dac biet chii y den dUdng loi ddi ngoai ciia Vudng quoc.

Nam 1868, Chu-la-long-con len ngdi (Ra-ma V, tri vi tir nam 1868 den nam
1910). La ngudi uyen bdc, hap thu van hod phuong Tay, tie'p nd'i chfnh sach cai
cdch ciia vua cha, dng ra lenh xoa bd hoan toan che dg nd le vi ng, giai phdng
ngudi lao ddng di hg dugc tu do lam an sinh sd'ng ; ddng thdi, xoa bd cho ndng
dan nghla vu lao dich 3 thdng tren cdc cdng trudng nha nudc, giam nhe thue
rugng. Nhiing bien phap tren da cd tac dung tfch cue dd'i vdi sdn xua't ndng
nghiep : nang cao nang suat liia, tang nhanh lugng gao xuat khdu ; viec xua't khdu
gd tech ciing dugc day manh.

24
 LUdng gao xuat khau nam 1885 la 22,5 van tan, nam 1890 la 48 van tan,
nam 1895 la 46,5 van tan, nam 1900 la 50 van tan. LUdng go xuat khau
trong 10 nam (1885 - 1895) tang gap 4 lan, tU 15,2 nghin tan len
61,3 nghin tan.
Nha nudc khuyen khfch tu nhan bd vdn kinh doanh cdng thuong nghiep, xay
dung nha may xay xat liia gao, nha may cua, md hieu budn ban va ngan hang.

Nam 1890, d Bang Co'c cd 25 nha may xay xat, 4 nha may cUa, dUdng xe
dien dUdc xay diing sdm nhat Dong Nam A (1887).

Nam 1892, Ra-ma V da tien hanh hang loat cai each theo khudn mdu cdc nudc
phuong Tay vi hanh chfnh, tai chfnh, quan su, giao due..., tao cho nudc Xiem mdt
bd mat mdi, phat trien theo hudng tu ban chu nghTa.

Vdi chinh sach cai each hanh chinh, vua van la ngUdi co quyen liic toi cao,
song ben canh vua co Hgi dong Nha nUdc, dong vai tro la cd quan tU van,
khcii thao luat phap, hoat dgng gan nhU mgt nghi vien. Bg may hanh phap
ciia trieu dinh dUdc thay bSng Hgi dong Chinh phu, gom 12 bg trUdng, do
cac hoang than du hgc d phUdng Tay ve dam nhiem. He thong toa an,
trUdng hgc deu dUdc to chiic lai theo kieu chau Au. Quan dgi dUdc trang bi
va huan luyen theo phUdng phap hien dai. Tu ban nUdc ngoai dUdc phep
d&u tu kinh doanh d Xiem...

Ra-ma V dac biet quan tam de'n hoat ddng ngoai giao. Nhd chfnh sach ngoai
giao mim deo, nudc Xiem vita lgi dung vi trf nudc "dem" giiia hai the luc de qud'c
Anh - Phap, vira cdt nhugng mdt sd viing dat phu thude (vdn la lanh thd ciia
Cam-pu-chia, Lao va Ma Lai) de giii" gin chii quyin ciia dat nude. Nhd vay, Xiem
khdng hi bie'n thanh thugc dia nhu cdc nudc trong khu vuc, ma vdn giii dugc ddc
ldp, mac dii chiu nhiiu le thugc vi chinh tri, kinh te vao Anh va Phap.

© - ' Trinh bay cac bien phap cai each cLia Ra-ma V.

• Nhufng cai each cua Ra-ma V c6 y nghTa nhU the nao doi vdi sU phat trien
cua Xiem ?

25
 Cau hioi va bai tap
1. Neu nhimg net chi'nh vi tinh hinh cac nudc Ddng Nam A vao cudi
the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX.
2. Em cd nhan xet gi vi hinh thirc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng
Nam A cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX ?
3. Vi sao Xiem la nudc duy nhdt trong khu vue Ddng Nam A khdng trd
thanh thugc dia cua cdc nudc phuong Tay ?

CHAU PHI VA KHU Vl/C MI LATINH

"m^s(Theki XIX-dau theki XX)

Neu trong the ki XVIIL the gidi chung kien su thdng the eiia chii nghTa ur
ban ddi vdi che do phong kien thi the ki XIX la the ki ddy manh xam
chiem thugc dia cua cac nudc tu ban Au - Mi. Cung nhu chau A, cac nudc
chau Phi va khu vuc MT Latinli khdng thoat khdi con Idc xam luge dd.
Nhan dan eae dan tgc d day da lien tuc ndi day ddu tranh chdng chii nghTa
thuc dan, giai phdng dan tdc, tieu bieu la phong trao d An-gie-ri, Ai Cap,
Xu-dang, E-ti-d-pi-a... (chau Phi) ; d Ha-i-ti, Me-hi-cd, Ac-hen-ti-na...
(khu vuc MT Latinli).

H Chau Phi
Chau Phi la mgt luc dia ldn, giau tai nguyen thien nhien, la mdt trong nhiJng
cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai. Trudc khi thuc dan chau Au xam chiem va phan
chia chau Phi. phan ldn nhan dan d day da biet dimg dd sdt. Nghi det va nghi gdm
phat triin, nghi chan nudi va trdng trgt phd bien. Nhimg bdt ddu tir giua the ki XIX.
cudc sd'ng yen dn, tai nguyen phong phu va nin van hod lau ddi ciia hg da bi thuc
dan chau Au xam pham, pha hoai, eudp bdc. Dac biet vao nhiing nam 70, 80 ciia
the kl XIX, sau khi hoan thanh kenh dao Xuy-e, cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay dua
nhau xau xe chau Phi.

26
 Nam 1882, sau cugc canh tranh quye't liet vdi Phap, Anh dgc chie'm Ai Cap,
kiem soat kenh dao Xuy-e. Tie'p do, Anh chie'm Nam Phi, Tay Ni-gie-ri-a,
Bd Bien Vang, Gam-bi-a (Tay Phi), Ke-ni-a, U-gan-da, X6-ma-h,
Dong Xu-dang, mgt phan Dong Phi...
Phap diing thii hai trong viec xam chie'm thugc dia chau Phi (sau Anh),
gom mgt phan Tay Phi, mien Xich dao chau Phi, Ma-da-ga-xca, mgt phan
X6-ma-li, An-gie-ri, Tuy-ni-di. Xa-ha-ra.
DUc chie'm Ca-md-run, T6-g6, Tay Nam Phi. Tan-da-ni-a.
Bi lam chu phan ldn Cong-go.
Bo Dao Nha gianh dUdc M6-dam-bich, Ang-go-la va mgt phan Ghi-ne.
Den ddu the ki XX, viec phan chia thude dia giua cac de qud'c d chau Phi can
ban da hoan thanh.
Che do cai tri ha khdc cua chii nghTa thuc dan da lam biing len nggn lira dau
tranh gianh ddc lap ciia nhan dan chau Phi.

Hinh 12. Luac dd thude dia cua cdc nudc de quoc d chdu Phi ddu the kiXX

d An-gie-ri, cugc khdi nghTa ciia Ap-den Ca-de keo dai tir nam 1830 den nam 1847,
thu hut ddng dao nhan dan tham gia dau tranh. Thirc dan Phap phai mai hang chuc
nam mdi chinh phuc dugc nudc nay.

27
 0 Ai Cap, nam 1879 mgt sd trf thirc va sT quan yeu nuoc da thanh lap td chiic chfnh
tri bi mat "Ai Cap tre", di ra nhirng cai each mang tfnh chai lu san, do Dai ta At-met
A-ra-bi lanh dao. Cac nudc de quoc phai can thiep manh mdi ngan chan dugc cugc
da'u tranh yeu nudc cua nhSn dan Ai Cap (1882).

d Xu-dang, ngay tir nam 1882 thuc dan Anh da vap phai su khang cu manh me cua
nhan dan dudi sir lanh dao ciia nha tniygn giao tre Mu-ha-met At-met. Nam 1898.
thuc dan Anh dugc cac nudc de qud'c khae giup do. bao vay Xu-dang. gay ra mgt cugc
tham sat dim mau ; phong trao da'u tranh d day thai bai.

Ndi bat trong cudc ddu tranh cua nhan dan chau Phi ehdng thuc dan phuong
Tay la cudc khang chien chdng ngoai xam cua nhan dan E-ti-d-pi-a. Nam 1889,
thuc dan Tta-li-a tien sau vao ndi dia, danh chie'm mdt sd viing d E-ti-d-pi-a, nhung
chiing da vdp phai su khang cu quye't liet cua nhan dan. Ngay 1 - 3 - 1896, quan
Tta-li-a tham bai d A-dua. Quan dgi E-ti-d-pi-a mac dii bi tdn thdt nang, song da
bao ve dugc nin ddc lap ciia Td qude. Ciing vdi E-ti-d-pi-a, Li-be-ri-a la nudc giii
dugc dgc lap d chau luc nay trudc su xam chie'm ciia cdc nudc thuc dan phuong Tay
hdi cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX.
Nhin chung, phong trao ddu tranh chdng thue dan ciia nhan dan chau Phi tuy
diin ra sdi ndi, the hien tinh than yeu nude, nhung do trinh do td chiic thdp, luc
lugng chenh lech, nen bi thuc dan phuong Tdy dan dp. Cudc ddu tranh giai phdng
ddn tdc d chau Phi vdn tie'p tuc phat trien trong the ki XX.

© Hay trinh bay nhCfng cuoc da'u tranh tieu bieu chong thuc dan ciia nhan dan
chau Phi.

Khu viic Mi L a t i n h

Khu vue MT Latinh la mdt bg phan lanh thd rdng ldn ciia chau MT, gdm mdt phdn
Bdc MT, toan bd Trung MT, Nam MT vd nhirng qudn dao thugc viing bien Ca-ri-be.
Tir the ki XVI, XVIl, da sd cac nudc MT Latinh ldn lugt bie'n thanh thude dia
ciia Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha. Chu nghTa thuc dan thiet lap d day che do thd'ng
tri rat phan ddng, gay ra nhiiu tdi ac da man, tan khdc. Vi vay, cudc dau tranh giai
phdng dan tdc cua nhan dan MT Latinh diin ra quyet liet va nhiiu nude gianh dugc
ddc lap ngay tir ddu the ki XIX.

28
 Nam 1791, d Ha-i-ti bung nd cudc dau tranh ldn cua ngudi da den dudi sU lanh
dao ciia Tut-xanh Lu-vec-tuy-a. Nam 1804, cugc ddu tranh gianh dugc thdng lgi.
Ha-i-ti trd thanh nudc cdng hoa da den ddu tien d MT Latinh. Tuy nhien, nin ddc
lap eua Ha-i-ti xac lap chua dugc bao-lau thi quan Phap trd lai dan dp cugc khdi
nghTa, bdt giii Lu-vec-tuy-a, phuc hdi nin thd'ng tri thuc dan. Mae dii that bai, cugc
khdi nghTa d Ha-i-ti da cd tie'ng vang ldn, ed vfl manh me phong trao giai phdng
dan tdc d MT Latinh. Ndi tiep Ha-i-ti, nhiiu cudc da'u tranh gianh ddc lap khae da
nd ra ; nin cgng hoa ra ddi d mdt loat nudc trong khu vuc : Ac-hen-ti-na nam 1816,
Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru nam 1821... Nhu vay, qua 2 thap nien dau the ki XIX ddu tranh
quyet liet, cac qud'c gia ddc lap d MT Latinh ldn lugt hinh thanh. Chi edn mgt vai
viing dd't nhd nhu Guy-a-na, dao Cu-ba, dao Pu-ec-td Ri-cd, qudn dao Ang-ti... vdn
cdn trong tinh trang thude dia. Day la thdng lgi to ldn ciia nhan dan MT Latinh trong
cudc ddu tranh chdng chii nghTa thuc dan chau Au.

THAI

BINH

DUONG

BRA-XIN Ten rwdc

1822 va nam gianh dirge doc lap
Bien gidi quoc gia ngay nay

Hinh 13. Luac dd khu vuc MT Latinh ddu the ki XIX

29
 Sau khi gianh dugc ddc lap. nhieu nudc MT Latinh da cd nhiing budc tien bd vi
kinh te, xd hdi. Tuy nhien. nhan dan khu vuc MT Latinh edn phai tie'p tiic dau tranh
chdng lai chfnh sach banh trudng ciia MT dd'i vdi khu vuc nay. Nam 1823. vi mudn
dgc chiem vimg lanh thd giau cd nay. MT da dua ra hgc thuyet Mon-rd : "Chau MT
ciia ngudi chdu MT". De'n nam 1889, td chiic "Lien minh dan tgc cac nudc cdng
hoa chau MT" dugc thanh lap, ggi tdt la Lien MT, dudi su ehi huy ciia chfnh quyin
Oa-sinh-ton. Nam 1898, MT gay chien vdi Tay Ban Nha di sau dd chie'm
Phi-lip-pin, Cu-ba, Pu-ec-td Ri-cd... Tir ddu the ki XX, MT dp dung chfnh sdch "Cai
gay ldn" va "Ngoai giao ddng ddla" di chie'm Pa-na-ma (1903), Dd-mi-ni-ca-na,
Ni-ca-ra-goa, kiim soat Hon-du-rat (1911), chie'm Ha-i-ti (1914 - 1915) va 2 ldn
dem quan danh Me-hi-cd (1914 va 1916). Dudi danh nghTa doan ket vdi cac nudc
chau MT, chfnh quyin Oa-sinh-ton da khdng che, bie'n khu vue MT Latinh thanh
"san sau" ciia de qud'c MT.

© Dua vao lUdc do (hinh 13). hay neu l<et qua cua cugc dau tranh gianh doc lap d
khu vuc Mi Latinh dau the kl XIX.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Hay trinh bay nhung net ldn ciia lich sir chau Phi the ki XIX - dau
the ki XX.
2. Lap nien bieu cudc da'u tranh gianh dgc lap ciia nhan dan MT Latinh
dau the ki XIX theo thii tu : thdi gian, tin nudc, nam gianh ddc lap.
3. Chi'nh sach banh trudng ciia MT dd'i vdi khu vuc MT Latinh biiu hien
nhu the nao ?

30
 Chucrng II

CHI^N TRANH TH^ GI6I THff NHAT

(1914-1918)

W^ff CHIEN TRANH THE GIClI THI/ NHAT (1914 -1918)

Tir nam 1914 den nam 1918, nhan loai da phai trai qua mdt cudc chien
tranh thi gidi tan khdc, ldi cudn vao vdng chien hang chiic nudc, chti
yeu la d chau Au. da gay nen nhirng thiet hai to ldn ve ngudi va cua.

I - NGUYEN NHAN CUA CHIEN TRANH

Sir phat trien khdng diu vi kinh te va chinh tri cua chii nghTa tu ban cud'i the ki
XIX - ddu the ki XX da lam thay ddi sau sdc so sdnh lire lugng giira cac nudc de qud'c.
Ben canh cac de qud'c "gia" (Anh, Phap) vdi he thd'ng thugc dia rgng ldn la cdc de
qud'c "tre" (MT, Dire, Nhat Ban) dang vuon len manh me vi kinh te, nhung lai cd qua
ft thugc dia. Mau thudn giua cac nude de qud'c vi vdn di thugc dia la khdng tranh khdi
va ngay cang trd nen gay gdt. Gidi cam quyin Diic da vach ke hoach tie'n hanh cugc
chien tranh nhdm gianh giat thugc dia, chia lai thi trudng. Nhat va MT cung rao riet
hoach dinh chien luge banh trudng cua minh. Vi vay, ngay tir cud'i the ki XIX - ddu
the ki XX, cac cugc chien tranh gidnh thugc dia da nd ra d nhiiu noi.
Sau Chien t r a n h T r u n g - N h a t (1894 - 1895), N h a t Ban thon t i n h Trieu
Tien, M a n Chau, Dai Loan, B a n h Ho.
Sau Chien t r a n h Mi - Tay B a n N h a (1898), Mi chie'm Phi-lip-pin, Cu-ha,
Pu-ec-to Ri-c6...
Sau Chien t r a n h Anh - B6-d(i) (1899 - 1902), Anh chie'm vimg da't N a m Phi.
Sau Chien t r a n h Nga - N h a t (1904 - 1905), N h a t Ban gat Nga de k h a n g dinh
quyen thong tri cua minh tren b a n dao Trieu Tien, M a n Chau va n a m dao
Xa-kha-lin.

(1) Ngudi B6-d gom nhieu the he ngudi gdc Ha Lan di cu den va sinh sdng d cue Nam
chau Phi, da lap ra 2 quoc gia cua ho la 6-rang-gio' va Td-rang-xvan.
31
 Trong cugc dua gianh giat thude dia, de qud'c Dire la ke hung hang nhdt, vi cd tiim
luc kinh te va qudn su nhung lai ft thugc dia. Thai do cua Diic da lam quan he qud'c te
0 chau Au ngay cang cang thdng, dac biet la quan he giua cac nudc de qud'c vdi nhau.
TU n h i i n g n a m 80 cua t h e ki XIX, gidi cam quyen DUc da vach r a ke hoach
chie'n t r a n h n h d m chie'm h a u het l a n h tho c h a u Au, vUdn r a cac thugc dia
ciia A n h va P h a p d c h a u Phi va c h a u A. N a m 1882, DUc ciing Ao - H u n g
va l - t a - l i - a t h a n h lap lien m i n h t a y ba, dUdc ggi la phe Lien minh. Sau
nay, l - t a - l i - a rdi khoi Lien m i n h (1915), chong lai DUc.

Doi phd vdi a m mUu cua DUc, A n h cung c h u a n bi ke hoach chie'n t r a n h .

Anh, P h a p , Nga t u y cd t r a n h chap ve thugc dia, nhUng p h a i n h a n nhUdng
lan n h a u , ki nhUng b a n hiep Udc t a y doi : P h a p - Nga (1890), A n h - P h a p
(1904), A n h - Nga (1907), h i n h ih.knh.phe Hiep Udc^^l

Nhu vay, de'n ddu the ki XX, d

chau Au da hinh thanh hai khdi quan
su dd'i ddu nhau. Ca hai khdi diu dm
mdng xam luge, eudp doat lanh thd
va thude dia ciia nhau, tang cudng
chay dua vu trang. Chinh mau thudn
giu'a cac nudc de qud'c vi van di
thude dia, ma trudc tien la giira de
qud'c Anh vdi de qud'c Dtic, la nguyen
nhan CO ban ddn den chien tranh.
Tinh hinh cang thdng d Ban-eang
tir nam 1912 den nam 1913 da tao co
hgi cho chie'n tranh bimg nd. Ngay
28 - 6 - 1914, Thai tir Ao - Hung bi
mdt ngudi Xee-bi am sat tai Bd-xni-a. Hinh 14. Luge dd Imi khdi qudn su trong
Chien tranh the'gidi thu nhd't
Gidi quan phiet Diic, Ao ehdp lay co
hdi dd di gay chien tranh.

© Nguyen nhan sau xa va duyen cd ciJa Chien tranh the gidi thir nhai la gi ?

(1) Sau nay, phe Lien minl-i c6 them Tho' Nhi Ki (10 - 1914) va Bun-ga-ri (10 - 1914). Phe Hiep
udc CO them Nhat Ban (8 - 1914), l-ta-li-a (5 - 1915), Ru-ma-ni (8 - 1916), Ml (4 - 1917)'
32
11 - DIEN BIEN CUA CHIEN TRANH

Q G i a i d o a n thvT n h a t (1914 - 1916)

Ngay 28 - 7 - 1914, Ao - Hung tuyen chie'n vdi Xee-bi. Ngay 1 - 8, Dire tuyen
chie'n vdi Nga, ngay 3 - 8 tuyen chie'n vdi Phap. Ngay 4 - 8 , Anh tuyen chien vdi
DU'C. Chie'n tranh de qud'c da bung nd va nhanh chdng lan rgng thanh chie'n tranh
the gidi.
Md ddu cudc chien, Diic du dinh ddnh bai Phdp mdt each ehdp nhoang, sau dd
quay sang danh Nga. Vi vay, DU'C tap trung phdn ldn binh luc d Mat tran phia Tay,
va ngay trong dem 3 - 8 - 1914 da tran vao Bi - mdt nudc trung lap - rdi danh thgc
sang Phap. Dire chan ca con dudng ra bien khdng cho quan Anh sang tie'p vien.
Pa-ri hi uy hiep, quan Phap cd nguy co bi tieu diet.
Giu'a liic dd, d Mat tran phfa Ddng, quan Nga tan cdng vdo Ddng Phd, bude
Dire phai diiu bdt quan tir Mat tran phfa Tay vi chdng lai quan Nga. Pa-ri dugc ciiu
thoat. Lgi dung thdi co, ddu thang 9 - 1914, Phap phan cdng vd gianh thdng lgi tren
sdng Mae-no. Quan Anh cung dd bd len luc dia chau Au. Ke hoach "danh nhanh
C . . .
thang nhanh" eiia Dire da that bai. Quan ciia hai ben nit xudng chien hdo edm cu
nhau dai ddng tren mdt chien tuye'n dai 780 km, tir Bien Bdc tdi bien gidi Thuy ST.
Nam 1915, Diic ddn binh luc sang Mat tran phfa Ddng ciing quan Ao - Hung
tan cdng Nga quyet liet, dinh de bep Nga. Che do Nga hoang dang khiing hoang
nghiem trgng, nhung DU'C khdng dat dugc muc dfch loai Nga ra khdi chien tranh.
Cud'i nam, hai ben diu d trong the edm cu tren mdt mat tran dai 1 200 km, tir song
Do-nhi-ep den vinh Ri-ga.
Trong nam thii hai cua cugc chien tranh (1915), ca hai ben diu dua ra nhung
phuong tien chien tranh mdi nhu xe tang, sir dung may bay de trinh sat va nem bom,
tham chf diing ca hoi ddc... Vi the, hai ben diu bi thiet hai kha nang ni, nin kinh
te bi anh hudng nghiem trgng.
Nam 1916, khdng tieu diet duge quan Nga, Diic lai chuyen trgng tam hoat ddng
vi Mat tran phfa Tay, md chie'n dich tan cdng Vec-doong, hdng tieu diet qudn chu
luc eua Phdp. Chie'n su d day diin ra het siic quye't liet, keo dai tir thdng 2 de'n thang
12 - 1916, lam gdn 70 van ngudi chit va bi thuong. Quan Diic vdn khdng ha ndi
thanh Vec-doong, budc phai nit lui.

3-LICHSU 11...-A 33
 Chie'n cudc nam 1916 khdng dem lai uu thg' cho bgn nao ma vdn duy tn the edm
cir. Til' cud'i nam 1916 trd di, Diic, Ao - Hung tir the ehu ddng chuyen sang phdng
ngir tren ca hai mat tran.
Trong giai doan thir nhat ciia chien tranh, tinh trang khdn ciing ciia nhan dan
lao ddng ngay mgt them trdm trgng ; ddi ret, benh tat va nhiing tai hoa do chie'n
tranh gdy ra ngdy cang nhiiu. Trong khi dd, bgn triim cdng nghiep chie'n tranh da
giau len nhanh chdng nhd budn ban vfl khf. Mau thudn xa hdi trong cac nude tham
chie'n trd nen vd cimg gay gdt. Chi hon 2 nam chie'n tranh, da cd gdn 6 trieu ngudi
chet va hon 10 trieu ngudi bi thuong. Phong trao cdng nhan, phong trao qudn chiing
phan dd'i chie'n tranh phat triin nhanh chdng. De'n eudi nam 1916,' tinh the each
mang da xua't hien d nhieu nudc chau Au.

( ? ) Trinh bay dien bie'n chinh trong giai doan dau cua cugc Chie'n tranh the gidi thd nhai. .

G i a i d o a n thijf h a i (1917 - 1918)

Thang 2 - 1917, nhan dan Nga dudi su lanh dao ciia giai cap vd san, vdi khdu
hieu "Da dao chie'n tranh", "Da dao Nga hoang", "Bie'n chie'n tranh de qude thanh
ndi chien each mang", da tie'n hanh cudc each mang dan chii tu san thanh cdng. Che
do Nga hoang bi lat dd. Chfnh phii lam thdi tu san dugc thanh lap va tie'p tuc theo
dudi chie'n tranh.
Liic nay, Dtic mudn cdt diit dudng tie'p te tren bien cua phe Hiep udc lien sir
dung phuong tien chie'n tranh mdi la tau ngdm. Cugc "chie'n tranh tau ngdm" gay
cho Anh nhiiu thiet hai.
Luc dau. Ml giii thai do "trung lap" trong chie'n tranh. ThUc ra, Mi muon
ldi dung chie'n tranh de ban vii khi cho ca hai phe va khi chie'n tranh ket
thuc, du thang hay bai, cac nUdc tham chie'n deu bi suy yeu, con Mi se
khang dinh Uu the cua minh. NhUng de'n nam 1917, phong trao each mang
d cac nUdc dang cao, Mi tha'y can phai ke't thiic chie'n tranh va dUng ve phe
Hiep Udc.

Vien cd tau ngdm Dire vi pham quyin tu do thuong mai tren bien, tan cdng ca
tau budn cap ben cac nudc thugc phe "Hiep udc", ngay 2 - 4 - 1917 MT tuyen
chie'n vdi Diic, Sir tham chie'n cua MT cd lgi hon cho phe Anh, Phap, Nga.

34 J-LICHSU 11....B
 Trong nam 1917, nhiing cugc phan cong ciia phe Hiep Udc deu khong
thanh cong. Phap va Anh co pha vd phdng tuyen cua DUc va giai toa vong
vay bd bien, nhUng that bai. NhQng cugc tan cong cua Nga cung khong
thanh. Ao-Hung to ra nao nung muon cau hoa, nhUng Nga va I-ta-li-a
cdn nhieu tham vgng, khong chap nhan thUdng thuyet. DUc lai don lUc
lugng danh Nga va loai I-ta-li-a ra khoi vdng chie'n.

Thdng 11 - 1917, dudi su lanh dao cua Le-nin va Dang Bdnsevich, nhan dan
Nga dung len lam cudc each mang xa hdi chu nghTa - dugc ggi la Cach mang thdng
Mudi (theo lich Nga). Nha nudc Xd vie't ra ddi, thdng qua Sac lenh Hoc) hinh,
keu ggi chfnh phii cac nudc tham chie'n cham diit chien tranh. Ldi keu ggi hoa binh
cua Chfnh phii Xd vie't khdng dugc cdc nudc trong phe Hiep udc hudng iing vi Anh,
Phap, MT mudn ke't thiic chie'n tranh tren the thdng. Trudc tinh the dd, di bao ve
chinh quyin non tre, Nha nudc Xd vie't bugc phai kf rieng vdi Due Hoa udc
Bret Litd'p (3 - 3 - 1918). Nudc Nga ra khdi chie'n tranh de qud'c.
Ddu nam 1918, lgi dung khi quan MT chua sang de'n chau Au, quan Due md
lien tiep 4 dgt tan cdng vdi quy md ldn tren mat trim Phap. Mdt lan nua, Chfnh phii
Phap chuan bi rdi khdi Pa-ri. Thdng 7 - 1918, 65 van quan MT dd bd vao chau Au
cung nhiiu vu khi, dan dugc. MT true tie'p tham chie'n khi ca hai phe bi thiet hai qua
nhiiu, het siic mdi met, nen trd thanh nudc diing ddu phe Hiep udc thay Anh. Nhd
dd, quan Phap va Anh quay lai phan cdng manh me quan Dire tren cac mat tran.
Ngay 18 - 7 - 1918, quan Phap vdi 600 xe tang pha vd phdng tuyen song
Mac-nd ciia DUc, bat 3 van tu binh. Ngay 8 - 8 , lien quan Anh - Phap vdi 400
xe tang da dap tan phong tuyen song Xen, tieu diet 16 sU doan quan DUc.
Ngay 12 - 9, lien quan Phap - Mi danh Xanh Mi-hi-en, mgt phdng tuyen quan
trgng cua DUc.
Tir cud'i thang 9 - 1918, quan Dire lien tie'p that bai, phai bd chay khdi lanh thd
Phap va Bi. Cac nudc ddng minh ciia Dire cflng bi tan cdng lien tie'p, budc phai ddu
hang : Bun-ga-ri (29 - 9), Thd NhT Ki (30 - 10), Ao-Hung (2 - 11).
Trude nguy co that bai, chfnh phii mdi duge thanh lap d Diic (3 - 10 - 1918) di
nghi thuong lugng vdi MT. nhung khong dugc chap nhan, vi MT mudn danh deii cimg
de huge Diic phai ddu hang khdng diiu kien. Trong tinh hinh dy, ngay 9 - 11 - 1918.
each mang bimg nd d Dire, Hoang de Vin-hem 11 phai chay sang Ha Lan. Ngay
11 - 11 - 1918, Dire phai ki hiep dinh ddu hang khdng diiu kien. Chien tranh kit thiic
vdi su that bai hoan toan ciia phe Diic, Ao - Huntj.

35
 Hinh 15. Due ki hiep dinh ddu hdng, -^
ke't thuc Chie'n tranh the gidi thu nhd't

©'^ ' Net noi bat trong giai doan thd hai cua cuoc chien tranh la gi ? Vi sao MT tham gia
chien tranh mudn ?

III - KET c u e CUA CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE G I 6 I THlT NHAT

Chie'n tranh the gidi thir nhdt (1914 - 1918) da gdy ra nhimg tham hoa hit siic
nang ni dd'i vdi nhan loai : khoang 1,5 ti ngudi bi ldi cudn vao vdng khdi lita,
10 trieu ngudi chet, tren 20 trieu ngudi bi thuong, nin kinh te chau Au bi kiet que.

Nhieu thanh pho', lang mac, dUdng sa, cau co'ng, nha may bi pha huy. Chi
phi cho chie'n tranh len tdi 85 ti dola. Cac nUdc chau Au deu trd thanh
con ng cua Mi. Rieng nUdc Mi dUdc hUdng ldi trong chie'n tranh nhd ban
vu khf, da't nUdc khong bi bom dan tan pha, thu nhap quo'c dan tang gap
doi, von dau tU ra nUdc ngoai tang 4 lan. Nhat Ban chie'm lai mgt so' dao
cua DUc, nang cao vi the d khu viic Dong A va Thai Binh Dudng.

Trong qua trinh chien tranh, thdng lgi eua Cdch mang thang Mudi Nga va
viec thanh lap Nha nude Xd vie't danh ddu budc chuyin ldn trong cue dien chinh
tri the gidi.

© Chien tranh the gidi thLf nhai de lai nhCing hau qua gl ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Hay phan tfch tfnh chdt cua Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhat.
2. Lap nien bieu vi nhung su kien ldn eua Chie'n tranh the gidi thur nhat.

36
 ChL/cJng III

NHONG THANH TUU V A N HOA THOI CAN OAI

W&7 NHU^fG THANH TUtJ VAN HOA

THdl CAN DAI

Nhung bie'n dgng lich sir ttr ddu thdi can dai den cudi the ki XIX - ddu
theki XX tac ddng manh me de'n tinh hinh van hoa. Nhiiu thanh tuu da
dat dugc trong cac ITnh vuc van hgc - nghe thuat, tu tu'dng.

[ Q Sii phat trien ciia van hoa trong buoi dau thdi can dai
Vao budi ddu thdi can dai, van hgc, nghe thuat, tu tudng cd vai trd quan trgng
trong viec tan cdng vao thdnh tri eiia che do phong kien va hinh thanh quan diim,
tu tudng ciia con ngudi tu san.
Ve vdn hgc, ddy la thdi ki xud't hien nhiiu nha van, nha tho ldn.
O phuong Tay, tieu bieu la d Phap, trong the ki XVII da xudt hien cac nha van,
nha tho ldn. Code-nay (1606 - 1684) la dai biiu xua't sdc cho nin bi kich cd dien
Phap. La Phdng-ten (1621 - 1695) la nha ngu ngdn va nha van cd diin Phap ; cae
tac phdm cua dng cd tac dung giao due ddi vdi mgi lira tudi, mgi thdi dai.
Md-h-e (1622 - 1673) la tac gia ndi tie'ng ciia nin hai kich cd dien Phap ; cac tac
phdm ciia dng thi hien khat vgng cdng bdng, cugc sd'ng tdt dep ciia loai ngudi.
Ve dm nhgc ed Bet-td-ven - nha soan nhac thien tai ngudi Dire. Sang tac ciia
dng tham dugm tinh thdn dan chii, each mang, trong dd ndi tieng la nhung ban giao
hudng sd 3, sd 5, sd 9. Ngoai ra, edn cd Md-da (1756 - 1791) - nha soan nhac vT
dai ngudi Ao - ngudi cd nhung cd'ng hien to ldn cho nghe thuat hgp xudng.

37
 Hinh 16. Bet-td-ven (1770 - 1827)

Ve hgi hog. Rem-bran (1606 - 1669) la hoa sT, nha dd hoa Ha Lan ndi tieng the
ki XVII vi tranh chan dung, tranh phong canh vdi nhiiu chat lieu - son ddu, khdc
kim loai...
Ve tu tudng, trao luu Triet hgc Anh sang the ki XVII - XVIII da san sinh ra nhiiu
nha tu tudng ldn - cac nha Khai sang, cd vai trd quan trgng trong su thdng lgi eua
Cach mang tu san Phap cudi the ki XVIII va sir phat triin tu tudng cua chdu Au.
Dd la Mdng-te-xki-o (1689 - 1755), Vdn-te (1694 - 1778), Riit-xd (1712 - 1778),
nha tu tu'dng cap tie'n Me-li-e (1644 -'1729) va nhdm Bach khoa toan thu do
Di-do-rd (1713-1784) dirng ddu.
Cac nha Khai sang the ki XVII - XVIII dugc xem nhu "nhung ngudi di trudc
dgn dudng cho Cach mang Phap 1789 thdng lgi".

\*) Lap bang he thong ve cac tac gia, tac pham nd'i tieng thugc cac linh vUc van hgc,
nghe thuat vao buoi dau thdi can da'

Thanh tiiu cua van hoc, nghe thuat

tii dau the ki XIX den dau the ki XX
a) Ve van hgc
Thdi kl tir giua the ki XIX den ddu the ki XX danh dau sir thdng lgi hoan toan
ciia chil nghTa tu ban dd'i vdi che do phong kien tren pham vi the gidi va chii nghTa
tu ban chuyin sang giai doan de qud'c chii nghTa.

38
 d phuong Tay, khi giai cdp tu san ndm quyin thd'ng tri va md rdng viec xam
chie'm. dd hg cac nude thugc dia thi ddi sd'ng ciia nhan dan lao dgng bi ap biic
ngay cang khdn khd. Nhiiu nha van, nha tho, nhung ngudi hoat dgng tren ITnh
vuc nghe thuat da phan anh kha ddy dii, toan dien hien thuc xa hdi trong tac phdm
ciia minh.
Vfch-to Huy-gd (1802 - 1885) la nha tho, nha tiiu thuyet, nha vie't kich Phap.
Cac tac phdm ciia dng, dac biet xuat sdc la tiiu thuyet Nhimg ngudi khdn kho. thi
hien long yeu thuong vd han ddi vdi nhirng eon ngudi dau khd, mong tim nhflng
giai phap dem lai hanh phuc cho hg.
Lep Tdn-xtdi (1828 - 1910), nha van Nga, ndi tieng vdi eae tac phdm : Chie'n tvanh
va Hoa hinh, An-na Ka-re-ni-na, Phuc sinh. Vdi ehii nghia hien thuc phe phdn, qua cdc
tac phdm cua minh, Tdn-xtdi da chdng lai trat tu xa hdi phong kien Nga hoang, ca nggi
phdm chat eua ngudi ddn Nga trong cdng cudc xay dung va bao ve To qude. Le-nin da
danh gia cac tac phdm eua Tdn-xtdi nhu "tam guong phan chie'u each mang Nga".
Mac Tuen (1835 - 1910) la nha van ldn cua MT vao the ki XIX - ddu theki XX,
vdi cac tac pham ndi tieng nhu : Nhimg ngudi I-no-xdng di du lich, Nhung cugc phien
lim ciia Tom Xoay-o. Bdng ngdi but trdo phung, hai hude, mang tinh thdn phe phdn sau
sdc, Mac Tuen da mieu ta chan thuc cugc sd'ng xa hdi MT luc bay gid, the hien ldng
yeu thuong vdi con ngudi, trude het la nhan dan lao ddng ngheo khd.
Ngoai ra, con cd ntiieu nha van, nha tha ndi tie'ng khae. nhu Pu-skin (Nga.
1799 - 1837), Ban-dac (Phap, 1799 - 1850). An-dec-xen (Dan Mach. 1805 - 1875) :
eon cd the ke de'n Md-pat-xang (Phap, 1850 - 1893), Se-khdp (Nga, 1860 - 1904),
Giac Lon-don (Mi. 1876 - 1916). Bec-tcm Brech (Dire, 1898 - 1956).... Cac tac pham
ciia hg da phan anh kha ro net ddi sdng nhan dan duong thdi, dac biet la cua nhQng
ngudi lao dgng ngheo khd.

O cac nudc phuong Ddng, van hgc cung cd nhung budc tie'n bd rd ret. phan anh
cudc sd'ng cua nhan dan dudi ach thuc dan phong kien, ldng khat khao va y chf anh
hiing, quat khdi trong dau tranh cho ddc lap, tu do.
Ra-bin-dra-nat Ta-go la nha van hoa ldn ciia An Do. Ong di lai 52 tap tho.
42 vd kich, 12 cudn tieu thuyet, nhiiu truyen ngdn, luan van, but kf, ca khue va tranh
ve, tieu biiu la tap Tho Ddng (doat giai Ndben nam 1913). Cac sang tac ciia dng thi
hien rd long yeu nudc, yeu hoa binh va tinh thdn nhan dao sau sdc.

39
 Ld Tan ( 1 8 8 1 - 1936) la nha van each mang ndi tieng eiia Trung Qud'c, vdi cae
tac pham ldn nhu : Nhdt ki ngudi dien, AQ chinh truyen...
Hd-xe Ri-dan, nha van, nha tho ldn ciia Phi-lfp-pin, vdi tac pham tieu biiu nhu
Dimg dgng vdo toi, da td cao tdi ac cua ke thu xam luge va mieu ta cudc khang
chie'n gianh ddc lap cua nhan dan Phi-lfp-pin.
Hd-xe Mae-ti, nha van Cu-ba, tieu biiu cho tinh thdn ddu tranh, niim tin vao
thdng lgi ciia cugc dau tranh cho ddc lap dan tdc va tien bg xa hdi ciia nhan dan
Cu-ba cung nhu khu vuc MT Latinh.

Hinh 17. Ta-go (1861 -1941) Hinh 18. Hd-xe Mdc-ti

(1823 -1893)

h) Ve nghe thudt
Thdi can dai, dac biet vao cud'i the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, cac ITnh vuc nghe
thuat nhu kien tnic, am nhac, dieu khdc... eung rat phdt triin. Cung dien Vecxai
(Phap) duge hoan thanh vao nam 1708, tie'p tue dugc hoan chinh va trd thanh mdt
cdng trinh nghe thuat kien true dac sdc. Nhiiu tac phdm mT thuat ndi tieng trong
lich sir nhan loai duge rung bay trong cac bao tang ldn ra ddi vao thdi can dai.

Cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, d Pa-ri (Phap) da tu hgp nhiiu nha van hoa
ldn, trong dd ed cac hoa sT danh tieng nhu Van Gd'c (Ha Lan), Phu-gi-ta (Nhat Ban),
Pi-cat-xd (Tay Ban Nha), Le-vi-tan (Nga)...

40
 Ve am nhac, ndi bat la Trai-cd'p-xki (1840 - 1893) - mdt trong nhflng diin hinh
cua nen am nhac hien thuc the gidi thdi bay gid. Tac phdm ndi tieng cua dng cd vd
dpera Con ddm pich, cac vd bale Ho thien nga, Ngudi dep ngu trong rimg...

Hinh 19. Buc tranh 'Thdng Ba " cua Le-vi-tan

©- ' Lap bang he thdng kien thu'c ve cac nha van hoa tif dau the ki XIX de'n dau
the kl XX : ten tac gia, nam sinh - nam mai, tac pham tieu bieu.

Trao \iiu tii tiidng tien bo va svf ra ddfi, phat trien cua chii
nghia xa hoi khoa hoc tii giila the ki XIX den dau the ki XX
Sir phat trien cua chii nghTa tu ban tir giua the ki XIX gay ra nhieu dau khd cho
nhan dan lao ddng. Trong hoan canh dy, mgt sd nha tu tudng tie'n bg duong thdi da nghT
de'n viec xay dung mdt xa hgi mdi, khdng ed ehe do tu hfln, khdng cd bdc igt, nhan
dan lam chii cac phuong tien san xuat cua minh. Ndi tie'ng nhat la cac nha tu tudng
Xanh Xi-mdng (1760- 1825), Phu-ri-e (1772- 1837) dPhapvaO-oen (1771 - 1858)
0 Anh. Dd la nhung nha xa hdi khdng tudng, vi tu tudng ciia hg khdng thi thuc hien
duoc trong diiu kien chii nghTa tu ban vdn dugc duy tri va phat trien.

41
 He-ghen va Phoi-o-bach la nhung nha triet hgc ndi tie'ng cua Diic. He-ghen la
nha triet hgc duy tam khach quan, cdn Phoi-o-bach tuy dung tren lap trudng chu
nghTa duy vat, nhung sieu hinh khi xem nhflng thdi ki lich sir xa hdi loai ngudi
khdng hi phat trien ma chi ed sir khdc nhau do sir thay ddi vi tdn giao.

Hinh 20. He-ghen {1770 J831) Hinh 21. Phoi-a-hdch (1804 - 1872)

Hgc thuyet kinh te chinh tri tu san cd dien phat ""•"mi^.

sinh d Anh vdi cac dai biiu ndi tie'ng la Xmit va

Ri-eac-dd (1772 - 1823). Tuy cd cdng trong viec
md ddu "If luan vi gia tri lao ddng", nhung hai dng
chi nhin thdy mdi quan he gifla vat vd vat (hang hod
nay ddi lay hang hod khdc) ehii chua nhin thay mdi
quan he gifla ngudi vdi ngudi ddng sau su trao ddi
hang hoa.
Cung vdi su phat sinh va phat trien ciia giai
cap vd san, phong trao cdng nhan, hgc thuyet chii Hinh 22. A-dam Xmit
nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc ra ddi, do Mac va Ang-ghen (1723-1790)
sang lap, dugc Le-nin phdt triin trong diiu kien chu nghTa tu ban chuyen sang
giai doan de qud'c chu nghTa va phong trdo dau tranh ciia cdng nhan phat triin
manh me.
Hgc thuyet chii nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc la sir ke thira cd chgn lgc va phdt triin
nhflng thanh tim khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hgc xa hdi ma loai ngudi da dat dugc,
chil yeu tir ddu the ki XIX. Trong nhflng thanh tuu ay, ndi bat la dinh luat bao toan

42
va chuyin hoa nang lugng, thuyet te bao, thuyet tien hoa eiia cdc gid'ng loai,
cac trao luu triet hgc cd dien Dire, hgc thuyet kinh te chinh tri tu san cd diin
Anh va If luan vi chii nghTa xa hdi khdng tudng Phap. Cac tac gia kinh dien
cua chu nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc xay dung hgc thuyet cua minh tren quan diim,
lap trudng ciia giai cap cdng nhan, thuc tiin da'u tranh cua phong trao each
mang vd san the gidi, tu' dd hinh thanh he thd'ng If luan mdi, vira each mang
vfla khoa hgc. Hgc thuyet cua cac dng bao gdm 3 bd phan chfnh : triet hgc,
kinh te ehfnh tri hgc va chu nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc.
Chu nghla Mac - Lenin la cuong ITnh each mang cho cudc dau tranh chdng chii
nghTa tu ban, xay dung chu nghTa cgng san vd md ra mgt ki nguyen mdi cho su phat
trien cua khoa hgc (ca khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hgc xa hdi - nhan van).

( ? ) - Trinh bay nhiing hieu biei cua em ve chu nghTa xa hoi Ichdng tudng.
- Hgc thuyet chii nghia xa hgi khoa hgc ra ddi trong dieu l<ien lich sii nao va co vai
trd nhu the nao doi vdi sii phat trien cija xa hgi ?

Cau lioi va bai tap

1. Suu tam tai lieu, tranh anh vi cae nha van, nha tho, nha soan nhac,
hoa sT ndi tieng thdi can dai.
2. Lap bang he thd'ng kien thuc vi cac nha van hoa thdi can dai : tac
gia, nam sinh - nam mat, tac phdm, nhan xet vi nhflng ddng gdp
va han che.
3. Ddn mdt tac phdm van hgc. nghe thuat (tu chgn), neu ddi net vi su
phan anh ddi sd'ng xa hdi duonr thd'i lia tac pham dd.

43
 ON TAP
m^8
LICH Sir THE GlOil CAN DAI

Phdn lich sir the gidi can dai, tfl Cach mang Ha Lan de'n Cach mang
thang Mudi Nga gdm mgt sd vdn di eo ban sau day :
- Sti' thdng lgi cua each mang tu san ; sir xac lap va phat triin cua chu
nghTa tu ban.
- Su ra ddi va phat triin cua phong trao cdng nhan qude te.
- Su xam luge thugc dia ciia chii nghTa tu ban va phong trao da'u tranh
cua cac dan tgc chdng chu nghTa thuc dan.
- Mau thudn gifla cac nudc tu ban chii nghTa ddn tdi chie'n tranh the gidi.

^M Nhufng k i e n thCfc ccf b a n

Su kien lich su cua thdi ki nay rat nhiiu, vi vay cdn ghi nhd mdt sd su kien co
ban theo cae nhdm :
- Kiin thflc co ban eiia mgt bai vdi mdt sd su kien chii yeu. Vi du : "Nhung su
kien co ban cua cugc Cach mang tu san Phdp cudi the ki XVIII" (neu rd sir phat
triin di len cua each mang, sir thi hien vai trd cua qudn chung nhan dan va y nghTa
cua cudc each mang).
- Kien thuc co ban vi mdt van di lich sir ma ndi dung dugc trinh bay qua mdt
sd bai. Vf du : "Cac cudc cdch mang tu san the ki XVI - the ki XIX" (neu rd :
nguyen nhan bung nd, ddng lue, lanh dao, hinh thiic, diin bien, ket qua, y nghTa
lich su, han che").
Lap bang he thd'ng vi cdc su kien chfnh ciia lich sir the gidi can dai (theo mdu
ggi y) :

Thdi gian Sir kien - npi dung co ban Ket qua, y nghTa

44
 N h a n thiJfc d u n g n h i J n g v a n d e c h u y e u

Hgc tap lich su the gidi can dai khdng chi ndm cac sir kien co ban ma phai nhan
thflc dung nhflng vdn de chu yeu.
Thu nhdt, cdn hiiu rd vi ban chat cac cudc each mang tu san. Dfl hinh thflc,
diin bie'n va ket qua dat dugc khae nhau, song diu cd nguyen nhan sau xa va eo
ban gid'ng nhau, cung nhdm mdt muc tieu chung (giai quye't mau thudn gifla quan
he phong kien ldi thdi vdi lire lugng sdn xuat mdi - tu ban chu nghTa). Thdng lgi
cua each mang tu san d nhflng mflc do khae nhau diu tao diiu kien cho chu nghTa
tu ban phat triin.
Thtk hai, nhung nam cud'i the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX la thdi ki phat triin
nhanh chdng va manh me cua chu nghla tu ban. Day la thdi ki ehii nghTa tu ban
tir giai doan tu do canh tranh chuyen dan sang giai doan ddc quyin, tuc chu
nghTa de qud'c. Chu nghTa de qud'c cd nhflng dac trung rieng, song khdng thay
ddi ban chat ciia chu nghTa tu ban ma ehi lam cho cac mau thudn vdn cd va mdi
nay sinh them trdm trgng.

T M ha, rhau thudn gifla giai cap vd san va tfl san - hai giai cap co ban cua xa
hgi tu ban chii nghTa - ngay cang sdu sde, ddn de'n eude ddu tranh cua vd san chdng
tu san ngay cang manh me. Phong trao da'u tranh nay phat trien tfl "tu phat" de'n "tu
giac" va la co sd cho su ra ddi cua hgc thuyit ehu nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc, ma
Cae Mac va Phri-drich Ang-ghen la nhiing ngudi sang lap. Chu nghTa Mac da dua
phong trao da'u tranh cua cdng nhan timg budc di de'n thdng lgi, dii phai trai qua
nhflng bfldc thang trdm, nhflng thdt bai.

Thu tu, chu nghla tu ban phdt triin gdn liin vdi eude xam chiem cac nudc
nhd yeu d chau A, chau Phi va khu vuc MT Latinh... lam thugc dia. Viec chie'm
hun thude dia ciia cac nude tu ban thuc ddn ddn tdi mau thudn giua cac nudc de
qud'c, ddi chia lai thude dia va la nguyen nhan chu yeu gay ra Chie'n tranh the
gidi thli nha't.
Ngay tfl ddu, nhan dan cac nudc bi xam luge da ddu tranh manh me chdng chu
nghla thuc dan, de qude va sau dd ehdng the luc phong kien tay sai.

45
^ 1 B a i t a p thvfc h a n h

Trong qua trinh hgc tdp, dac biet khi dn tap, cdn tien hanh nhung bai tap trac
nghiem khach quan, bdi tap tu luan, bai tap thuc hanh nhdm eiing cd, khdc sdu kien
thflc CO ban da hoc.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Ndi dung co ban ciia lich sir the gidi can dai bao gdm nhflng van
di nao ?
2. Neu nhung diim chung va rieng cua Cach mang tu-san Anh the ki
XVll, Chie'n tranh gianh dgc lap cua cdc thude dia Anh d Bdc MT va
Cach mang tu san Phdp cudi the ki XVIll (cd thi lap bang so sanh,
he thd'ng kien thflc...).
3. Neu mdt sd luan diim co ban trong tu lucmg cua Mac, Ang-ghen va
Le-nin vi su menh lich su cua giai cdp cdng nhan.
4. Lap bang thd'ng ke nhung diin bie'n chfnh cua Chien tranh the gidi
thfl nhdt.
5. Trinh bay diin bien chi'nh ciia phong trao dau tranh giai phdng dan
tdc 0 cac nudc chau A.

46
LICH SU THE GI61 HIEN DAI
(Phan tiif nam 1917 den nam 1945)

47
 ChL/cJng I

CACH MANG T H A N G Ml/Ol NGA N A M 1917

VA CONG CUOC X A Y DONG C H O N G H I A X A HOI 6 LlEN XO
(1921-1941)

CACH MANG THANG Ml/dl NGA NAM 1917

m^^ VA CUOC DAU TRANH BAO VE CACH MANG
(1917-1921)

Cach mang thdng Mudi nam 1917 bung nd va thdng lgi d Nga, nha nudc
xa hdi chu nghTa ddu tien ra ddi, md ra mgt thdi ki mdi trong lich su the
gidi. GiOa vdng vay cfla cac the lire phan each mang trong nudc va cac
nude de qude ben ngoai, nhan dan Xd viet, dugc su ung hg cua nhan
dan the gidi, da kien cudng chien dau, xay dung va bao ve thanh cdng
nhflng thanh qua cua Cach mang thang Mudi.

I - CACH MANG THANG M U 6 l NGA NAM 1917

^ 1 T i n h h i n h nitdc N g a trvfdc e a c h m a n g
Sau Cach mang 1905 - 1907, Nga vdn la mdt nudc quan chu chuyen che, dung
ddu la Nga hodng Ni-cd-lai II. Su tdn tai cua ehe dg qudn chu va nhung tan tich
phong kien khdng chi lam cho ddi sd'ng nhan dan Nga ngay cang khd khan ma edn
kim ham nang ni su phat triin cfla chu nghla tu ban d nudc nay. Nam 1914, Nga
hoang tham gia cugc chie'n tranh de qud'c, gay nen nhflng hau qua nghiem trgng cho
da't nudc : kinh te suy sup, nan ddi xay ra d nhiiu noi... Quan ddi lien tie'p thua tran.
Mgi ndi khd de nang len cac tdng ldp nhan dan, dac biet la ndng dan, cdng nhdn
Nga va hon 100 ddn tdc khae trong de qud'c Nga. Phong trao phan ddi chie'n tranh,
ddi lat dd ehe do Nga hodng lan rdng khdp trong nudc. Chinh phu Nga hoang ngay
cang td ra bat luc, khdng cdn kha nang tie'p tuc thd'ng tri nhu cfl dugc nua. Nudc
Nga da tiin sat tdi mgt cudc each mang.

48
 Hinh 23. Nhiing ngudi linh Nga ngodi mat trdn, tlidng 1 - 1917

{»} Em c6 nhan xet gi ve tinh hinh nudc Nga truoc each mang ?

Tii Cach mang thang Hai den Cach mang thang Mifdi

^fe X

. I ^^' ^ IT ^..Ax

L_l _ > ^ " 1 ^ *' ** ' ' I ''lift *< i ' i ^ ^ * ' *"'^ ** '^'-'^^ •

Hinh 24. "Tudo cho nudc Nga " (tranh ve ndm 1917 ve Cdch mgng titdng Hai)

Thang 2 - 1917 (theo lich Nga)*'\ cudc each mang dan chu tu san bflng nd d
Nga. Su kien md ddu la cudc bieu tinh cua 9 van nu cdng nhan d Thu dd
(1) O Nga, trudc thang 3 - 1918 dung lich Nga, so vdi dUdng lich cham 13 ngay. SGK ghi
nhung su kien trUdc thang 3 - 1918 theo lich Nga, co ghi chii phan tinh theo dUdng lich
trong ngoac ddn.

4 - L I C H SU 1 1 . .-A 49
Pe-to-rd-grat (nay la Xanh Pe-tec-bua)''\ Phong trao nhanh chdng lan rdng toan
thanh phd va chuyen tfl tong bai cdng chfnh tri sang khdi nghia vu trang. Quan khdi
nghTa chie'm cac cdng sd, bdt giam cac bd trudng va tudng ta cua Nga hoang. Che
do quan chu chuyen che sup dd.
Tin thdng lgi ciia cudc khdi nghla d Thu dd da lan nhanh khdp trong nudc. Chi
trong vdng 8 ngay, tren pham vi ea nudc, qudn chung nhan dan da vung day lat do
che do cu, bdu ra cac xd viet dai bieu cdng nhdn, ndng dan va binh linh. Giai cap tu
san thanh lap Chfnh phii ldm thdi. Nudc Nga trd thanh nudc Cgng hod.
Cach mang ddn chu tu san thang Hai thdng lgi. Tuy nhien, mdt tinh hinh chfnh
tri phfle tap chua timg cd da diin ra d nudc Nga. Dd la tinh trang hai chinh quyen
song song ton tgi : Chfnh phu tu san lam thdi va Xd viet dai biiu cdng nhan, ndng
dan va binh linh. Hai chinh quyen nay dai dien cho lgi fch ciia cac giai cap khdc nhau
nen khdng thi cflng tdn tai lau dai. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Le-nin va Dang Bdnsevich
da chuan bi ke hoach tie'p tuc lam each mang, lat dd Chinh phii tu san ldm thdi.
Thang 4 - 1917, Le-nin cd ban bao cao quan trgng trudc Trung uong Dang
Bdnsevfch (sau nay da di vao lich sir vdi ten ggi Ludn cuang thdng tu), chi ra muc tieu
va dudng ldi chuyen tfl each mang ddn chu tu san sang each mang xa hdi chu nghia.
Trai qua 8 thang da'u tranh, tU dau tranh hoa binh nham tap hcip lUc
lUUng quan chung dong dao de du sUc lat do giai cap tU san. Dang
Bon se vich da chuyen sang khdi nghla vu trang gianh chinh quyen. Dau
thang 10 - 1917, khong khi each mang bao trum khdp nUdc Nga. Ngay
7 - 1 0 (20 - 10), Le-nin bi mat roi Phan Lan ve Pe-td-ro-grat, trtic tie'p chi
dao each mang. Cae doi Can ve do ra doi. Trung tam Quan sti each mang
duoe thanh lap de lanh dao euoc khcii nghla trong ca nu6e.

Cudc khdi nghTa bdt ddu dem 24 - 10 (6 - 11). Cac dgi Can vt dd da nhanh
chdng chie'm dugc nhiing vi tri then chdt d Thu dd. Dem 25 - 10 (7 - 11), qudn khdi
nghia chie'm Cung di6n Mua Ddng. Toan bd Chinh phu tu san ldm thdi (trfl Thii
tudng Ke-ren-xki) bi bdt. Ngay 25 - 10 (7 - 11) trd thanh ngay thdng lgi ciia cudc
Cach mang xa hdi chu nghla thang Mudi.
Tie'p theo, khdi nghTa thdng lgi d Mat-xco-va ; ddu nam 1918, each mang gianh
dugc thdng lgi hoan toan tren dat nude Nga rdng ldn.

( ? ) - Cach mang thang Hai nam 1917 da thuc hien dUdc nhCrng nhiem vu gi ?

'^ - Cach mang thang Mudi dien ra nhuthe nao ?

(1) TU thang 3 - 1918, Mat-xcd-va trd thanh Thii d& cua nudc Nga.
50 '*-LICHSUl1....B
II - c u o c DAU TRANH XAY DUNG VA BAO VE CHINH QUYEN XO VIET

Q X a y dtTng C h i n h q u y e n Xo v i e t
Ngay trong dem 25 - 10 - 1917 ( 7 - 1 1 - 1 9 1 7 ) , Dai hdi Xd vie't toan Nga ldn
thfl hai khai mac d Dien Xmd-nui, tuyen bd thanh lap Chfnh quyin Xd vie't do
Le-nin diing ddu. Nhiem vu hang ddu ciia Chfnh quyin Xd vie't la dap tan bd may
nha nudc cu cua giai cap tu san va dia chu, khan truong xay dung bg may nha nudc
mdi cua nhirng ngudi lao ddng.
Cdc sde lenh ddu tien cua Chfnh quyin Xd vie't da dugc thdng qua : Sdc lenh
hod hinh va Sac lenh rugng dd't. Chfnh quyin Xd vie't nhanh chdng thuc hien cac
bien phap nhdm thu tieu nhung tan tfch ciia che do phong kien, xoa bd sir phan biet
ddng cap, nhiing dac quyin ciia Gido hdi, thuc hien nam nfl binh quyen, cac dan tdc
binh ddng vd cd quyin tfl quye't. Cae eo quan trung uong va Xd vie't cac dia phuong
dugc thanh lap, thay the hoan toan chinh quyin tu san. Hdng quan cdng ndng dugc
thanh lap di bao ve chfnh quyin mdi...
Nha nudc tie'n hanh qude hun hod cac nha may. xf nghiep ciia giai cap tu san,
thanh lap Hdi ddng Kinh te qud'c dan tdi cao di xay dung nin kinh te xa hgi
chu nghTa.

\^) Chi'nh quyen Xo viet da lam nhOmg

viec gi va dem lai loi I'ch cho ai ?

Bao ve Chinh quyen Xo viet

Cud'i nam 1918, quan ddi 14 nudc de
qud'c cau ket vdi lire lugng phan each mang
trong nudc md cudc tdn cdng vu trang
nhdm tieu diet nudc Nga Xd viet non tre.
Trong sud't 3 nam (1918 - 1920), nhan dan
Nga da tap trung toan bd sflc luc tie'n hanh
cudc chie'n ddu chdng thu trong, giac ngoai
trong nhflng diiu kien vd cung khd khan de
gifl 'vflng Chfnh quyin Xd viet. Hinh 25. Ap phich ndm 1920 -
"Bgn dd ghi ten tinh nguyen chua '.'" - keu ggi
ihanli nien nhdp ngd lido ve ddt nudc

51
 Trong hoan canh dat nudc bi bao vay, tfl nam 1919 Chfnh quyin Xd vie't thuc
hien Chinh sdch cgng sdn thai chie'n.
Nha nudc kiem soat toan bo nSn cong nghifip, trung thu lucmg thuc thira cua nong dan,
thi hanh che do lao dpng cuong hire doi vcii toan dan (tii 16 den 50 tuoi)... nham huy
dong toi da moi nguon cua cai, nhan lire ciia dai nuoc phuc vu cho cuoc chie'n da'u
chong thli trong, giac ngoai.

Vfla chien ddu, •vfla xdy dung, Hdng quan va nhan dan Xd vie't da tung budc ddy
lui cae cugc tan cdng cua luc lugng phan each mang trong va ngoai nudc. Cud'i nam
1920, chien sir chdm dflt, Nha nudc Xd viet dugc bao ve va giu viJng.

{» J Chinh sach cpng san thoi chien co nhung npi dung gi va y nghTa lich SLT nhU the nao ?

Ill - Y NGHIA LICH SUCUA CACH MANG THANG MUOl NGA

Cach mang thang Mudi da lam thay ddi hoan toan tinh hinh ddt nudc va sd phan
cua hang trieu con ngudi d Nga. Mdt ki nguyen mdi da md ra trong lich sfl nude
Nga : giai cdp cdng nhan, nhan dan lao ddng va cac dan tdc dugc giai phdng khoi
mgi ach dp bfle, bdc lot, dung len lam chu dat nudc va van menh cua minh. .,
Thdng lgi cua Cach mang thdng Mudi da lam thay ddi cue dien the gidi, co vfl
manh me va de lai nhiiu bai hgc quy bdu cho phong trao each mang cua giai cd'p
cdng nhan, nhan dan lao dgng va cdc ddn tdc bi dp bfle tren toan the gidi.

®- ' Neu y nghTa lich sir cua Cach mang thang Muoi Nga.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Vi sao nam 1917 d nudc Nga da diin ra hai cudc each mang ?
2. Viec xay dung va bao ve Chfnh quyin Xd vie't diin ra nhu the nao
ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Mudi thanh cdng ?

52
 LIEN XO XAY Dl/NG CHU NGHIA XA HOI
%^iO
(1921 -1941)

De khdi phuc dd't nude sau chie'n tranh, nhdn dan Xd viet da thuc hien
thanh cdng Chfnh sach kinh te mdi (1921 - 1925) va triin khai cdng
cudc xay dtmg chii nghTa xa hgi. Trai qua hai ke hoach 5 nam ddu tien,
Lien Xd da dat dugc nhung thanh tuu to ldn vi mgi mat va trd thanh
mdt cudng qud'c cdng nghiep xa hdi chu nghTa.

I - CHINH SACH KINH TE M 6 I VA CONG CUOC KHOI PHUC KINH TE

(1921 - 1925)

^ 1 Chinh sach kinh te mdi

Nam 1921, nudc Nga Xd vie't budc vao thdi ki hoa binh xay dung ddt nudc
trong hoan canh cue ki khd khan. Nin kinh te qud'c ddn bi tan pha nghiem trgng,
tinh hinh chfnh tri khdng dn dinh, cdc lire lugng phan each mang dien cudng chdng
pha, gdy bao loan d nhiiu noi.
Trong bdi canh dd, thang 3 - 1921, Dang Bdnsevfch Nga quyet dinh thuc hien
Chinh sdch kinh te mdi (NEP) do V.I. Le-nin di xudng, bao gdm cac chfnh sdch
chu yeu vi ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, thuong nghiep va tiin te.
Trong nong nghiep, Nha nUdc thay the che dp trUng thu lUOng thtic thUa
bang thu thue'lUOng thiic. ThuelUdng thtic nop bang hien vat. Sau khi nop
dii thue da quy dinh tU trUdc mua gieo hat, nong dan toan quyen sti dting
so'lUdng thUc du thUa va dupe tu do ban ra thi trUOng.
Trong cong nghiep, Nha nUde tap trung khoi phiic cong nghiep nang, cho
phep tu nhan dupe thue hoac xay dting nhUng xi nghiep loai nho (dudi 20
cong nhan) co sU kiem soat ctia Nha nUdc ; khuyen khieh tU ban nUdc
ngoai dau tU, kinh doanh d Nga. Nha nUdc nam cac nganh kinh te chu chot
nhu eong nghiep, giao thong van tai, ngan hang, ngoai thUdng. Nha nUde
chan chinh viec to chUc, quan li san xua't cong nghiep. Phan ldn cac xi
nghiep chuyen sang che dp tti hach toan kinh te, cai tie'n ehe dp tien lUdng
nham nang cao nang sua't lao dpng.

53
 Trong linh vtic thUOng nghiep vd tien te, tu nhan dupc tti do buon ban, trao
doi, md lai cae chd, khoi phiic va day manh moi lien he giUa thanh thi va
nong thon. Nam 1924, Nha nude phat hanh dong rup mdi thay cho eae loai
tien cu.

Bang viec thuc hien Chfnh sach kinh te mdi, chi sau mgt thdi gian ngdn, nin
kinh te qud'c dan ciia nudc Nga Xd viet da cd nhung chuyen bie'n rd ret.

Bdng thong ke sdn lUdng mgt so sdn phdm kinh tecua nUdc Nga (1921 - 1923)
~~~~-~-___^ Nam
1921 1923
San pham ~"———.___
Ngu co'c (trieu tan) 37,6 56,6
Gang (trieu tan) 0,1 0,3
Thep (trieu tan) 0,2 0,7
Vai sai (trieu met) 105,0 691,0
Dien (trieu kW/h ) 0,55 1,1

Hinh 26. Cdng nhdn ldm viec trong .xi nghiep a Nga
thdi ki Chinh sdch kinh te mdi

Chfnh sach kinh te mdi la su chuyen ddi kip thdi tfl nin kinh te do Nha nudc
ndm dgc quyin vi mgi mat sang nin kinh te nhiiu thanh phdn, nhung vdn dat dudi
su kiim soat cua Nha nudc. Vdi chfnh sach nay, nhan dan Xd vie't da vugt qua dugc
nhflng khd khan to ldn, phan khdi san xuat va hoan thanh cdng cudc khdi phuc kinh
te. Cho de'n nay, Chfnh sdch kinh te mdi cdn de lai nhiiu kinh nghiem dd'i vdi cdng
cudc xay dung chu nghla xa hdi d mdt sd nudc trgn the gidi.

54
 ( ? ) Chinh sach kinh te mdi tac dpng den nen kinh te nUdc Nga nhU the nao ? (xem bang
thong ke)

Svf t h a n h l a p L i e n b a n g C o n g h o a x a h o i c h u n g h i a X o v i e t

Cdng cudc xdy dung va bao ve dd't nudc ddi hdi cac ddn tdc tren lanh tho
Xd vie't phai lien minh chat che vdi nhau nhdm tang eudng sflc manh vi mgi mat.
Dudi su chi dao true tid'p cua Le-nin, Dai hdi ldn thfl nhd't cdc xd viet toan Lien
bang, diin ra cud'i thang 12 - 1922, da tuyen bd thanh ldp Lien hang Cgng hod xa
hgi chu nghia Xo viet (ggi tdt la Lien Xd), gdm 4 nudc Cdng hoa Xd viet ddu tien la
Nga, U-crai-na, Be-ld-rut-xi-a va Ngoai Cap-ca-do^^).

Mac du CO sU chenh lech ve trinh dp phat trien kinh te, ve dan so' va dien
tich giUa cae nUde cpng hoa, nhUng tU tudng ehi dao ed ban cua Le-nin
trong viec thanh lap Lien Xo la sti binh dang ve mpi mat va quyen tU quyet
ciia eae dan toe, sU giup d8 lan nhau vi miic tieu chung la xay dung thanh
cong chti nghia xa hpi.

Ngay 21 - 1 - 1924, Le-nin, lanh tu vT dai cua giai cdp vd san, ngudi dung ddu
Dang va Nha nudc Xd viet qua ddi. Dd la mdt tdn that to ldn dd'i vdi nhan ddn
Lien Xd, giai cd'p cdng nhdn qud'c te' va cac ddn tdc bi dp bfle tren toan the' gidi. Sau
khi Le-nin md't, Xta-lin len thay, tiep tuc lanh dao cdng cudc xdy dung va bao ve
ddt nudc Lien Xd trong nhung nam 1924 - 1953.

© Viec thanh lap Lien bang X6 viei c6 y nghTa nhu the nao ?

II - CONG CUOC XAY DUNG CHU NGHIA XA HOI 0 LIEN XO (1925 - 1941)

n j Nhufng k e h o a c h 5 n a m d a u t i e n
Sau khi hoan thanh cdng cudc khdi phuc kinh te, nhdn ddn Lien Xd budc vao
thdi ki xdy dung chu nghia xa hgi vdi nhiem vu trgng tdm la cong nghiep hod
xd hgi chu nghia.

(1) De'n nam 1940, Lien X6 g6m 15 nu6c cpng hoa.

55
 1.E-xl6-ni-a 3. Lit-va 5. U-crai-na 7. Ac-me-ni-a 9. A-dec-bai-gian 11. U-do-be-ki-xtan 13. Kigc-ghi-di-a
2. Lat-vi-a 4. B6-ia-riJt-xi-a 6. Mon-do-va 8. Gm-di-a 10. Tu6c-me-ni-a 12.Tat-gi-ki-xtan

Hinh 27. Luge do Lien Xd nam 1940

Lien Xo thiic hien nhiem vta cong nghiep hoa theo dUdng loi Uu tien phat
trien cong nghiep nang : cong nghiep che tao may mde va nong eii, cong
nghiep nang lUdng (dien, than, dau mo...), cong nghiep khai khoang, cong
nghiep quo'c phdng... Trong 2 nam dau (1926- 1927), LienXo da tUngbUdc
giai quyet thanh cong cac van de ve von dau tU, dao tao can bp ki thuat,
cong nhan lanh nghe... - . :

Cdng cudc cdng nghiep hoa ngay cang md rdng ddi hdi phai cd nhung ke' hoach
dai han vdi nhflng muc tieu cu thi cho timg thdi ki. Dd la nhflng ke' hoach 5 nam
phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
Ke'hoach 5 nam ldn thfl nhdt (1928 - 1932) va ke hoach 5 nam ldn thfl hai
(1933 - 1937) diu dugc hoan thanh trudc thdi han. Qua hai ke' hoach 5 nam,
cdng cudc xay dung chu nghTa xa hdi da dat dugc nhiiu thanh tuu to ldn, dua
Lien Xd tfl mdt nudc ndng nghiep lac hau trd thanh mdt cudng qud'c cdng
nghiep xa hgi chu nghTa. Nam 1937, san lugng cdng nghiep chie'm 77,4% tdng
san phdm qud'c dan.

56
 ' '"' ' Hinh 28. Nhd mdy lien hgp luyen kim Ma-nhi-td-gode-xea
duge .\dy dung trong nhung ndm 1929 - 1934

Bdng thong he sdn lugng mgt so sdn phdm cong nghiep cua Lien Xo (1929 - 1938)
(Don vi : trieu tdn)
----^^ N a m
1929 1938
San pham "~-^--,^
Than 40,1 132,9
Gang 8.0 26,3
Thep 4,9 18,0

Trong nong nghiep, 93% sd ndng hg vdi tren 90% dien tfch canh tac da dugc
dua vao nin ndng nghiep tap thi hod, cd quy md san xudt ldn va co sd vat chdt -
kf thuat dugc co gidi hod.
Vi vdn hod - gido due. Lien Xd da thanh toan nan mfl chfl, xay dung he thd'ng
giao due thdng nhat, hoan thanh phd cap giao due tiiu hgc trong ca nudc va thuc
hien phd cap giao due trung hgc co sd d cac thanh phd.
Cung vdi nhflng bie'n ddi vi kinh te, co cdu giai cap trong xa hgi cung thay ddi.
Cac giai cap bdc lot bi xoa bd, chi cdn lai hai giai cap lao ddng la cdng nhan va
ndng dan tap the ciing tang ldp trf thflc xa hgi chu nghTa.
Tfl nam 1937, nhan dan Lien Xd tie'p tuc thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam ldn thfl ba,
nhmig cdng cudc xay dung ehu nghTa xa hdi tam thdi bi gian doan bdi cudc chie'n
tranh xam luge cua phat xft Dflc. Tuy cd mdt so sai ldm, anh hudng de'n su phat triin

57
eiia dd't nudc (khdng thuc hien td't nguyen tdc tu nguyen trong tdp the hoa ndng nghiep,
chua chfl trgng dung mflc den viec ndng cao ddi sd'ng nhdn ddn...), cdng cudc xdy dung
ehu nghia xa hdi d Lien Xd trong nhflng nam 1925 - 1941 vdn dat dugc nhung thanh
tuu to ldn, tao nen nhung bien ddi vi nhiiu mat, cd lgi cho nhan ddn, xdy dung luc
lugng vfl trang hflng manh de bao ve Td qud'c.

( ? ) - Qua bang thong ke tren, hay neu nhan xet ve thanh tuu cua Lien X6 trong ITnh vUc
cong nghiep.
- Neu nhiJng thanh tuu cua Lien X6 qua hai ke hoach 5 nam dau tien.

Q u a n he ngoai giao c u a L i e n X6
Sau Cach mang thang Mudi, chfnh quyen Xd viet da timg budc thie't ldp quan
he ngoai giao vdi mgt sd nudc lang giing d chdu A va chdu Au. Tdn tai giua vdng
vay thfl dich ciia chii nghTa tfl ban the gidi, Lien Xd da kien tri va ben bi dd'u tranh
trong quan he qude te, timg budc pha vo chinh sach bao vdy, cd ldp vi kinh te' va
ngoai giao cua cae nudc de' qud'c.
Trong vong 4 nam (1922 - 1925), eae cUdng quoc tU ban : DUc, Anh, I-ta-K-a,
Phap, Nhat Ban lan lUdt cong nhan va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi
Lien Xo. Dau nam 1925, Lien Xo da thie't lap quan he ngoai giao chinh
thUe vdi tren 20 quoc gia. Nam 1933, Mi - cUdng quoc tU ban dUng dau the
gidi - da eong nhan va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Lien Xo. Dd la
thang ldi to ldn ctia nen ngoai giao Xo viet, khang dinh uy tin ngay cang
cao ctia Lien Xo tren trUOng quo'c te.

© - ' Lien X6 da dat dupc nhiing thanh tuu gi trong quan he ngoai giao vao nhumg nam
1922-1933?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Neu nhflng ngi dung co ban ciia Chinh sach kinh te mdi.
2. Trinh bay nhung bien ddi vi mgi mat cua Lien Xd sau hai ke' hoach
5 nam ddu tien.
3. Qua luge dd Lien Xd nam 1940, hay xac dinh vi trf, ten ggi cac nudc
cgng hod trong Lien bang Xd vie't.

58
 ChLTcfng II

CAC NLfdC Tl/ BAN C H O NGHTA

GIOA HAI CUOC CHI^N TRANH TH^ GlOl (1918 - 1939)

TINH HINH CAC Nl/6C Tl/ BAN

Gli^A HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 (1918 -1939)

Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl nhdt, trong sir phdt triin chung cua cac
cudng qud'c, cdc nudc tu ban MT, Anh, Phdp, Dflc, I-ta-li-a va Nhat Ban
da trai qua mdt qua trinh phat triin vdi nhiiu bie'n ddng to ldn, ddn tdi
Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai.

QI Thiet lap trat tii the gidi mdi

theo he thong Vecxai - Oasinhtofn
Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhdt ke't thflc, cac nudc tu ban da td chflc Hdi nghi hoa
binh d Vecxai (1919 - 1920) va Oa-sinh-ton (1921 - 1922) de kf ket hoa fldc va cac
hiep udc phan chia quyin lgi. Mdt trat tu the' gidi mdi dugc thiet lap thdng qua cac
van kien dugc kf d Vecxai va Oa-sinh-ton, thudng dugc ggi la he thdng Vecxai -
Oasinhton.
Vdi he thong Vecxai - Oasinhtdn, mot trat tti the gidi mdi da dUdc thie't
lap, phan anh tUdng quan liic lUdng mdi giUa cac nUdc tU ban. Cae nUdc
thang tran, trUde het la Anh, Phap, Mi, Nhat Ban, gianh dUdc nhieu quyen
ldi ve kinh te va xac lap sii ap dat, no dich doi vdi cac nUdc bai tran, dac
biet la cac dan toe thuoc dia va phti thuoc. Dong thdi, ngay giUa cae nUde
tu ban thang tran cung nay sinh nhUng bat dong do mau thuan ve quyen
ldi. Chinh vi the, quan he hoa binh giUa cae nUde tU ban trong thdi gian
nay chi la tam thdi va mong manh.

59
 Nhdm duy tri trat tu the gidi mdi Hdi Qude lien - mdt td chflc chfnh tri mang
tfnh qud'c te ddu tien - dugc thdnh lap vdi su tham gia cua 44 nudc thanh vien.
CHAU AU NAM 1914 ".•^-P-v—. CHAUAUNAM 1923

S'^i/Vw'.

:> ,0

TAY -' ,i)i^Qu6cANH ;W^

Z,Oi\ Qi

DVONC

>'^'-l ^'ttik^
W//i/! 29. Si( thay ddi hdn dd chinh tri clidu Au theo he thd'ng Vecxai - Oasinhton

{*) Difa vao luoc do tren. hay so sanh siJ thay ddi lanh tho cac nudc chau Au nam 1923
vdi nam 1914.

C a o t r a o e a c h m a n g 1918 - 1923 d ckc niidc tii b a n . Q u o c te

Cong san
Do hau qua cua Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhdt va thdng lgi cua Cach mang thang
Mfldi Nga nam 1917, mgt cao trao cdch mang da bung nd d hdu khdp cac nudc tu
ban chau Au trong nhflng nam 1918 - 1923.
Dinh cao cua phong trao la sir thanh lap cdc nudc Cdng hod Xd viet d
Hung-ga-ri (3 - 1919), d Ba-vi-e (Dflc, 4 - 1919), thi hien khdt vgng cua quan
chung lao ddng vi mdt xa hdi cdng bdng, dan chu. Phong trao dau tranh khdng chi
dimg lai d nhflng yeu sach kinh te' ma cdn nhdm ung hg nudc Nga Xd viet. Tuy
khdng gianh dugc thdng lgi nhung phong trao da di lai nhung bai hgc kinh nghiem
quy bau cho cugc ddu tranh cua giai cap cdng nhan.
Trong cao trao each mang (1918 - 1923), cdc dang cdng san da dugc thanh lap
d nhiiu nudc, nhu d Dflc, Ao, Hung-ga-ri, Ba Lan, Phdn Lan, Ac-hen-ti-na...

60
Sir phdt triin ciia phong trao each mang the gidi ddi hdi phai cd mdt to chflc qud'c
te di tap hgp lire lugng va chi dao theo mdt dudng ldi dung ddn. Thdng lgi cua Cdch
mang thang Mudi Nga va sir tdn tai cua Nha nudc Xd viet la diiu kien thudn lgi di
thuc hien yeu cdu dd.
Vdi nhung nd luc cua Le-nin va mdt sd nha hoat ddng cdch mang qud'c te,
Dai hdi thanh lap Qud'c te' Cdng san (cdn ggi la Qud'c te thfl ba) dugc tie'n hanh tai
Mat-xco-va thang 3 - 1919. Trong thdi gian tdn tai, tfl nam 1919 den nam 1943,
Qud'c te' Cdng san da tien hanh 7 dai hgi, di ra dudng ldi each mang phfl hgp vdi
timg thdi ki phat triin cua each mang the gidi.

Dai hoi II (1920) giii mot vi trf noi bat trong lich sti hoat dong ctia Quo'c te
Cong san vdi Lugn ciicfng ve vai tro ciia Ddng Cgng sdn, Lugn cUcfng ve vdn
de ddn tgc ud thugc dia do Le-nin khdi thao.
Tai Dai hoi VII (1935), Quo'c te Cong san da chi ro nguy cd ciia chit nghia
phat xit va keu goi cae dang cong san tieh ctic da'u tranh thanh lap cae mat
tran nhan dan nham thd'ng nhat cac liic lUdng vi miic tieu cho'ng phat xit,
cho'ng chien tranh.
Nam 1943, trudc nhung thay doi cua tinh hinh the gidi, Qud'c teCgng san tuyen
bd tu giai tan. Qud'c te Cdng san da cd nhung ddng gdp to ldn trong phong trao each
mang the gidi.

® - Neu nhung net noi bat cua cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923 6 cac nudc tu ban
chau Au.
- Qua cac npi dung hoat dong cua Oai hoi II va Dai hoi VII. hay nhan xet ve vai tro
cua Quoc te Cong san doi vdi phong trao cach mang the gidi.

Cuoc khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933 va hau quii cua no

Thdng 10 - 1929, khung hoang kinh te bung nd d MT, sau dd lan ra todn bd the
gidi tu ban, chdm dflt thdi ki dn dinh vd tang trudng cua chfl nghTa tu ban. Cugc
khiing hodng keo dai gdn 4 nam, trdm trgng nhat la nam 1932, chdng nhung tan pha
nang ni nin kinh te' cac nudc tu ban chii nghTa ma cdn gay ra nhflng hau qua
nghiem trgng vi chfnh tri, xa hdi. Hang chuc trieu cdng nhan thdt nghiep, ndng ddn
mdt rudng ddt, sd'ng trong canh ngheo ddi, tung qudn. Nhiiu cugc ddu tranh, biiu
tinh, tudn hanh cua nhung ngudi that nghiep diin ra d khdp cdc nudc.
Khung hodng kinh te da de doa nghiem trgng su tdn tai cua chu nghTa tu ban. Di
cfln van tinh the, cac nudc tu ban budc phai xem xet lai eon dudng phat triin eua

61
minh. Trong khi cac nude MT,
Anh, Phdp tie'n hanh nhflng cai
each kinh te' - xa hdi di khdc
phuc hau qua cua cudc khiing
hoang va ddi mdi qud trinh quan
li, td chflc san xud't thi cac nudc
Dflc, I-ta-li-a, Nhat Ban lai tim
kiem ldi thoat bang nhflng hinh
thflc thd'ng tri mdi. Dd la viec
thie't lap cac che' do ddc tai phdt
Hinh 30. Mdt cudc di bd cua cdng nhdn Anh
xit - nin chuyen chfnh khung bd
tCtOia-rdu den Ludn Ddn de dot viec lam
cdng khai cua nhung the' luc
phan ddng nhd't, hie'u chien nhd't.
Diic, I-ta-li-a, Nhat Ban la nhirng nudc khong co hoac co it thude dia, ngay cang thieu
vdn, thieu nguyen lieu va thi trucmg, da di theo con ducmg phat xit hoa che do chinh
tri 6t cilu van tinh trang khung hoang nghiem trong ctia minh. Quan he giira cac
cudng qud'c tu ban chuyen bifi'n ngay cang phiic tap. Sir hinh thanh hai khdi de qud'c
ddi lap ; mot ben la MT, Anh, Phap vdi mdt ben la Diic, I-ta-li-a, Nhat Ban va cuoc
chay dua vti trang rao riei da bao hieu nguy co ciia mot cupc chie'n tranh the gidi mdi.

( ? ) - Cupc khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933 da gay ra nhufng hau qua gi ?
-Tai sao cupc khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933 lai din tdi nguy cd mpt cupc chie'n
tranh the gidi mdi ?

n P h o n g t r a o Mat t r a n Nhan dan chong phat xit va nguy cd

chien t r a n h
Ngay tfl ddu nhung nam 30 cua the ki XX, dudi su chi dao cua Qud'c te' Cdng
sdn va cac dang cdng san, phong trao dd'u tranh chdng phat xft, chdng chien tranh
lan rdng d nhiiu nudc. Nhflng ngudi cdng san da thie't ldp dugc su thd'ng nhdt hanh
ddng vdi cdc dang xa hdi dan ehu, cdc luc lugng yeu nudc, thanh lap Mat tran Nhan
dan chdng chu nghia phat xft d Phap, I-ta-li-a, Tiep Khdc, Hi Lap, Tay Ban Nha va
nhiiu nudc khdc.
Thdng lgi cua Mat tran Nhan dan Phdp trong nhung nam 1936 - 1939 la su kien
noi bdt trong cudc dd'u tranh chdng chu nghla phat xft. Trong cudc tdng tuyen cu

62
thang 5 - 1936, Mat trdn Nhdn ddn Phap
gianh dugc thdng lgi va thanh ldp chinh
phu do Le-dng Bo-lum dung ddu. Phong
trao Mat tran Nhdn ddn da bao ve dugc
nen ddn chu, dua nudc Phap vugt qua
hiem hoa cua chu nghia phat xft.
CJ Tdy Ban Nha, Mat trdn Nhan dan
cung gianh dugc thdng lgi trong cudc
tdng tuyin cu vao thang 2 - 1936 va
Chinh phu Mat tran Nhan ddn dugc
thanh ldp. Tuy nhien, trudc anh hudng
ngay cang ldn cua nhiing ngudi cdng san
trong Chfnh phu va cac bien phdp cai
each tie'n bd, cac nudc de' qud'c da tang Hinh 31. Le-dng Ba-lum (ben phdi) - ngudi
cudng giup dd the luc phat xft do dimg ddu Chinh phu Mat trdn Nhdn ddn Phdp
ndm 1936
Phran-cd edm ddu gdy ngi chien nhdm
thu tieu nin cdng hoa.

Cudc chien tranh chdng phat xft cua nhta dan Tay Ban Nha (1936 - 1939) nhan duoc
sir ung hd to ldn cua phong trao each mang the gidi. 35 000 chie'n si tir 53 qud'c gia
tren the' gidi da tinh nguySn chien da'u bao ve nudc Cpng hoa Tay Ban Nha. Tuy nhien,
do so sanh lire lupng giua each mang va phan each mang qua chenh lech, do sir can
thiep eiia phat xit Ddc, I-ta-li-a va su nhupng bp cua cac nudc tu ban, cupc chien tranh
chdng phat xit ciia nhan dan Tay Ban Nha cudi ciing bi thai bai.

\ \ ) M3t tran Nhan dan Phap da gianh dUpc thang ldi nhuthe nao ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Trinh bay cac giai doan phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban giua hai cudc
chie'n tranh the gidi (1918 - 1939).
2. Neu nhung hau qua vi chfnh tri. xa hdi cua cudc khung hoang kinh
te (1929 - 1933) ddi vdi cac nudc tu ban.
3. Phong trao Mat tran Nhan dan chdng phat xft va nguy co chie'n tranh
diin ra nhu the nao ?

63
'9B^^2 NI/OC DlfC GIUA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61
(1918-1939)

Trong khoang 10 nam dau sau chien tranh (1918 - 1929), nudc Due da
khdc phuc dugc tinh trang khiing hodng vi kinh te va chi'nh tri, budc vao
thdi ki on dinh ngdn ngiii (1924 - 1929). Trong 10 nam sau dd (1929 -
1939), cugc khung hoang kinh te' the' gidi da ddn tdi viec nhung ngudi
theo chil nghTa phat xit len nam quyin, md ra mgt thdi ki den tdi trong
lich sfl nudc Dflc. . .

I - NUCIC DUC TRONG NHUNG NAM 1918 - 1929

Q Nifdc Dijfc v a c a o t r a o e a c h m a n g 1918 - 1923

Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl nhdt, nudc Dflc bai tran hoan toan bi suy sup vi kinh
te, chinh tri va quan su. Mau thudn xa hgi ngdy cdng gay gdt ddn tdi su bung nd cugc
Cach mang dan chu tu san thang 11 - 1918. Chi trong vdng mgt tudn li, cdch mang
lan rgng tren pham vi toan qud'c, qudn chung da lat dd nen qudn chu. Mua he nam
1919, Qud'c hdi lap hie'n hgp tai thanh phd Vai-ma, thdng qua Hie'n phap va thie't lap
che' dg cdng hoa tu san - thudng dugc ggi la nin Cgng hoa Vaima.
Thdng 6 - 1919, Chfnh phu Dflc phai kf ket
Hod udc Vecxai vdi cdc nudc thdng tran va phdi
chiu nhung diiu kien het sflc nang ni. Viec thflc
hien nhung diiu khoan cua Hod udc lam cho dat
nudc vdn da kiet que sau 4 nam chien tranh cang
trd nen rdi loan hon.
Theo Hoa Udc Vecxai, nUdc DUe mat di
1/8 dien tich da't dai, 1/12 dan sd, 1/3
md sat, 1/3 mo than, 2/5 san lUdng
gang, 1/3 san lUdng thep va mot
khoan boi thudng chie'n phi khong lo...
Toan bp ganh nang ctia Hoa Udc de len
vai quan chung lao dpng. Nude DUe Hmh 32. Lam phdt d Ditc ^ Tre em
lam vao cuoc khiing hoang kinh te, Idm dieu hang nlmig ddng mdc
mdt gid vdo ddu ndm 1920

64
 tai chinh toi te chita tUng tha'y. Dong mac siit gia nghiem trong (nam
1914 : 1 ddla Mi tUdng dirdng 4.2 mac ; thang 9 - 1923 : 1 dola Mi tu'dng
dtiong 98 860 000 mac).
Trong bdi canh dd, phong trao each mang tiep tuc dang cao trong nhung nam
1919- 1923. Dang Cdng san Due (thanh lap thdng 1 2 - 1918) da true tiep lanh dao
phong trao. Dinh cao cua phong trao la cudc ndi day cua cdng nhan vung Ba-vi-e
thang 4 - 1919, dan den sir thanh lap nudc Cdng hoa Xd viet Ba-vi-e. Cudc khdi
nghia vu trang ciia cdng nhan Ham-budc thang 10 - 1923 la am hudng cudi cung
ciia con bao tap each mana vd san d Du'c.

© - ' Tinh hinh nUdc Dtfc trong nhUng nam 1918 - 1923 co nhung diem nao noi bat ?

Hinh 32 ndi len dieu gi ?

Nhufng n a m o n d i n h t a m thdfi (1924 - 1929)

Cudi nam '923. nu'dc Di'''c dii \'ii'gt oua du'g'c thdi ki khimg hoang kinh te va
chfnh tri sat; chien tranlt. Chuih quyin tu san da ddy lui phong trao cdch mang ciia
quan chung, tu'ng budc khdc phuc tinh trang hdn loan vi tai chi'nh, tao da cho nin
kinh te khdi phuc va phat triin.

TU nam 1925. san xua't cong nghiep DUc phat trien manh. va den nam
1929 da vUdt qua Anh, Phap, dUng dau chau Au. Qua trinh tap trung san
xua't dien ra manh me, eae tap doan tU ban ctpc quyen ldn xua't hien. thau
tdm nhdng nganh kinh te chinh cua nu'dc DUe.

Vi chfnh tri, chi do Cdng hod Vaima dugc ciing cd. quyin luc ciia gidi tu ban
ddc quyin dugc tang cudng. Chfnh phu tu san thi himh chfnh sach dan dp phong
trao da'u tranh cua cdng nhan. Cac dang tu san cdng khai tuyen truyin tu tudng phuc
thii cho nudc Dtic. Vi ddi ngoai. dia vi qud'c te ciia nudc Dflc dan dan dugc phuc
hdi vdi viec nudc nay tham gia Hgi Qude lien, ki kit mgt sd hiep udc vdi cac nudc
lu ban chau Au vti Lien Xd.

© ^ ' Tinh hinh nudc Ode trong nhi/ng nam 1924 - 1929 nhuthe nao ?

5-LICHSU 11 ..-A 55
II - NU6C DUC TRONG NHUNG NAM 1929 - 1939

Q K h u n g h o a n g k i n h te v a q u a t r i n h D a n g Q u o c x a l e n c a m q u y e n
Cudc khung hoang kinh te the' gidi cud'i nam 1929 da giang ddn nang n i vao
nin kinh te Dflc. Nam 1932, san xudt cdng nghiep giam 47% so vdi nhung nam
trudc khung hoang. Hang nghin nha may, xf nghiep phai ddng cua. So ngudi thdt
nghiep len tdi hon 5 trieu ngudi. Mau thudn xa hdi va cudc dau tranh ciia qudn
chflng lao ddng da ddn tdi cudc khung hoang chfnh tri trdm trgng. Giai cap tu san
edm quyin khdng du sflc manh de duy tn che' dd cdng hod tu san, dua dd't nudc vflgt
qua cudc khung hoang dd.
Trong bdi canh d'y, cac the' luc phan ddng, hieu chien, dac biet la Dang Cdng
nhan qud'c gia xa hdi (ggi tdt la Dang Qud'c xa), ngdy cang md rdng anh hudng
trong qudn chflng. Dflng ddu Dang Qud'c xa la Hit-le, ra sflc tuyen truyin, kich ddng
chu nghia phuc thfl, chdng cdng san va phdn biet chung tdc, chu truong phdt xft hoa
bd may nha nudc, thie't lap che' do ddc tai khung bd cdng khai.
Trong khi gidi dai tu ban ngay
cang ung hd luc lugng phat xft,
Dang Cdng san Dflc da keu ggi qudn
chflng dd'u tranh de thdnh ldp Mat
tran thd'ng nhdt chdng chu nghia
phdt xit. Tuy nhien, Dang Xa hdi
dan chil - dang cd anh hudng trong
qudn chflng nhdn dan lao ddng - da
tfl ehdi hgp tdc vdi nhung ngfldi
cdng san. Dieu dd da tao diiu kien
cho cdc the luc phat xft len cam Hinh 33. Tong thd'ng Hin-den-bua trao quyen
quyin d Dflc. Ngdy 30 - 1 - 1933, Thu tudng cho Hit-le ngdy 30 - 1 - 1933

Tdng thd'ng Hin-den-bua chi dinh Hit-le lam Thu tudng va thanh ldp chfnh phu mdi,
md ra mdt thdi ki den tdi trong lich su nudc Dflc.

© Vi sao chu nghla phat xit thang the 6 Ddc ?

66 5-LICHSU 11. ,-B

 Ntfdc Diic t r o n g nhflng n a m 1933 - 1939
Ve chinh tri: Tfl nam 1933, Chfnh phu Hit-le rao riet thie't lap nin chuyen chfnh
dgc tai, cdng khai khung bd cac dang phdi ddn chu tien bd, trudc het la Dang Cdng
san Dflc.
Thang 3 - 1933, chinh quyen phat xit vu cao nhUng ngUdi cpng san dot
chay nha Quo'c hpi, dat Dang Cpng san ra ngoai vdng phap luat va bat
giam 10 van dang vien cpng san.

Nam 1934, Tdng thd'ng Hin-den-bua qua ddi, Hft-le tuyen bd huy bd Hie'n phap
Vaima, tu xung la Qud'c trudng sudt ddi. Nin Cdng hod Vaima hoan toan sup dd.
Ve kinh te, chinh quyin phat xft tien hanh to chflc nin kinh te' theo hudng tap
trung, menh lenh, phuc vu nhu cdu qudn su. Thang 7 - 1933, Hft-le thanh lap Tdng
hdi ddng kinh te de diiu hdnh hoat ddng cua cac nganh kinh te. Cac nganh cdng
nghiep ddn ddn duge phuc hdi va hoat ddng he't sflc khan truong, dac biet la cdng
nghiep qudn su. Cdc nganh giao thdng van tai, xay dung dudng sd dugc tang cudng
de giai quyet nan thdt nghiep va phue vu nhu cdu qudn su. Nin kinh te Dflc da thodt
khdi khung hoang. Nam 1938, tdng san lugng cdng nghiep cua Dflc tang 28% so
vdi giai doan trude khung hoang va vugt qua mdt sd nude tu ban chau Au.

Bang thong ke sdn lUOng mgt so sdn phdm cong nghiep

m
cua Anh, Phdp, I-ta-li-a, Dtic nam 1937

Anh Phap l-ta-li-a Ourc

Sin pham ^"^^^^

Than (trieu tan) 244,3 45,5 1,6 239,9

Dien (tl kW/h) 33,1 20,0 15,4 49,0

Sat (trieu tan) 4,3 11,5 0,5 2,8

Thep (trieu tan) 13,2 7,9 2,1 19,8

6 to (nghin chiec) 493,0 200,0 78,0 351,0

67
 Hinh 34. Cugc duyet hinh ki niem 5 ndm ngdy Hit-le len cam quyen
(Bee-lin. thdng 1 - 1938)

Ve ddi ngogi, chi'nh quyin Hft-le tang cudng cac boat ddng chuan bi chie'n
tranh. Thdng 10 - 1933, nudc Dflc tuyen bd rut khdi Hdi Qud'c lien di dugc tu do
hanh ddng. Nam 1935, Hft-le ban hanh lenh tdng dgng vien, tuyen bd thanh lap ddi
quan thudng true va bdt dau triin khai cac hoat dgng quan su d chau Au. De'n nam
1938, vdi dgi quan 1 500 000 ngudi cflng 30 000 xe tang va khoang 4 000 may bay,
nudc Due da trd thanh mgt trai Ifnh khdng Id, chuan bi tie'n hanh cac ke' hoach gay
chie'n tranh xam luge.

\^J Qua bang thdng V.e neu tren, hay nhan xet ve tinh hinh kinh te nUdc Ddc so vdi mot
so nudc chau Au.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Trinh bay ngdn ggn cac giai doan phat triin cua nudc Disc gifla hai
cudc chien tranh the gidi.
2. Trong nhung nam 1933 - 1939. Chfnh phu Hft-le da thuc hien chfnh
sach kinh te, chfnh tri va dd'i ngoai nhu the nao ?

68
 W^^3 Ni/6c MI GICA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI6I
(1918-1939)

Trong nhung nam 1918 - 1939, nudc MT da trai qua nhung budc thang
trdm ddy kich tfnh : tfl su phdn vinh cua nin kinh te' trong thap nien 20
de'n cudc khung hoang va suy thoai nang ni chua tu'ng thdy trong lich
nf!i;'..'
sir nudc MT nhung nam 1929 - 1933. Chfnh sach mdi ciia Tdng thd'ng
.• Run
Ru-do-ven da dua nudc MT thoat ra khdi khtmg hoang va duy tri dugc
su phat trien cua chii nghTa tu ban.

I - NU6C MI TRONG NHUNG NAM 1918 - 1929

Q Tinh h i n h k i n h t e
Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl nhd't da dem lai "nhung co hdi vang" cho nfldc MT. Vdi
nin kinh te dat mflc tang trfldng cao trong sud't nhirng nam trong va sau chien tranh,
MT trd thdnh nudc tu ban giau manh nhat. Cung vdi lgi the dd, viec cai tie'n kT thuat,
thuc hien phuong phap sdn xudt ddy chuyin vd md rdng quy md sdn xuat da dua
nin kinh te' MT budc vdo thdi ki phdn vinh trong thap nien 20 cua the' ki XX.

Sti phdn vinh eua kinh te Mi dUde the hien d mUc tang trUdng cao cua cac
nganh kinh te. Chi trong vdng 6 nam (1923 - 1929), san lUdng cdng nghiep
tang 69%. Nam 1929, Mi chie'm 48% san lUdng cdng nghiep the gidi, vUdt
qua san lUdng cdng nghiep eua 5 cudng qude cdng nghiep la Anh, Phtip,
DUc, I-ta-li-a va Nhat Ban cpng lai. Mi dUng dau the gidi ve cac nganh cdng
nghiep san xua't d td, thep, dau md... Dac biet, sti bung nd cua nganh san
xua't d td da tac dpng manh de'n cac nganh cdng nghiep khae. Nam 1919,
nudc Mi san xuat dUdc 7 trieu d td, de'n nam 1924 dat 24 trieu chie'c.

Ve tai chinh, tU chd phai vay nd chau Au 6 ti ddla trUde chieii tranh, Mi
da trd thanh chti nd etia the gidi (rieng Anh va Phap nd Mi 10 ti ddla).
Nam 1929, Mi nam 60% sd'vang dii trd cua the gidi.

Mac du dat mflc tang trfldng cao, nhung ngay ca trong thdi ki phdn vinh nay,
nhiiu nganh cdng nghiep cua MT chi sfl dung 60 - 80% cdng suat. Sir phdt triin
kinh te' chay theo lgi nhuan, theo chu nghTa tu do thai qua da dua de'n sir phdt trien

69
khdng ddng bd giua edc ngdnh cdng nghiep, gifla cdng nghiep vdi ndng nghiep, va
khdng ed ke hoach dai han cho su cdn dd'i giua san xud't va tieu dung.

\2J Nen kinh te MT trong thap nien 20 ciia the ki XX da phat trien nhu the nao ?

Tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hoi

Giai doan tang trudng cao cua kinh te' MT trong thap nien 20 gdn liin vdi sU edm
quyin cua cdc tong thd'ng thugc Dang Cdng hod. Chinh phu cua Dang Cdng hoa mdt
mat di cao su phdn vinh cua nin kinh te, mat khae thi hdnh chfnh sach ngan chan cdng
nhan dd'u tranh, dan dp nhirng ngudi ed tu tudng tien bd trong phong trdo cdng nhdn.
Su giau ed eiia nUde Mi khdng cai thien ddi sd'ng cho tat ea mpi ngUdi trong
nude. NhUng ngUdi lao dpng thudng xuyen phai dd'i mat vdi nan that
nghiep, bat cdng xa hpi va nan phan biet chting toe ddi vdi ngUdi da den.
Dac biet, cupc sdng ciia dan trai (ndng dan Mi) rat khd khan do gia ndng
san ha rat thap va e thUa. Ddi sd'ng ngUdi lao dpng ngay cang giam sut,
dieu dd da thue day phong trao dau tranh etia hp.

Phong trao da'u tranh cua cdng nhan diin ra sdi ndi trong cdc nganh cdng
nghiep than, luyen thep, van tdi dudng sdt... Thang 5 - 1921, Dang Cdng san MT
dugc thanh lap tren co sd hgp nhdt Dang Cdng san cdng nhdn MT va Dang Cdng san
Mi ra ddi trudc dd (1919), ddnh ddu budc phdt triin cua phong trdo cdng nhan MT.

© - ' Vi sao phong trao cdng nhan MT dien ra sdi ndi ngay ca trong thdi ki phdn vinh
cua kinh te MT ?

II - NU6C MI TRONG NHUNG NAM 1929 - 1939

Q Cuoc k h u n g h o a n g kinh te (1929 - 1933) d Mi
Trong khi giai cap tu san MT dang het ldi ca nggi su phdn vinh cua nin kinh te
thi cudc khung hoang kinh te' chua timg thdy bd't ngd bung nd vao thdng 10 - 1929,
chdm dflt thdi ki hoang kim cua kinh te MT.
Cudc khung hoang bat ddu trong ITnh •vuc tai chinh ngdn hang. Ngay 29 - 10 -
1929 la ngay hodng loan chua tung cd trong lich sfl thi trudng chflng khoan
Niu Ode. Gid mdt loai cd phieu dugc coi la dam bao nhdt sut xudng 80%.

70
Hang trieu ngudi da mdt sach sd tien ma hg da tiet kiem ca ddi. Vdng xody cua
khung hodng tiep diin khdng gi ngan can ndi, phd huy nghiem trgng cac ngdnh san
xud't cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep vd thuong nghiep eua nudc MT.
Nam 1932, khung hoang kinh te dien ra tram trpng nhat ; san lUdng cdng
nghiep chi cdn 53,8% (so vdi nam 1929), 11,5 van cdng ti thUdng nghiep,
58 cdng ti dUdng sdt bi pha san, 10 van ngan hang (chie'm 40% tong sd'
ngan hang) phai ddng ctia, 75% dan trai bi pha san... Sd'ngUdi that nghiep
len tdi hang chtie trieu. Phong trao dau tranh etia eae tang ldp nhan dan
lan rpng toan nUde Mi.
Trieu ngi/ai

1935 1940 1945 (NSm)

D SS lupng ngudi thSt nghiSp -o— Tf 16 % trong luc luong lao dflng

Hinh 35. Bieu dd ve ti le that nghiep a MT

(1920-1946)

© '^ ' Hay giai thich vi sao so ngudi thai nghiep d MT len tdi mdc cao nhai vao
nhdng nam 1 9 3 2 - 1933.

71
 C h i n h s a c h mdi c u a T o n g t h o n g Mi Ru-dcf-ven
Di dua nudc MT thoat ra khdi cudc khung hoang, Tdng thdng Ru-do-ven da
thuc hien mdt he thd'ng cdc chi'nh sach, bien phap cua Nha nu'dc tren cac linh vuc
kinh te - tai chfnh va chi'nh tri - xa hdi, dugc ggi chung la Chinli .sdch moi.
Bang sti can thiep tich etic eua Nha
nUde vao ddi sd'ng kinh te, Chinh
phu Ru-dd-ven da thvlc hien cac
bien phap giai quye't nan that
nghiep, phiic hoi sti phat trien kinh
te thdng qua cac dao luat ve ngdn
hdng, phuc hiing cong nghiep, dieu
chinh nong nghiep. Trong cac dao
luat dd, Dao luat Phtic hUng cdng
nghiep La quan trpng nhat. Dao
luat nay quy dinh viec td chUc lai
san xua't cdng nghiep theo nhUng
Hinh 36. Tung ihdni^ MIRii-da-ven
hdp dong chat ehe ve san pham va
dug hd Chinh sdch mdi qua ddi phdt thanh
thi trUdng tieu thia.

Chinh sdch mai da gidi quye't dugc mdt sd vdn di co ban cua nudc MT trong eon
khung hodng nguy kich. Nhd nudc da tang cudng vai trd cua minh trong viec ciiru
trg ngudi thdt nghiep, tao them nhiiu viec ldm mdi, khdi phuc san xud't, xoa diu
mau thudn giai cdp vd gdp phdn lam cho nudc MT duy tri dugc che' do ddn chu tu
san. Chfnh vi the, Ru-do-ven la ngudi duy nhdt trong lich su nu'dc MT trung cu Tdng
thd'ng 4 nhiem ki lien tiep.
Ti dola Mi (USDj

Hinh 37. Bieu dd thu nhdp

qud'c ddn cita MT (1929 - 1941)

72
 Vi ddi ngoai, Chi'nh phu Ru-do-ven di ra Chinh sdch ldng gieng thdn thien
nhdm cai thien quan he vdi cac nudc MT Latinh, vdn dugc MT coi la "san sau" cua
minh va thie't lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Lien Xd.

TU nam 1934, Chinh phu Ru-dd-ven da tuyen bd Chinh sdch ldng gieng
thdn thien ddi vdi cac nUde Mi Latinh. cham dUt cac cupc can thiep vu
trang, tie'n hanh thUdng lUdng va hUa hen trao tra ddc lap, nham xoa diu
cupc da'u tranh chdng Mi va cung cd vi tri cua Mi d khu vtic nay.
Sau 16 nam theo dudi lap trUdng chdng Lien Xd, thang 11 - 1933, Chinh
phu Ru-do-ven da chi'nh thUc cdng nhan va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao
vdi Lien Xd. Viec lam nay xua't phat tU nhdng ldi ich cita Mi. Tren thttc te,
chfnh quyen Ru-dd-ven van khdng tU bd lap trUdng chdng cdng san.

Dd'i vdi cae vdn di qude te, trudc nguy co cua chu nghTa phat xft va chie'n tranh
bao trum toan the' gidi, Qud'c hgi MT da thdng qua hang loat dao luat di giu vai trd
trung lap trudc cac cugc xung dot quan sir ben ngoai nudc MT. Chfnh sach dd da
gop phdn khuyen khfch chu nghTa phat xft tu do hdnh dgng, gay ra cudc Chie'n tranh
the gidi thfl hai.

© - ' Vl sao thu nhap quoc dan cua MT lai phuc hoi va phat trien td nam 1934 ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Vi sao kinh te MT phdt triin manh trong thap nien 20 cua the ki XX ?
2. Cudc khung hoang kinh te' the gidi (1929 - 1933) de lai hau qua nhu
the' ndo ddi vdi nudc MT ?
3. Em hay neu nhung diim co ban trong Chi'nh sdch mdi cua Tdng
thdng Ru-do-ven.

73
 NHAT BAN GIlfA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61
(1918-1939)

Nhat Ban la nudc duy nhdt d chau A dugc xep vao hang ngu cac cudng
qud'c tu ban. Trai qua nhung nam dn dinh ngdn ngui sau Chie'n tranh the
gidi thfl nha't, Nhat Ban lam vao cudc khung hoang kinh te (1929 -
1933). Di tim ldi thoat ra khdi khung hoang, gidi cam quyin Nhat Ban
tie'n hdnh quan phiet hod bg may nha nudc, bien Nhat Ban thdnh mdt 16
lua chien tranh d chau A va tren the gidi.

I - NHAT BAN TRONG NHUNG NAM 1918 - 1929

^M N h a t B a n t r o n g n h i J n g n a m d a u s a u c h i e n t r a n h (1918 - 1923)

Nhdt Ban la nudc thfl hai sau MT thu dugc nhiiu lgi trong Chie'n tranh the' gidi
thfl nhd't. Lgi dung su suy giam kha nang kinh te' cua cac nudc tu ban chdu Au trong
chie'n tranh, Nhat Ban da tang cudng san xud't hang hod va xudt khdu. Nhd nhflng
don dat hdng qudn su, san xud't cdng nghiep cua Nhat Ban tang trudng rat nhanh.
Chi trong vdng 6 nam ( 1 9 1 4 - 1919), nin kinh te' Nhdt Ban phdt triin vugt bae :
san lugng cdng nghiep tang 5 ldn, tdng gia tri xud't khau tang gdp 4 ldn, du trfl vang
va ngoai te tang gdp 6 ldn ; nhung sau dd lai lam vao khung hoang.
Vi ndng nghiep, nhung tan du phong kie'n cdn tdn tai nang ni d ndng thdn da
kim ham su phdt trien cua kinh te' ndng nghiep. Gia luong thuc, thuc phdm, nhd't la
gid gao, vd cflng ddt dd. Ddi sd'ng ngfldi lao ddng khdng duge cai thien.
Phong trdo dd'u tranh cua cdng nhdn va ndng ddn bung len manh me trong
nhiing nam sau chie'n tranh. Mua thu nam 1918, qudn chflng nhan ddn ndi day danh
pha cdc kho thdc, md ddu cudc "Bao ddng Ifla gao" lan rdng khdp ca nudc, ldi cudn
10 trieu ngudi tham gia. Ddng thdi, nhung cudc bai cdng cua cdng nhan cflng lan
rdng d cdc trung tdm cdng nghiep ldn nhu Cd-be, Na-gdi-a, 0-xa-ca... Chi rieng
nam 1919 da cd 2 388 cugc bai cdng cua cdng nhan. Tren co sd sir phdt triin cua
phong trao cdng nhdn, thang 7 - 1922 Dang Cdng san Nhat Ban dugc thdnh lap.

74
 © ^ ' Tinh hinh Nhat Ban trong nhung nam dau sau Chien tranh the gidi thd nhai cd nhung
diem gi dang chu y ?

N h a t Ban t r o n g nhiJng n a m on d i n h (1924 - 1929)

Khdc vdi cdc nudc tu ban Tay Au va MT, su dn dinh cua Nhat Ban chi tdn tai
trong mdt thdi gian ngdn. Nam 1926, san lugng cdng nghiep mdi phuc hdi trd lai
va vugt mfle tnrdc chien tranh. Nhflng chfla ddy mdt nam sau, mua xuan nam 1927,
cudc khung hoang tdi chfnh lai bung nd d Thu dd Td-ki-d lam 30 ngan hang pha
san. Nin cdng nghiep chu yeu dua vao xud't khdu eua Nhdt Ban ngay cdng gap khd
khan trong viec canh tranh vdi MT va cdc nudc Tay Au.
TU mpt nude ed sUc san xuat va mUc xuat khau tang rat nhanh trong chien
tranh, bUde vao thap nien 20, Nhat Ban phai nhap khau qua mUc do khan
hiem nguyen lieu va nhien lieu. San xuat trong nude bi suy giam, phan ldn
eae xi nghiep cdng nghiep chi sir dimg tU 20% de'n 25% cdng sua't. So' ngUdi
that nghiep tang nhanh, ndng dan hi ban eung hoa, sUc mua eiia ngUdi dan
suy giam lam cho thi trudng trong nUdc ngay cang thu hep.

Ve chinh tri, trong nhiing nam ddu thdp nien 20 eua the' ki XX, Chinh phu Nhdt
Ban da thi hanh mdt so cai each chinh tri (nhu ban hanh ludt bdu cfl phd thdng cho nam
gidi, cat giam ngan sdch qude phdng...) va giam bdt cang thang trong quan he vdi cac
cudng qud'c khdc. Den cud'i thdp nien 20, Chinh phu cua tudng Ta-na-ca - mdt phdn tu
qudn phiet - da thuc hien chfnh sach dd'i ndi va dd'i ngoai hie'u chien.
Chinh phii Ta-na-ca ehu trUdng dung vd Itic de banh trUdng ra ben ngoai
nham giai quyet khd khan trong nUdc. Cung vdi viec quan sti hoa da't nUde,
nam 1927 Ta-na-ea vach ke hoach chie'n tranh toan cau dudi hinh thUc
mpt ban Tdu thinh de trinh len Thien hoang. Chinh phii Ta-na-ca da 2 lan
dUa quan xam lUde Sdn Ddng (Trung Qude), nhUng deu hi that bai.

© Tinh hinh Nhat Ban trong nhung nam 1918 - 1929 cd nhdng diem gi ndi bat ?

75
II - KHUNG HOANG KINH TE (1929 - 1933) VA QUA TRINH
QUAN PHIET HOA BO MAY NHA NUOC CJ NHAT BAN

[ n K h u n g h o a n g k i n h t e cf N h a t B a n
Nam 1929, su sup dd cua thi trudng chflng khoan MT ddn de'n cudc dai suy thoai
CLia chu nghTa tu ban ndi chung, da lam cho nin kinh te Nhat Ban giam sut trdm
trgng. San xud't cdng nghiep dinh dd'n. Khiing hoang xay ra nghiem trgng nhdt la
trong ndng nghiep, do sir le thugc vao thi trudng ben ngoai cua nganh nay.
So vdi nam 1929, san lUdng cdng nghiep nam 1931 giam 32,5%, ndng pham
giam 1,7 tl yen, ngoai thUdng giam 80%. Ddng yen siit gia nghiem trpng.

Khiing hoang dat den dinh diim vao nam 1931, gay nen nhung hau qua xa hgi
tai hai : ngng dan bi pha san, mat mua va ddi kem, sd cdng nhan that nghiep len tdi
3 trieu ngirdi. Mau thudn xa hdi va cudc ddu tranh cua nhflng ngfldi lao dgng diin
ra quyet liet. ,

© Cudc khung hoang kinh te the gidi 1929 - 1933 da tac ddng den nudc Nhat nhuthe nao ?

Q u a t r i n h q u a n p h i e t h o a b o m a y n h a ni^cfc
Nhdm khdc phuc nhung hSu qua cua cudc khung hoang vd giai quye't khd khan
do thieu ngudn nguyen lieu va thi trudng tieu thu hang hod, gidi edm quyin Nhdt
Ban chu truong qudn phiet hod bd may nha nudc. gdy chien tranh xam luge, banh
trudng ra ben ngoai.
Khae vdi DUc, qua trinh phat xit hoa dien ra thdng qua sti chuyen ddi tU
che dp dan chu tU san dai nghi sang che dp chuyen che dpe tai phat xit, d
Nhat Ban, do da ed san che dp chuyen che Thien hoang, qua trinh nay dien
ra thdng qua viec quan phiet hoa bd may nha nUde va tien hanh chien
tranh xam lUde thupe dia. Do cd nhflng bat ddng trong npi bd gidi cam
quyen Nhat Ban ve each thUc tie'n hanh chie'n tranh xam lupc, qua trinh
quan phiet hoa keo dai trong sud't thap nien 30. TU nam 1937, eude da'u
tranh trong npi bd da cham dUt, gidi cam quyen Nhat Ban tap trung vao
viec quan phiet hoa bp may nha nUdc.

76
 Cung vdi viec quan phiet hod bg may nha nudc, tang cudng chay dua vu trang,
gidi edm quyin Nhat Ban ddy manh cudc chien tranh xam luge Trung Qud'c.
Thi trUdng Trung Qude rpng ldn, ndi tap trung 82% tdng sd vd'n dau tu nttdc
ngoai cua Nhat Ban, ludn ludn la ddi tUdng ma nUde Nhat mudn ddc chie'm
tu lau. Thang 9 - 1931, Nhat Ban danh chie'm vung Ddng BSc Trung Qud'c
va bie'n toan bp vung da't giau cd nay thanh thuoc dia.

Nam 1933, Nhat Ban dung len chfnh phii bu nhin, dua Phd Nghi - vi hoang
de cud'i cung cua Trung Qud'c - len dung ddu cdi ggi la "Man Chau qud'c". Miin
Ddng Bdc Trung Qud'c trd thanh ban dap cua nhflng cudc phieu luu quan su mdi
CLia qudn ddi Nhat Ban. Nudc Nhat trd thanh mgt Id Ifla chie'n tranh d chau A va
tren the' gidi.

Hinh 38. Qudn ddi Nhdt chiem Mdn Chdu (9 - 1931)

( ? ) Vi sao Nhat Ban danh chiem Trung Quoc ?

77
 Cuoc d a u t r a n h c h o n g chu nghia quan phiet cua nhan d a n
Nhat Ban

Trong nhung ndm 30 ciia the ki XX, cudc ddu tranh ehdng chu nghla quan phiet
cua nhan ddn Nhdt Ban, ma hat nhdn lanh dao la Dang Cdng san, diin ra sdi ndi,
dudi nhiiu hinh thflc. Tfl nhung cudc biiu tinh phan dd'i ehfnh sdch xdm luge cua
gidi edm quyin da ddn de'n phong trdo thanh lap Mat tran Nhan dan, tdp hgp ddng
dao cac tdng ldp xa hgi. Cudc dd'u tranh cua nhan dan Nhat Ban da gdp phdn lam
chdm qua tnnh quan phiet hoa bd may nha nudc d nudc nay.
Phong trao lan rdng, ldi cudn ddng dao binh linh va sT quan Nhat tham gia. Chi
trong nam 1939, da diin ra tren 40 cudc dd'u tranh chdng chien tranh eua binh sT
trong qudn ddi Nhdt Ban.

yyj Su phat trien cua cupc dau tranh chdng chu nghTa quan phiet cua nhan dan Nhat Ban
the hien d nhdng diem nao ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Neu ngdn ggn cac giai doan phdt triin chfnh cua nudc Nhat trong
nhung nam 1918-1939.
2. Qua trinh quan phiet hod d Nhdt Ban diin ra nhu the ndo ?

78
 ChLTcfng III

cAc NUCc CHAU A GIOA HAI CUOC CHifN TRANH T H ^ Gldl

(1918-1939)

9a^/^ PHONG TRAO CACH MANG d TRUNG QUOC vA AN DO

(1918-1939) '_
Phong trdo cdch mang d Trung Qud'c va An Do da vugt qua nhiiu thu
thdeh vd dat dugc nhflng budc tie'n mdi trong vdng 20 nam gifla hai cugc
chie'n tranh the gidi. O Trung Qude, phong trao Ngu tfl da md ddu thdi
ki cdch mang dan chu mdi. O An Do, Dang Qud'c dai, dimg ddu la
Ma-hat-ma Gan-di, da lanh dao phong trao gidi phdng ddn tdc theo
dudng ldi bat bao ddng, bat hgp tdc.

I - PHONG TRAO CACH MANG O TRUNG QUOC (1919 - 1939)

Q Phong t r a o Ngii tii va svf t h a n h lap D a n g Cong san T r u n g Quoc

Phong trao Ngu tfl bung nd ngay 4 - 5 - 1919, nhdm phan ddi am muu xau xe
Trung Qud'c cua cdc nudc de' qude. Md ddu phong trdo la cudc biiu tinh cua 3 000
hgc sinh, sinh vien yeu nudc Bdc Kinh tai Qudng trudng Thien An Mdn, ddi trimg
tri nhflng phdn tfl ban nudc trong chinh phu. Phong trdo nhanh chdng lan rdng khdp
22 tinh va 150 thanh phd trong ca nudc, ldi cudn ddng dao cdc tdng ldp xa hdi tham
gia, dac biet la giai cd'p cdng nhan.
Phong trdo Ngu tfl da md ddu cao trao each mang chdng de' qud'c va chdng
phong kie'n d Trung Qud'c. Ldn ddu tien giai cd'p cdng nhan Trung Qud'c xuat hien
tren vu dai chfnh tri nhu mdt luc lugng each mang ddc lap. Phong trao Ngu tfl ddnh
ddu budc chuyin cua cdch mang Trung Qud'c tfl cdch mang dan chu tu san kieu cu
sang each mang dan chu tu san kiiu mdi.

79
 Tfl sau phong trao Ngu tfl, viec truyin ba chii nghTa Mac - Lenin vao Trung Qude
phat triin nhanh chdng, sau rdng. Vdi su giup dd cua Qud'c te Cdng sdn, nam 1920,
mgt sd nhdm cdng san da ra ddi. Tren co sd cac nhdm nay, thdng 7 - 1921 Dang
Cdng san Trung Qud'c dugc thanh lap, ddnh dau budc ngoat quan trgng cua each
mang Trung Qud'c. Tu day, giai cap vd sdn Trung Qud'c da cd chfnh dang cua minh
di tung budc ndm nggn cd lanh dao each mang.

( ? J Phong trao Ngu td cd y nghTa nhu the nao ddi vdi each mang Trung Quoc ?

Chien t r a n h Bae p h a t (1926 - 1927) va Noi c h i e n Quoc - Cong

(1927-1937)
Trong nhflng nam 1926 - 1927, Dang Cgng san hgp tdc vdi Qud'c dan dang di
tie'n hanh cudc chien tranh cdch mang nhdm danh dd cdc tap dodn quan phiet Bdc
Duong dang chia nhau thd'ng tri nhflng vflng khdc nhau d miin Bdc Trung Qud'c
(thudng ggi la Chie'n tranh Bae phgt). Nhung sau mdt thdi gian ngdn, Qud'c dan
dang lai chdng lai phong trao cdch mang.
Ngay 12 - 4 - 1927. Tu'dng Gidi Thach tie'n hanh cupc chfnh bie'n d
Thudng Hai, tan sat, khung bd' dam mau nhUng ngUdi cpng san va cdng
khai chdng pha each mang d nhieu dia phUdng khae. Mpt tuan le sau,
Tudng Gidi Thach thanh lap chinh phu tai Nam Kinh. dai dien cho quyen
ldi cua dai dia chu. dai tU san d Trung Qud'c. Den thang 7 - 1927, chinh
quyen hoan toan rdi vao tay TUdng Gidi Thach. Cudc Chien tranh Bae
phat den day cham dUt.

Sau Chien tranh Bdc phat, qudn chung each mang dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang
Cdng sdn Trung Qud'c da tie'n hdnh cudc chie'n ddu chdng Chfnh phu Qud'c dan
dang, dugc ggi la Ngi chie'n Quoc - Cgng, diin ra trong nhung nam 1927 - 1937.
Quan dpi TUdng Gidi Thach da td chUc 4 lan vay quet ldn nham tieu diet can
eU dia each mang eua Dang Cpng san, nhUng deu bi that bai. Trong cudc vay
quet ldn thU nam (1933 - 1934). Itic lUdng each mang bi thiet hai nang.

Di bao todn luc lugng, thdng 10 - 1934 Hdng quan cdng ndng phdi tien hanh cudc
pha vay, rflt khdi can cfl dia each mang, tiin len phfa bdc, trong lich su ggi la cudc Vgn
li truang chinh. Tren dudng trudng chinh, tai Hdi nghi Tuan NghTa (tinh Quy Chau)
thang 1 - 1935, Mao Trach Ddng trd thanh ngudi lanh dao Dang Cdng sdn Trung Qud'c.

80
 Hinh 39. Mao Trgeh Ddng tren dudng Vgn li trudng chinh

Thdng 7 - 1937, gidi quan phiet Nhat phat ddng cudc chie'n tranh xam luge,
nhdm thdn tfnh Trung Qud'c. Trudc dp luc dd'u tranh cua qudn chung, Qud'c dan dang
huge phdi dinh chie'n, hgp tdc vdi Dang Cgng san, thanh lap Mat tran dan tgc thd'ng
nhdt chdng Nhat. Cach mang Trung Qud'c chuyen sang thdi ki khdng chien ehdng
phat xit Nhat.

© Ndi chien Qud'c - Cdng (1927 - 1937) dien ra nhU the nao '

n - PHONG TRAO D O C LAP DAN T O C 6 AN DO (1918 - 1939)

^ 1 P h o n g t r a o d o c lap d a n t o e t r o n g nhufng n a m 1918 - 1929

Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhat da ddy nhan dan An Do vdo canh sd'ng cflng
cue, vi toan bd gdnh nang chi phf chien tranh cua thuc dan Anh de nang len vai
cac thugc dia. Sau chie'n tranh, viec chfnh quyin thuc dan tang cudng bdc igt
thugc dia, ban hdnh nhung dao luat phan ddng nhdm cung cd bd mdy thd'ng tri,
lam cho nhung mau thudn xa hdi ngay cdng cang thdng. Mdt lan sdng ddu
tranh chdng thuc dan Anh dang cao khdp An Do trong nhflng nam 1918 - 1922.

6 - L I C H SU 1 1 . 81
 Phong trao dau tranh diin ra dudi nhiiu hinh
thflc phong phu, ldi cudn ddng ddo cae tdng ldp
ndng ddn, cdng nhan vd thi dan tham gia. Gifl vai
trd lanh dao phong trao la Dang Qud'c dai, dflng
ddu la M. Gan-di, mdt lanh tu ed uy tin ldn vd cd
anh hudng sau rdng dd'i vdi nhan dan M Do. Ong
keu ggi da'u tranh chdng chu nghTa thuc dan bdng
cac bien phap hod binh, khdng sfl dung bao lire
(nhu biiu tinh hod binh, bdi cdng d cdc nha mdy,
cdng sd, bai khoa d cac trudng hgc, tdy chay hang
hod Anh, khdng nop thue'...). Phong trao bat bao
dgng, bdt hgp tdc, do Gan-di vd Dang Qud'c dai Hinh 40. M. Gan-di
lanh dao, dugc cdc tdng ldp nhan dan An Do (1869 - 1948)
hudng flng.
Su phat triin cua phong trao cdng nhan ddn tdi sir thanh lap Dang Cdng san
An Do thdng 12 - 1925. Su kien nay gdp phdn thflc ddy lan sdng ddu tranh chdng
thuc dan Anh ciia nhan dan An Dd.

© Neu nhung net chinh cua phong trao ddc lap dan tdc d kn Dp trong nhdng nam
1 9 1 8 - 1929,

P h o n g t r a o d o c l a p d a n t o e t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1929 - 1939
Nhung hau qua nang ni cua cudc khung hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933)
da lam bflng len lan sdng dd'u tranh mdi cua nhan dan An Dg. Phong trdo keo dai
trong sud't nhung nam 30 thdng qua cdc chien dich bd't hgp tac vdi thuc dan Anh,
do Gan-di va Dang Qud'c dai khdi xudng.
Dau nam 1930, chie'n dich bat hdp tac bung no vdi viec Gan-di thtJc hien
mpt cudc hanh trinh lich sU dai 300 km de phan ddi chinh sach dpe quyen
mudi cua thiJc dan Anh. Thang 12 - 1931. dng lai phat ddng chie'n dich bat
hdp tac mdi. Thitc dan Anh .ang cUdng khung bo', dan ap, ddng thdi thtic
hien cae bien phap mua chude nhSm chia re hang ngu each mang. Bat
chap cae thti douii hai mat ctia chinh quyen thile dan, phong trao dau
tranh cua nhan dan An Dp dien ra sdi dpng va lan rdng trong ca nudc. lien
ke't dUdc tat ca cac liic lUdng chinh tri thanh mdt Mat tran thd'ng nha't tren
thUc te.

82 6-LICHSU 11 ..-B
 Thang 9 - 1939, Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai bung nd. Chfnh quyin Anh tuyen
chien d chau Au va tuyen bd v%i Do la mdt ben tham chien. Phong trao each mang
d An Do chuyin sang mdt thdi ki mdi.

\ f j Neu nhung net ndi bat cua phong trao ddc lap dan tdc 0 .An Op trong nhung nam
' 1929- 1939.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Lap bang thdng ke cac su kien tieu biiu cua each mang Trung Qude
trong nhflng nam 1919 - 1939.
2. Hay nhan xet vi giai cdp lanh dao va con dudng dau tranh cua each
mang An Dg trong nhiing nam 1918 - 1939.
3. Tim hiiu nhung net ldn ve cudc ddi va hoat ddng ciia Mao Trach Ddng
va M. Gan-di.

CAC Nir6c DONG NAM A GIU'A HAI CUOC

^Bae/o
CHIEN TRANH THE GlOil (1918 - 1939)
Trong nhung thap nien ddu the ki XX, d cac nudc Ddng Nam A da diin
ra nhflng chuyin bien quan trgng vi kinh te. chfnh tri. xa hgi. Phong
trao dd'u tranh gidnh ddc lap dan tdc phdt triin manh me d hdu khdp cac
nudc trong khu vuc. Hudng tdi muc tieu ddc lap dan tdc, cung vdi
phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu sdn dan tdc da xua't hien phong trao
ddu tranh ciia mdt lire lugng mdi - giai cap vd san. Giai edp vd san tie
tudi bat ddu budc len vu dai chfnh tri, md ra trien vgng mdi cho phong
trao gidi phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A.

I - TINH HINH CAC NUCIC DONG NAM .4 SAL CHIEN TRANH THE GlOl THirNHAT

n Tinh h i n h k i n h te, chinh tri, xa hoi

^au Chie'n tranh the gidi thu nhdt, chfnh sdch khai thac va bdc lot thude dia cua
thuc ddn phuong Tay da tac ddng manh me de'n tinh hinh cac nudc Ddng Nam A.
Nhung chuyin bien quan trgng vi kinh te, chfnh tri, xa hgi da diin ra d hdu khdp
cdc nudc trong khu vUc.

83
 Ve kinh te, Ddng Nam A tuy dugc dua vao he thd'ng kinh te cua chu nghTa tu
ban. nhimg chi la thi trudng tieu thu hang hod va noi cung cap nguyen lieu cho cdc
nudc chinh qud'c.
Ve chinh tri, mac dfl thi che d cac nudc khdc nhau, nhung diu cd diem chung
la do chinh quyin thuc ddn khdng che. Toan bd quyin hdnh diu tap trung trong tay
mgt dai dien cua chfnh quyin thude dia hay chiu anh hudng cua cac nudc tu ban,
thuc ddn.
Ve xd hgi, su phan hod giai cap diin ra ngay cang sau sdc. Giai cap tu san dan
tdc ldn manh ddn cflng vdi su phdt trien eua kinh te' cdng thuong nghiep. Giai cap
cdng nhan ngay cdng trudng thdnh vi sd lugng va y thflc cdch mang.
Cung vdi nhflng chuyin bie'n trong nudc, thdng lgi cua Cdch mang thdng Mudi
Nga nam 1917 vd cao trdo each mang the gidi da tdc ddng manh me den phong trao
ddc lap dan tdc d Ddng Nam A.

©** ' Tinh hinh cac nu'dc Odng Nam ,4 sau Chien tranh the gidi thd nhai cd nhdng chuyen
bien quan trong nao ve cac mat kinh te, chinh tri. xa hdi "^ •

K h a i q u a t ve p h o n g t r a o d o c l a p d a n t o e of D o n g N a m A
Sau Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhat, phong trdo ddc lap dan tdc phdt triin d hdu
khdp cdc nudc Ddng Nam A. So vdi nhung nam ddu the ki XX, phong trdo dan tdc
tu san cd nhflng budc tie'n rd ret cflng vdi sir ldn manh cua giai cdp tu sdn dan tdc.
Giai cap tU san dan toe de ra miic tieu da'u tranh ddi quyen tti do kinh
doanh, tti ehu ve chinh tri, ddi quyen dung tie'ng me de trong nha trUdng.
Mdt sd chinh dang tu san dUpc thanh lap va cd anh hUdng xa hpi rpng rai
nhu Dang Dan tdc d In-dd-ne-xi-a, phong trao Thakin d Mien Dien,
Dai hdi toan Ma Lai...

Ddng thdi, tfl thap nien 20 giai cap vd sdn tre tudi d Ddng Nam A cung bdt ddu
trudng thanh. Mdt sd dang cgng san dugc thanh lap, dau tien la Dang Cgng san
In-dd-ne-xi-a (5 - 1920), tie'p theo trong nam 1930, cdc dang cdng sdn ra ddi d
Viet Nam, Ma Lai, Xiem vd Phi-lfp-pin.
Dudi sti lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san, phong trao ddc lap dan tdc diln ra sdi
ndi, quye't het, ndi bat la cupc khdi nghla vu trang d In-dd-ne-xi-a (1926- 1927)

84
 va phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 d Viet Nam, ma dinh cao la Xd vie't
Nghe - Tinh. Rieng d Viet Nam, tU t h i n g 2 - 1930 quyen lanh dao each mang
thuoc ve ehinh dang eua giai cap vd san.

© Net mdi trong phong trao ddc lap dan tdc d Odng Nam A giu'a hai cuoc chien tranh
the gidi ( 1 9 1 8 - 1939) la gi ?

II - PHONG TRAO DOC LAP DAN T O C O IN-DO-NE-XI-A

^M P h o n g t r a o d o c l a p d a n t g c t r o n g t h a p n i e n 20 c u a t h e k i XX

Sau Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhd't, cflng vdi phong trdo dgc lap ddn tgc, sir phat
triin eua phong trdo cdng nhdn va viec truyin bd chfl nghTa Mac - Lenin vao
In-dd-ne-xi-a da ddn tdi viec thdnh lap Dang Cgng san In-dd-ne-xi-a (5 - 1920).
Dang cgng san nhanh chdng trudng thanh, tap hgp lue lugng quan chung va lanh
dao phong trao cdch mang trong thap nien 20 cua the' ki XX.
Phong trao each mang lan rpng trong ca nudc. Dang Cdng san da lanh dao cupc
khdi nghia vu trang d Gia-va va Xu-ma-to-ra trong nhtrng nam 1926 - 1927. Cupc
khdi nghia thai bai nhung da lam rung chuyen nen thdng tri ciia thuc dan Ha Lan
d In-dd-ne-xi-a.

Tfl nam 1927, sau that bai cua Ddng

Cdng san, quyin lanh dao phong trdo cdch
mang chuyen vao tay Dang Dan tgc cua
giai cap tu san, dflng ddu la Ac-met
Xu-cde-nd. Vdi chu truong dodn ket cac
lire lugng dan tgc, chdng de' qud'c, dau
tranh bdng con dudng hod binh va bdng
phong trdo bdt hgp tac vdi ehinh quyin
thuc dan, Ddng Dan tdc da nhanh chdng
trd thanh lire lugng ddn ddt phong trao giai
phdng dan tgc d In-dd-ne-xi-a. Hinh 41. A. Xi-ede-nd
(1901 -1970)
A. Xu-cae-nd la l a n h tti phong trao ddc lap dan tdc In-dd-ne-xi-a. ngUdi
sang lap Dang D a n tdc In-dd-ne-xi-a. Vdi t u each la Chu tich Dang Dan tdc,

85
 Xu-cac-nd kien quyet da'u tranh ddi thtic dan Ha Lan trao tra ddc lap eho
In-dd-ne-xi-a. Ong trd thanh Tong thd'ng dau tien cua nUdc Cpng hoa
In-dd-ne-xi-a (1945 - 1965).

( ^ ^ ^ Neu nhu'ng d i i n bien chinh cua phong trao ddc lap dan tdc d In-dd-ne-xi-a trong thap
nien 20 cua the ki XX.

P h o n g t r a o d o c l a p d a n t o e t r o n g t h a p n i e n 30 c i i a t h e k i XX
Ddu thap nien 30, phong trao dd'u tranh chdng thue dan Ha Lan tiep tuc lan rdng
khdp cac ddo thude In-dd-ne-xi-a, tieu biiu la cudc khdi nghTa cua cdc thuy binh d
cang Su-ra-bay-a vdo nam 1933. Sau khi khung bd tan khdc nhiing ngudi khdi nghTa,
chinh quyin thuc ddn tang cudng dan dp, bdt giu cac lanh tu cua Dang Dan tdc
(tfl nam 1929 la Dang In-dd-ne-xi-a) va dat Dang ra ngoai vdng phdp luat.
Cudi thap nien 30, trudc nguy co cua chu nghTa phdt xft, nhflng ngudi cdng san
da ke't hgp vdi Dang In-dd-ne-xi-a, thanh lap mat trdn thdng nhd't chdng phat xft vdi
ten ggi Lien minh ehinh tri In-dd-ne-xi-a.
Thang 12 - 1939, Lien minh ehinh tri In-dd-ne-xi-a, dUng dau la
Xu-cac-nd, da trieu tap Dai hdi dai bieu nhan dan, bao gdm 90 dang phai
va cac td ehUe ehinh tri, bieu thi sU thdng nha't dan tdc trong cupc da'u
tranh gianh dpe lap.
Dai hdi da thdng qua Nghi quyet ve ngdn ngfl (Bahasa Inddnexia), Quo'c
ki (cd mau dd va trang), Qude ea (bai Inddnexia Raya). Thang
9 - 1941, Hpi ddng nhan dan In-dd-ne-xi-a dUdc thanh lap va bay to
nguyen vpng mud'n hdp tac vdi ehinh quyen thtic dan cho'ng phat xit Nhat.
NhUng thtic dan Ha Lan da tU ehdi nhdng yeu cau chinh dang cua phong
trao dan tdc In-dd-ne-xi-a.

© - ' Lap nien bieu ve phong trao ddc lap dan tdc d In-dd-ne-xi-a trong thap nien 30
cua the ki XX.

86
Ill - PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH CHONG THUC DAN PHAP O LAO
VA CAM-PU-CHIA
Sau Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhdt, thuc dan Phap tang cudng chfnh sdch khai
thac thugc dia, nhdt la d cdc nudc Ddng Duong, vdn dugc coi la quan trgng vd giau
cd nha't trong he thd'ng thude dia cua Phdp. Chfnh sdch khai thac tan bao va che' do
thue khod, lao dich nang ni da lam bung nd phong trao ddu tranh chdng Phap d cac
nude Ddng Duong.
O Ldo, cupc khdi nghia eua Ong Keo vd Com-ma-dam no ra tU nam 1901, tie'p
dien trong hdn 30 nam dau theki XX. Thang 9 - 1936, sau khi Com-ma-dam
hi sinh, 3 ngudi con cua dng van tiep tiic duy tri eude khdi ngiua eho den khi bi
bdt vao thang 7 - 1937. Cudc khdi nghia eua ngUdi Meo do Chau Pa-chay lanh
dao keo dai trong nhUng nam 1918 - 1922 d Bdc Lao va Tay Bdc Viet Nam.
O Cam-pu-chia, phong trao chdng thue, chdng bat phu bung len manh me
trong nhUng nam 1925 - 1926 d cae tinh Pray-veng, Cdng-pdng Cham,
Cdng-pdng Chd-nang... Tieu bieu la cudc ndi day cua ndng dan thude huyen
Rd-le-phan d Cdng-pdng Chd-nang, tU da'u tranh ehdng thue, ehdng bdt phu,
phong trao chuyen sang da'u tranh vu trang chdng thtic dan Phap. Chinh
quyen thtic dan dan ap dam mau, hdn 400 ngUdi bi tra tan den chet.

Ddu nam 1930, su ra ddi cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (tfl thang 10 - 1930
la Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong) da md ra thdi ki mdi eua phong trao each mang
d Ddng Duong. Nhflng co sd bf mat ddu tien cua Dang da dugc thanh lap d Lao
va Cam-pu-chia. Tuy nhien, thuc dan Phdp sau khi dan dp dugc phong trdo cdch
mang 1930 - 1931 d Viet Nam da tap trung lire lugng, dan dp da man nhung
ngudi cgng san, phd vd cdc co sd cdch mang d hai nudc nay.
Trong nhung nam 1936 - 1939, phong trao Mat tran Dan chu Ddng Duong da
tap hgp ddng ddo cac tdng ldp nhan dan tham gia vao cugc ddu tranh chdng bgn
phan dgng thude dia, chdng phat xft vd chdng chie'n tranh. Trong diiu kien dd, mdt
sd CO sd cdch mang cua Dang cdng san Ddng Duong da dugc xay dung va cflng cd
d cac thdnh phd ldn nhu Vieng Chan, Phndm Penh... Cudc van ddng dan chu da kfeh
thfch su phat triin cua phong trao ddu tranh dan ehu d Lao va Cam-pu-chia cho de'n
khi Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai bflng nd.

( ? } Lien minh chie'n dau chdng Phap cua nhan dan ba nudc Odng Duong dupc the hien
d nhung sU kien nao ?

87
IV - c u o c DAU TRANH CHONG THUC DAN ANH 0 MA LAI VA MIEN DIEN
O Md Lai, tfl ddu the ki XX phong trdo da'u tranh chdng thuc ddn Anh da lan
rdng tren khdp ban dao Ma Lai. Ach dp bfle bde lot nang n i cua chu nghTa thuc dan,
gdnh nang ng ndn chdng chdt da lam bung nd nhflng cudc dd'u tranh cua ndng ddn
ngudi Ma Lai ban dia vd ngudi Ma Lai gd'c Hoa, gd'c Pan. Giai cap tu san ddn tdc
thdng qua td chflc Dai hgi todn Ma Lai da len tie'ng ddu tranh ddi dung tieng Ma
Lai trong nhd trfldng, ddi thuc hien tu do dan chu trong kinh doanh. Nhiiu cudc bai
cdng ldn cua cdng nhan bung nd ddi tang luong, cai thien diiu kien lam viec.
Thang 4 - 1930, Dang Cdng sdn Ma Lai dugc thanh lap. Sir kien nay da tac
ddng de'n su phdt triin cua phong trao cdng nhan. Trong nhung nam 1934 - 1936,
cac cugc tdng bai cdng cua cdng nhan lien tiep dien ra, budc chfnh quyin thuc dan
phai di de'n thoa thuan tang luong cho cdng nhan.
O Mien Dien, vao ddu thap nien 20, cdc nha su tre do Ot-ta-ma dung ddu da
khdi xfldng phong trao bat hgp tdc, khdng ddng thue' va tdy chay hang hod Anh.
Phong trdo ldi cudn ddng dao cdc tdng ldp nhan dan tham gia.
Trong thap nien 30, hgc sinh, sinh vien Mien Dien da phdt dgng phong trao
Thakin (phong trdo cua nhflng ngudi lam chu dat nudc) ddi cai cdch quy chi dai
hgc, thanh lap trudng dai hgc rieng cho Mien Dien, ddi tdch Mien Dien ra khdi
An Dg va dugc quyin tu tri. Trudc dp lire dau tranh manh me cua quan chflng, nam
1937 Mien Dien dugc tach khdi An Do, chdm dflt hon nfla the' ki la mdt tinh cua
An Dd thude Anh.

© ' Neu nhdng net chinh cua phong trao giai phdng dan tdc 6 Ma Lai va Mied Oien.

V - CUOC CACH MANG NAM 1932 O XIEM

Mac dfl la nudc duy nha't d Ddng Nam A khdng bi roi vao tinh trang thugc dia,
nhung tren thuc te' nudc Xiem cflng khdng giu dugc trgn ven nin ddc lap cua minh
va phdi phu thugc vi nhiiu mat vao thuc dan Anh vd Phdp. Su bat man cua cac tdng
ldp trong xa hdi ddi vdi che do quan chu Ra-ma VII ngay mdt tang len.
Mua he nam 1932, mdt cugc each mang da nd ra d Thu dd Bang Cdc dudi su
lanh dao cua giai cap tu san, dflng ddu la Pri-di Pha-nd-mi-dng.
 Pri-di Pha-nd-mi-dng la thu linh Dang
Nhan dan. linh hdn eua cudc Cach mang
nam 1932. Ong chu trUdng thtic hien eae
eai each tU san ve kinh te - xa hdi. Tuy
nhien, dng khdng di tdi mpt nen dan chu
triet de, ma chu trUdng duy tri ngdi vua
cung vdi sU thiet lap nghi vien, xay dting
ehe dp quan ehu lap hie'n.

Cdch mang nam 1932 da thay the che do quan

chu chuyen ehe bdng che do quan chu lap hien, tao
diiu kien cho viec tie'n hdnh cdc cai each theo Hinh 42. Pri-di Pha-nd-mi-dng
(1900 - 1983)
hudng tu san, md ra mdt thdi ki phat triin mdi
cua Xiem.

© Cudc Cach mang nam 1932 d Xiem cd y nghTa nhuthe nao '

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Neu mdt sd net khai quat ve phong trao ddc lap dan tdc d Ddng
Nam A gifla hai cudc chien tranh the gidi.
2. Phong trao chdng Phdp ciia nhan dan Lao va Cam-pu-chia gifla
hai cudc chien tranh the 2idi dien ra nhu the nao ?

89
 Chu-ong IV

CHI^N TRANH TH^ Gldl THOT HAI (1939 - 1945)

m&iir CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 THI/ HAI (1939 -1945)

Chien tranh the gidi thfl hai (1939 - 1945) la cugc chie'n tranh gay nen
nhung tdn that ldn vi ngudi vd cua trong lich su nhan loai. Keo dai
trong 6 nam, chien tranh da bao trum gdn nhu toan bg cac chau luc va
diin ra tren nhiiu mat tran. Chien tranh the gidi thu hai ke't thtic
vdi su that bai hoan toan ciia phe phat xft, ddn de'n nhung bie'n ddi can
ban trong tinh hinh the gidi.

I - CON DUCING DAN DEN CHIEN TRANH

Q C a c nifdc p h a t x i t d a y m a n h x a m li^dc (1931 - 1937)

Trong nhflng nam 30 cua the ki XX, cdc nudc phdt xit Dflc, l-ta-li-a va Nhat
Ban da lien ket vdi nhau thanh lien minh phdt xft, cdn dugc ggi la True Bee-lin -
Rd-ma - Td-ki-d hay phe True. Khdi nay tang cudng cac hoat dgng quan su va gay
chie'n tranh xam luge d nhiiu khu vuc khae nhau tren the gidi.
Sau khi chie'm vung Ddng Bdc Trung Qude (1931), tU nam 1937 Nhat Ban
md rpng chie'n tranh xam lUde tren toan lanh tho Trung Qud'c. Phat xit
I-ta-li-a tie'n hanh xam lUde E-ti-d-pi-a (1935), cung vdi DUe tham chie'n
d Tay Ban Nha nhdm ho trd lUc lUdng phat xit Phran-cd danh bai Chinh
phu Cpng hoa (1936 - 1939). Sau khi xe bd Hoa Ude Vecxai, nudc DUc phat
xit hudng tdi miie tieu thanh lap mdt nUdc "Dai DUc" bao gdm tat ca eae
lanh tho ed dan DUc sinh sd'ng d chau Au.

90
 Trong bdi canh dd. Lien Xd coi chu nghTa phdt xft Id ke thfl nguy hiim nhd't nen
da chu truong lien ket vdi cac nudc tu ban Anh, Phdp di chdng phdt xft va nguy co
chie'n tranh. Lien Xd kien quyet dung vi phfa cdc nudc E-ti-d-pi-a, Cgng hoa
Tdy Ban Nha vd Trung Qud'c chdng xam luge.
Chfnh phii cdc nudc Anh, Phdp, MT diu cd chung mgt mue dfch la gifl nguyen
trat tu the gidi ed lgi cho minh. Hg lo sg su bdnh trudng cua chu nghTa phdt xft,
nhung vdn thfl ghet chu nghTa cdng san. Vi the, gidi edm quyin cdc nudc Anh, Phdp
da khdng lien ke't chat che vdi Lien Xd di cflng chdng phdt xft. Trai lai, hg thuc hien
chfnh sdch nhugng bd phat xft, hdng day chien tranh vi phfa Lien Xd. Vdi Dga ludt
trung Mp (8 - 1935), gidi edm quyin MT thuc hien chinh sach khdng can thiep vao
cae su kien xay ra ben ngoai chdu MT.
Chinh quyin cac nudc phat xft da lgi dung tinh hinh dd de thuc hien muc tieu
gay chie'n tranh xdm luge.

© r \ r ^ A ^ r^, .-/»/-. r ^ t - i A i wTt t r ^ r - , , - . r^\ ^\ /=tr-,'I r-. 1 f l Q 1

Cac nudc phat xit trong giai doan 1931 - 1937 ^ CiO~7 A^ r^A r . l - , r i V - „ - . ^ - . , - , ' ^ t AAr^r~i
da cd nhung hoat ddng xam v A r v i l i i-^r- r^^r\
lUpc nao ?"^

Tii H o i n g h i M u y - n i c h d e n c h i e n t r a n h t h e gidi
Sau khi sap nhap nudc Ao vao lanh thd Dflc (3 - 1938), Hft-le gdy ra vu Xuy-det
de thdn tfnh Tiep Khdc.
Bdng each xui gitic cae eU dan gd'c DUc sinh sd'ng d vung Xuy-det cua
Tiep Khdc ndi day ddi li khai, Hit-le trang trdn yeu cau Chinh phu Tiep
Khae trao quyen tti tri eho Xuy-det. TrUdc tinh the cap bach dd. Lien Xd
tuyen bd san sang giup Tiep Khae chdng xam lUde, neu cac nUde phUdng
Tay cung chung hanh ddng. NhUng cae nUde Anh, Phap van tiep tuc chfnh
sach thoa hiep, yeu edu Chinh phu Tiep Khae nhUdng bp DUc.

Ngay 29 - 9 - 1938, Hgi nghi Muy-nfch dugc trieu tap vdi sir tham gia cua
ngudi dflng ddu cac chfnh phu Anh, Phdp, Dflc va I-ta-li-a. Mdt hiep dinh da dugc
kf kit, theo dd Anh, Phap trao vflng Xuy-det cua Tiep Khdc cho Dflc di ddi lay sir
cam ke't cua Hft-le vi viec chdm dut mgi cudc thdn tfnh d chau Au. Dai biiu
Tiep Khdc dflge mdi den Muy-nfch chi di tiep nhan vd thi hdnh hiep dinh.
Sau khi chiem Xuy-det, Hft-le thdn tfnh todn bd Tiep Khdc (3 - 1939). Khdng
dimg lai d dd, Hft-le bdt ddu gay hdn vd rao riet chuan bi tien hdnh chie'n tranh vdi
Ba Lan.
91
 Trudc khi khai chie'n, DUe da de nghi dam phan vdi Lien Xo dd phong khi
chien tranh bung no phai chdng lai ba cUdng qud'c tren ca hai mat tran
(Anh - Phap d phia tay va Lien Xd d phia ddng). Lien Xd chti trUdng dam
phan vdi DUc, vi day la giai phap td't nha't de tranh mdt cupc chie'n tranh
va bao ve quyen Ipi qud'c gia trong tinh the bi cd lap luc bay gid. Ban Hiep
Udc Xo -DUc khong xdm lugc nhau da dupc ki ke't ngay 23 - 8 - 1939.

r Phe True xam lupc

I Lien minh cua Pliap ^ Phe Trijc can thiep >-Dtfc gay han

Hinh 43. Lugc dd Ditc - I-ta-li-a gdy chie'n vd hdnh trudng

(tit thdng 10 - 1935 den thdng 8 - 1939)

© Theo em, siJ kien Muy-nich con duoc nhin nhan, danh gia nhuthe nao ?

92
n - CHIEN TRANH THE GlOl THU HAI BUNG NO VA LAN R O N G
O CHAU AU (Tl/ THANG 9 - 1939 DEN THANG 6 - 1941)

Q P h a t x i t Dtfc t a n c o n g B a L a n v a x a m c h i e m c h a u A u
{tii t h a n g 9 - 1939 d e n t h a n g 9 - 1940)
Rang sdng 1 - 9 - 1939, quan ddi Dflc tan cdng Ba Lan. Hai ngdy sau, Anh va
Phap bugc phdi tuyen chien vdi Due. Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai bflng nd.
Vdi uu the' tuyet dd'i vi sflc manh quan su, quan Dflc dp dung chie'n lugc "Chie'n
tranh ehdp nhoang" va chiem dugc Ba Lan sau gdn 1 thang.
Trong khi dd, lien quan Anh - Phap dan tran d bien gidi phia tay nUdc
DUe, nhUng khdng tan cdng DUc va khdng ed hanh ddng quan sti nao chi
vien cho Ba Lan.

Thang 4 - 1940, quan Dflc chuyin hudng tdn cdng tfl phia ddng sang phia tay,
chie'm hdu he't cac nudc tu ban chau Au nhu Dan Mach, Na Uy, Bi, Ha Lan, Lue-
xam-bua va ddnh thang vdo nudc Phdp.
Ngay 10 - 6 - 1940, Chinh phu Phap rdi Pa-ri chay ve Tua. Quan DUc tran
vao nude Phap. Nude Phap bai tran sau 6 tudn chie'n dau va phai ki Hiep
dinh dinh chie'n ngay 22 - 6 - 1940. Theo do, DUe chie'm ddng 3/4 lanh thd'
Phap (bao gdm ca Thu do Pa-ri). Tai vung phia nam nUde Phap khdng bi
chie'm ddng, Chinh phu Phap, do Pe-tanh lam Qud'c trUdng, ndm quyen tti
tri va lam tay sai cho DUc.

Hinh 44. Qudn Due tie'n vdo Pa-ri (6 - 1940)

93
 Thang 7 - 1940, quan Dflc thue hien ke hoach tien danh nudc Anh. Tuy nhien,
do uu the vi khdng quan vd hai quan cua Anh, ddng thdi do sir vien trg cua MT danh
cho Anh bdt ddu tfl thdng 9 - 1940, ke hoach dd bd len nudc Anh cua Due khdng
thuc hien duoc.

©** ' Sii dung lupc dd (hinh 43) de trinh bay viec phat xit Ddc md dau viec xam chiem
chau Au nhu the nao.

P h e p h a t x i t b a n h t r t f d n g d D o n g v a N a m A u {tii t h a n g 9 -
1940 d e n t h a n g 6 - 1941)
Thang 9 - 1940, nhdm cung cd khdi lien minh phat xft, Hiep udc Tam cudng
Dflc - Tta-li-a - Nhat Ban dugc kf ke't tai Bec-lin. Hiep udc quy dinh, ne'u mgt trong
ba nudc bi dd'i phuong tdn cdng thi hai nude kia phai lap tflc trg giflp nfldc dd vi
mgi mat; cdng khai vi viec phan chia the' gidi : Dflc, I-ta-li-a d chau Au, Nhat Ban
d Viin Ddng.
Tfl thang 10 - 1940, Hft-le chuyen sang thdn tfnh edc nudc Ddng va Nam chdu
Au. Cae nudc Ru-ma-ni, Hung-ga-ri, Bun-ga-ri trd thanh chu hdu cua Dflc va bi
quan Due chie'm ddng. Bdng vfl luc, quan Dflc thdn tfnh Nam Tfl va Hi Lap. De'n
mua he nam 1941, phe phat xft da thd'ng tri phdn ldn chau Au. Phat xft Dflc da
chudn bi xong mgi diiu kien cdn thiet di tan cdng Lien Xd.

\ * ) - Nguyen nhan nao dan de'n Chien tranh the gidi thd hai ?
- Lap nien bieu ve qua trinh xam chiem chau Au cua phat xit Ddc (td thang
9 - 1 9 3 9 den thang 6 - 1941).

HI - CHIEN TRANH LAN R O N G K H A P THE GlOl

(Tl/ THANG 6 - 1941 DEN THANG 11 - 1942)

I Q P h a t x i t Dvfc t a n c o n g L i e n X o . C h i e n sii d? B a e P h i
Ngay tfl thdng 1 2 - 1 9 4 0 , Hft-le da thdng qua ke hoach tan cdng Lien Xd vdi
chie'n lugc "chie'n tranh ehdp nhoang". ddnh nhanh thdng nhanh, tan dung uu thevi
trang thie't bi kT thuat vd yeu td bdt ngd.

94
 Rang sang 22 - 6 - 1941, phat xft Dflc tan cdng Lien Xd.
Ba dao quan DUe gom 5,5 trieu ngUdi dong loat tan cdng tren sud't dpe tuyen
bien gidi phia tay Lien Xd. Trong nhdng thang dau tien eua eude chieii tranh,
nhd Uu the ve vu khi va kinh nghiem tac chie'n, quan DUc tien sau vao lanh
thd Lien Xd. Dao quan phia bae bao vay Le-nin-grat (tUe Xanh Pe-tec-bua),
dao quan trung tam tie'n tdi ngoai vi Thu dd Mat-xcd-va, dao quan phia nam
chie'm Ki-ep va phan ldn U-crai-na.

Quan dgi vd nhan dan Lien Xd kien quyet chien dau bdo ve To qud'c. Thang
12 - 1941, Hdng quan Lien Xd do tudng Giu-edp ehi huy da phan cdng quye't liet,
day Ifli qudn Dflc ra khdi cfla ngd Thu dd. Chien thdng Mat-xco-va da lam pha san
chie'n lugc "chie'n tranh ehdp nhodng" cua Hft-le.
Sau that bai d Mat-xco-va, quan Due chuyen mui nhgn tan cdng xudng phfa
nam nhdm chie'm vflng luong thuc vd ddu md quan trgng nhdt cua Lien Xd. Muc
tieu chu yeu cua quan Dflc la nhdm ddnh chie'm Xta-lin-grdt (nay la Von-ga-grat),
thanh phd dflge menh danh la "nflt sd'ng" cua Lien Xd. Cudc chien ddu keo dai hon
2 thang, nhung quan Dflc khdng thi chiem dugc thanh phd nay.
O Mat tran Bdc Phi, ngay tfl thdng 9 - 1940 qudn ddi I-ta-li-a da tdn cdng Ai
Cap. Cugc chie'n d day diin ra trong the' gidng co, khdng phan thdng bai gifla lien
quan Due - I-ta-li-a vdi lien quan Anh - MT. Thdng 10 - 1942, lien quan Anh - MT
gidnh thdng lgi trong tran En A-la-men (Ai Cap), gianh lai uu the' d Bdc Phi vd
chuyin sang phan cdng tren todn mat tran.

© Cudc tan cdng cua phat xit Ddc vao lanh thd Lien Xd dien ra nhu the nao ?

Chien t r a n h Thai B i n h Difdng bvmg no

Trong khi chie'n tranh the gidi diin ra d chau Au thi d chau A, Nhat Ban da rdo
riet chuan bi nhay vdo cugc chien. Thdng 9 - 1940, khi quan Nhat keo vao Ddng
Duong, MT da kien quyet phdn dd'i hanh dgng nay cua Nhat. Quan he Nhat - MT
ngdy cang canj.^ thSng. khien Nhat Bdn quye't dinh tien hanh chie'n tranh vdi MT.
N g a y 7 - 1 2 - 1941, quan Nhat bat ngd tan cdng Tran Chau cang-can cfl hai quan
chu yeu cua MT d Thai Binh Duong. Ham ddi MT bi thiet hai nang ne. MT tuyen chien
vdi Nhat Ban vd sau dd la vdi Dflc vd l-ta-li-a. Chie'n tranh lan rdng ra todn the gidi.

95
 >fth ;v^ .

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f/w/? 45. Trdn Trdn Chdu cdng (12 - 1941)

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//;/?/! 46. Lugc dd chien trirdng ehdu A - Thdi Binh Duang (1941 - 1945)

96
 Sau tran tap kfeh thdng lgi vdo Tran Chdu cang, Nhat Ban md mgt loat cudc tdn
cdng vao cac nudc d Ddng Nam A va banh trudng d khu -vuc Thdi Binh Duong.
Clii trong vdng 6 thang (tU thang 12-1941 de'n thang 5 - 1942), quan Nhat
da chie'm dUde mdt vung rdng ldn, bao gdm Thai Lan, Ma Lai,
Xin-ga-po, Phi-lip-pin, Mien Dien, In-dd-ne-xi-a va nhieu dao d Thai Binh
Dudng. De'n nam 1942, quan phiet Nhat da thd'ng tri khoang 8 trieu km^ da't
dai vdi 500 trieu dan d Ddng A, Ddng Nam A va Thai Binh DUdng.

© Chien tranh Thai Binh Duong bung nd nhuthe nao ? (trinh bay theo lUOc dd hinh 46)

Khoi Dong m i n h c h o n g p h a t xit h i n h t h a n h

Hanh dgng xam lugc cua phe phdt xft da thflc day cac qud'c gia tren the' gidi
cung phdi hgp vdi nhau trong mdt lien minh chdng phdt xft. Ddng thdi, viec
Lien Xd tham chie'n da lam thay ddi can ban cue dien chinh tri va qudn su cua cudc
chie'n. Cudc chien tranh giu nudc vT dai cua nhdn ddn Lien Xd da cd vu manh me
phong trdo khdng chien cua nhan dan cdc nude bi phat xit chiem ddng. Cdc chinh
phii Anh, Mi da phai ddn ddn thay ddi thdi do, bat tay vdi Lien Xd trong cugc chien
chdng chu nghia phat xft, khdi phue ehu quyin eua cdc ddn tdc bi phdt xit nd dich.
Khdi Dong minh chong phdt xit duge hinh thdnh.
Ngdy 1 - 1 - 1942, tai Oa-sinh-ton, 26 qud'c gia (dung ddu Id ba cudng qud'c
Lien Xd, MT, Anh) da ra mdt ban tuyen bd chung ggi la Tuyen ngon Lien hap quoc.
Cac nudc tham gia Tuyen ngdn cam ket cung nhau tien hanh cudc chie'n dd'u chdng
phat Xlt vdi toan bd luc lugng cua minh.

© - ' Khdi Ddng minh chdng phat xit dupc hinh thanh nhu the nao ?

IV - QUAN DONG MINH CHUYEN SANG PHAN CONG.

CHIEN TRANH THE G l d l THU HAI KET THUC
(TU THANG 11 - 1942 DEN THANG 8 - 1945)

Q Q u a n Dong m i n h p h a n cong (tif t h a n g 11 - 1942 den t h a n g 6 - 1944)

d Mat tran Xd - Dflc, tran phan cdng tai Xta-lin-grat (tfl thdng 11 - 1942 de'n
thdng 2 - 1943) cua quan ddi Lien Xd da tao nen budc ngoat cua cudc chien tranh

97
7-LICHSU 11...-A ^'
the gidi. Trong tran ddnh vT dai nay, Hdng quan Lien Xd da tan cdng, bao vay, chia
cdt di tieu diet vd bat sd'ng todn bd ddi quan tinh nhue cua Dflc gdm 33 van ngfldi
do Thd'ng che Phdn Pao-lflt ehi huy. Bdt ddu tfl day. Lien Xd va phe Ddng minh
chuyen sang tan cdng ddng loat tren cdc mat tran.

;^,;/l

Hinh 47. Chie'n dd'u trong thdnh phd Xta-lin-grdt

Tie'p dd, Hdng quan da nhanh ehdng be gay cugc phdn cdng cua qudn Dflc tai
vdng cung Cudc-xco (tfl ngay 5 - 7 de'n ngay 23 - 8 - 1943), ddnh tan 30 su doan
dich, loai khdi vdng chien ddu 50 van qudn cua chung. Hdng quan lien tuc tan
cdng, cho de'n thdng 6 - 1944 da giai phdng phdn ldn ldnh thd Lien Xd.
0 Mat tran Bdc Phi, qudr. Anh (tfl phfa ddng) va quan MT (tfl phfa tay) phdi hgp
phdn cdng (tfl thdng 3 den thdng 5 - 1943), quet sach lien quan Dflc - I-ta-li-a khdi
luc dia chau Phi.

98 7 LICHSU 11...-B
• O I-ta-h-a, quan Ddng minh dd bd ddnh chie'm ddo Xi-xi-li-a (7 - 1943). Tai
Rd-ma, Mut-xd-li-ni bi tdng giam, chfnh phu mdi dugc thanh lap, ddu hang Ddng
minh. Phat xft l-ta-li-a sup dd. Nhung quan Dflc da ddi phd kich liet, giai thodt cho
Mflt-xd-li-ni va lap lai chfnh phu phat xft d miin Bdc I-ta-li-a. Hon 30 sU dodn quan
Dflc dflge diiu sang I-ta-li-a, chdng cu keo dai hon 2 nam, mai tdi thdng 5 -1945
mdi chiu khudt phuc.
0 Thai Binh Duong, viec qudn ddi MT danh bai quan Nhat trong tran
Gu-a-dan-ca-nan (tfl thang 8 - 1942 de'n thang 1 - 1943) da tao ra budc ngoat tren
toan mat tran nay. MT chuyen sang phan cdng va ldn lugt danh chiem cac ddo d
Thai Binh Duong.

© - ' - Neu nhung sU kien chinh ve cudc phan cdng cua quan Odng minh tren cac mat tran
(td thang 11 - 1942 den thang 6 - 1944).

- Tran phan cdng tai Xta-lin-grat: dien bien va y nghTa.

P h a t x i t Diifc h i t i e u d i e t . N h a t B a n d a u h a n g .
Chien t r a n h ket thuc
Ddu nam 1944, cudc tdng phan cdng cua Hdng qudn Lien Xd diin ra vdi 10 chie'n
dich ldn nd'i tiep nhau tren toan mat trdn nhdm quit sach quan xam lugc ra khdi lanh
thd nudc minh. Tiep dd, Lien Xd tien qudn vao gidi phdng cdc nudc d Ddng Au. Cudc
tdng tdn cdng dai thdng da dua Hdng quan tien sdt bien gidi nudc Dflc.
Mua he nam 1944, MT - Anh va quan Ddng minh md Mat tran thfl hai d Tay Au
bdng cudc dd bg tai Nodc-mang-di (miin Bdc Phdp). Phong trao khdi nghia "vu trang
CLia nhan dan Phdp ndi len khdp noi, gidi phdng nhiiu vflng rdng ldn, lam ehu Pa-ri.
Chfnh phu lam thdi cua nudc Cdng hod Phap duge thanh lap. Nudc Phdp dugc giai
phdng khdi deh phdt xft. Tiep sau, quan Ddng minh tien vao giai phdng cdc nudc Bi,
Hd Lan, Lue-xam-bua va chuan bi tan cdng nudc Dflc. Tfl thdng 1 - 1945, Hdng quan
Lien Xd cung bdt ddu cudc tan cdng nude Dflc d Mat tran phfa Ddng.
TrUde khi ket thue chien tranh vdi DUc, Hpi nghi gifla nguyen thu eua
ba nUde Lien Xd, Mi, Anh dupe td ehUe tai I-an-ta (Lien Xd) thang 2 -
1945. Hdi nghi da phan chia khu viic chiem ddng nUdc DUe va chau Au,
de ra dudng ldi td ehUe lai the gidi sau chien tranh... Lien Xd cam ket se
tham gia chien tranh chdng Nhat sau khi nude DUc dau hang.

99
 Cudc tan cdng quan Dflc d Mat tran phfa Tay cua quan Ddng minh bdt ddu tfl
thdng 2 - 1945. Hdng quan Lien Xd bdt ddu md cudc tdn cdng Bec-lin tfl gifla
thdng 4 - 1945 va dap tan su khdng cu ciia hon 1 trieu quan DUc. Quan dgi Anh,
MT da gap Hdng qudn Lien Xd d Todc-gau (ben bd sdng En-bo). Ngay 30 - 4, la cd
dd bua liim eua Lien Xd dugc edm tren ndc toa nha Qud'c hgi Dflc. Hit-le tir sat
dfldi hdm chi huy. Ngay 9 - 5 - 1945, nudc Dflc kf van ban ddu hang khdng diiu
kien, chien tranh chdm dflt d chau Au.

Hinh 48. Hdng qudn Lien Xd edm cd chie'n thdng tren ndc tod nhd Qud'c hdi Difc

d Mat tran Thai Binh Duong, tfl nam 1944, lien quan MT - Anh da trien khai
cdc cugc tan cdng danh chie'm Mien Dien va qudn ddo Phi-lfp-pin. Quan MT tang
cudng uy hiep, danh phd cac thanh phd ldn eua Nhat Ban bdng khdng quan.
Cudi thiing 7 - 1945. nguyen thii ba eudng qud'c Lien Xd. MI, Anh hpp tai Pdt-xdam
de giai quyei cac van de sau chie'n tranh d chau Au va viec tieu diet hoan loan
phat xit Nhat.

100
 Ngay 6 - 8 - 1945, MT nem qua bom nguyen tfl ddu tien xudng thanh phd
Hi-rd-si-ma lam 8 van ngudi chet. Ngay 8 - 8 , Lien Xd tuyen chien vdi Nhat Ban
va tan cdng dao quan Quan Ddng gdm 70 van quan Nhat d Man Chau. Ngay 9 - 8 ,
MT nem tie'p qua bom nguyen tfl thfl hai huy diet thdnh phd Na-ga-xa-ki, giet hai
2 van ngudi. Ngdy 1 5 - 8 , Nhat Ban chap nhan ddu hang khdng diiu kien. Chie'n
tranh the gidi thfl hai ke't thuc.

© - ' Quan doi Nhat bi danh bai nhu the nao ?

V - KET c u e CUA CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU HAI

Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl hai ket thflc vdi sir sup dd hodn todn cua cdc nudc phat
xft Dflc, I-ta-li-a va Nhat Ban. Thdng lgi vT dai thuge vi cdc dan tgc tren the gidi da
kien cudng chie'n dau ehdng ehu nghTa phdt xft. Trong cudc chie'n ddu ay, ba eudng
qud'c Lien Xd, MT, Anh la luc lugng tru cdt, gifl vai trd quye't dinh trong viec tieu
diet chu nghTa phat xft.
Hau qua cua chie'n tranh la vd eung nang ni dd'i vdi nhan loai. Hon 70 qud'c gia
vdi 1 700 trieu ngudi da bi ldi cudn vao vdng chie'n, khoang 60 trieu ngudi chet,
90 trieu ngudi bi tan phe. Nhiiu thanh phd, lang mac va nhiiu co sd kinh te' bi
tan pha.
Chie'n tranh ket thue da ddn de'n nhiing thay ddi can ban trong tinh hinh the'gidi.

( ? ) Chien tranh the gidi thd hai kei thuc nhu the nao '

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Phat xft Dflc da bi tieu diet nhu the nao ?
2. Trong viec tieu diet chii nghTa phat xft. Lien Xd da cd vai trd nhu
the nao ?
3. Tu cudc Chien tranh the gidi thfl hai. hay rut ra bai hgc cho cudc
da'u tranh bao ve hod binh the gidi hien nay.

101
"^^iS ON TAP LICH Sir THE GlOil HIEN DAI
• • • •
(Phan tif nam 1917 den nam 1945)

I - NHUNG KIEN THUC CO BAN VE LICH SU THE GI6I HIEN DAI

(1917-1945)
Trong gdn 30 nam (1917 - 1945), nhiiu su kien lich su da diin ra tren toan the
gidi. Trong sd dd, cd nhflng su kien tdc dgng, anh hudng to ldn de'n lich sfl the' gidi.
Chung ta cung nhau dn tap cac sir kien lich sfl eo ban theo bang he thd'ng kie'n thflc
dfldi ddy :

Thdi gian Sir V\hn D i l n bien chinh Ket qua, y nghfa

NUdc NGA - LIEN XO

2-1917 Cach mang dan chij - Tdng bai cdng chi'nh trj - Lat 60 che dp
tusan d Pe-to-rd-grat Nga hoang
- Khdi nghTa vu trang - Hai chfnh quyen song
- Nga hoang bi lat do song tdn tai
- Cach mang dan chu
tu san kieu mdi

10-1917

CAC NUdc TU BAN CHU N G H I A

i
1

L_._ I
CAC NUdc CHAU A
I

. i

102
n - NHUNG N O I DUNG CHINH CUA LICH SU THE GI6I HIEN DAI
( 1 9 1 7 - 1945)
Trong gan 30 nam (1917- 1945), ndi dung lich sir the gidi hien dai ndi bat vdi
nhung vdn di chfnh sau day :
^ 1 Trong thdi ki nay da diin ra tihung chuyen hie'n quan trgng trong sdn .xud't vdt
chat ciia nhdn logi. Nhung tie'n bd vi khoa hgc - kT thuat dd thflc day kinh te the gidi
phat triin vdi mgt td'c do cao. Su tang trudng cua kinh te the gidi da lam thay ddi ddi
sd'ng chfnh tri - xd hgi, van hod ciia cdc qud'c gia, dan tgc va todn the gidi.

Chi'i nghTa .xd hgi dugc .xdc lap a mot nuae ddu tien tren the'giai, ndm giua
vdng vdy cua chu nghia tuhdn. Bao tap each mang bung nd d nudc Nga vdi hai cudc
each mang diin ra trong nam 1917: Cdch mang dan chu tu san thdng Hai lat dd che'
do quan chu chuyen che' Nga hodng ; Cdch mang xa hdi chu nghTa thang Mudi danh
dd chfnh phu tu sdn, thdnh lap nhd nude vd san ddu tien tren the gidi. Trdi qua nhflng
chang dudng khd khan, gian khd vdi biet bao tdn that, hi sinh, Nha nudc Xd vie't da
dugc bdo ve vd timg budc di len. Chi trong thdi gian ngdn, tfl mdt nudc ndng nghiep
lac hau. Lien Xd da vuon len trd thdnh mgt cudng qud'c cdng nghiep tren the' gidi,
cd nin van hod, khoa hgc - kT thudt tien tie'n va vi the quan trgng tren trudng
qud'c te'.

Phong trdo cdch mgng the'gidi huac sang mot thcfi ki phdt trien mai tif sau
thdng lgi ciia Cdch mgng thdng Mudi Nga vd su ke't thiic cugc Chie'n tranh the'giai
thii nhd't. (J cac nudc tu bdn chau Au, mgt cao trdo each mang da bung nd trong
nhung nam 1918 - 1923. Cugc ddu tranh giai phdng ddn tgc lan rdng d cdc nudc
thude dia vd phu thugc. C) nhiiu nudc, cdc dang cgng sdn ra ddi vd ndm vai trd lanh
dao each mang. Nhdm thd'ng nhdt hdnh ddng va tap hgp luc lugng each mang,
Qud'c te'Cdng san thanh lap vd hoat ddng trong nhung nam 1919 - 1943. Phong trao
each mang the gidi trai qua nhiing bude phdt triin chfnh sau day :
- Cao trao each mang trong nhflng nam 1918 - 1923 ; Qud'c te Cgng san ra ddi.
- Phong trao each mang nhflng nam khung hoang kinh te (1929 - 1933).
- Phong trdo Mat tran Nhan dan chdng phdt xft, chdng chie'n tranh (1936 - 1939).
- Cudc chien ddu chdng phdt xft trong Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai (1939 - 1945).

103
 Q Chii nghia tu hdn khong con Id he thong duy nhd't tren the gidi vd trdi qua
nhumg huac thdng trdm day hie'n dgng. Neu nhu trong hon 10 nam ddu sau Chien
tranh the gidi thfl nhdt (1918 - 1929), edc nudc tu ban tflng budc dn dinh va dat
mflc tang trudng cao vi kinh te, thi trong 10 nam sau (1929 - 1939) da lam vao
cugc khung hoang kinh te trdm trgng chua tiing cd. Di thodt khdi tinh trang khung
hoang, cdc nudc tu bdn Anh, Phdp va diin hinh la MT da thuc hien nhung cai each
kinh te' - xa hdi de duy tri su phdt trien cua chfl nghTa tu bdn. Trong khi dd, cdc
nudc Dflc, Tta-li-a, Nhat Ban da tien hanh viec phdt xft hod bd mdy nha nfldc va
gay chien tranh xam Iflgc, ddn tdi sir bflng nd cudc Chien tranh the' gidi thfl hai.

^m Chie'n tranh the gidi thic hai (1939 - 1945) Id cugc chie'n tranh lan nhdt,
khoe liet nhdt vd tdn phd ndng ne nhdt trong lich sit nhdn logi. Dung trflde tham
hoa cua chie'n tranh, cdc qud'c gia vdi che' do chinh tri khae nhau da cflng phdi hgp
trong khdi Ddng minh chdng phdt xit. Nhan ddn the'gidi da kien tn chien dd'u chdng
tra bgn phdt xft xam lugc. Trong dd, cudc chie'n tranh giu nudc vT dai cua nhan dan
Lien Xd ddng vai trd dac biet quan trgng trong viec tieu diet chu nghTa phat xft.
Chie'n tranh ke't thue da md ra mdt thdi ki phdt triin mdi cua lich sfl the' gidi.

Cau lioi va bai tap

1. Lap nien biiu vi nhung sir kien chfnh cua lich su the' gidi hien dai
(phan tfl nam 1917 den nam 1945).
2. Neu mgt vf du vi mdi lien he giua lich sfl the' gidi va lich sfl Viet Nam
trong thdi ki 1917-1945.
3. Suu tdm mgt sd tai lieu, van kien Dang... lien quan de'n nhung sukien
lich su the gidi hien dai (phdn tfl nam 1917 de'n nam 1945).

104
LICH SI/ VIET NAM
, (1858-1918)

105
 Chirong I

VIET NAM TO NAM 1858 OEN CU6l THE' Ki XIX

NHAN DAN VIET NAM KHANG CHIEN CHONG PHAP

"S^iS
XAM LUdc (Tif nam 1858 den trifdc nam 1873)

Am mim xam lugc Viet Nam eua thuc ddn Phdp da cd tu lau vd dugc
xuc tien manh me tfl gifla the ki XIX.
Tliang 9 - 1858, quan Phap nd sung, chi'nh thflc md man cugc chien
tranh xam lugc Viet Nam. Ngay tfl ddu, qudn ddn ta da anh dung chien
ddu bdo ve To qud'c.
Sau khi chiem dugc thanh Gia Dinh, Phdp ldn lugt danh chiem ba tinh
mien Ddng (1862), rdi ba tinh miin Tay Nam Ki (1867). Di den dau
chung cung vap phdi sir khang cu quye't liet cua nhan dan ta.

I - LIEN QUAN PHAP - TAY BAN NHA XAM LUOC VIET NAM.
CHIEN s y O DA N A N G N A M 1858

Q I T i n h h i n h V i e t N a m d e n giufa t h e ki XIX (tri^6c k h i thtfc dan

P h a p x a m Ivfdc)
Vdo gifla the' ki XIX, trflde khi bi thuc ddn Phdp xam lugc, Viet Nam la mgt
qud'c gia dgc lap, cd ehu quyin, dat duge nhflng tien bd nhdt dinh vi kinh te, van
hod. Tuy nhien, d giai doan nay, che' do phong kie'n Viet Nam dang cd nhflng biiu
hien khung hoang, suy yeu nghiem trgng.
Ndng nghiep sa sflt. Nhiiu cudc khan hoang dugc td chuc khd quy md, nhung
cud'i cung ddt dai khai khan dugc lai roi vao tay dia chfl, cudng hdo. Hien tugng dan
luu tan trd nen phd bie'n. De diiu khdng dugc cham sdc. Nan mat mfla, ddi kem xay
ra lien mien.

106
 Cdng thuong nghiep bi dinh dd'n ; xu hudng ddc quyen cdng thuong cua Nha
nudc da han che sir phat trien eua sdn xua't va thuong mai. Chfnh sdch "be quan toa
cang" cua nha Nguyin khie'n cho nudc ta bi cd lap vdi the' gidi ben ngodi.
Quan su lac hau, ehfnh sdch dd'i ngoai cd nhung sai ldm, nhdt la viec "cam
dao", dudi gido sT phuong Tay, da gay ra nhirng mau thudn, lam ran nflt khdi doan
kit ddn tdc, gay bat lgi cho sir nghiep khdng chien sau nay.
Nhiiu cudc khdi nghTa chdng triiu dinh da nd ra nhu : khdi nghia Phan Ba
Vanh d Nam Dinh, Thdi Binh (1821), cfla Le Duy Luong d Ninh Binh (1833),
Le Van Khdi d Gia Dinh (1833), cfla Ndng Van Van d Tuyen Quang, Cao Bdng
( 1 8 3 3 - 1835)...

{ • ) Neu tinh hinh Viet Nam gida the ki XIX, trudc cudc xam lupc cua thuc dan Phap.

T h i i c d a n P h a p r a o r i e t c h u a n b i x a m \iidc V i e t N a m
Ngudi phuong Tay, ddu tien la cdc lai budn Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha, da biet
de'n Viet Nam tfl the ki XVI. De'n the' ki XVII, ngudi Anh da dinh chiem ddo
Cdn Ldn^^) cua Viet Nam, nhimg khdng thanh.
Trong cugc chay dua thdn tinh phuong Ddng, tu ban Phdp da lgi dung viec
truyen dao Thien Chua di chudn bi tien hanh eude xam lugc.
The kl XVII, cac giao si Phap da tdi Viet Nam truyen dao ; mpt so' giao si
ket hpp truyen giao vdi viec dd xet tinh hinh, ve ban do, chuan hi cho cupc
xam nhap ciia tU ban Phap.

Cud'i the' ki XVIII, khi phong trdo ndng ddn Tay Son nd ra, Nguyin Anh cdu
cflu cdc the lire nude ngoai de khdi phuc lai quyin lire. Gidm muc Bd Da Lgc
(Pi-nhd dd Be-hen) da ndm eo hdi dd, tao diiu kien cho tu ban Phdp can thiep vdo
Viet Nam.
Nhd sti mdi gidi ciia Ba Da Loc, Hiep Udc Vecxai (1787) dUpc ki ke't. Phap
hUa se dem quan sang giup Nguyen Anh danh bai Tay Son ; cdn Nguyen
Anh nhupng cho Phap cang Hdi An, dao Cdn Lon va dUpc ddc quyen budn
ban 6 Viet Nam. NhUng vi nhieu li do, ban Hiep udc nay da khong thiJc
hien dUpc.

(1) Nay thuoc huyen Cdn Dao (Ba Ria - Vung Tau).

107
 Den gifla the ki XIX, nude Phap phdt trien nhanh tren eon dudng tu ban chu
nghTa, cang rao riet tim each ddnh chiem Viet Nam de tranh gidnh anh hudng vdi
Anh d khu vuc chau A.
Nam 1857, Na-pd-le-dng III lap ra Hpi dong Nam Ki de ban each can
thiep vao nUdc ta ; tie'p do cho sU than tdi Hue dot dUpc "tti do budn ban
va truyen dao". Cung luc, Bp trUPng Bp Hai quan va Thuoc dia Phap tang
vien cho ham dpi Phap d Thai Binh DuOng de cung Anh - Mi xam lupc
Trung Qud'c va lenh cho Phd Do ddc Ri-gdn do GiO-nui-y chi huy ham dpi
Phap danh Viet Nam ngay sau khi chie'm dUpc Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c).

® Nhdng hanh ddng nao chdng to thuc dan Phap rao riei chuan bi xam lupc Viet Nam ?

C h i e n svf d D a N a n g n a m 1858
Sau nhiiu ldn dua quan tdi khieu khfch, chiiu 31 - 8 - 1858 lien qudn Phap-
Tay Ban Nha"^ vdi khoang 3 000 binh Ifnh va sT quan, bd trf tren 14 chie'n thuyin,
keo tdi dan tran trudc cfla biin Da Ndng.
Am muu cua Phap la chie'm Da Ndng lam can cfl, rdi tan cdng ra Hue, nhanh
chdng huge triiu dinh nhd Nguyin ddu hang.
Sdng 1 - 9 - 1858, dich giri tdi hau thu, ddi Tran thu thdnh Da Ndng tra ldi
trong vdng 2 gid. Nhung khdng dgi het han, lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha da no
sung rdi dd bd len bdn dao Son Tra.

Hinh 49. Lien qudn Phdp - Tdy Ban Nha tdn cdng Dd Ndng ndm 1858

(1) lay Ban Nha lien minh vdi Phap vi cd mdt sd giao si Tay Ban Nha bi tridu dinh
niia Nguylri giam giu, gidt hai.

108
 Quan dan ta anh dung chdng tra quan xam lugc, ddy Ifli nhiiu dgt tdn cdng cua
chflng, sau dd lai tfch cue thuc hien "vudn khdng nhd trd'ng" gay cho quan Phap
nhiiu khd khan. Lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha bi edm chan sud't 5 thdng (tfl cud'i
thdng 8 - 1858 den dau thdng 2 - 1859) tren bdn dao Son Trd. Vi sau, quan
Tay Ban Nha rflt khdi cudc xam lugc.
Khf the' khdng chie'n sue sdi trong nhan dan ca nudc.
Tai Da Nang, nhan dan td chUc thanh dpi ngu, chu dpng tim dich ma
danh. ThUc dan Phap da phai thUa nhan "dan quan gdm tat ca nhdng ai
khdng dau dm va khdng tan tat".
TU Nam Dinh, Dd'c hpe Pham Van Nghi tti chieu mp 300 ngUdi, chu yeu la
hpe trd ciia dng, lap thanh cd ngu, len dudng vao Nam xin vua dUpc ra
•'j chien trUdng.

Cudc khang chie'n eua qudn ddn ta da bude ddu lam thdt bai am muu "ddnh
nhanh thdng nhanh" eua Phdp.

- ' Tai sao thuc dan Phap chpn Oa Nang lam muc tieu tan cdng dau tien ?
Em cd nhan xet gi ve cupc khang chien chdng Phap cija nhan dan ta vao nam 1858 ?

II - CUOC KHANG CHIEN CHONG PHAP 0 GIA DINH VA CAC TINH

MIEN DONG NAM KI TU N A M 1859 DEN NAM 1862

^ 1 K h a n g c h i e n ci G i a D i n h

Tha'y khdng thi chiem dugc Da Ndng, Phdp quye't dinh dua quan vdo Gia Dinh.
Gia Dinh va Nam Ki la viia lua cua Viet Nam, cd vi tri chien lUpc quan
trpng. He thd'ng giao thdng dudng thuy d day rat thuan Ipi. TU Gia Dinh
cd the sang Cam-pu-chia mpt each de dang. Chiem dUpc Nam Ki, quan
Phap se cdt dUt con dudng tie'p te lUOng thtic cua trieu dinh nha Nguyen,
dong thdi tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho viec lam chu lUu vUc sdng Me Cdng
cua Phap.
Ngay 9 - 2 - 1859, ham dgi Phdp tdi Vung Tau rdi theo sdng Cdn Gid len Sdi
Gdn. Do vap phai sflc ehdng cu quye't liet eua quan dan ta nen mdi tdi
] 5 _ 2 - 1859 quan Phap mdi den dugc Gia Dinh. Ngay 1 7 - 2 , chflng nd sflng danh
thdnh. Quan ddi triiu dinh tan ra nhanh ehdng. Trdi lai, cac ddi dan binh chien ddu

109
rd't dung cam, ngdy dem bam sat dich de quay rdi va tieu diet chflng. Cud'i cung,
qudn Phdp phai dflng thude nd phd thanh, dd't trui mgi kho tdng va rut quan xudng
cdc tau chie'n. Ke hoach "ddnh nhanh thdng nhanh" bi thdt bai, budc dich phai
chuyin sang ke' hoach "ehinh phuc timg gdi nhd".
Tfl ddu nam 1860, cue dien chie'n trudng Nam Ki ed su thay ddi. Nudc Phap
dang sa lay trong cudc chie'n tranh d Trung Qud'c vd I-ta-li-a, phai cho rflt todn bg
sd qudn d Da Ndng vdo Gia Dinh
(23 - 3 - 1860). Vi phai chia xe
luc lugng cho cac chien trudng
khdc, sd quan cdn lai d Gia Dinh
chi cd khodng 1 000 ten, lai phai
rdi ra tren mgt chien tuye'n dai tdi
10 km. Trong khi dd, quan triiu
dinh vdn ddng trong phdng tuye'n
Chf Hod mdi duge xdy dung,
trong tu the "thu hiem".
Hinh 50. Qudn Plidp ddnh chie'm thanh Gia Dinh

TU thang 3 - 1860, Nguyen Tri PhUdng dupc lenh tU Da Ndng vao

Gia Dinh. Ong da huy dpng hang van quan va dan binh xay dting Dai ddn
Chi Hoa, vUa do so vUa vdng chac, nhUng vi khdng chu dpng tan cdng nen
gan 1 000 quan Phap van yen dn ngay ben canh phdng tuyen cua quan ta
vdi mdt Itic lUdng tU 10 000 de'n 12 000 ngUdi.

Khdng bi ddng dd'i phd nhu qudn ddi triiu dinh, hang nghin nghla dung do
Duong Binh Tam ehi huy da xung phong ddnh ddn Chg Rdy, vi tri quan trgng nhdt
tren phdng tuyen eua dich (7 - 1860).
Phdp bi sa ldy d ca hai noi (Da Nang vd Gia Dinh), roi vao tinh the' tien thoai
ludng nan. Lfle nay trong triiu dinh nha Nguyin ed sir phan hod, tfl tfldng ehu hod
lan ra lam ldng ngudi li tan.

® Am mUu cua thuc dan Phap khi tan cdng Gia Oinh la gi ?

110
 K h a n g c h i e n l a n r o n g r a c a c t i n h m i e n D o n g N a m Ki.
H i e p lidc 5 - 6 - 1862

Sau khi ke't thflc thdng lgi cudc chie'n d Trung Qud'c vdi Diiu udc Bae Kinh
(25 - 10 - 1860), quan Phdp liin keo vi Gia Dinh, tie'p tuc md rgng viec ddnh
chie'm nude ta.
Ngay 2 3 - 2 - 1 8 6 1 , qudn Phap md cudc tdn cdng vao Dai ddn Chf Hoa.
Quan ta khdng cu quyet liet, cud'i cung trudc hoa lire manh cua dich, Dai ddn
Chf Hod da roi vao tay giac. Thfla thdng, quan Phdp chiem ludn Dinh Tudng
( 1 2 - 4 - 1861), Bien Hod ( 1 8 - 1 2 - 1861), VTnh Long (23 - 3 - 1862).
Khi giac Phdp tfl Gia Dinh ddnh lan ra, cugc khdng chien cua nhan dan ta cang
phat triin manh hon. Cac toan nghTa quan cua Truong Dinh, Trdn Thien Chfnh,
Le Huy... chie'n dd'u rd't anh dung, lap nhiiu chien cdng. Ngdy 10 - 12 - 1861, ddi
quan cfla Nguyin Trung True da ddnh chim tdu chie'n Et-pe-rang (Hi vgng) cua dich
tren sdng Vam Cd Ddng (doan chdy qua thdn Nhat Tao), lam nfle ldng quan ddn ta.
Gifla lfle phong trao khdng chien cua nhan dan dang ngdy mdt dang cao, khien
quan giac vd eung bdi rdi thi triiu dinh Hue kf vdi Phap Hiep udc Nham Tuat
( 5 - 6 - 1862).
Hiep Udc cd 12 dieu khoan, trong dd cd nhUng khoan chinh nhU : trieu dinh
nhupng han cho Phap ba tinh mien Ddng Nam Ki (Gia Dinh, Dinh Tudng,
Bien Hoa) va dao Cdn Ldn ; bdi thudng 20 trieu quan (Udc tinh bang 280
' ,^ , van lang bae) : trieu dinh phai md ba cika bien : Da Nang, Ba Lat*^', Quang
•« •-.••^/ Yen cho thuOng nhan Phap va Tay Ban Nha vao tti do budn ban : thanh
Vinh Long se dupc tra lai cho trieu dinh Hue khi nao trieu dinh cham dUt
dupc cac hoat dpng chdng Phap d ba tinh mien Dong.

©
** ' - Hiep Udc Nham Tuat giua Phap va trieu dinh Hue (5 - 6 - 1862) dUpc ki kei trong
hoan canh nao ?

- Neu npi dung co ban cua Hiep Udc Nham Tuai.

(1) Ba Lat : cUa sdng Hong do ra Bien Ddng, 6 giua dia phan hai tinh Thai Binh va
Nam Dinh.

Ill
Ill - CUOC KHANG CHIEN CUA NHAN DAN NAM KI SAU HIEP UOC 1862

Q Nhan dan ba tinh mien Dong tiep tuc khang chien

s a u H i e p lidc 1862

Thirc hien nhflng diiu da cam ket vdi Phap trong Hiep udc 1862, triiu dinh Hue
ra lenh giai tan nghTa binh chdng Phdp d cac tinh Gia Dinh, Dinh Tudng, Bien Hod.
Mae dfl vay, phong trdo chdng Phdp eua nhan dan ba tinh miin Ddng vdn tie'p
diin. Cdc sT phu yeu nudc vdn bdm dd't, bdm dan, ed vu nghTa binh ddnh Phdp va
chdng phong kien ddu hang. Phong trao "ti dia"^'' diin ra rat sdi ndi, khie'n cho
Phap gap rat nhiiu khd khan trong viec td chflc, quan If nhimg vung dd't chflng mdi
chie'm dugc. Cae ddi nghTa quan vdn khdng chiu ha vu khf ma hoat dgng ngdy cdng
manh me. Cudc khdi nghTa Truong Dinh tie'p tuc gianh dugc thdng lgi, gay cho
Phdp nhiiu khd khan. '

TrUdng Dinh la con cua Lanh binh TrUdng Cam, que d Quang Ngai. Ong theo
cha vao Nam tU hdi nhd. Nam 1850, dng cung Nguyen Tri PhUdng mp phu
don dien, khai khan
nhieu da't dai, dUdc trieu
dinh phong chUc Phd
Quan cd. Nam 1859, khi
Phap danh Gia Dinh,
TrUdng Dinh da dUa dpi
quan ddn dien cua ong
ve sat canh cung quan
trieu dinh chien da'u.
Thang 3 - 1860, khi
Nguyen Tri PhUdng
Hinh 51. Truang Dinh nhdn phong sodi
dUdc dieu vao Gia Dinh,
dng lai chu ddng dem quan phdi hdp danh dich. Thang 2 - 1861, chie'n tuye'n
Chi Hoa bi vd, dng dUa quan ve hoat dpng d Tan Hoa (Gd Cdng), quye't tam
chie'n da'u lau dai.

Sau Hiep udc 1862, triiu dinh ha lenh cho Truong Dinh phai bai binh, mat khdc
diiu dng di nhan chflc Lanh binh d An Giang, rdi Phfl Yen. Nhung dugc su ung hg
eua nhan dan, dng da chdng lenh triiu dinh, quye't tam d lai khdng chie'n. Phdt cao

(1) Bd di ndi khae sd'ng, khdng chiu cdng tac vdi Phap.

112
la cd "Binh Tay Dai nguyen soai", hoat ddng eua nghTa quan da cung cd niim tin
cua dan chflng, khien bgn eudp nudc va ban nudc phai run sg.
NghTa quan tranh thu thdi gian ra sflc xay dung cdng su, ren due vu khf, lien
kit luc lugng, ddy manh ddnh dich d nhiiu noi.

CAM-PU-CHIA

j)
' ^ ^^-.

^ I Quart Pnap l£f\ cAng

ES Tnaih a a Omh
CSn cu U\&nq ctii^n cua ta
Na diJn ra cSc cu6c Wia nghia
cWfig Phap
3 linh m4r\ DOng
I I 3Dnnm*nTSy

1 3a O i i n Z Thu [ X K , 3 GM Gao
8i6^ g:» aj6c gia ngay nay

Hinh 52. Luge dd cudc khdng chien ehdng Phdp a Nam Ki

Bie't dugc can cfl trung tam cua phong trao la Tan Hod, ngdy 28 - 2 - 1863 giac
Phap md cudc tdn cdng quy md vao can cfl nay. NghTa quan anh dung chie'n ddu
sudt 3 ngay dem, sau dd rut lui de bao todn lire Iflgng, xay dung can cfl mdi d
Tdn Phudc. Ngay 20 - 8 - 1864, nhd ed tay sai ddn dudng, thuc dan Phap da tim
ra noi d cua Truong Dinh. Chflng md cugc tap kfeh bdt ngd vao can cfl Tan Phudc.
NghTa quan chdng tra quye't liet. Truong Dinh trflng dan va bi thuong nang. Ong da
rut guom tu sat de bao toan khf tiet. Nam dd dng 44 tudi.

® E m cd suy nghlgi ve hanh ddng cua TrUOng Oinh sau Hiep Udc 1862 ?

Thvfc dan Phap chiem ba tinh mien Tay Nam Ki

Sau khi chie'm ba tinh miin Ddng Nam Ki, thuc dan Phdp bat tay ngay vao viec
td chflc bd may eai tri va chudn bi md rdng pham vi chie'm ddng.
Nam 1863, thflc dan Phap dung vu luc dp dat nin bdo hd len ddt Cam-pu-chia. Sau
dd, ehuns vu edo triiu dinh Hui vi pham cac diiu da cam ket trong Hiep udc 1862,

8-LICHSU 11.--A 113

yeu cdu triiu dinh giao ndt cho chflng quyen kiem soat ea ba tinh miin Tay Nam Ki.
Trudc yeu cdu nay, triiu dinh vd cung Iflng tflng.
Lgi dung su bae nhuge cua triiu dinh Hue, ngay 20 - 6 - 1867, quan Phap keo
de'n trudc thdnh VTnh Long, ep Phan Thanh Gidn (lfle dd dang gifl chflc Kinh Iflgc
sfl cua triiu dinh) phai nop thdnh khdng diiu kien. Chung cdn khuyen dng vie't thu
eho quan qudn hai tinh An Giang vd Ha Tien ha vu khf nop thdnh.
Trong vdng 5 ngdy (tfl 20 den 24 - 6 - 1867), thue dan Phdp da chie'm ggn ba tinh
miin Tay Nam Ki (VTnh Long, An Giang, Ha Tien) ma khdng tdn mdt vien dan.

ypj Ba tinh mien Tay Nam Ki da roi vao tay Phap nhu the nao

Nhan dan ba tinh mien Tay chong Phap

Sau khi ba tinh miin Tay Nam Ki roi vdo tay Phdp, phong trao khang chien
trong nhdn ddn vdn tiep tuc dang cao. Mgt sd van than, sT phu yeu nudc bat hgp tac
vdi giac, tim each vugt biin ra vflng Binh Thuan (Nam Trung Ki) nhdm muu cugc
khdng chie'n lau ddi. Mgt sd khdc d lai bam dat, bam dan, tie'p tue tie'n hanh cugc
vu trang chdng Phdp.
Con trai TrUdng Dinh la TrUdng Quyen dUa
mpt bp phan nghia binh len Tay Ninh lap
can cU mdi. Ong cdn lien lac vdi Pu-cdm-bd
(ngUdi Cam-pu-chia) de td chUc chdng Phap.
Nam 1867, tai vung doc theo sdng Ctiu Long
cd can cU Ba Tri (Ben Tre) do hai anh em
Phan Ton, Phan Liem (con cua Phan Thanh
Gian) lanh dao. Nguyen Trung Trtic lap can
cU d Hdn Chdng (Rach Gia). Khi bi giac bdt
dem di hanh hinh, dng da khang khai ndi : Hinh 53. Nguyen Hifu Hudn
"Bao gid ngUdi Tay nhd he't cd nUdc Nam thi (1813 -1875)
mdi he't ngUdi Nam danh Tay". Nguyen HUu Huan bi di day ngoai hai dao,
khi dupc tha ve lai tie'p tiic cho'ng Phap d Tan An, Mi Tho de'n nam 1875.
NhUng toan quan cua Than Van Nhip d Mi Tho ; anh em Dd ThUa Long,
Dd ThUa Tii d Tan An ; Phan Tdng d Ba Tri ; Le Cdng Thanh, Phan Van
Dat, Pham Van Ddng, Au Dudng Lan d Vinh Long, Long Xuyen, Can Thd
hoat dpng manh me.

114 8-UCHSU 11...-B

 Trong diiu kien khd khan hon nhiiu so vdi thdi ki thuc dan Phdp mdi xam
chiem Nam Ki, phong trao khdng chie'n d ba tinh miin Tay vdn diin ra sdi ndi, bin
bi. Tuy nhien, do tuong quan luc lugng ngdy mgt chenh lech khdng cd lgi cho ta,
vfl khf thi thd so, cud'i cung phong trao diu bi dan dp vd thdt bai.
Cudc khdng chie'n cua nhan dan Nam Ki ndi chung, cua nhan dan ba tinh miin
Tdy ndi rieng, la nhung biiu hien cu thi, sinh dgng long yeu nudc ndng nan, y chf
bd't khudt chdng ngoai xam cfla nhan dan ta.

® Neu nhdng dac diem cua cudc khang chien chdng Phap d ba tinh mien Tay Nam Ki
sau nam 1867.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Quan sat lugc dd (hinh 52), xdc dinh dia bdn hoat ddng cfla nghTa
quan Truong Dinh vd tudng thuat ngdn ggn dien bien cua cudc khdi
nghTa ndy.
2. Thdng qua bdi hgc, hay neu nhan xet vi tinh than chdng Phap cua
vua quan triiu dinh nhd Nguyin.

CHIEN SU LAN RONG RA CA NU6C.

^^^0 CUOC KHANG CHIEN CUA NHAN DAN TA
Tl/ NAM 1873 DEN NAM 1884. NHA NGUYEN DAU HANG

Tfl sau nam 1867, thuc dan Phap tflng budc md rgng viec ddnh chie'm
toan bd Viet Nam. Nam 1873, chung dem quan ddnh chiem thanh
Ha Ndi va mdt sd tinh thanh d Bdc Ki ldn thu nhdt, triiu dinh nha
Nguyin tiep tuc Ifln sau vao con dudng thoa hiep. kf Hiep udc Giap Tudt
nam 1874. Nam 1882, Phap lai dua quan danh chie'm Ha Ndi lan thfl
hai, sau dd quye't dinh ddnh thdng vao Hue. Hai ban hiep udc 1883 va
1884 ddnh dau sir ddu hang hoan todn cua triiu dinh phong kien
Viet Nam va xdc lap nin bdo hd cua Phap tren toan bg dat nudc ta.

115
I - THUG DAN PHAP TIEN DANH BAC KI LAN THU NHAT (1873).
KHANG CHIEN LAN RONG RA BAG KI

Q T i n h h i n h V i e t N a m trtfdc k h i P h a p d a n h B a e Ki
l a n thuf n h a t

Tfl nam 1867, sau khi ca sdu tinh Nam Ki roi vao tay Phap, tu tudng ddu hang
da ehi phdi edc quan lai cao cd'p trong triiu dinh Hue'. Nhd Nguyin vdn tie'p tuc chinh
sdch "be' quan tod cang", tuy da bdt ddu cfl ngudi sang phuong Tdy hgc kT thudt hoac
vao Nam hgc tieng Phap.
Ddi vdi sdu tinh Nam Ki, dudng nhu triiu dinh Hue' da mac nhien thfla nhan do
la vung da't cua Phdp, khdng nghi gi de'n viec gidnh lai.
Nen kinh te' cua ddt nudc ngay cdng bi kiet que vi triiu dinh vo vet tiin bae de
trd chie'n phi cho Phdp.
Ddi sd'ng ngdy mgt khd khan, mau thudn xa hdi ngdy cang gay gdt, nhan dan
bat binh dflng len chdng triiu dinh ngdy mgt nhiiu. Dgc theo bien gidi hai nudc
Viet - Lao, ddng bao Mudng ngodi Bdc vd ddng bdo Thugng d Nam Trung Kl
ndi day. Lgi dung tinh the dd, bgn thd phi, hai phi (tfl Trung Qud'c trdn sang)
cflng ndi len eudp pha d nhiiu noi. Di dd'i phd, nha Nguyin da dan dp ddm mau
cac cudc khdi nghTa ndng dan, ddng thdi cdu cfln nhd Thanh phdi quan sang danh
dep cac todn phi. Trong khi dd, d Nam Kl thuc dan Phdp rdo riet chudn bi cho
viec thdn tfnh cd nudc ta
Dung trudc van nudc nguy nan, mgt sd quan chflc, sT phu cd hgc van cao, co
dip di nudc ngodi, tdm mdt rdng md nhu : Nguyin Hiep, Pham Phu Thfl, Dang Huy
Trfl, Dinh Van Dien, ... vd nhat Id Nguyin Trudng Tg, da manh dan ddng len triiu
dinh nhflng ban diiu trdn, bay td y kie'n edi cdch duy tan. Nhung phdn ldn cac de
nghi cdi cdch da khdng dugc thuc hien.

® - ' Tinh hinh nUdc ta sau nam 1867 cd gi dang chii y ?

116
 Thu'c d a n P h a p d a n h c h i e m B a e Ki l a n thii n h a t (1873)
Sau khi chie'm dugc cac tinh Nam Ki, thuc dan Phdp tung budc thiet lap bg mdy
eai tri, bien noi day thdnh ban dap chudn bi md rgng cugc chien tranh ra ca nudc.
Chflng phdi gidn diep ra Bdc, diiu tra tinh hinh bd phdng cfla ta, bdt lien lac vdi
Giang Duy-puy, mdt ldi budn dang hoat ddng d vung biin Trung Qud'c - Viet Nam.
Ngoai ra, Phdp edn ldi keo mdt sd tfn dd Cdng gido ldm lac, kfeh ddng hg ndi len
chdng triiu dinh, hinh thdnh dao quan ndi ung eho cudc xam lugc sdp de'n.
:' ' '• • Thang 11 - 1872, y the nha Thanh, Duy-puy tu tien cho tau theo sdng
Hong len Van Nam budn ban, dU chUa dUdc phep cua trieu dinh Hue. Hdn
cdn ngang ngUdc ddi dUpc ddng quan tren bd sdng Hong, cd nhupng dia d
Ha Npi, dupc cap than da de dUa sang Van Nam. Linh Phap va thd phi
dudi trudng Duy-puy con cUdp thuyen gao cua trieu dinh, bat quan, linh
va dan ta dem xudng tau ; khudc tU ldi mdi tdi thUdng thuyet cua Tdng ddc
Ha Npi Nguyen Tri PhUdng...

Chdp CO hdi triiu Nguyin nhd giai quyet "vu Duy-puy" dang gay rdi d Ha Ndi,
thuc dan Phap d Sai Gdn phdi Dai uy Gae-ni-e dua quan ra Bdc.
Ngay 5 - 11 - 1873, ddi tau chien cua Gae-ni-e de'n Ha Ndi. Sau khi hgi quan
vdi Duy-puy, qudn Phdp liin gid trd khieu khieh.
Ngay 16 - 11 - 1873, sau khi ed them vien binh, Gdc-ni-e liin tuyen bd md cfla
sdng Hdng, dp dung biiu thue' quan mdi. Sdng 19 - 11, hdn giri tdi hau thu cho
Nguyin Tri Phuong yeu cdu gidi tdn qudn dgi, ngp khi gidi... Khdng dgi tra ldi, md
sang 20 - 11 - 1873, quan Phdp nd sflng chiem thdnh Ha Ngi. Nhflng ngdy sau dd,
chung dfla quan di chiem cdc tinh thdnh d ddng bdng Bdc Ki : Hung Yen (23 - 11),
Phu Li (26 - 11), Hai Duong (3 - 12), Ninh Binh ( 5 - 1 2 ) vd Nam Dinh (12 - 12).

® - ' Hay thuat lai "vu Ouy-puy" va neu kei cue cua nd.

Phong t r a o k h a n g chien d Bae Ki t r o n g nhufng n a m 1873 - 1874

Hdnh ddng xam lugc cua quan Phap khien cho nhan dan ta vd eung cam phdn.
Ngay khi Gac-ni-e ra de'n Ha Npi, quan dan ta da bat hpp tac vdi Phap.
Cac gieng nUdc an bi bd thuoc doc. Kho thud'c sung d bd sdng cua Phap
nhieu lan bi dd't chay.

117
 Khi dich nd sflng ddnh
thdnh Hd Ndi, khoang 100 binh
sT triiu dinh dudi su chi huy
cfla mgt vien Chfldng co da
chie'n dd'u vd hi sinh tdi ngudi
eudi cflng tai cfla O Thanh Hd
(sau dflge ddi ten thanh O Quan
Chudng). Trong thdnh, Tdng
ddc Nguyin Tri Phuong da ddc
thuc qudn sT chie'n ddu dflng
cam. Khi bi trgng thflong, bi Hinh 54. Cita 6 Quan Chudng (Hd Ndi)

giac bdt, dng da khudc tfl su chua chay cua Phdp,

nhin an cho den chet. Con trai dng la Nguyin Lam
cflng hi sinh trong chie'n dau.
Thanh Hd Ndi hi giac chie'm, quan triiu dinh
tan ra nhanh chdng, nhung nhan dan Hd Ndi vdn
tiep tue chie'n dd'u. Cdc sT phu, van than yeu nudc da
lap NghTa hgi, bf mat td chflc chdng Phap. Tai cdc
tinh Hung Yen, Phu Lf, Hdi Duong, Ninh Binh,
Nam Dinh..., qudn Phap cung vdp phai sue khang cu
quye't liet cfla qudn ddn ta.
Tran ddnh gay dflge tiing vang ldn nhdt luc bay
gid la tran phuc kfeh cua quan ta tai Cdu Gid'y ngay
9 1 _ 1 0 _ 1 87-:i ' ^'"'^ '^^- ^Siiy^" ^''' Pl^^orng
^' ^-^ ^'^'^- (1800-1873)
ThUa luc Gac-ni-e dem quan xudng danh Nam Dinh, viec canh phdng
Ha Npi sd hd, quan ta do Hoang Ta Viem chi huy (cd sU phoi hdp vdi dpi
quan Cd den cua LUu Vinh Phuc) tU Sdn Tay keo ve Ha Npi, hinh thanh
tran tuyen bao vay quan dich. Nghe tin dd, Gac-ni-e phai tUc td'c dua quan
tu Nam Dinh trd ve. Ngay 21 - 12 - 1873, Luu Vinh Phuc keo quan vao
sat thanh Ha Npi khieu chie'n. Gac-ni-e dem quan dudi theo. Rdi vao 6
phtic kich cua quan ta tai khu vtic Cau Gia'y, toan quan Phap, trong dd co
ca Gac-ni-e, da bi tieu diet.
Chien thdng Cdu Gidy ldn thfl nhdt khien cho nhan dan ta vd cung phdn khdi;
ngugc lai, lam eho thuc ddn Phap hoang mang, lo sg vd tim each thuong lugng.
Triiu dinh Hue lai kf ke't Hiep udc nam 1874 (Hiep udc Giap Tuat), theo dd quan Phdp
rflt khdi Ha Ndi vd cac tinh ddng bdng Bdc Ki, nhung vdn cd diiu kien tie'p tuc xay
dung CO sd de thuc hien cdc budc xam lugc vi sau.
Hiep udc 1874 gdm 22 dieu khoan. Vdi Hiep Udc nay, trieu dinh nha
: Nguyen chinh thdc thUa nhan sau tinh Nam Ki la da't thuoc Phap, cdng
nhan quyen di lai, budn ban, kiem soat va dieu tra tinh hinh d Viet Nam
cua chung...

Hiep udc 1874 gay bdt binh ldn trong nhan dan vd sT phu yeu nudc. Phong trao
da'u tranh phan dd'i Hiep ude dang cao trong cd nudc, dang chfl y nhat la cudc ndi
day d Nghe An, Ha TTnh do Trdn Td'n, Dang Nhu Mai, Nguyin Huy Diin lanh dao.

( ? ) - Cupc khang chie'n d Bae Ki lan thd nhat cd die'm gi dang chu y ?
- Tran Cau Giay ngay 21 - 12 - 1873 anh hudng de'n cue dien chien tranh nhu
the nao ?

II - THUG DAN PHAP TIEN DANH BAG KI LAN THU HAI.

CUOC KHANG CHIEN Cl BAG KI VA TRUNG KI
TRONG NHUNG NAM 1882 - 1884

Q Q u a n P h a p d a n h c h i e m Ha N o i v a c a c t i n h B a e Ki l a n thuf h a i
(1882 - 1883)
Tfl nhflng nam 70 cua the' ki XIX, nudc Phdp chuyin sang giai doan de' qud'c
chil nghTa. Yeu cdu vi thi trudng, nguyen lieu, nhan cdng vd lgi nhudn dugc dat ra
ngay cang cd'p thiet. Thuc dan Phdp rdo riet xflc tie'n am muu xam lugc todn bd
Viet Nam.
De dgn dudng, quan Phdp lgi dung cdc diiu khoan cua Hiep ude 1874 de phdi
ngudi di diiu tra tinh hinh mgi mat d Bde Kl. Nam 1882, chung lai vu edo triiu dinh
Hue vi pham Hiep udc 1874 di ldy cd keo quan ra Bdc.
Ngay 3 - 4 - 1882, quan Phdp do Dai td hai quan Ri-vi-e chi huy bdt ngd dd
bd len Ha Ndi. Ngdy 25 - 4, sau khi dugc tang them vien binh, chflng gfli tdi hau
thu cho Tdng ddc Hodng Dieu, yeu cdu quan ddi triiu dinh ha vfl khf, giao thanh
trong vdng 3 gid ddng hd.

119
 Chfla he't thdi han, dich da nd sflng chie'm thanh.
Quan Phap cUdp nhieu vang bae chau bau, pha huy cac cdng thanh. cac
khau dai bae, vUt thud'c dan xud'ng hao nUdc, lay hanh cung lam dai ban
doanh, cho cung cd' khu nhUdng dia d bd sdng Hdng, chie'm Sd ThUdng
chinh, dting len chinh quyen tay sai de tam thdi cai quan thanh Ha Ndi...

Hinh 56. Qudn Phdp chie'm thdnh Hd Ndi.

.xdy dipig Id cdt tren nen Dien Kinh Thien
Nhan luc triiu dinh Hue cdn dang hoang mang, lo Id, md't canh gidc, Ri-vi-e
da cho quan chie'm vung md than Hdn Gai, Quang Yen vd tinh thanh Nam Dinh
(3-1883).

( ? ) ThUc dan Phap danh chiem Bae Ki lan thd hai nhu the nao ?

Q N h a n d a n H a N o i v a c a c t i n h B a e Ki k h a n g c h i e n

Ngay tfl ddu, qudn Phdp da vdp phai tinh than

quye't chie'n cua quan dan Ha Ndi. Hg tfl tay dot
cac day phd, tao thanh hang rao Ifla can giac.
Trua 25 - 4, khi qudn Phap md cudc tdn cdng vdo
thanh, Hoang Dieu da len mat thanh chi huy quan
sT kien quyet chdng cu, nhung vdn khdng gifl
dugc thdnh. De bao toan ,khf tiet, sau khi thao td
di biiu gfli triiu dinh, Hodng Dieu da tfl vdn
trong vudn Vd Mieu (dudi chan Cdt cd Ha Ndi
ngay nay) di khdi roi vao tay giac. Hinh 57. Hodng Dieu
(1829-1882)

120
 Thanh Hd Ndi roi vao tay giac, nhung nhiiu ,sT phu, van than vdn tie'p tuc td
chflc khang chie'n.
Hoang Ta Viem, TrUdng Quang Dan ctem quan chdt gid Sdn Tay, Bae
Ninh, hinh thanh hai gong kim ap sat Ha Npi. Nhan dan khdng ban litdng
thiic cho Phap. Nhieu dpi nghia dung dUdc thanh lap d cac tinh, tti dpng
rao lang, dap can. Khi Phap danh Nam Dinh, nhan dan ctd't he't cac day
phd dpe sdng Vi Hoang phia ngoai thanh, tao nen bdc tudng Ida ngan quan
giac. Nguyen HUu Ban, con cua Nguyin Mau Kien, ndi tiep chi cha. mp
quan danh Phap va da hi sinh trong chie'n da'u.

Vdng vay cua quan dan ta xung quanh Ha Ndi ngdy cang siet chat da bugc
Ri-vi-e phai dua quan tfl Nam Dinh vi iing cfln. Ngdy 19 - 5 - 1883, mdt todn quan
Phap do Ri-vi-e dfch than chi huy tie'n ra ngoai Ha Ndi theo dudng di Son Tay,
nhung de'n Cdu Gidy bi ddi quan thien chie'n cua Hoang Td Viem va Luu VTnh Phuc
do ra danh. Hang chuc ten giac bi tieu diet, trong dd cd cd Tdng chi huy quan Phdp
d Bdc Ki la Ri-vi-e.

Hinh 58. Cudc eliien giila qudn Phdp vd qudn Cd den tgi Cdu Gic'iv. thdng 5 - 1883

Chiin thdng Cdu Gidy ldn thfl hai the hien rd quye't tam tieu diet giac ciia nhan
dan ta. Tuy nhien, trieu dinh Hue vdn nudi do tudng thu hdi Ha Ndi bdng con dudng
thuong thuyet.

® Tran Cau Giay lan thd hai ( 1 9 - 5 - 1883) dien ra nhuthe nao ?

121
Ill - THi;C DAN PHAP TAN CONG CUA BIEN THUAN AN.
HIEP U 6 C 1883 VA HIEP UQC 1884

Q u a n P h a p t a n c o n g cufa b i e n T h u a n A n
Sau that bai trong tran Cdu Gidy ldn thfl hai (19 - 5 - 1883), khdc vdi ldn trflde,
thflc dan Phdp cang cung cd da tam xam chiem toan bd Viet Nam.
Nhan cdi chet ciia Ri-vi-e, tu ban Phdp ldn tie'ng keu ggi "tra thii". Mdt ke
hoach vi tai chfnh vd qudn sir nhanh chdng dugc thdng qua.
Nhdn luc triiu dinh ban rgn vi vua Tu Dflc mdi qua ddi ( 1 7 - 7 - 1883), thuc ddn
Phdp da quyet dinh ddnh thdng vao Hue', budc triiu dinh nha Nguyin phai ddu hang.
Sang 18 - 8 - 1883, ham dgi cua Phdp do Dd ddc Cud'c-be chi huy tiin vao
Thuan An, "cua hgng" eua Kinh thanh Hue. Cud'c-be dua tdi hau thu ddi triiu dinh
giao toan bg cdc phdo ddi. Tfl 4 gid chieu hdm dd, quan Phdp bdt ddu nd sung vd
cdng pha trong sud't 2 ngay lien. Ngdy 20 - 8 - 1883, chung dd bg len bd. Quan
dan ta anh dung chdng trd. Cdc quan trdn thu Le Si, Le Chudn, Lam Hodnh, Nguyin
Trung va nhiiu binh sT da hi sinh trong chien ddu. De'n chiiu tdi, toan bg cfla Thuan
An Igt vao tay giac.

® - ' Vi sao den nam 1883, thuc dan Phap quyet dinh tien danh Thuan An ?

Hai ban hiep lidc 1883 va 1884. Nha niidc phong kien Nguyen
dau hang
Dugc tin Phap md cugc tan cdng, triiu dinh Hue' vd cflng bdi rdi, xin dinh chiin.
Ngay 25 - 8 - 1883, triiu dinh Hue kf vdi Phap mdt ban hiep ude do Phdp thdo
sdn (thudng ggi la Hiep ude Hacmang).
Hiep udc Hacmang cd nhdng npi dung chu yeu sau day :
Viet Nam dat dudi sti "bao hp" cua Phap. Nam Ki la xU thuoc dia tU nam
1874 nay dUdc md rpng ra de'n he't tinh Binh Thuan. Bae Ki (gom ca
Thanh - Nghe - Tinh) la da't bao hd. Trung Ki (phan da't cdn lai) giao cho
trieu dinh quan li.
Dai dien cua Phap d Hue' triic tie'p dieu khien cac cdng viec d Trung Ki.
Mpi viec giao thiep ctia Viet Nam vdi nUdc ngoai (ke ca vdi Trung Qud'c)
deu do Phap nam giu.

122
 Ve q u a n sti : trieu dinh phai n h a n cac h u a n luyen vien va si q u a n chi huy
cua P h a p , p h a i triet hdi binh linh tU Bdc Ki ve k i n h do (Hue*). P h a p dUpc
ddng ddn binh d nhUng ndi xet tha'y can thie't d Bae Ki, dUdc t o a n quyen
xii t r i dpi q u a n Cd den.

Ve k i n h te ; P h a p n a m va kiem soat toan bd cac nguon Ipi trong nUdc.

Mac dfl triiu dinh da kf Hiep udc Hacmang, ra lenh giai tdn phong trao khdng
chie'n cua nhan dan, nhung cdc boat ddng chdng Phap d cac tinh Bdc Kl vdn khdng
chdm dut. Nhiiu trung tam khdng chien tie'p tuc hinh thanh. Nhung toan nghTa binh
dfldi sir chi huy cua cdc quan lai chu chie'n nhu Nguyin Thien Thuat, Ta Hien,
Phan Vu Mdn, Hodng Dinh Kinh... da phdi hgp vdi luc lugng quan Thanh (keo sang
tfl mfla thu nam 1882) lien tiep, tien cdng quan Phdp, gay cho chflng nhiiu thiet hai.
De chdm durt chien sir, tfl thdng 12 - 1883 qudn Phdp tien hanh cdc cudc hdnh
binh nham tieu diet cdc d di khdng cdn sdt lai. Chung dua quan len chiem Son Tay,
Bdc Ninh, Tuyen Quang va tie'n hdnh thuong lugng di loai trfl su can thiep cua triiu
dinh Man Thanh bdng ban Quy udc Thien Tan (11 - 5 - 1884). Tie'p dd, Chfnh phu
Phdp cfl Pa-to-nd't sang Viet Nam vd kf vdi triiu dinh Hue ban Hiep udc mdi vdo
ngay 6 - 6 - 1884.
Ban Hiep udc 6 - 6 - 1 8 8 4 (Hiep udc Patond't) gdm 19 diiu khoan, can ban dua
tren Hiep udc Hacmang (25 - 8 - 1883), nhung dugc sfla chua mdt sd diiu nhdm
xoa diu du luan va mua chugc them nhflng phdn tfl phong kien ddu hang.

® Hay neu ndi dung co ban cua Hiep Udc 1883.

Cau hoi va bai tap

I. Dua vao ndi dung bdi hgc, lap bang he thdng kien thuc (theo mdu) vi
phong trao khang chien chdng Phdp cua nhan dan ta tu' nam 1858 de'n
nam 1884.

. Giai doan Diln bien chinh Ten nhan vat tieu bieu

1858-1862
1863-trudd 873
1873-1884

2. Nhflng nguyen nhan nao khien cho cudc khdng chie'n chdng Phap
xam luge cua quan dan ta tfl nam 1858 de'n nam 1884 thdt bai ?

123
^ ^ • ^ / PHONG TRAO YEU NU6c CHONG PHAP CUA NHAN DAN
VIET NAM TRONG NHlfNG NAM CUOI THE KI XIX

Sau cudc phdn cdng quan Phdp tai Kinh thanh Hue thdt bai, mdt
phong trdo khdi nghTa vu trang mdi dudi danh nghTa Cdn vuong
(giflp vua cuu nudc) da diin ra sdi ndi, keo dai de'n nam 1896. Ben
canh dd. cdn cd nhflng cudc ddu tranh tu ve cua ndng dan vd nhan
dan cac dan tdc thiiu sd vung nui, tieu biiu nhat la cugc khdi nghTa
Yen The.

I - PHONG TRAO CAN VirONG BUNG NO

^M C u o c p h a n c o n g q u a n P h a p ciia p h a i chti c h i e n
tai K i n h t h a n h H u e v a sii bving n o p h o n g t r a o Can vvfofng
Vdi cdc hiep udc Hacmang va Patond't, thuc dan Phdp da hodn thdnh ve eo ban
cudc xam lugc Viet Nam. Chflng bdt ddu xflc tie'n viec thie't lap che' do bao hd va
bd may chfnh quyin thflc dan tren phdn lanh thd Bdc Kl va Trung Ki. Nhung chung
da vap phdi su khang cu cua mgt sd quan lai, van than, sT phu yeu nudc vd nhan dan
cac dia phuong, cd trong Nam, ngodi Bdc. Phong trdo phdn dd'i hai hiep udc 1883
vd 1884 diin ra rat sdi ndi. Nhiiu todn nghTa quan boat ddng manh d cdc vflng xung
quanh Ha Ndi nhu Bdc Ninh, Son Tdy, Hdi Duong..., khie'n cho qudn Phdp an khdng
ngon, ngu khdng yen.
Dua vao phong trdo khang chien cua nhan dan, phdi chu chien trong triiu dinh
Hue, dai dien la Tdn That Thuyet (Thugng thu Bd Binh), manh tay hdnh ddng.
Hp phe bd nhdng dng vua cd bieu hien than Phap, dUa l/ng Lich cdn nho
tudi len ngdi (hieu la Ham Nghi), trU khU nhUng ngUdi khdng cung chinh
kien. bo sung them Itlc lUdng quan sU, bi mat lien ke't vdi si phu, van than
cac ndi, xay dUng he thdng sOn phdng va tuyen dudng thupng dao, ra sUc
tich tru lUdng thao va vu khi de chuan bi chie'n da'u...

Trudc tinh hinh dd. thuc dan Phap phdi tang them lire lugng quan sir, siet chat
bd may kim kep va tim mgi each di loai phdi chu chie'n ra khdi triiu dinh. Biet dugc

124
am muu cua Phdp, dem mdng 4 rang sang 5 - 7 - 1885, Tdn That Thuyet vd lire
lugng ehu chie'n da ra tay trudc.
Trong khi vien Todn quyin vi chinh tri vd quan sir Phap tai Viet Nam la
Dd Cudc-xi dang td chflc yen tiec tai toa Kham sfl Phap d Hue', Tdn That Thuyet da
ha lenh cho cdc dao quan cua minh tan cdng quan Phap d ddn Mang Ca va toa
Kham sfl. Cugc chie'n dau diin ra vd cung ac liet, song do chudn bi vdi va, thieu chu
dao nen sflc chie'n ddu cua quan ta nhanh chdng giam sut. Rang sang 5 - 7 , quan
Phap phan cdng. Chflng eudp bdc va tan sat nhan dan ta vd cung man rg.
Tdn That Thuyet phai dua vua Ham Nghi ra khdi Hodng thanh. rdi chay ra son
phdng Tan Sd (Quang Tri). Ngdy 13 -' 7 - 1885, Tdn That Thuyet lay danh vua
Ham Nghi xud'ng chieu Cdn vuong, keu ggi van than, sT phu va nhan dan cd nudc
dung len vl vua md khdng chie'n.

Hinh 59. Vua Hdm Nghi Hinh 60. Tdn That Thuyet
(1872 -1943) (1835 - 1913)

Chie'u Cdn vuong da nhanh ehdng thdi bung nggn Ifla yeu nudc trong nhan dan,
tao thanh mdt phong trdo vu trang chdng Phdp sdi ndi, lien tue keo dai hon 10 nam
mdi chd'm dut.

© Phong trao Can vuong bung nd trong hoan canh nao ?

125
 Cac giai doan phat trien cua phong trao Can viidng
Phong trao Cdn vuong phdt trien qua 2 giai doan :
(/) Tif ndm IS85 den ndm 1888
Thdi gian nay, phong trao dugc dat dudi sir chi huy cua Ham Nghi vd Tdn That
Thuyet, vdi hang tram cudc khdi nghTa ldn nhd nd ra tren pham vi rdng ldn, nhdt la
0 Bdc Kl va Trung Ki.
Tieu bieu la cupc khdi nghia ctia Mai Xuan Thudng d Binh Dinh, cung noi
day cd Bui Dien, Nguyen DUc Nhuan, Dao Doan Dich, Nguyen Duy
Cung... ; Tran Van Dti, Nguyen Duy Hieu, Phan Thanh Phien ndi len d
Quang Nam ; Le Trung Dinh, Nguyen Tii Tan ndi day d Quang Ngai ;
TrUdng Dinh Hpi, Nguyin Tti NhU d Quang Tri ; Le Triic, Nguyin Pham
Tuan d Quang Binh ; Le Ninh, Phan Dinh Phung, Cao Thdng d Ha Tinh ;
Nguyen Xuan On, Le Doan Nha d Nghe An. Tai Thanh Hoa cd cac dpi
nghia quan cua Pham Banh, Dinh Cdng Trang, Tdng Duy Tan, Cao Dien...
Vung ddng bang Bae Ki cd khdi nghia cua Ta Hien (Thai Binh), Nguyen
Thien Thuat (HUng Yen). Tai vung Lang Sdn, Bae Giang cd khdi nghia ctia
Hoang Dinh Kinh (Cai Kinh): vung Tay Bdc cd cac phong trao ciia Nguyen
Quang Bich, Nguyen Van Giap, De Kieu, Dd'c NgU, Deo Van Thanh, Cam
Van Toa...

Lfle nay, di theo Ham Nghi va Tdn That Thuyet cd nhiiu van than, sT phu va
tudng ITnh khae nhu : Trdn Xuan Soan, Tdn That Dam, Tdn That Thiep (2 con eua
Tdn That Thuyet), Pham Tudng, Trdn Van Dinh... Bd chi huy cua phong trao ddng
tai vflng rflng nfli phfa tay hai tinh Quang Binh vd Ha TTnh.
Cud'i nam 1888, do cd su chi diem cfla Truong Quang Nggc, vua Ham Nghi roi
vao tay giac. Nha vua da cu tuyet mgi su du dd cua Phdp, chiu an luu day sang
An-gie-ri (Bdc Phi).

h) Tif ndm 1888 den ndm 1896

O giai doan nay, khdng cdn su chi dao cua trieu dinh, nhung phong trdo vdn
tiip tuc phdt trien, quy tu ddn thanh cdc trung tam ldn vd ngdy cdng lan rgng.
Trudc nhimg cudc hdnh quan can quet dfl ddi cua thuc dan Phap, phong trao d
vflng ddng bdng ngdy cdng bi thu hep vd chuyin len hoat ddng d vung trung du
va miin nui. Tieu bieu la cugc khdi nghTa Hung LTnh do Tdng Duy Tan va Cao Diin

126
 TRUNG QUOC
Phono Tho -ilLf -,

•;^'
QM^^-J^'^'
Tan So jHi Noi ban chieu
(13-7.18851 W\ „..
Can vLfOng

^ ^ Noi diin ra cugc Qj^ng Ngat

^ ^ ^ khdi nghTa tieu bieu

;5
-^ Noi diin ra cuoc
khoi nghTa khae
^C)
^

*»^
J vii

Hinh 61. Luge do nhimg dia diem dien ra cdc cugc khai nglua trong phong trdo Cdn vuang (1885 - 1896}

111
chi huy d vung rimg nui phfa tay tinh Thanh Hod : khdi nghTa Huong Khe do
Phan Dinh Phung va Cao Thdng lanh dao d vung rung nfli phfa tay tinh Ha TTnh.
Khi tiing sflng khdng chie'n da lang im tren nui Vu Quang (Hflong Khe - Ha
TTnh) vao eudi nam 1895 - ddu nam 1896, phong trao Can vuong coi nhu chdm dflt.
\j\) Tdm luoc dien bien 2 giai doan cua phong trao Can vUOng chdng Phap cudi the l<;i XIX
va rut ra dac diem cua moi giai doan.

II - MOT SO CUOC KHOI NGHIA TIEU BIEU TRONG PHONG TRAO

CAN VUONG VA PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH TU VE CUOI THE KI XIX

n Kh(^i n g h i a B a i S a y (1883 - 1892)

Vung can CLT CUOC khai ngtiTa Noi hoat dgng cua nghia quan

Hinh 62. Luac dd dia hdn liogf ddng eiia nghTa qudn Bdi Sdy

Bai Say la vung lau say ram rap thugc cac huyen Van Lam, Van Giang,
Khoai Chau, Yen MT cua tinh Hung Yen. Trong nhung nam 1883 - 1885, tai
day cd phong trao khang Phdp do Dinh Gia Que lanh dao. Dia ban boat dgng
cua nghTa quan chi ban che trong vung Bai Say. Tfl nam 1885, vai trd lanh dao
thugc vi Nguyin Thien Thudt.

128
 Dua vdo vung ddm, hd, lau laeh d khu Bai Say, nghTa quan ddo hao, ddp luy, dat
nhieu hdm chdng, cam bdy. Tfl day, nghTa quan tod ra boat ddng d vung ddng bdng,
khdng che edc tuye'n giao thdng dudng bd Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng, Hd Ndi - Nam Dinh,
Ha Ndi - Bdc Ninh vd dudng thuy tren sdng Thdi Binh, sdng Hdng, sdng Dudng...
Ngodi can cfl Bai Say, nghTa quan cdn xay dung can cfl Hai Sdng d Kinh Mdn
(Hai Dflong) do Ddc Tft (Nguyin Dflc Hieu) phu trach.
NghTa quan Bai Say khdng to chflc thanh nhflng ddi quan ldn ma phien che
thanh nhung phan ddi nhd khoang tfl 20 den 25 ngudi, tu trang bi vu khf va tra trgn
vao ddn di boat ddng.
Tfl nam 1885 de'n cud'i nam 1887, nghTa quan day lui nhiiu cugc can quet cua
Phap d cd vflng Van Giang, Khoai Chau va viing can cfl Hai Sdng. Nhiiu tran danh
ac liet diin ra tren dia ban cdc tinh Hung Yen, Hdi Duong, Bde Ninh, Thai Binh,
Qudng Yen. Cd tran, quan ta tieu diet tdi 40 ten dich, bdt sd'ng chi huy.
Tfl nam 1888, nghTa quan bfldc vao giai doan
chie'n ddu quyet liet. Thuc dan Phdp tang cudng binh
lire, cho xay dung he thd'ng ddn bdt day dac va thuc
hien chfnh sdch "dung ngudi Viet tri ngudi Viet" di
CO lap nghTa qudn d can cfl Bai Say. NghTa quan
chie'n dd'u rdt dflng cam, nhflng lire Iflgng ngdy cang
giam sut va roi ddn vdo the' bi bao vay, cd lap. Cud'i
Cling, Nguyin Thien Thuat phdi lanh sang Trung
Qud'c (7 - 1889) vd mat tai dd vdo nam 1926.
Cud'i thdng 7 - 1889, can cfl Hai Sdng cung bi
Phdp bao vay. Dd'c Tft chi huy nghTa quan chdng trd
quyet liet, nhung bi danh bat khdi dai bdn doanh Hinti 63. Nguyen Thien Thudt
(1844 - 1926)
Trai Son. Trong the' cung, dng phai ra hang giac
(12 - 8 - 1889), sau bi chung day sang An-gie-ri.
Nhflng tudng ITnh cdn lai cd duy tri cudc khdi nghTa them mdt thdi gian. De'n
nam 1892, hg vi vdi nghTa quan Di Thdm d Yen The.

® Trinh bay dien bien chinh cua khdi nghTa Bai Say.

9*-LICHSU 11 ..-A 129

 Khofi n g h i a Ba Dinh (1886 - 1887)
Cfl diim Ba Dinh dugc xay dung d ba lang Mau Thinh, Thugng Thg, MT Khe
(thude huyen Nga Son, tinh Thanh Hod), do Pham Banh va Dinh Cdng Trdng chi huy.
Tai day, nghia quan eta xay dUng mdt can cU chdng Phap vdng chac. Bao
bpe xung quanh can cU la luy tre day dac va mpt he thd'ng hao rdng, roi
de'n ldp thanh da't cao de'n 3 met, chan thanh rpng tU 8 met de'n 10 met,
tren thanh cd cac Id chau mai. Phia trong thanh cd he thd'ng giao thong
hao dung de van dpng va tie'p te khi chie'n dau. 0 nhdng ndi xung yeu
deu cd cong sii vUng chac. Cac ngdi dinh cua ba lang dUpc bien thanh
cac chd't ddng quan, ndi vdi nhau bang he thd'ng giao thdng hao, c6 the
ho trd cho nhau.

Dugc su ung hd cua nhan dan dia phuong, cu diim Ba Dinh dugc xay dung va
hoan thanh ehi trong 1 thdng.
Ngoai Ba Dinh la can cU chinh, cdn co
mdt so' can cU hd trd d ngoai vi nhU
Phi Lai, Quang Hoa, Ma Cao... do Cao
Dien, Tran Xuan Soan, Ha Van Mao
ddng dau ; trong do can cU Ma Cao cd
tam quan trpng dac biet, la ndi nghia
quan rut ve ddng giU khi can cU
Ba Dinh bi pha vd.

NghTa qudn Ba Dinh cd khoang 300 ngudi, bao

gdm cd ngudi Kinh, ngudi Tliai, ngudi Mudng. Hg
tu trang bi cdc loai vfl khf thdng thfldng nhfl : sflng
hoa mai, guom, giao, cung, nd. Ddng ddo nhan dan
dia phuong tham gia vdo cdc ddi van chuyin luong
thuc, nudi quan, tai thuong... Hoat ddng chu yeu
cua nghTa quan la chan ddnh cac doan xe van tai cua
Hinh 64. Luac dd cdn cUBa Dinh
dich vd tap kfeh cdc todn Ifnh tren dudng hanh quan.
De ddi phd lai, thdng 12 - 1886, thuc dan Phdp tap trung 500 quan, md cugc
tan cdng vdo can cfl Ba Dinh, nhflng that bai.
Ngay 6 - 1 - 1 8 8 7 , Phdp lai huy dgng khoang 2 500 quan, dudi sir chi huy cua
Dai td Brft-xd, cd phdo binh yem trg, bao vay can cfl, rdi lan ddn tung budc.

130
 Cugc chie'n ddu diin ra dc liet. Ca hai ben diu bi thuong vong rat nhiiu. Quan
Phdp dung vdi rdng phun ddu dd't chdy cdc luy tre, cung lfle tap trung dai bdc bdn
ddn dap vao can cfl. Trudc sflc manh dp dao cua giac, luc lugng nghTa quan bi tieu
hao rat nhiiu. Dem 20 - 1 - 1887, hg phai md dudng mdu rut len Ma Cao. Sdng
2 1 - 1 , chie'm dugc can cfl, thuc dan Phap dien cudng ddt pha va sau dd ra lenh xod
ten ba ldng Thugng Thg, Mau Thinh, MT Khe tren ban dd hdnh chfnh.

Nghia quan rut ve Ma Cao, cam cii dUpc mpt thdi gian, roi bi day len mien
Tay Thanh Hoa va sap nhap vdi dpi nghia quan cua Cam Ba Thudc.

Trong cudc chien ddu ndy, nhiiu thu ITnh nghTa quan da hi sinh nhu Nguyin
Khe, Hoang Bat Dat ; ngudi phai chay sang Trung Qud'c nhu Trdn Xuan Soan ;
ngudi phdi tu sdt nhu Pham Bdnh, Ha Van Mao. Dinh Cdng Trdng thodt khdi tay
giac va tie'p tuc gdy dung lai phong trao. Nhung de'n mua he nam 1887, dng cung
bi giac Phdp bdt vd giet hai. Den day, khdi nghTa Ba Dinh hodn todn tan ra.

® - Md ta cau true cua can cd Ba Dinh.

- Trinh bay dien bien cua khdi nghTa Ba Dinh.

Khdi nghia Hiidng Khe (1885 - 1896)

Huong Khe la mdt huyen miin nui phfa tay tinh Hd Tinh, noi ddy ed dai ban
doanh cua mdt cudc khdi nghTa ldn, quy md lan rgng ed 4 tinh Bdc Trung Ki, keo
dai tfl nam 1885 den nam 1896.
Lanh tu cudc khdi nghTa la Phan Dinh Phflng.
' Phan Dinh Phung sinh nam 1847, que d lang
Ddng Thai (nay thuoc xa Tung Anh), DUc
Thp, Ha Tinh. Nam 1877, dng thi do Dinh
nguyen Tie'n si, tUng lam quan Ngii sti trong
trieu dinh. Vdi ban tinh cUPng triic. dng phan
ddi viec Tdn That Thuyet phe bo Due DUc,
lap Hiep Hoa lam vua, vi vay da bi each chUc
dudi ve que. Tuy vay, khi Ton That Thuyet
dua vua Ham Nghi ra vdng Ha Tinh. dng vdn
de'n yet kien va duoc giao trong trach td chdc ,,. , ,^ „, n- , D; -
• " • ^ Hinh 65. Phan Dmh Phung
phong trao chdng Phap ngay tai que,nha. (1847 - 1895)
9°-LICH s u 11. .-A 131
 Tl)' ndm 1885 de'n nam 1888 la giai doan chuan bi lue lugng, xay dung cof sd
chie'n ddu cua nghTa quan. Dugc Phan Dinh Phflng giao nhiem vu, Cao Thdng da
tfch Cflc chieu tap binh sT, trang bi, hudn luyen vd xay dung can cfl thugc vung rflng
nfli cdc tinh Thanh Hod, Nghe An, Hd TTnh, Qudng Binh. Ong da cung cdc thg ren
lang Trung Luong vd Van Chang (Dflc Thg) nghien cfln che tao thanh cdng sflng
trfldng theo mdu cfla Phdp.
Tif ndm 1888 de'n ndm 1896, nghTa quan budc vao giai doan chien ddu quyet liet.
Sau mgt thdi gian ra Bdc, tim each lien lac vdi cdc sT phu, van than, Phan Dinh
Phung trd vi Ha TTnh, cflng Cao Thdng true tiep lanh dao cudc khdi nghTa.

"ca Noi nghTa quan

hoat dpng

Hinh 66. Lugc dd khdi nghTa Huang Khe

Nghia quan Hudng Khe dUdc phien che thanh 15 quan thU, dat dUdi sti chi
huy cua nhUng tUdng linh tai ba. Dai ban doanh cudc khdi nghia dat tai
nui Vii Quang.

Tfl ddu nam 1889, nghTa quan day manh boat ddng va lien tuc md cdc cugc tap
kfeh, ddy lui nhiiu cudc hdnh quan can quit cua dich.

132
 Nhiiu tran ddnh ndi tie'ng da diin ra. nhu tran tan cdng ddn Trudng Luu
(5 - 1890), tran tap kfeh thi xa Ha "nnh (8 - 1892) gidi phdng 700 tu chfnh tri...
Nhung trong tran tan cdng ddn Nu (Thanh Chuong) tren dudng tien quan vi tinh li
Nghe An, Cao Thdng da bi trung dan va hi sinh nam 29 tudi. Day la mdt tdn that
ldn cua nghTa quan.
Trudc sflc manh ap ddo cua giac, nghTa quan vdn kien tn chie'n ddu. Ngdy
17 - 10 - 1894, hg gidnh dugc thdng lgi ldn trong tran phuc kfeh dich d nui Vu Quang,
hang chuc ten giac da bi tieu diet.
Sau tran ddnh ndy, dgi quan tay sai cua Phap do Nguyin Than chi huy tie'p tuc
td chflc cudc vay ham nui Vti Quang. NghTa quan bi triet dudng tie'p te, quan so
giam sut nhiiu. Trong mdt tran dc chie'n, Phan Dinh Phung bi thuong nang va hi
sinh ngdy 28 - 12 - 1895. Nam 1896, nhiing thu ITnh cud'i cung cua cugc khdi nghTa
ldn lugt roi vdo tay Phap.
Cudc khdi nghTa Huong Khe sau hon 10 nam tdn tai den day ket thuc. Day Id cugc
khdi nghTa tieu biiu nhdt trong p'long trdo Cdn vuong chdng Phap cudi the ki XIX.
Cudc khdi nghTa bi that bai bdi nhiiu nguyen nhan, trong dd cd nhflng ban che
vi dfldng ldi, phflong phap td chflc va lanh dao.

( ? ) - Tdm lupc cac giai doan phat trien cua khdi nghTa Huong Khe.
- Tai sao khdi nghia Huong Khe dupc coi la cudc khdi nghia tieu bieu nhai trong phong trao
Can vUOng ?

Khdi n g h i a Yen The (1884 - 1913)

Ngoai cac cudc khdi nghTa nd ra dfldi nggn cd Cdn vuong, vao nhung nam cud'i
the ki XIX cdn xudt hien nhiiu cudc khdi nghTa cfla ndng dan va nhan dan cac dan
tgc d miin nfli chdng chfnh sach cfldp bdc va binh dinh quan sir cua thflc dan Phap.
Tieu biiu la eude khdi nghTa Yen The.
Yen The la vung ban sdn dia d phia tay bdc tinh Bdc Giang. Vao gida the
kl XIX, do tinh trang suy sup cua nen ndng nghiep nUdc ta. tai day da hinh
thanh nhUng xdm lang cua ndng dan ngheo tU cac nOi tti hpp ve. Hp nUdng
tua vao nhau de sinh sdng va cho'ng lai cac the lUc tU ben ngoai de doa.
Khi thtic dan Phap chiem Bdc Ki, chung dUa quan len binh dinh ca vung
Yen The. De bao ve cudc sd'ng cua minh, ndng dan d day da ddng len tu ve.

133
 Hoat ddng cua nghTa quan Yen The cd the chia lam 4 giai doan :
Giai dogn tif ndm 1884 den luttn 1892 • ,
Tai vflng Yen The cd hang chuc todn quan chdng Phdp boat ddng rieng le, dat dfldi
sti' chi huy cua cac thii ITnh khae nhau. Thu ITnh ed uy tfn nhdt luc dd la Di Ndm da
lanh dao nghTa quan day lui nhiiu tran can quet cfla quan Phap vao khu vuc
Cao Thugng. Hd Chudi. De'n nam 1891, nghTa quan lam chu mdt vung rdng ldn va md
rdng boat ddng sang Phu Lang Thuong (vflng thanh phd Bdc Giang ngdy nay).
Trflde nhflng dgt tan cdng, can quit mdi cua giac, nghTa quan phai rut ddn len
vflng Bdc Yen The xay dung, cung cd he thd'ng cdng su phdng thu.
Thang 3 - 1892, Phdp huy ddng khoang 2 200 quan, gdm nhiiu binh chung d at
tan cdng vdo can cfl cua nghTa qudn. Luc lugng nghTa quan bi tdn that nang, nhiiu ngudi
bi dich bdt va gie't hai, mgt sd phai ra hang. Di Ndm bi sat hai vdo thdng 4 - 1892.
Giai dogn tif ndm 1893 de'n ndm 1897
Lfle nay, Di Thdm (Hodng Hoa Tham) trd thanh thu ITnh tdi cao cua cugc
khdi nghTa.
Hoang Hoa Tham ten that la TrUdng Van Tham, que d Tien LQ (Hung
Yen), theo gia dinh len lam an d Sdn Tay, sau sang Yen The (Bae Giang)
sinh sdng.
Sau khi De Nam hi sinh, dng tap hpp nhUng toan nghia binh cdn sot lai,
md rdng dia ban hoat ddng.

Nhflng na\ hoat

dong cua nghla quan

Hinh 67. Lugc dd khdi nghTa Yen The

134
 Trong bdi cdnh phong trao khang chie'n ca nudc
bl dan ap du dgi, nhieu cudc khdi nghia da that bai.
De Thdm phdi tim cdch gidng hod vdi Phdp di cd
thdi gian cung cd luc lugng. Thang 10 - 1894, theo
thoa thuan giua hai ben, quan Phdp phai rut khdi
Yen The', Di Thdm dugc cai qudn bd'n tdng : Yen
Li, Muc Son, Nha Nam, Hun Thugng. Nhung cugc
hoa hoan keo dai chua dugc bao lau thi Phap da bgi
udc, lai td chflc tdn cdng (11 - 1893). NghTa quan
phai chia nhd thanh tflng todn, tra trgn vdo dan de
hoat ddng.
Hinh 68. Hodm; Hoa Thdm
(1858-1913)
Nhdm bao toan lire lugng, lai biet dugc y dd cua
Phdp dang mudn chain dflt xung dot di tie'n hanh khai thac thugc dia, D i Tham xin
giang boa ldn thfl hai (12 - 1897). Di dflge hod hoan ldn nay, Di Thdm phdi tuan
thu nhflng diiu kien ngat ngheo do Phap dat ra, nhfl nop khf gidi, thfldng xuyin
trinh dien chfnh quyin thuc dan. Bi ngoai. Di Tham td ra phuc tflng, nhung ben
trong thi ngdm ngdm chudn bi lire lugng chdng Phap.

Giai dogn tif ndm 1898 den ndm 1908

Tranh thu thdi gian hod hoan keo dai, Di Tham cho nghTa qudn vfla san xudt,
vfla tfch cue luyen tap quan sir tai ddn diin Phdn Xuong. Ddi quan cua dng tuy
khdng ddng (khodng 200 ngudi) nhung rat tinh nhue, thien chien. Can cu Yen The'
trd thanh noi tij hgi cua nhflng nghTa sT yeu nudc tfl khdp noi keo vi (tfl Ha TTnh,
Nghe An, Thanh Hod, Hung Yen, Hdi Duong...).

Giai dogn tif ndm 1909 deh ndm 1913

Sau vu ddu dgc Ifnh Phdp d Ha Ngi nam 1908, thuc dan Phdp quyet dinh md
cudc tdn cdng nhdm tieu diet bdng dugc phong trdo ndng dan Yen The. NghTa quan
trai qua nhflng thang ngdy gian khd. phai di chuyin lien tuc tfl noi nay sang noi
khae. Nhiiu thu ITnh da hi sinh, mgt sd phai ra hdng. Den thang 2 - 1913, khi
Di Thdm bi sat hai, phong trao tan ra.

r ? J Torn lupc cac giai doan phat trien cua cupc khdi nghTa Yen The td nam 1884 den
^ ^ nam 1913.

135
 Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Cdch td chuc va chie'n dau cua nghTa quan Bai Say cd nhflng diim gl
khae vdi nghTa quan Ba Dinh ? , ^
2. Lap bang he thd'ng kie'n thflc vi cdc cudc khdi nghTa tieu bieu trong
phong trdo Can vuong theo mdu sau :

Ten cuoc khcN nghTa, y nghTa va bai hoc

sn thdi gian, ngt/dl lanh dao
Hoat dong noi bat
l<inh nghiem

Khdi nghia Ba Dinh xay di;ng cong su kien co, Tieu hao sinh luc dich, lam
(1886-1887) CO cau true doc dao. cham qua trinh binh dinh
Tran danh ndi tie'ng nhat vung Bae Trung Ki cua thuc
Pham Banh,
Dinh Cong Trang... di§n ra vac thang 1 - 1887. dan Phap.
1 De lai nhieu bai hpe kinh
nghiem ve td chtrc nghia
quan va xay dung can cU dia
khang chien.

3. Khdi nghTa Yen The cd nhung dac diem nao khdc so vdi cac eude
khdi nghla trong phong trdo Cdn vuong chdng Phdp ?

136
 ChL/cJng II

VieTNAMTCfDAUTH^KlXX
O^N H^T CHI^N TRANH TH^ Gl(3l THCT NHAT (1918)

XA HOI VIET NAM TRONG CUOC KHAI THAC

%^22
LAN THir NHAT CUA T H U C DAN PHAP

Sau khi da co bdn binh dinh dugc Viet Nam bdng quan su, thue dan
Phdp bdt ddu tie'n hdnh khai thdc tren ddt nudc ta. Dudi tdc ddng cua
cudc khai thdc, xa hdi Viet Nam cd nhung bie'n dgng dang ki, tfl xa hgi
phong kien ehuyin thanh xa hdi thugc dia nfla phong kie'n.

n Nhufng c h u y e n b i e n v e k i n h t e
Nam 1897, Chfnh phu Phdp cfl Pdn Du-me sang lam Toan quyin Ddng Duong
de hoan thien bd mdy thd'ng tri vd tien hdnh cugc khai thac thude dia ldn thfl nhdt.
Noi bdt la chinh sdch eudp doat rugng ddt. Nam 1897, thuc dan Phap ep triiu
dinh nha Nguyin "nhugng" quyen "khai khdn dat hoang" eho chung.
Ban ddu, tu ban Phdp tap trung vdo viec khai thdc md (than dd, thie'c, kem...) d
Hdn Gai, Thdi Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Quang Nam... Ben canh dd, nhung co sd
cdng nghiep, phuc via ddi sd'ng nhu dien, nudc, buu dien... cung ldn lugt ra ddi.
Chfnh quyin thugc dia chu y den viec xay dung he thd'ng giao thdng, vfla phuc
vu cdng cudc khai thac lau dai, vfla phuc vti muc dfch quan su. Nhung doan dudng
sdt quan trgng d Bdc Kl vd Trung Kl ddn dan dugc xay dung. Tfnh den nam 1912,
tong chiiu dai dudng sdt da lam xong d Viet Nam Id 2 059 km. Dudng bd dugc md
rdng den nhflng khu vUc hdm md, ddn diin, ben cang vd cac vflng bien gidi trgng
yeu Nhiiu cay cdu ldn dugc xay dung nhu : cdu Long Bien (Ha Ndi), cdu Trang
Tiin (Hue), cdu Binh Lgi (Sdi Gdn)... Mgt sd cang biin, cdng sdng cung dugc md

137
mang vao thdi gian nay nhu : cang Sdi Gdn, Hdi Phdng, Dd Ndng. Cac tuye'n dudng
biin da vuon ra nhiiu nudc tren the gidi.
0 A le-^KlN - l U r t . - (.«

... ;;: III I ll n j ! U - ^ -

Hinh 69. Ga Hd Ndi ndm 1900

Vdi cugc khai thdc thugc dia ldn thfl nhdt, phuong thflc sdn xudt tu bdn chu
nghTa timg budc du nhap vdo Viet Nam. Tuy vay, khi tie'n hanh khai thac, thuc dan
Phdp vdn duy tri phuong thflc bdc igt phong kien trong mgi ITnh vuc kinh te' va ddi
sdng xa hdi.

(?) Dudi tac dpng cilia cudc khai thac thuoc dia lan thd nhat cua thuc dan Phap,
nen l<inh'te Viet Nam cd nhdng chuyen bie'n nhuthe nao ?

Nhufng c h u y e n b i e n v e x a h o i
Nhflng bie'n ddi trong co cdu kinh te Viet Nam dfldi tdc ddng cua cugc khai thac
thugc dia ldn thfl nhdt cfla Phdp da keo theo su bien ddi vi mat xa hgi.
Mdt bd phan nhd trong giai cdp dia chu phong kie'n trd nen rat gidu cd. Dua vao
thuc dan Phdp, hg ra sflc chie'm doat rudng ddt cua lang xa, cua ndng dan. Tuy vay,
mdt sd dia chu vfla va nhd bi de' qud'c chen ep, it nhieu cd tinh thdn chdng Phdp.
Ndng dan Viet Nam vdn da khdn khd bdi nan thue' khoa, dia td, phu phen, tap
dich..., lai cang khd them vl nan eudp ddt lap ddn diin, dung nha mdy cua thuc ddn
Phdp. Binh quan rugng ddt vdn da tha'p nay cang thdp hon. O Bdc Kl, cd xa tdi 80%
sd hd khdng cd rudng. Mdt ddt, ngudi ndng dan phai tim dudng ra cac thanh phd.

138
den cac eong trudng, hdm md va ddn
diin, nhung chi cd mdt sd ft kiem dugc
viic lam.
Ndng dan Viet Nam la mgt lire
lugng to ldn trong phong trao chdng
Phap, nhung do thieu su lanh dao dung
ddn nen hg chua phat huy dugc ddy du
sflc manh cua minh.
Cudc khai thdc thuge dia cua thuc Hinh 70. Ndng ddn Viet Nam
trong thdi ki Phdp thude
dan Phdp khdng chi ldm phan hod nhung
giai cap cu trong xa hgi ma cdn lam xudt hien nhung lire lugng xa hgi mdi.
Trudc het, nin cdng nghiep thude dia mdi hinh thdnh Id co sd cho su ra ddi ddi
ngu cdng nhan Viet Nam. Hg lam viec trong cdc hdm md, ddn diin, cac xf nghiep
cong nghiep, cdng trudng, cae nganh giao thdng...
Nha may xi mang Hai Phdng da cd 1 800 cdng nhan, cac nha maj' xay xat
gao d Sai Gdn cung cd tdi 3 000 cdng nhan. Rieng nganh than, nam 1904
mdi cd 4 000 cdng nhan, de'n nam 1914 da co 15 000 cong nhan ; xudng
ddng tau Ba Son (Sai Gdn), nha may xe liia TrUdng Thi (Vinh) cung co de'n
1 000 cdng nhan cd tay nghe.
Luc lugng cdng nhan Viet Nam ddu the' ki XX cdn non tre. Muc tieu dau tranh
chu ye'u cua hg Id vl quyin lgi kinh te' (ddi tang luong, giam gid ldm, cdi thien ddi
sd'ng va diiu kien lam viec). Ngoai ra, hg cdn hudng flng edc phong trao chdng Phap
do cac tdng ldp khdc lanh dao.
Trong qua trinh khai thdc thude dia, thuc ddn Phdp cdn ed nhflng ngudi lam
tmng gian, dai If tieu thu hoac thu mua hang hod, cung flng nguyen vat lieu. Nhd
budn ban hg trd nen gidu cd. Ngoai ra, mdt sd sT phu yeu nudc, chiu anh hudng cua
tu tudng tu sdn tfl Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, da dflng ra lap cdc hieu budn, co sd sdn
xudt. Dd chfnh la nhung ldp ngudi ddu tien cua tu sdn Viet Nam.
Cung trong thdi kl nay da xuat hien tdng ldp tiiu tu sdn thanh thi. Thanh phdn
cua hg khd phuc tap, gdm nhflng tiiu thuong, tiiu chfl san xuat va budn ban hang
thfl cdng. Sd vien chflc lam viec trong cac cdng sd hoac co sd tu nhan nhfl nhd bao,
nhd gido, hgc sinh, sinh vien... cung la mdt luc lugng quan trgng thude tdng ldp nay.

139
 Nhu vay, cugc khai thac thude dia cua thuc dan Phdp da lam nay sinh nhflng
lire Iflgng xa hdi mdi. Sir bien ddi nay da tao ra nhflng dieu kien ben trong cho cudc
van ddng giai phdng dan tgc theo xu hudng mdi d ddu the ki XX.

© Neu nhung chuye'n bien cua xa hdi Viet Nam dau the ki XX.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Nhflng chuyin bie'n vi co cdu kinh te' vd xa hdi Viet Nam dudi tac
ddng cua cugc khai thdc thude dia ldn thfl nhdt cua thuc ddn Phap
cd gl dang chu y ?
2. Su chuyin bien vi kinh ti' vd sir chuyin bien vi xa hgi d Viet Nam
dau the ki XX cd mdi quan he nhu the nao ?

^S^23 PHONG TRAO YEU Nl/6C VA CACH MANG 0 VIET NAM,

TlJ DAU THE Ki XX DEN CHIEN TRANH THE Gldl THlI NHAT (1914)

Vao ddu the' ki XX, cflng vdi sir xudt hien tdng ldp tu san va tieutu san,
nhiiu Tdn thif, Tdn hdo cua Trung Hoa cd dgng cho tu tudng ddn chu
tu san dugc dua vao nudc ta. Cac sT phu yeu nudc thflc thdi da tiip nhan
tu tudng dd mgt each ndng nhiet. Nhung ddi mdi cua Nhat Bdn sau cudc
Duy tan Minh Tri (1868) cang ciing cd niim tin cua hg vdo eon dudng
each mang tu sdn.
Day chfnh la nhflng diiu kien xa hgi va tam If lam nay sinh, thflc day
phong trdo yeu nudc theo khuynh hudng mdi, trong dd, Phan Bgi Chau,
Phan Chau Trinh la nhung nhan vat tieu biiu.

Q Phan Boi Chau va xu hifdng bao dong

Phan Bdi Chau que d huyen Nam Ddn, tinh Nghe An. Ong la ngudi chfl truong
dflng bao lire di gidnh ddc lap. Nam 1902, dng len dudng vao Nam, rdi ra Bde, tim
each lien kit nhflng ngudi cd cung chf hudng. Thdng 5 - 1904, tai Qudng Nam,

140
Phan Bdi Chau cung cdc ddng-chf cua dng thdnh lap Hgi Duy tan, chu truong ddnh
dudi giac Phap, gianh ddc lap, thiet lap mdt chfnh thi quan chu lap hie'n d Viet Nam.
De chuan bi, Hdi Duy tan td chflc phong trdo Ddng du, dua thanh nien sang hgc tap
tai cac trudng cua Nhat Ban.
Thdng 8 - 1908, Chfnh phu Nhat Bdn cau
kit vdi thuc dan Phdp d Ddng Duong, true xudt
sd luu hgc sinh Viet Nam, ki ca thu ITnh
Phan Bdi Chdu. Phong trao Ddng du tan ra.
Phan Bdi Chdu ve Trung Qud'c, rdi sang
Thai Lan nuong ndu chd thdi.
Cudc each mang Tan Hgi (1911) d Trung Qude
nd ra, trieu dinh Man Thanh bi lat dd, Chinh phu
Ddn qud'c dugc thdnh lap, thi hdnh hang loat
chfnh sach ddn chu tien bd. Phan Bdi Chdu tfl
Thdi Lan quay trd lai Trung Qud'c.
Thang 6 - 1912, tai Quang Chau (Tmng Qud'c),
ong tap hgp nhflng ngfldi cflng chf hfldng cdn d
Hinh 71. Phan Bdi Chdu
nfldc ngodi vd mdt so mdi tfl trong nudc sang (1867 - 1940)
(khoang hon 100 ngudi), tuyen bd' giai tan
Duy tdn hdi, thanh lap Viet Nam Quang phue hdi. Hdi khang dinh tdn chi duy nhdt
la : "Danh dudi giac Phap, khdi phuc nudc Viet Nam, thdnh lap nude Cdng hod Dan
qud'c Viet Nam".
Di gay tie'ng vang trong nudc, thflc tinh ddng bao, Hgi da cu ngudi bf mat vi
nudc de trfl khfl nhflng ten thire dan ddu sd, ki ca Todn quyen An-be Xa-rd va nhflng
tay sai ddc lfle eua chflng. Hoat ddng eua Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi trong budi dau
da dat dugc mdt sd ket qua nhdt dinh, khuay ddng dugc du luan trong vd ngodi
nudc. Nhung thuc dan Phdp nhan dd cdng tang cudng khung bd, nhiiu ngudi bi bdt
va bi giet. Ngdy 2 4 - 1 2 - 1913, Phan Bdi Chau bi gidi quan phiet Trung Qud'c bdt
giam d nhd tfl Quang Ddng. Cdch mang Viet Nam trai qua nhflng ngdy khd khan.

r?} Neu nhdng sU kien chdng minh Phan Bpi .Chau chu truong giai phdng dan tdc
theo khuynh hudng tusan bing phuong phap bao dpng.

141
10-LICH SU 11...-A
 Phan Chau Trinh va xu hifdng cai each
Phan Chau Tiinh qui d phu Tam Kl, tinh Qudng Nam.
Ong la ngudi sdm tiip thu nhflng tu tudng tie'n bg, chu
tmong cull nudc bdng bien phdp cai cdch nhu nang cao
dan trf, dan quyin, dua vdo Phdp di ddnh dd ngdi vua
va bgn phong kien hu bai, xem dd nhu la diiu kien tien
quyet di gianh ddc lap.
Tfl nam 1906, Phan Chau Trinh va nhdm sT phu tie'n bg
d Quang Nam nhfl Huynh Thuc Khdng, Trdn Quy Cdp,
Ngd Dflc Ke md cudc van ddng Duy tan d Trung Ki. Hinh 72. Phan Chdu Trinh
(1872 - 1926)
Tren ITnh vuc kinh te, cdc dng chfl y de'n viec ed
V.' 1 1 •

ddng chan hung thuc nghiep, lap hdi kinh doanh.

Tai Quang Nam da xua't hien Quang Nam hiep thUOng cdng ti. Tai Ha Npi,
Nguyen Quyen va Hoang Tang Bi md cdng ti Ddng Thanh XuOng.
d Nghe An, Ngd DUc Ke lap ra Trieu DuOng thUOng quan. 6 Phan Thie't
CO cdng ti Lien Thanh.
Ngoai viec lap hgi budn, cac sT phu cai each cdn chfl y phdt triin nghe lam
vudn, nghi thu cdng. Ngay tai que nha, Phan Chdu Trinh da thanh lap "ndng hdi",
chuyen viec san ddi trdng que, hd tieu..., md Id ren, xudng mgc... ,^
Viec md trudng day hgc theo ldi mdi cflng dugc quan tam.
Cac trUdng nay difp'c thanh liap d nhieu nOi, day chU Qud'c ngd, day cac
mon hoc mdi, thay the cho Tie thU, Ngu kinh cua Nho hoc. Rieng d
Quang Nam, co 4 trUdng ldn la Dien Phong, Phudc Binh, Phu Lam va
Quang Phudc, mdi trUdng trung binh cd tU 70 den 80 hpe sinh, trUdng dong
nha't CO tdi 200 hoc sinh.

Mdt boat ddng ddc ddo khdc la cudc van ddng cdi each trang phuc vd ldi sd'ng.
Phan Chau Trinh cung cac cpng sti ctia minh van dpng nhan dan cat toe
ngan, mac ao ngan vdi cac kieu quan ao "Au hoa", may bang vai npi.
NhUng hu ttic phong kien bi len an manh me.

Tu tudng Duy tan khi di vao qudn chflng da vugt qua khudn khd dn hod, bie'n
thanh cugc ddu tranh quyet liet, diin hinh la phong trao chdng thue nam 1908 d
Trung Kl.

142
10-LICH '
 Phong trdo Duy tan la mdt cudc van ddng yeu nudc cd ndi dung chu ye'u la cdi
cdch vi van hod - xa hdi, gdn lien vdi viec giao due ldng yeu nudc, ddu tranh cho
ddn tgc thodt khdi ach thd'ng tri ngoai xam. Phong trao dang phdt triin sau rdng thi
bi thuc dan Phdp dan dp du ddi. Nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bi bdt vd chiu mflc an
tu 3 nam d Cdn Ddo. Nam 1911, ehfnh quyin thuc dan dua dng sang Phap. Sudt
nhflng nam sd'ng d Pa-ri, Phan Chau Trinh vdn theo dudng ldi cdi cdch, keu ggi thuc
hien ddn quyin, cdi thien dan sinh.

© - ' Neu nhung sU kien chdng minh Phan Chau Trinh chu truong cdu nudc theo khuynh
hudng dan chu tU san bang phuong phap cai each.

Dong Kinh nghia thuc. Vu dau doc binh si Phap of Ha Ngi

va nhufng boat dong cuoi ciing cua nghia quan Yen The
Trong khi Phan Bdi Chau dang day manh cugc van ddng vu trang giai phdng
dan tdc va cdc tinh Trung Ki dang sdi sue vdi cudc van dgng Duy tan, d Hd Ngi cdc
sT phu tie'n bg nhu Luong Van Can, Nguyin Quyin... cflng nhau md mdt trfldng hgc
tfl, la'y ten la Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc. Trudng bdt ddu hoat ddng tfl thdng 3 - 1907.
Ddy la mdt kiiu trudng hgc dugc xay dung theo md hinh cua Nhat Ban, xudt hien
tfl thdi Duy tan Minh Tri.
Npi dung hpe bao gdm cac mon Lich sfl, Dia If, Cach tri, Ve sinh... TrUdng
cdn to chUc bien soan, dich thuat mpt so' sach bao tham dUdm tinh than
duy tan va yeu nUdc. Ngoai viec giang day chinh thUc, nha trUdng cdn to
chUc nhdng buoi dien thuyet, binh van de cd dpng hoc chU Qud'c ngU, hd
hao md hdi kinh doanh cdng thUOng, kich liet len an bpn quan lai hu bai,
cho'ng viec hoc va thi cU theo Id'i cu, bai trU me tin, hu trie... Cac budi binh
van cdn la cd hpi gidi thieu cdng khai thd van yeu nUdc, keu gui doan ke't
da'u tranh.
Khdng bd hep trong pham vi mgt trudng hgc, nhung boat dgng cfla Ddng Kinh
nghia thuc da vuon ra ngoai xa hdi, lam cho nha trudng nhanh chdng trd thanh mdt
trung tam cua phong trao Duy tan d Bdc Ki.
Hoat dgng cua Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc khien thuc dan Phdp lo ngai. Thdng
11 - 1907, chung ra lenh ddng cfla trudng. Hdu bet gido vien Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc
bi bdt, sdch bdo bi cam hoac bi tich thu, cdc td chflc ed lien quan vdi nhd trfldng
diu bi giai tan.

143
 Hinh 73. Tru sd Ddng Kinh nglua thue (phdHdng Ddo. Hd Ndi)

Mac dfl Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc mdi boat dgng dugc 9 thdng (tfl thdng 3 de'n
thdng 11 - 1907), nhung da cd nhflng ddng gdp ldn trong cudc van ddng van hoa
ddu the ki XX.
Ben canh cugc van ddng yeu nudc do cdc sT phu tie'n bg khdi xudng, vao thdi
gian nay cdn cd phong trdo ddu tranh cua binh linh ngudi Viet trong quan ddi Phap
vd su tie'p diin cua khdi nghla Yen The.
Md ddu la vu ddu ddc Ifnh Phdp d Ha Ndi nam 1908. Vu ddu ddc nay ndm
trong ke hoach khdi nghTa cua binh Ifnh ngudi Viet d Ha Ngi ket hgp vdi nghTa
quan Yen The'.
Sau nhieu ldn ke hoach danh up thanh Ha Ndi bi hoan lai, nhUng ngudi cam
dau quye't dinh khdi sit vao dem 27 - 6 - 1908, md dau bang viec te chUc dau
doc binh linh Phap ddng trong thanh. Hdn 200 binh si Phap bi trung doc. StJ
viec hi phat giac, thtic dan Phap mdt mat cho thay thudc cUu chda nhdng
binh si bi trung ddc. mat khae tUdc het khi gidi va giam binh linh ngUdi Viet
trong trai. Trong khi do, cac toan nghia quan d vong ngoai chd mai khong
tha'y am hieu tan cdng nen da rut lui de khoi sa vao tay giac.
Tuy that bai, vu "Ha thdnh ddu ddc" da ddnh ddu cudc ndi day dau tien cua binh
Ifnh ngudi Viet trong quan ddi Phdp. Diiu nay chflng td hg la mgt lire Iflgng can
dugc tap hgp trong cudc ddu tranh chdng de qud'c.
Trong qua trinh dieu tra vti dau ddc binh linh Phap d Ha Npi, thtic dan
Phap da phat bien dUpc nhieu chUng cU chUng td De Tham tham gia tich
ctic vao.vii nay. Chung md cudc tan cdng quy md vao thang 1 - 1909, nham
tieu diet can cU Yen The.
Cudi thang 1 - 1909, qudn Phap gdm 15 000 Ifnh Au - Phi, Ifnh khd xanh, khd
dd vdi du cac binh chung phdo binh, cdng binh, ki binh..., dudi su chi huy cua
Ba-tay, tdn cdng vao can cfl Phdn Xflong.

144
 De t r a n h sUc m a n h q u a n sti cua dich, nghia q u a n thiic hien chien dich di
chuyen, d a n h mdt sd' t r a n khi cd dieu kien t h u a n ldi va da gianh dUpc mpt
so' t h a n g Ipi n h u cac t r a n chp Gd, Sdn Qua, rUng P h e (thang 2 - 1909
d Bdc Giang), dac biet la t r a n nui Sang (Lap Thach, Vinh P h u c ngay
5 - 10 - 1909), tieu diet t r e n 50 si q u a n va linh P h a p .
Nhimg cudc chie'n ddu quyet liet vd keo ddi da lam suy kiet lire lugng nghTa
quan. Ddu thdng 11 - 1909, lire lugng cua Di Thdm chi cdn vdi chuc ngudi. Nhiiu
chi huy tdi gidi nhu Ca Trgng, Cd Huynh, Ba Biiu... da tfl tran, mdt sd ngudi khdc
budc phai ra hdng nhu Ca Dinh, Cai Son...
Cud'i cung, Di Thdm quyet dinh trd lai khu vuc Yen The. Tai day, dugc su che
chd cua nhan dan, dng vdn tiep tuc chie'n dau. Thdng 2 - 1913, dng bi tay sai cua
Phap giet hai tai mdt khu rflng gdn chg Gd (Yen The').

Hinh 74. Mdt sd tudng ITnh ciia nghTa qudn Yen The'

NghTa quan Yen The'da duy tri cudc chie'n ddu ngdt 30 nam, ghi mdt dau son
trong lich su chdng Phdp cua ddn tgc ta thdi can dai.
f ?J - Vi sao ndi Ddng Kinh nghla thuc cd nhdng ddng gop Idn trong cudc van dpng
van hoa dau the ki XX ?
- Phong trao dau tranh cua binh si ngUdi Viet va ndng dan cd y nghTa gi ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Khuynh hfldng mdi trong phong trao van ddng giai phdng dan tdc
ddu the ki XX ndy sinh trong bdi cdnh nao ?
2. Phan tfch sir gidng va khdc nhau giu'a hai xu hudng bao ddng va cdi
each ddu the ki XX (vi chu truong va phuong phap).

145
 VIET NAM TRONG NHlfNG NAM
98^-^^
CHIEN TRANH THE GI(JI THlT NHAT (1914 -1918)

Trong Qiien tranh the gidi thfl nhat. chfnh quyin thuc dan tang cudng hoc
lot su'c ngudi, sut cua d Ddng Duong. Cdc chfnh sach dd da ldm cho
cac tang ldp. giai cap mdi trong xa hdi tang nhanh vi sd lugng, ddng
thdi nay sinh mdt loat cudc khdi nghTa vu trang cua mgi tdng ldp nhan
dan. dac biet la cua binh sT nsudi Viet.

I - TINH HINH KINH TE - XA HOI

^ 1 NhiJng bien dong ve k i n h te

Khi cugc chie'n tranh the gidi bung nd, toan quyin Ddng Duong tuyen bd :
"Nhiem vu chu ye'u cua Ddng Duong la phai cung cap cho chfnh qud'c den mflc tdi
da nhan luc, vat luc vd tai luc..."^'\
Nhan dan Viet Nam phai ddng nhiiu thfl thue, mua cdng trai... Trong 4 nam
chie'n tranh, chi'nh quyin thudc dia da thu dugc tren 184 trieu phrang tiin cdng trdi
va gdn 14 trieu phrang tiin quyen gdp ; ngodi ra, hang tram td'n luong thuc va ndng
lam san cac loai, hang van tan kim loai can thiet cho che tao vfl khi dflge dua sang
Phdp. Sir eudp bdc rdo riet cua thuc dan Phdp da tdc dgng manh me de'n tinh hinh
kinh te. xa hgi Viet Nam.
Cdng nghiep thudc dia phai gdnh dd nhflng tdn thdt, thieu hut cua chi'nh quoc
trong thdi gian chiin tranh. Nhung md dang khai thac nay dugc bd vdn them ; mgt
sd cdng ti than mdi xudt hien nhu cac cdng ti than Tuyen Quang (1915),
Ddng Triiu (1916)...
Chie'n tranh lam cho hang boa nhap khdu tfl Phdp sang Ddng Duong gidm hdn
xud'ng, tu 107 trieu phrang nam 1913 xud'ng cdn 33 trieu phrang nam 1918. Di gidi
quyet khd khan tren. tu ban Phap phdi ndi long ddc quyin. cho tu ban ngudi Viet
dugc kinh doanh tuong dd'i tu do, khien cho cdng thuong nghiep va giao thdng van
tdi d Viet Nam cd diiu kien phat triin. Cac xf nghiep cua ngudi Viet cd tfl trudc
chiin tranh diu dugc md rdng thim pham vi vd quy md sdn xudt. ddng thdi xudt
hien them nhiiu xf nghiep mdi.

(1) Bao Du-lucin, sd thang 8 - 1914.

146
 Nguyen H u u Thu - vd'n chi la chu mdt h a n g xe keo nho P Hai Phdng. trong
chie'n t r a n h da cd gdn 10 t a u chd k h a c h chay d Bdc Ki, T r u n g Ki va chay
1 dudng H a i Phdng - H u d n g Cang, trpng t a i tdng cpng hdn 1 000 t a n . Cdng
ti Bach Thai Budi (Hai Phdng) t u 3 t a u chd khach, len de'n 25 t a u vdi trpng
t a i 4 042 t a n . P h a m Van Phi (Vinh) trong n h u n g n a m chien t r a n h lap ra
, cdng ti xe hdi, tdi n a m 1918 da cd xe chay k h a p Bae Ki. T r u n g Ki. 0 cac
n g a n h khae. cung xua't hien n h i e u cO sd k i n h doanh cua ngUdi Viet nhU :
xUdng t h u y t i n h ChUdng Mi d H a Ddng ; cdng ti xa p h d n g Q u a n g H u n g
Long d H a Npi ; cac n h a m a y xay d Mi Tho. Rach Gia, Gd Cdng ; n h a m a y
rUdu d Bae Lieu ; n h a in Le V a n P h u c d H a Npi... Ngoai ra, n h i e u xUdng
t h u cdng dupc dip r a ddi, k i n h doanh h d u het cac n g a n h t h u cong d a n dting
n h u da giay, chieu cdi, dd k h a m . . .

Ndng nghiep tfl chd ddc canh cay lua da chuyen mdt phdn sang trdng cac loai cay
cdng nghiep phuc vu chien tranh nhu thau ddu, dau, lac... O cae tinh trung du Bdc Ki,
co tdi 251 ha ddt trdng lua chuyin sang trdng dau tay. Trong 4 nam chie'n tranh,
nong nghiep trdng lua gap nhiiu khd khan. Ddu nam 1915, edc tinh Son Tay,
Bdc Ninh, Hod Binh... bi han, de'n mfle mfla mang gdn nhu mat trdng. Giua nam ndy,
de vd d hdu bet cdc sdng ldn thudc Bdc Kl, lam ngap tdi 22 000 ha.

( ? ) Chinh sach khai thac thudc dia cua thuc dan Phap trong chien tranh da tac ddng nhu
the nao tdi nen kinh te cija nudc ta ?

Tinh h i n h p h a n boa xa hoi

Chfnh sach cua Phdp va nhung bie'n dgng vi kinh te d Viet Nam trong 4 nam
chie'n tranh da tdc ddng manh de'n tinh hinh xa hgi Viet Nam.
Trudc bet Id nan bdt Ifnh ma dd'i tugng chfnh la ndng ddn : gdn 10 van thanh
nien da bi dua sang chien trirdng chau Au lam Ifnh chien hay Ifnh thg.
"... Che dp linh t i n h n g u y e n ay dUdc tie'n h a n h nhU t h e nay : vi "chua tinh"
- mdi vien cdng sU 0 Ddng Difdng q u a la mpt vi "chua tinh" - ra lenh cho
bpn q u a n lai dudi quyen dng, trong mot thdi b a n n h a t dinh p h a i nop cho
du so' ngUdi nha't dinh. Bdng each nao, dieu dd khdng q u a n trpng. Cac
q u a n cU lieu m a xoay xd... Thoat tien, chUng tdm nhUng ngUdi khoe m a n h ,
ngheo khd... S a u dd c h d n g mdi ddi den con cai n h a giau. NhUng ai cUng cd,
thi c h u n g tim ngay r a dip de s i n b chuyen vdi hp hoac gia dinh hp, va neu
can. thi giam cd hp lai cho cten khi hp p h a i dUt khoat chpn lay mpt trong
hai con dudng : di linh tinh nguyen, hoac xi tien ra"'^'.

(1) Hd Cbi Minh, Toan tap, Tap 2, NXB Chiixh tri Qud'c gia, H., 1996, U. 24 - 25.

147
 Tinh hinh dd lam cho sflc sdn xuat d ndng thdn giam sflt nghiem trgng. Them
vao dd la nan chiem doat rudng ddt ngdy cdng gia tang trong chien tranh, sUu thue
ngay cdng nang ; thien tai, lut bao, han hdn lien tiep xay ra ldm cho ddi sd'ng cua
ndng ddn ngdy cang bdn cflng.
Giai cd'p cdng nhdn da tang len vi sd lugng. Rieng cdng nhan md, tfl 12 000 ngudi
nam 1913 len tdi 17 000 ngudi nam 1916. Cdng nhan cao su tang len gdp 5 lan.
Ngoai ra, cae ngdnh cdng thuong nghiep khdc eua tu ban Phap cung thu nhan cdng
nhan ddng hon. Cdng nhan trong cac xi nghiep, cdng ti cua tu san Viet Nam cflng
tang len. Trflde chien tranh, edc co sd kinh doanh cua Bach Thai Budi mdi cd vai
tram cdng nhan, trong chien tranh da len tdi tren 1 000 ngudi.
Tu san Viet Nam trong mdt sd ngdnh da thoat khdi su kiim che cua tu ban Phap.
Bach Thai Budi la mdt trudng hgp tieu bieu.
Tdng ldp tiiu tu san thdnh thi cung cd bude phat trien rd ret vi sd lugng. Nhung
cho tdi cud'i chien tranh, hai giai cap tu san va tieu tu san vdn chua thuc sir hinh
thanh. Gianh dugc vai trd nhdt dinh trong kinh te, tu san Viet Nam cung mudn cd
dia vi ehinh tri nhdt dinh. Hg lap co quan ngdn luan rieng nhu cac bao Diin ddn
hdn xit, Dgi Viet... nhdm benh vuc quyin lgi vi chfnh tri va kinh techo ngudi trong
nudc. Song luc lugng ehu chd't cfla phong trdo dan tdc thdi ki nay vdn Id cdng nhan
va ndng ddn.

© Nhu'ng chinh sach khai thac thudc dia cua Phap trong chien tranh da tac dpng
nhu the nao de'n cac tang ldp xa hdi Viet Nam ?

II - PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH VU TRANG TRONG CHIEN TRANH

Q Hoat dong cua Viet N a m Quang p h u c hgi

Sau nhflng boat ddng khdng thdnh cdng trong nam 1913, Viet Nam Quang phuc
hdi gdn nhu ndm im. Khi chie'n tranh bung nd, do tinh hinh thay doi, Hdi da td chflc
nhiiu cudc bao ddng.
Thang 9 - 1914, hpi vien Dd Chan Thie't dUng ra lap chi hpi d Van Nam vdi
phan dong la cdng nhan, vien chUc hoa xa tren tuye'n dudng sdt Hai Phdng -
Van Nam. Hp san xua't bom d Ha Ndi va dti dinh van dpng binh Hnh danh
up Ha Npi. Viec bi bai Id, Dd Chan Thie't cung hdn 50 ngUdi bi bat.
Trong suo't 2 nam dau cudc chie'n, Hdi da tie'n hanh mpt so' cupc bao dpng
nhu tan cdng vao cac ddn binh cua Phap d Cao Bang, Phu Thp, Nho Quan,
Mdng Cai... 6 Trung Ki, boat dpng dang ke cua Hpi la td chUc pha ngtic

148
 Lao Bao (Quang Tri) ngay 28 - 9 - 1915. Tai day, mdt sd hdi vien da van
dpng tti nhan cUdp sung, pha nha lao, rdi rut vao rUng chie'n dau. NhUng
do bi giam edm lau ngay nen sUc khoe suy kiet, lai bi cd lap, cudi cung
nghia quan da that bai.
Trong nhung nam ddu chien tranh, Viet Nam Quang phue hdi da van ddng dugc
nhiiu tdng ldp tham gia mdt sd cudc bao dgng. Nhung cdc boat ddng dd diu ldn
lugt thdt bai. Cud'i cflng, Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi tan ra sau dgt khung bd ldn eua
thuc dan Phdp va tay sai vao nam 1916.

- ' Trong thdi gipn dau chie'n tranh, Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi da hoat ddng vdi nhi/ng
hinh thdc nao ?

Cugc van dgng khdi nghia cua Thai Phien va Tran Cao Van (1916)
Trdn Cao Van da bi tu vi tham gia phong trao chdng thue d Trung Ki nam 1908.
Man han, dng bi mat lien he vdi Thai Phien, mdt thanh vien cua Viet Nam Quang
phuc hdi di xflc tie'n khdi nghia. Hai dng da mdi vua Duy Tan tham gia vdi tu cdch
la ngudi lanh dao tdi cao cudc khdi nghia.
Nhan dan Trung Ki, dac biet la so binh Ifnh ngudi Viet tap trung d Hue' chd
ngay xud'ng tau sang chien trudng chau Au, da nhiet liet hudng flng ldi keu ggi cua
Thdi Phien va Trdn Cao Van, rdo riet chudn bi ngdy khdi su.
Khdi nghTa du dinh vao gifla thdng 5 - 1916, nhflng ke hoach bi Id. O Hue',
Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, thuc dan Phdp ra lenh ddng cfla trai Ifnh, tude vu khf cua
binh linh ngudi Viet, lung bdt nhung ngudi yeu nudc. Thai Phien va Trdn Cao Van
dua duge vua Duy Tan ra ngoai Hoang thdnh, nhung mdy hdm sau ca 3 ngudi diu
hi giac bat. NghTa binh d Thfla Thien, Quang Nam, Qudng Ngai ndi day, nhung
thieu ngudi lanh dao nen tan ra nhanh chdng.

(^? ) Viec vua Duy Tan tham gia cupc van ddng khdi nghTa nam 1916 d Hue co y nghTa
nhu the nao ?

Khdi nghia cua binh linh Thai Nguyen (1917)

6 Thdi Nguyen, ach thd'ng tri cua thuc dan Phap cue ki tan bao. Cdng sfl Dae-lo
va Gidm binh Nd-en khet tieng tan dc. Thdi Nguyen lai la noi day ai nhflng ngudi
yeu nudc bi bdt trong cdc phong trdo Ddng du, Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc, khdi nghTa
Yen The... Giua nhflng ngudi tfl chfnh tri vdi sd binh Ifnh yeu nudc lam viec trong
nha tu ddn ddn cd su gap gd, tiep xuc bf mat. Mdt ke hoach khdi nghTa dugc vach ra.

149
 Nhung ngudi lanh dao cudc bao ddng la Trinh Van
Can (Dgi Can) - mgt binh sT yeu nudc va Luong Nggc
Quyen - hgi vien cua Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi bi giam
d nha tu Thai Nguyin.
Cugc khdi nghTa nd ra dem 30 rang sang 31 -"^ -
1917. Gidm binh Nd-en bi giet. Quan khdi nghTa chiem
cdc cdng sd, phd nha tfl, giai phdng tdt ca tfl nhan, lam
chu todn bg thi xa, trfl trai Ifnh Phap. Nggn cd khdi nghTa
"Nam binh phuc qud'c" bay cao tren bdu trdi tinh li Thai
Nguyen. Lanh dao nghTa qudn phdt hich tuyen bd Thdi
Nguyen dgc lap, dat qude hieu la Dai Hiing, vach tgi dc
cua giac Phap, kiu ggi ddng bdo vung len khdi phuc nin Hinh 75. Trinh Vdn Can
dgc lap cua dat nude. (? - 1918)

Thuc dan Phap quyet dinh dua 2 000 quan len Thai Nguyen tie'p vien. Cudc
chie'n dd'u diin ra dc liet. Sau mgt tudn li lam chu tinh Ii, cud'i cflng de thoat khdi
the' bao vay cua qudn thu, nghTa qudn phdi rut ra ngoai vd keo ddi cudc chie'n dau
duge 6 thdng thi tan ra. . •::, -1

( ? ) Viec binh linh ngUdi Viet tham gia phong trao yeu nudc trong nhung nam Chien tranh
the gidi thd nha't cd y nghTa gi ?

Q [ Nhufng cugc khdi nghia vii t r a n g cua dong bao cac d a n toe thieu so
Tai Tay Bdc, vao dau thdng 11-1914 da bflng no cudc khdi nghia cfla ngudi
Thai. NghTa quan ddnh chie'm nhiiu ddn giac dgc bien gidi Viet - Lao va de'n cud'i
nam 1915 da lam chu ca vflng Tay Bdc. Quan Phdp phdi huy ddng 3 000 qudn ddi
phd. Mai de'n thdng 3 - 1916, vung Tay Bdc mdi tam yen.
Nam 1918, ddng bdo Mdng vflng Lai Chdu khdi nghTa dudi su lanh dao cua
Giang Ta Chay. Trong qua trinh phdt trien, cudc khdi nghia da thu hflt hdu bet nhdn
dan cdc dan tdc thiiu sd d Tay Bdc. NghTa qudn boat ddng tren mdt dia ban rdng
4 van km^. Nhiiu tran chie'n ddu ac liet da diin ra, cd tran sd quan dich bi thuong va
bi chet len tdi hdng tram ten. Cugc khdi nghia keo dai trong 4 nam, budc chfnh quyin
thuc ddn phdi ndi rgng ach kim kep, dp bfle ddi vdi cac dan tdc thiiu sd d Tay Bdc.
O vflng Ddng Bdc, binh Ifnh ddn Binh Lieu ndi day (11 - 1918), ldi cudn ddng
dao ddng bao cdc ddn tgc Han, Nung, Dao d dia phuong tham gia, hoat dgng tren
mdt dia ban rdt rgng, tfl sdng Tien Yen ra de'n bien ; uy hiep cd vflng md
Quang Yen. lan sang cac hai ddo tfl Mdng Cdi de'n Hdi Phdng. Den giua nam 1919,
giac Phap mdi dep yen dugc cudc khdi nghTa nay.

150
 Cung trong thdi gian Chie'n tranh the gidi thu nhdt, ddng bdo cdc dan tdc thiiu
so d Tay Nguyen da nhiiu ldn ndi day chdng thuc dan Phdp. Cugc khdi nghTa cd
anh hudng ldn nhat la cudc khdi nghTa cua ddng bao Mndng do N' Trang Long chi
huy. NghTa quan thdng nhiiu tran ldn, huge thuc dan Phap phdi bd cd mgt vung cao
nguyen rgng ldn. Tfl nam 1916, thuc dan Phap td chflc bao vay chat vung nghTa quan
kiim sodt, triet dudng tiep te mud'i. Mac du vay, cudc khdi nghTa vdn keo dai den
nhiiu nam sau chien tranh, tdi nam 1935 mdi cham dflt.

©
- ' - Trong nhdng nam Chien tranh the gidi thd nhat, d Viet Nam da cd nhung cupc khdi
nghTa Idn nao cua dong bao cac dan tpc thieu sd ?

- Cac cudc khdi nghTa cua ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd co y nghTa gi ?

P h o n g t r a o H o i k i n d N a m Ki
Phong trdo yeu nudc cua nhdn dan Nam Ki tdn tai trong cae td chflc hdi kin nhfl
Thien dia hdi, NghTa hod hdi, Phuc hung hdi... Cac hgi kfn thudng nup dudi hinh
thflc tdn giao, me tfn de di tuyen truyin van ddng va hoat dgng trong qudn chung,
chfl ye'u la ndng dan.
Trong nhan dan hoi dd lan truyen rdng Phan Xich Long la ddng ddi nha
trdi, sai xud'ng lam vua nUdc Nam. Ngay trUdc chien tranh, vao nam 1913
da cd 600 ndng dan cac tinh Gia Dinh, Tan An, Vinh Long... mac ao ba ba
trang, deo bua chu, keo vao Sai Gdn dinh danh chiem cdng sd, roi dUa
Phan Xich Long len ngdi. Doan ngUdi hi dan ap. Phan Xich Long bi giam
giu trong Kham ldn Sai Gdn.
Trong nhimg nam chien tranh, phong trdo Hgi kfn phat trien rdm rd d tdt ca cac
tinh Nam Ki. Ddng chu y nhdt la vu dot nhap vdo Sdi Gdn, muu phd Kham ldn di
cflu Phan Xich Long.
Dem 14 - 2 - 1916, may tram ngUdi an mac gid'ng nhau (ao canh den, quan
' ' ' trang, khan trang qua'n cd), mdi ngUdi deu cd gUOm hoac giao va bua hp
'• I • menh, chia lam nhieu nga tien vao Sai Gdn. Quan dich da phan cdng quyet
,,' : ;• liet, nghia quan budc phai rut lui. Trong khi do, liic lUdng nghia quan cua
cac hpi kin d Gia Dinh, Thu Dau Mpt, Bien Hoa, Chp Ldn da tap hdp xung
quanh Sai Gdn chd phdi hdp, nhUng khdng nhan dUpc hieu lenh nhu da
dinh nen budc phai rut lui.
Phong trdo Hdi kin d Nam Ki thirc chdt la phong trao dd'u tranh cua ndng dan -
nhung ngudi bi de nen de'n cung cue da vung len quyet liet, nhung vi thieu su lanh
dao cua giai cdp tien tie'n nen da nhanh chdng that bai.

®
^ ^ Tai sao cac hpi kin dung hinh thdc ton giao va sd dung bua chu trong td chdc va
hoat dpng ?

151
Ill - s y XUAT HIEN KHUYNH H U 6 N G CUU NUQC M O I

^ 1 Phong trao cong nhan

Trong nhflng nam Chien tranh the gidi thfl nhat, cdng nhan da ket hgp da'u tranh
ddi quyin lgi kinh te' vdi bao ddng vfl trang.
Ngay 22 - 2 - 1916, nu cdng nhdn nha may sang Ke Bdo (Quang Ninh) nghi viec
7 ngay ehdng cup phat luong. Cung trong nam nay, gdn 100 cdng nhan md than Ha Tu
da ddnh tra bgn linh khd xanh khi chflng den cfldp bde hang hod, treu gheo phu nfl.
Trong cac thang 6 va 7 - 1917, 22 cdng nhan md bdxft Cao Bdng bd trdn ;
47 cdng nhan Thai Binh mdi de'n cflng ehdng lai bgn cai thdu. Ngay
3 1 - 8 - 1 9 1 7 , nhiiu cdng nhan d cdc md than Phdn Mi va Na Duong tham gia khdi
nghia Thdi Nguyen. Cflng nam dd, cdng nhan md than Ha Tu biiu tinh trudc van
phdng chfl md ddi thd mdt sd cdng nhan bi bat vi tham gia ddu tranh.
Nam 1918, khoang 700 cdng nhan md than Ha Tu dd't nha mdt ten cai thdu
ngugc dai cdng nhan.
Nhu vay, tiep nd'i phong trdo cdng nhan hdi ddu the ki, phong trao cdng nhan
trong 4 nam chien tranh da mang nhflng net rieng, thi hien rd tinh thdn dodn ket, y
thflc ki luat cua giai cdp cdng nhan. Tuy nhien, phong trao cdn mang tinh tu phat.

Buoi dau boat dgng ciiu niidc cua Nguyen Tat T h a n h (1911 - 1918)
Nguyin Tat Thanh, hdi nhd ten Id Nguyin Suih Cung, sinh ngay 19 - 5 - 1890
tai xa Kim Lien, huyen Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An. Cha cua Ngudi la Nguyin Sinh
Sdc. Me cua Ngudi la Hoang Thi Loan. Sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh tri thflc yeu nudc,
ldn len d mgt miin que cd truyin thd'ng ddu tranh qudt khdi, tfl rdt sdm Nguyin Tat
Thanh da cd chf ddnh dudi thuc dan Phap, giai phdng ddng bdo. Ngudi rat khdm
phuc tinh thdn yeu nude cua cac chf si nhu Phan Dinh Phflng, Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan
Chau Trinh, nhung khdng tan thanh con dfldng cfln nudc cua hg nen quyet dinh tim
eon dudng cfln nfldc mdi cho dan tdc.
Ngdy 5 - 6 - 1911, Nguyin Tat Thanh rdi ben cang Nha Rdng (Sai Gdn) ra di
tim dudng cfln nudc. Khae vdi the he cha anh hudng vi Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban,
Ngudi quyet dinh sang phuong Tay, den nudc Phdp di tim hiiu xem nudc Phdp va
cac nudc khae lam the nao, rdi trd vi giup ddng bdo minh. Trong nhiiu nam sau dd,
Ngudi da di qua nhiiu nudc, nhiiu chau luc khdc nhau. Ngudi nhan tha'y rdng d ddu
bgn de qud'c, thuc ddn cflng tan bao, ddc dc ; d dau nhung ngudi lao dgng cung hi
dp bfle va bde lot da man.

152
 Hinh 76. Tdu Do ddc La-tu-sa Ta-re-vin

Khoang eudi nam 1917, Nguyin Tat Thanh ttr Anh trd lai Phap. Tai day, Ngudi
da lam rdt nhiiu nghi, hgc tap, ren luyen trong cudc da'u tranh cua quan chung lao
ddng va giai cap cdng nhdn Phap. Tham gia boat ddng trong Hdi nhung ngudi
Viet Nam yeu nudc, Ngudi tham gia nhung budi diin thuyet ngoai trdi cua cac nha
chinh tri, triet hgc. Ngudi cdn tham gia dd'u tranh ddi cho binh linh va thg thuyin
Viet Nam sdm dugc hdi huong. Sdng va lam viec trong phong trao cdng nhan Phap,
tie'p nhan anh hudng cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, tu tudng cua Ngudi ed nhflng
bie'n chuyen manh me.
Nhung boat ddng yeu nude eua Nguyin Tdt Thanh tuy mdi chi budc dau, nhung
la CO sd quan trgng de Ngudi xac dinh con dudng cfln nudc dung ddn cho ddn tdc
Viet Nam.

( ? ) - Vi sao Nguyin Tat Thanh quyet dinh sang phuong Tay tim dudng cdu nUdc ?
- Nhdng hoat ddng cua Nguydn Tat Thanh trong nhung nam 1911 - 1918 nham myc
dich gi ?

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Neu nhung bie'n dgng vi mat kinh.te, xa hdi d Viet Nam trong nhflng
nam Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl nhdt.
2. Diim lai cdc phong trao yeu nudc tieu biiu trong thdi kl chie'n tranh.
3. Tai sao ndi day Id thdi ki phong trao cdch mang Viet Nam khung
hoang ve dudng ldi va giaT cap lanh dao ?

153
 so KET LICH SLf VIET NAM (1858 - 1918)

Q Niidc V i e t N a m giufa t h e k i XIX - trvfdc c u o c x a m \iidc cua

tii b a n P h a p
Tfl the ki XVIII de'n gifla theki XIX, che'do phong kien Viet Nam da budc vdo
giai doan khung hoang. Nhflng mdu thudn xa hdi ndy sinh, biiu hien bdng nhflng
cudc bao loan vd khdi nghia ndng ddn bung phat tren pham vi ca nudc. Nin kinh te
tieu ndng cdn dugc phat triin da gap phai trd luc ldn la che' do chie'm hun va bdc lot
phong kie'n ldi thdi.
Yeu cdu lich sfl luc nay la thd'ng nhat ddt nudc, tao diiu kien cho nin kinh te
hdng hod va thi trudng dan tdc phat triin, giai phdng sflc sdn xuat vd cai thien ddi
sd'ng nhan ddn.
Gifla lfle dd, cac nudc phucng Tdy tren con dudng phdt triin tu ban chfl nghTa
rdo riet bdnh trudng the lire sang phuong Ddng. • *, . •,•( 7
Sau mdt thdi gian dai diiu tra, tim hieu, tu ban Phap da tim cdch thuc hien dm muu
xdm lugc Viet Nam, thdng qua boat ddng cua mdt so gido sT trong Hdi truyin giao
nudc ngoai cua Phdp. Bdng nhiiu thu doan, chflng da thiet lap nhflng co sd chinh tri,
xa hdi ddu tiin tren dat nudc ta, dgn dudng cho eude chien tranh xdm lugc sdp tdi.

Thv^c d a n P h a p n o s i i n g x a m liidc V i e t N a m v a c u o c k h a n g
chien cua n h a n dan ta
Gifla the ki XIX, Phap mdi cd diiu kien tap trung lue lugng, td chflc cudc tan
cdng ddnh chie'm Viet Nam. Ngay 1 - 9 - 1858, lien quan Phdp - Tay Ban Nha nd
sflng ddnh vdo cfla biin Dd Ndng, md ddu cudc chie'n tranh xam luge.
Do thieu dudng ldi chi dao dflng ddn va quyet tam khdng chien cua triiu dinh nha
Nguyin, cudi cflng Viet Nam da roi vao tay thuc ddn Phdp. Hiep udc ngay 6 - 6 - 1884
(Hiep udc Patondt) la hiep udc cud'i cung, danh ddu su ddu hang hoan toan cua triiu
dinh phong kien nudc ta trudc the lire xam lang, ket thflc giai doan tdn tai cua Nha nudc
phong kie'n Viet Nam ddc lap.
Trai ngugc vdi thai dg cua triiu dinh Hue, ngay tfl ddu nhan dan Viet Nam da
dflng day chie'n dau chdng Phdp. Cudc chie'n tranh nhan dan bin bi, deo dai, diu
khdp, vdi tinh thdn dung cam vd song... da khie'n thuc dan Phap phdi chiu nhiiu tdn
thdt, phai mdt hon 26 nam chung mdi hodn thdnh cudc chien tranh xam lugc va cdn

154
phdi mat them 11 nam nua de tie'n hdnh cudc binh dinh quan su mdi tam thdi thiet
lap dugc nen thdng tri tren toan cdi Viet Nam.
Trong nhung nam cudi the ki XIX, cudc ddu tranh vfl trang chdng Phap cua
nhan dan ta tie'p tuc nd ra. Thdng 7 - 1885, phong trao Cdn vuong dugc phdt dgng,
keo ddi den nam 1896 mdi chdm dut.
Cflng luc vdi phong trao Cdn vuong, phong trao dau tranh tu ve d cdc dia
phuong, tieu biiu Id cudc khdi nghla ndng dan Yen The, la bieu hien cu thi, sinh
ddng tinh thdn quat khdi. bat khuat cua nhan dan ta.
Mac dfl that bai, do nhflng nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan, trong dd chu
ye'u la thieu mdt luc lugng xa hdi tien tien, cd du nang luc lanh dao, phong trdo yeu
nudc cud'i theki XIX da danh mdt mdc son trong trang sfl chdng ngoai xam cua dan
tgc ta vd de lai nhiiu bai hgc kinh nghiem quy bdu.

Nhijfng bien doi trong ddi song kinh te - xa hgi Viet Nam dau the ki XX
Tfl nam 1897, sau khi dan dp cudc khdi nghla cud'i cflng trong phong trdo
Cdn vuong la khdi nghTa Huong Khe va tien hdnh giang hod vdi Hodng Hoa Tham
d Yen The, thuc ddn Phdp bdt tay vdo cdng cudc khai thdc thudc dia quy md, cd he
thd'ng tren toan cdi Ddng Duong.
Viet Nam ddn dan trd thanh mgt nude thugc dia nfla phong kie'n va hi bie'n
thdnh noi cung cdp sue ngudi, sflc cua re mat cho Phdp.
Di dam bao lgi nhudn tdi da. thuc dan Phdp dat them nhiiu thfl thue mdi, nang
hon cac thu thue' cua triiu dinh Hue trudc kia. Chung ra sflc kim ham sir phat triin
cua Viet Nam, cdt chat nin kinh te'Viet Nam vdo kinh te'chinh qud'c.
Tuy nhien, cdng cugc khai thdc thudc dia cua Phap cung lam nay sinh nhflng
nhdn to mdi, ngodi y mudn cua chung. Vao ddu theki XX, d Viet Nam da xuat hien
nhflng thdnh phdn kinh tetfl ban chu nghia, du cdn non ye'u. Thanh thi mgc len. Mdt
sd CO sd cdng nghiep ra ddi. Co cau xa hdi bie'n ddng, mgt sd tdng ldp mdi xudt
hien. Giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam thdi ki nay vdn dang trong giai doan tu phat.
Tu sdn va tieu tu san thdnh thi ldn len cung vdi su ndy sinh cdc nhdn td mdi, song vdn
chua trd thanh giai cap thuc thu. Mac du vay, cac tang ldp xa hdi nay, dac biet la bg
phan sT phu dang tren con dudng tu san hod, da ddng mdt vai trd khd quan trgng trong
viec tie'p thu nhung ludng tu tudng mdi di day len mdt cudc van ddng yeu nudc tien
bd, mang mdu sdc dan chu tu sdn d nudc ta hdi ddu the ki XX.

155
^ J P h o n g t r a o y e u niidc v a e a c h m a n g
Cud'i theki XIX, nggn cd phong kien da td ra ldi thdi. Giua luc dd, trao liru
tu tudng ddn chfl tu sdn bdt ddu ddi vao Viet Nam qua Nhdt Ban, Trung Qud'c
va Phdp. Dang trong lue be tdc vi tu tudng, cac sT phu yeu nudc Viet Nam thdi dd
da hd hdi ddn nhdn nhflng anh hudng cua trao luu tu tudng mdi. Hg cd suy cho
"van minh tdn hgc" va md cudc van ddng doi mdi tren nhiiu linh vuc : kinh te,
chinh tri, tu tudng, van boa.
Tuy nhien, do tdm nhin ban che vd cd nhung trd luc khdng the vugt qua, cud'i
eung cudc van ddng yeu nudc cua cac si phu ddu the' ki XX da thdt bai. Nhflng cd
gdng dang khdm phuc cfla hg chi mdi tao ra dugc mdt cudc van ddng theo khuynh
hudng dan chu tu san chfl chua cd kha nang lam bung no mdt cudc each mang tu
san thuc su d nudc ta.
Ben canh cudc van ddng yeu nudc theo khuynh hudng ddn chu tu san nhu
Ddng du, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc, Duy tan..., trong hon 10 nam ddu theki XX vdn
tie'p tuc bflng nd phong trdo da'u tranh eua ndng ddn, diin hinh la khdi nghla
Yen The' va cac cudc ndi ddy cua ddng bdo cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd.
Trong nhung nam Chien tranh the' gidi thfl nhdt, phong trao each mang
Viet Nam roi vdo tinh trang khung hodng sdu sdc vi dudng ldi va giai cap lanh dao.
Nhiiu cudc dd'u tranh, nhdt Id cdc cudc dau tranh cua ndng dan vd binh linh, bi mat
phuong hudng, bi dan dp ddm mdu vd that bai nhanh ehdng.
Chfnh trong bdi canh lich su dd, Nguyin Tdt Thanh da ra di tim con dudng cfln
nfldc mdi. Nhflng boat ddng cua Ngudi trong thdi kl nay la co sd quan trgng de
Ngudi xdc dinh eon dudng cfln nudc dflng ddn cho each mang Viet Nam.

Cau hoi va bai tap

1. Hay neu nhung dae diim cua phong trdo yeu nudc vd giai phdng
dan tdc Viet Nam tfl giua thi ki XIX din bet Chien tranh the gidi
thfl nhdt.
2. Lap nien biiu \'i nhung sir kien chfl yeu trong phong trao Can vuong.
3. Suu tdm tai lieu \a trinh bay ve thdi nien thieu cua Hd Chf Minh.

156
 MUC LUC
PHAN MOT Bdi 14. Nhat Ban giua hai cuoc chien tranh
LICH SLTTHE GlCil CAN DAI (Tiep theo) the gioi (1918 - 1939) 74
Chuong III
Cliucng I
CAC NUdc C H A U A GIUA
CAC NUdc CHAU A, CHAU PHI VA KHU VUC Ml LATINH
HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH TH^ Gldl
(The ki XIX - dau the ki XX)
(1918-1939)
Bdi I. Nhai Ban 4 Bdi 15. Phong iriio each mang (V Trung Quoc
Bdi 2. An Dp 8 va AiDo(1918-'l939) " 79
Bdi 3. Trung Quoc 12 Bdi 16. Cac nuoc Dong Nam A giCia hai
Bdi 4. Cac nudc Dong Nam A cuoc chien tranh the gioi
(1918-1939) 83
(Cudi the ki XIX - diiu the ki XX) 17
Bdi 5. Chau Phi va khu vuc IVlT Latinh ChuongIV
(The ki XIX - ddu the ki XX) 26 CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU HAI (1939 - 1945)
Cliuong II Bdi 17. Chie'n tranh the aioi thu hai
CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU NHAT (1914 - 1918) (1939- 1945) ^ 90
Bdi 6. Chieii tranh the sidi thu nhat Bdi 18. On lap iich su the gioi hien dai
(1914- 1918) " 31 (Phan tij'nam 1917"'den nam 1945) 102
Chuong III
NHUNG THANH TUU VAN HOA THdl CAN OAI
PHAN BA
LICH SU VIET NAM (1858 1918)
Bdi 7. Nhijng thanh tuu van hoii thdi can dai 37
Bdi 8. On tap lich sU the gidi can dai 44 ChuongI
VIET NAM TU N A M 1858 BEN CUOI THE Kl XIX
PHAN HAI Bdi 19. Nhan dan Viet Nam khang chien
LICH SU THE GlOl HIEN DAI chong Phap xam luoc (Tir niim 1858
(Phan tir nam 1917 den nam 1945) de'n trudc niim 1873) 106
Bdi 20. Chien .su lan rong ra ea nudc.
Chuong I Cuoc khang chie'n ciia nhiin diin ta
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA N A M 1917 VA C O N G tu nam 1873 den niim 1884.
CUOC X A Y D U N G C H U NGHiA XA HOI 6 LIEN XO (1921 Nha NguySn diiu hiing 115
-1941) Baill. Phong irao yeu nudc chdng Phap
ciia nhiin diin Viet Nam trong
Bdi 9. Cach mang thang Muai Nga nam 1917 nhung niim cudi the ki XIX 124
va cuoc dau tranh bao ve each mang
(1917- 1921) • 48 Chuong II
Bdi 10. Lien Xo xay dttiia chu nahla xa hoi V I E T NAM T U OAU T H S KI XX OEN HET
(1921 - 1941)' " " 53 CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU NHAT (1918)
Chuong II Bdi 22. Xa hdi Viet Nam trong cudc khai thac
CAC NUdc TU BAN CHU NGHlA GIUA HAI CUOC
lan thli nhat ciia thuc dan Phap 137
CHIEN TRANH THE Gldl (1918 - 1939)
Bai 23. Phong Iriio yeu nude vii each mang
Bdi Jl. Tinh hinh cac nuoc tu ban giua d Viet Nam tir dau the ki XX
hai cuoc chien tranh the aidi den Chien tranh the gidi ihii nhat
(1918-1939) ^ 39 (1914) 140
Bdi 12. Nuoc Dire ciira hai cuoc chie'n tranh Bdi 24. Viet Nam trong nhimg nam Qiien tranh
the giai (19^18 - 1939)' 64 the' cidi thu nhai (19l 4 - 1918) 146
Bai 13. Nuoc MT aiila hai cuoc chie'n tranh
thegiai(l''918-1939) 69 So ket lich .sii Viet Nam (1858 - 1918) 154
 m
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