KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2016) 20(6):2492-2498 Structural Engineering

Copyright ⓒ2016 Korean Society of Civil Engineers

DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0510-1 pISSN 1226-7988, eISSN 1976-3808
www.springer.com/12205
TECHNICAL NOTE

Exact Deformation of a Rectangular Plate with a Central Circular Hole

under In-plane Loads
Jae-Hoon Kang*
Received July 2, 2015/Accepted October 11, 2015/Published Online November 30, 2015

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Abstract

Exact solutions for stresses, strains, and displacements of a perforated rectangular plate by a central circular hole under both
linearly varying in-plane normal stresses on two opposite edges and in-plane shear stresses acting on its entire outer boundary are
investigated using the Airy stress function. The hoop stresses arising at the edge of the circular hole are also calculated and plotted.
Stress concentration factors (the maximum non-dimensional hoop stresses) depending upon the size of the circular hole and the in-
plane loading condition are tabularized.
Keywords: perforated plate, circular hole, airy stress function, exact solution, hoop stress, stress concentration factor
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1. Introduction
Numerous researchers have studied the mechanical behaviors
of perforated plates, with main considerations being classified into
four categories; stress concentration (Savin, 1961; Muskhelishvili,
1963; Miyata, 1970; Timoshenko and Goodier, 1970; Peterson,
1974; Iwaki and Miyao, 1980; Theocaris and Petrou, 1987; Mal
and Singh, 1991; Fu, 1996; Yang and He, 2002; Zhang et al.,
2002; She and Guo, 2007; Li et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2008; Yu et
al., 2008; Radi, 2011; Kang, 2014; Woo et al., 2014), vibration,
buckling and fatigue. The various methods have been used to
study them. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most
widely used for this perforated plate problems. Various methods
other than FEM have been used like the complex variable
method, three-dimensional stress analysis, the Ritz method, the
boundary element method, the differential quadrature element
method, semi-analytical solution method, experimental method,
conjugate load/displacement method, and Galerkin averaging
method. Most of the perforated holes form three kinds of
circular, elliptical, or rectangular cutout.
In the present study, exact solutions for stresses, strains,
displacements, and stress concentration factors of a rectangular
plate with a central circular hole subjected to both linearly
varying in-plane normal stresses on two opposite edges and in-
plane shear stresses acting on its entire outer boundary are
investigated using the Airy stress function. Most of previous
analyzers have dealt with the perforated plate under uni-axial or
bi-axial tension. Timoshenko and Goodier (1970) presented
exact solutions for a rectangular plate with a central circular hole
under uni-axial tension. Mal and Singh (1991) obtained exact
solutions for the perforated plate under in-plane pure shear
loading. Exact solutions for perforated plates with a central circular
hole subjected to both linearly varying in-plane normal and shear
stresses have not been reported. The hoop stresses arising at the
edge of the circular hole are computed and plotted. Comparisons
are made for the stress concentration factors depending upon in-
plane loading types and size of the circular hole.
2. Airy Stress Function
Figure 1 shows a perforated rectangular plate of lateral
dimensions L × h by a central circular hole of radius of a under
both linearly varying in-plane normal stresses on two opposite
edges at x = ± L ⁄ 2 and in-plane shear stresses τ0 acting on its
entire outer boundary. Also the positive sign conventions for
stress components in polar coordinates (r, θ) is presented. The
plate is assumed to be very large compared with the circular
Fig. 1. A Rectangular Plate with a Central Circular Hole under
Both Linearly Varying In-plane Normal Stresses on Two
Opposite Edges and In-plane Shear Stresses

*Member, Professor, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea (Corresponding Author, E-mail: jhkang@cau.ac.kr)

− 2492 −
 Exact Deformation of a Rectangular Plate with a Central Circular Hole under In-plane Loads

1996). Eliminating the trivial terms in Eq. (4), the fundamental

Airy stress function φ 0 results in
0 σ0 ( 1 + α ) 3 σ0
- y + ----- ( α – 1 )y2 – τ0 xy
φ = --------------------- (5)
6h 4
Using the relations of
x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ (6)
Fig. 2. Examples of In-plane Loading σxx along the Edge x = −L/2
and the formulas of multiple angles
2 1 – cos2θ 3 3sinθ – sin3θ
sin θ = ----------------------, sin θ = ------------------------------- (7)
hole. The origins of rectangular (x, y) and polar (r, θ) coordinate 2 4
systems are located at the center of the plate.
Equation (5) can be converted into the bi-harmonic functions
First of all, considering a rectangular plate with no hole
in polar coordinates as
subjected to linearly varying in-plane normal stresses on two
opposite edges and in-plane shear stresses τ0 acting on its entire 0 σ (1 + α ) 3 3 2 2
φ = ------0 ---------------- ( 3r sinθ – r sin3θ ) – 3 ( α – 1 ) ( r cos2θ – r )
outer boundary, the stress components become 24 h
(8)
∂φ
2 0
σ0( 1 + α ) σ0 τ 2
0
σ = ---------2- = ---------------------
- y + ----- ( α – 1 ) – ----0 r sin2θ
xx 2
∂y h 2
2 0 which satisfies the governing equation ∇4 φ 0 = ∇2 ( ∇2 φ 0 ) = 0 ,
∂φ
where ∇22 is
0
σ = – ----------- = τ0
xy 2
∂x∂y 2 ∂ 1∂ 1 ∂
∇ = -------2 + --- ----- + ----2 --------2 (9)
2 0 ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ
0 ∂φ
σyy = ---------2- = 0 (1) 4
∂x and ∇ is defined by
0 2 2 2 2
where φ is a fundamental Airy stress function, σ0 is the ∂ 1∂ 1 ∂ ∂ 1∂ 1 ∂
∇ = ∇ ( ∇ ) = ⎛ -------2 + --- ----- + ----2 + --------2⎞ ⎛ -------2 + --- ----- + ----2 --------2⎞
4 2 2
⎝ ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ⎠ ⎝ ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ⎠
(10)
intensity of compressive stress at y = – h ⁄ 2 , and α is a
numerical loading factor. By changing α, we can obtain various
in polar coordinates. From the below relations between stresses
particular cases. For example, by taking α = –1 we have the
and the Airy stress function in polar coordinates, the stresses in
case of uniformly distributed compressive force. When α = 0 ,
the rectangular plate with no hole under linearly varying in-plane
the compressive force varies linearly from –σ0 at y = –h ⁄ 2 to
normal stresses and in-plane shear stresses τ0 acting on its entire
zero at y = +h ⁄ 2 . For α = 1 we obtain the case of pure in-plane
outer boundary can be calculated as
bending. With other α in the range –1 < α < 1 , we have a
0 2 2
combination of bending and compression. Examples of these 0 1 ∂φ 1 ∂ φ σ 1+α
σrr = --- -------- + ----2 ---------2- = -----0 ----------- ( sinθ + sin3θ )r + ( α – 1 ) ( cos2θ + 1 )
cases are shown in Fig. 2. For α < –1 or α > 1 the problems r ∂r r ∂θ 4 h
arising are identical with ones having –1 < α < 1 . The fundamental +τ0 sin2θ
Airy stress function φ 0 satisfies the governing equation 0
4 0 2 2 0 ∂ 1 ∂φ σ 1+α
σrθ = –----- ⎛ --- --------⎞ = -----0 ----------- ( cos3θ – cosθ )r + ( 1 – α )sin2θ
0
∇ φ = ∇ ( ∇ φ ) = 0 with no body forces, where the Laplacian
2 ∂r r ∂θ ⎠ 4 h
⎝
operator ∇ is expressed as
+τ0 cos2θ
2 2
2 ∂ ∂
∇ = -------2 + -------2 (2) 0 ∂φ
2 0
σ 1+α
∂x ∂y σθθ = ---------2- = -----0 ----------- ( 3sinθ – sin3θ )r – ( α – 1 ) ( cos2θ – 1 )
∂r 4 h (11)
and ∇4 is the bi-harmonic differential operator defined by –τ0 sin2θ
4 4 4
4 2 2 ∂ ∂ ∂ Returning to the original problem of a rectangular plate with a
∇ = ∇ ( ∇ ) = -------4 + 2 --------------
-2 + -------4 (3)
∂x
2
∂x ∂y ∂y central circular hole, the total Airy function φ becomes
0 *
in rectangular coordinates. By means of the relation of the Airy φ = φ +φ (12)
stress function and the stress components in Eq. (1), the
where φ * is an Airy stress function to cancel unwanted traction
fundamental Airy function φ 0 can be assumed as
due to φ 0 on the edge of the circular hole (r = a). The normal
0 σ0 ( 1 + α ) 3 σ 0 stress σrr and shear stress σr θ on the edge of the circular hole (r
- y + ----- ( α – 1 )y2 – τ0 xy + Ax + By + C
φ = --------------------- (4)
6h 4 = a) must be free as below
0 *
where A, B, and C are arbitrary integration constants. A linear σrr r = a = [ σrr + σrr ]r = a = 0
function of x or y and a constant in the Airy stress function are 0 *
σr θ r = a = [ σ r θ + σr θ ] r = a = 0 (13)
trivial terms which do not generate any stresses and strains (Fu,

Vol. 20, No. 6 / September 2016 − 2493 −

 Jae-Hoon Kang

Table 1. Stresses of Bi-harmonic Functions φ Airy stress function φ 0 of Eq. (8) must be excluded in φ * in
φ σrr σrθ σθθ order not to disturb the traction boundary conditions in Eq. (1).
r 2
2 0 2 The terms of rlnrsinθ and rθcosθ give rise to multi-valued
lnr 1/r2
0 −1/r 2
displacements in ur and uθ. Singularity at infinity arises in
r lnr
2
2lnr+1 0 2lnr+3 stresses or displacements owing to the term of r5 sin 3θ , r4 cos 2θ ,
r sinθ
3
2r sinθ −2r cosθ 6r sinθ and r4 sin 2θ . The term of r2 ln r gives multi-valueness inu θ and
rθ cosθ −2sinθ/r 0 0 singularity in normal stress at infinity. Eliminating the inappropriate
rlnrsinθ sinθ/r −cosθ/r sinθ/r terms, the total Airy stress function φ in Eq. (12) can be assumed
sinθ/r −2sinθ/r 3
2cosθ/r3
2sinθ/r 3

as
r cos2θ
2
−2cos2θ 2sin2θ 2cos2θ
r cos2θ σ (1 + α ) 3 3 2 2
0 6r sin2θ 12r cos2θ φ = ------0 ---------------- ( 3r sinθ – r sin3θ ) – 3 ( α – 1 )( r cos2θ – r )
4 2 2

coseθ/r 2
−6cos2θ/r 4
−6sin2θ/r 4
6cos2θ/r 4
24 h
cos2θ −4cos2θ/r 2
−2sin2θ/r 2
0 a sinθ
3
a cos2θ
4
a sin3θ
5
2
r sin3θ
3
−6r sin3θ −6r cos3θ 6r sin3θ 2
- + C4 a2 cos2θ + C5 -----------------
+ C1 a lnr + C2 --------------- + C3 ------------------ 3
-
r r r
r sin3θ
5
−4r sin3θ
3
12r cos3θ
3
20r sin3θ 3

3 4
−12sin3θ/r a sin3θ τ 2 2 a sin2θ
sin3θ/r 12cos3θ/r 12sin3θ/r C6 + ------------------ – ----0 r sin2θ + C7 a sin2θ + C8 -----------------
3 3 5 5

2
- (14)
sin3θ/r −10sin3θ/r 3
6cos3θ/r 3
2sin3θ/r 3
r 2 r
r sin2θ
2
−2sin2θ −2cos2θ 2sin2θ
where C1~C8 are arbitrary integration constants which are
sin2θ −4sin2θ/r 2
2cos2θ/r 2
0
determined by the traction boundary conditions at r = a. In order
r sin2θ
4
0 −6r cos2θ
2
12r sin2θ 2

to make the constants C1~C8 dimensionless, they are multiplied

sin2θ/r 2
−6sin2θ/r 4
6cos2θ/r 4
6sin2θ/r 4

by a2, …, a5 . Applying the following stress free boundary

conditions on the edge of the circular hole at r = a,
Therefore, σ*rr and σ*rθ on r = a must have terms of sinθ, 2
1 ∂φ 1 ∂ φ
sin 3θ, cos 2θ, sin 2θ or a constant and have cosθ, cos 3θ, sin 2θ, σrr r = a = --- ------ + ----2 --------2 =0
r ∂r r ∂θ
or cos 2θ respectively, in order to eliminate the stresses on r = a r=a

due to φ 0 in Eqs. (11). Tables 1 and 2 show the potential

∂ 1 ∂φ
candidates of the bi-harmonic functions for the present problem σrθ r = a = – ----- ⎛⎝ --- ------⎞⎠ =0 (15)
∂r r ∂θ
identified as r2, lnr, r2 ln r, r3 sinθ, rθ cosθ, r ln r sinθ, sinθ/r, r2 r=a

cos 2θ, r4 cos 2θ, r3 sin 3θ, r5 sin 3θ, sin3θ/r3, sin 3θ/r, r3 sin 2θ, the unknown constants are computed as
sin 2θ, r4 sin 2θ, and sin2θ/r2 from the tables by Dundurs (Fu,
C1 = 6(1−α), C2 = 3β(1+α), C3 = 3(1 − α), C4 = −6(1−α),
1996), which contain stresses and displacements of certain bi-
C5 = −2β(1+α), C6 = 3β(1+α), C7 = −2, C8 = 1 (16)
harmonic functions in polar coordinates. However, the five terms
of r3 sinθ, r3 sin 3θ, r2 cos2θ, r2, and r2 sin 2θ in the fundamental where β is a ratio of a/h. Thus the total Airy stress function φ

Table 2. Displacements of Bi-harmonic Functions φ

φ 2μur 2μuθ
r 2
(κ−1)r 0
lnr −1/r 0
r lnr2
(κ−1)rlnr−r (κ+1)rθ
r sinθ3
(κ−2)r sinθ
2
−(κ+2)r cosθ 2

rθcosθ [(κ−1)θcosθ−(κ+1)lnrsinθ+sinθ]/2 [−(κ−1)θsinθ−(κ+1)lnrcosθ+cosθ]/2

rlnrsinθ [−(κ+1)θcosθ+(κ−1)lnrsinθ−sinθ]/2 [(κ+1)θsinθ+(κ−1)lnrcosθ−cosθ]/2
sinθ/r sinθ/r 2
−cosθ/r 2

r cos2θ
2
−2rcos2θ 2rsin2θ
r cos2θ
4
−(3−κ)r cos2θ
3
(3+κ)r sin2θ 3

cos2θ/r 2
2cos2θ/r 3
2sin2θ/r 3

r sin3θ
3
−3r sin2θ
2
−3r cos2θ 2

r sin3θ
5
−(4−κ)r sin3θ
4
−(4+κ)r cos3θ 4

sin3θ/r 3
3sing3θ/r 4
−3cos3θ/r 4

sin3θ/r (2+κ)sin3θ/r 2
−(2−κ)cos3θ/r 2

r sin2θ
2
−2rsin2θ −2rcos2θ
sin2θ (κ+1)sin2θ/r (κ−1)cos2θ/r
r sin2θ
4
−3(3−κ)r sin2θ3
−(3+κ)r cos2θ 3

sin2θ/r 2
2sin2θ/r 3
−2cos2θ/r 3

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 Exact Deformation of a Rectangular Plate with a Central Circular Hole under In-plane Loads

finally becomes

σ β( 1 + α ) 3 3 2 2
φ = ------0 ------------------- ( 3r sinθ – r sin3θ ) + 3 ( 1 – α ) ( r cos2θ – r )
24 a
2 3 sinθ 4 cos2θ
6a ( 1 – α )lnr + 3a β ( 1 + α ) ---------- + 3a ( 1 – α ) -------------
2
-
r r
(17)
2 5 sin3θ 3 sin3θ
– 6a ( 1 – α )cos2θ – 2a β ( 1 + α ) ------------
- -------------
3 + 3a β ( 1 + α ) r
r
4
τ 2 2 a sin2θ-
– ----0 r sin2θ – 2a sin2θ + -----------------
2
2 r

3. Stresses Fig. 3. Non-dimensional Shear Stress σrθ/σ0 for α = 1, β = 0.1 and

θ = 0o
Substituting the total Airy stress function φ in Eq. (17) into the
relations between the stresses and the Airy stress function φ in
(1970).
polar coordinates in Eq. (11), the stresses can be calculated as
Mal and Singh (1991) presented the exact stresses in a
rectangular plate with a central hole under in-plane pure shear
(σ0 = 0). Substituting σ0 = 0 into Eqs. (18), the stress components
become
2 4
4a 3a ⎞
σrr = τ0 ⎛ 1 – -------
- --------
2 + 4 ⎠ sin2θ
⎝ r r
2 4
2a- -------
3a-⎞
σr θ = τ⎛ 1 + -------
2 – 4 ⎠ cos2θ
⎝ r r
4
3a ⎞
σθθ = –τ0 ⎛ 1 + -------
-
4 sin2θ (21)
⎝ r ⎠
which exactly coincide with those by Mal and Singh (1991).
As a numerical example, Fig. 3 shows the non-dimensional
shear stress σr θ ⁄ σ0 for α = 1, β = 0.1 and θ = 0o with γ = τ0/σ0 =
(18)
−1, −0.5, 0, 0.5, and 1 where ξ = r/a.
The limiting case of a plate with no hole ( a → 0 , β → 0 ), the
stresses is calculated as 4. Displacements
σ
σrr = – -----0 ( 1 – α ) ( cos2θ + 1 )τ0 sin2θ Using the table by Dundurs (Fu, 1996), displacement components
4
can be easily calculated by selecting and summing the displacement
σ0
σr θ = ----- ( 1 – α )sin2θ + τ0 cos2θ corresponding to each term in the total Airy stress functions φ in
4
Eq. (17). The displacement components are as below
σ0
σθθ = ----- ( 1 – α ) ( cos2θ – 1 ) – τ0 sin2θ (19)
4 σ0 ⎧ κ – 2 ) 2 a3⎞ 2 5 3
⎫
- β ( 1 + α ) ⎨ ⎛ (--------------
μr = -------- - r + ----2 sinθ + ⎛ ---
r- 2a
– -------
a ( κ + 2 )-⎞
- + -------------------- sin3θ ⎬
16μ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a 4 2 ⎠
Timoshenko and Goodier (1970) analyzed the exact stresses in ⎩ r r r ⎭
a rectangular plate with a central circular hole under uni-axial ⎧ 4
a a (κ + 1)
2
κ–1 a ⎫
2

uniform compression (α = −1, τ0 = 0). Substituting α = −1 and τ0 – 2 ( 1 – α ) ⎨ ⎛ r – ----3 + ---------------------⎞ cos2θ + ----------- r + ---- ⎬
⎝ r r ⎠ 2 r⎭
⎩
= 0 into the stress components in Eqs. (18) results in
2 4
τ a (κ + 1) a
σ 2 2 4 + -----0- r + --------------------- – ----3 sin2θ
a 4a 3a ⎞
σrr = – -----0 1 – ----2 + ⎛ 1 – -------
- + -------
- cos2θ 2μ r r
r ⎝ r ⎠
2 2 4
r σ0 ⎧ r2 2a5 a3 ( κ – 2 )⎞ 3
⎫
2(κ + 2) 2 a ⎞
- β ( 1 + α ) ⎨ ⎛ ---- + -------
uθ = -------- - + -------------------- cos3θ – ⎛ ------------------
- r + ---- cosθ ⎬
σ 2
2a 3a ⎞
4 16μ ⎝ a r4 2 ⎠ ⎝ a 2⎠
⎩ ⎭
σr θ = -----0 ⎛ 1 + -------
r r
- – -------
- sin2θ
2 ⎝ r
2
r ⎠
4
4 2 2 4
a a (κ – 1) τ a ( κ – 1) a
+2 ( 1 – α ) ⎛ r + ----3 + --------------------⎞ sin2θ + -----0- r + -------------------- + ----3 cos2θ
σ 2 4 ⎝ r r ⎠ 2μ r
a 3a ⎞ r
σθθ = – -----0 1 + ----2 – ⎛ 1 + -------
-
4 cos2θ (20)
2 r ⎝ r ⎠ (22)
which are exactly same with those by Timoshenko and Goodier where μ is shear modulus and κ is a secondary elastic constant

Vol. 20, No. 6 / September 2016 − 2495 −

 Jae-Hoon Kang

Fig. 4. Non-dimensional Displacement μuθ/aσ0 for β = 0.1, γ = 0.1, Fig. 5. Non-dimensional Strain μεrr/σ0 for β = 0.1 and θ = 90o
ν = 0.3, and θ = 0o

The limiting case of a plate with no hole ( a → 0 , β → 0 ), the

defined by strains become as below:
2–ν σ κ–1 τ
κ = ----------- (23) εrr = – -----0- ( 1 – α ) ⎛ cos2θ + -----------⎞ + -----0- sin2θ
1+ν 8μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2μ
σ0 τ0
for the plane stress problems. εr θ = ------ ( 1 – α )sin2θ + ------ cos2θ
8μ 2μ
The limiting case of a plate with no hole ( a → 0 , β → 0 ), the
σ κ–1 τ
displacements are calculated as below: εθθ = -----0- ( 1 – α ) ⎛ cos2θ – -----------⎞ – -----0- sin2θ (27)
8μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2μ
σ0 r τ
μr = – -------- ( 1 – α ) ⎛ cos2θ + κ – 1-⎞ -----
---------- + 0- r sin2θ As a numerical example, Fig. 5 shows the non-dimensional
8μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2μ
strain μεrr ⁄ σ0 for β = 0.1 and θ = 90o, which is independent
σ0 r τ
- ( 1 – α )sin2θ + -----0- rcos2θ
μθ = ------- (24) of γ.
8μ 2μ

As a numerical example, Fig. 4 shows the non-dimensional 6. Stress Concentration Factor

displacement μuθ ⁄ aσ0 for β = 0.1, γ = 0.1, ν = 0.3, and θ = 0o.
The circumferential stress σθθ arising at the edge of the
5. Strains circular hole (r = a) is called the hoop stress σHoop = σθθ r = a . By
means of Eq. (18), the non-dimensional hoop stress results in
Substituting the displacement components in Eqs. (22) into the
σθθ 1
following well-known relations of strain-displacement in polar ------- = --- ( 1 – α ) ( 2cos2θ – 1 ) – β ( 1 + α ) ( sin3θ – sinθ ) – 4γsin2θ
σ0 r = a 2
coordinates
(28)
∂u 1 ∂ u 1 ∂u 1 ∂u
εrr = -------r , εr θ = --- r ----- ⎛⎝ -----θ⎞⎠ + --- -------r , εθθ = --- ⎛⎝ --------θ + ur⎞⎠ (25) where γ is the ratio of stresses defined by γ = τ0 ⁄ σ0 , β is the ratio
∂r 2 ∂r r r ∂θ r ∂θ
of a/h, and α is the loading factor (cf. Fig. 2). It is interesting to
the strains can be computed as

Fig. 6. Non-dimensional Hoop Stresses σHoop/σ0 for β = 0.2 and γ =

(26) 0.5

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 Exact Deformation of a Rectangular Plate with a Central Circular Hole under In-plane Loads

7. Conclusions

Exact solutions for stresses, strains, and displacement of a

rectangular plate with a central circular hole under both linearly
varying in-plane normal stresses on two opposite edges and in-plane
pure shear stresses acting on its entire outer boundary are investigated
using the Airy stress function. The hoop (circumferential) stresses
arising at the edge of the hole and the stress concentration factor
depending upon the in-plane loading conditions and the size of
the hole are plotted and computed.
Taking the multi-valueness and the singularity in stresses and
displacements into account, once proper bi-harmonic functions
φ ( r, θ ) for a certain problem, which satisfy both the governing
Fig. 7. Non-dimensional Hoop Stresses σHoop/σ0 for α = 1 and γ = equation ( ∇4 φ = 0 ) with no body forces in polar coordinates and
−0.1 traction boundary conditions, are selected from the table
presented by Dundurs (Fu, 1996), which comprises stresses and
displacements of certain bi-harmonic functions, the stress and
displacement components according to the bi-harmonic functions
can be easily selected from the table, and then strain components
can be calculated from the relations of strain-displacement in
Eqs. (25).

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