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SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE I

In

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

Prepared by:

TESSIE B. NANGLIHAN
Instructor II

Executed by:

FEMIA M. DIAZ
Instructor 1

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. needs of Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
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0917-126-9160
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Module 1 CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

Competencies  Determine the importance and purpose of studying criminology.
 Know the different allied sciences in the study of crimes.
 Know the classification of crimes and criminals.
 Determine the different approaches in the study of crime.
 Know the different theories of crime causation.
Discussion Criminology is the scientific study of criminals, criminal behavior and its
causes. Criminologist attempt to build theories that explain why crimes occur
and test those theories by observing behavior. Criminological theories help
shape society’s response to crime both in terms of preventing criminal behavior
and/or responding to it after it occurs.

DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
The discipline of criminology has evolved in three phases, beginning of
the 18th century. Although crime and criminals have been around for as long as
the societies have existed, the systematic study of these phenomena did not
begin until the late 1700s. Prior to that time, most explanations of the crime
equated with sin- the violation of a sacred obligation.
The first phase involved when scholars first distinguished crime from
sin, they made possible explanations of criminal behavior that were not
theological (religious). This, in turn, allowed the dispassionate, scientific study
of why crime occurs. The development of this study is now known as the era of
classical criminology.
The second phases, which began in the 19th century, is referred to as the
modern criminology. During this era, criminology distinguished itself as a
subspecialty within the societies and founded criminology journals.
Criminologist conducted empirical test (observations and experiments) of their
theories, rather than relying solely on speculation, and consequently developed
a wide range of theories.
The third phase, beginning in the second half of 20th century, may best
be called as independent criminology. During this period, criminology began to
assert its independence from the traditional disciplines that spawned it. In
Western Europe, the United States, and Canada, criminologist expanded their
professional associations and published an increasing number of journals. A
number of universities developed graduate programs in criminology.
Criminological independent criminologist seeks to understand crime itself
rather than study crime as one aspect of an overall sociological or psychological
theory.

THE GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY

The classical criminologist of the 18th century was primarily concerned
with the ending brutality and inequality against criminals by enforcing
limitations on government power. They believe that criminal behavior was the
product of the offender’s rational choice, and that crime could be prevented
through the speedy and certain application of penalties that attached painful
and unattractive consequences to such behavior.
Beginning in the era of modern criminology, the emphasis of the
discipline shifted. Criminologist sought to develop theories to explain why crime
occurred. They no longer relied as strongly on explanations of crime based on

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the offender’s rational choice.

Contemporary scholars believed that criminal motivation is the product
of one or more of complex set of factors. These factors are so numerous and so
varied that no system of classification can describe the current theories of
crime causation with complete accuracy. However, broadly speaking, these
theories may be considered in one of the following three categories: (1)
theories attributing criminal behavior to biological or congenital (inherited)
defects of the offender, (2) theories relating crime to psychological factors or
mental disorders, and (3) theories relating crime to environment or social
factors. Many criminologists have suggested theories of multiple causation
involving factors from more than one of these categories.

IMPORTANT AREAS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. The development of criminal law and in defining crime.

2. The cause of law violation; and
3. Methods used in controlling criminal behavior.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF CRIMINOLOGY

In studying criminology, there are three important components namely:
1. Criminal Etiology
Criminal Etiology involved the application of scientific analysis of
the causes of crime. An individual perpetrating a crime had no single
reason; hence, there is no single and only explanation of causes of
crimes. A different theory has evolved in studying the causes of crime
such as Biological, sociological and psychological theories.
2. Sociology of Law
Sociology of law entails the importance of law or the criminal law
as a process of formal social control. Criminal law seeks to protect the
public from harm by inflicting punishment upon those who are tempted
to do harm. Thus, criminal law often strives to avoid harm by forbidding
conduct that may lead to harmful results.
3. Penology
Penology, the study of criminal punishment, is a sub-field of
criminology. Criminologists theorize about why people commit crimes
and deviate from society’s norms of behavior. They also study how
society punishes criminals because different method of punishment may
cause people to alter their behavior in different ways. Thus, criminologist
devise theories that not only to explain the causes of crime but also
address its prevention, control and treatment.

Today, one of the concerns in criminology is the detection and

investigation of crime. Criminologists are also engaged in studying the
criminal things. Forensic science, sometimes referred to as
Criminalistics, is therefore covered in the broad field of criminology.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

Studying crime is very important, not only to criminologists.
Criminologists and non-criminologist study crime because of various reasons. If
we generalize these, they fall on any of these reasons:

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1. Criminology can be a source of philosophy of life. The knowledge derived

from studying crime is a good foundation for an individual’s philosophy
and lifestyle.
2. Criminology is a profession not only for social service but for legal
practice as well.
3. People, study criminology because criminals are legitimate object of
interest. They should be understood in order to know how to control
them.
4. Authorities should know a bit of criminology because crime is very
expensive problem of the society. The value of property lost, medical
expenses, and insurance, moving costs, and intangible costs of pain and
suffering is too high as a result of victimization.

PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

Studying criminology is aimed towards the following:
1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
2. To understand crimes and criminals this is basic to knowing the actions
to be done to prevent them.
3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due
process of law in the administration of justice.
5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an
understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen,
his community and the nation.
In reality, there are many and varied purpose of studying criminology.
However, all these purposes fall on either of the two (2) primary aims of
studying criminology.

SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
In 1889, an anthropologist named Paul Topinard, introduces the term
criminology in the English language. He derived the word from the Latin word
crimen which means offense and locus which is to study.
According to Prof. Cirilo Tradio, Criminology is a body of knowledge
regarding crimes as a social phenomenon. The scope of criminology covers:
1. The making of laws,
2. The breaking of laws, and
3. The reactions towards the breaking of the laws

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is the study of crime and its various aspects. According to
Edwin Sutherland, it is the science regarding crime and delinquency as a
special phenomenon. This is the field that addresses the issue of crime and
criminal behavior in the attempt to define, explain and predict it.
Understanding crime is a complicated matter just like other social broad
sciences. It requires therefore a systematic and balances knowledge in the
examination of why crime exists. In this sense, criminology is:
1. Applied science- anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural
sciences may be applied in the study of the causes of crime while
chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. may be utilized in crime
detection.

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2. A social science- in as much as crime is a creation of the society and

that it exists in a society, its study must be considered a part of social
science.
3. Dynamic- criminology changes as social condition changes. That means
the progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement of other
sciences that has been applied to it.
4. Nationalistic- the study of crime must always conform to the existing
criminal law of the land.

Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes. This means that many

disciplines are involved in the collection of knowledge about criminal action,
including psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, neurology, political
science and economics. But over the years, study of crime has been dominated
by:
1. Sociology (sociological criminology) - this is the study if crime focused
on the group of people and society as a whole. It is primarily based on
the examination of the relationship of demographic and group of
variables to crime. Variables such as socioeconomic status, interpersonal
relationship to the environmental factors that are most conducive to
criminal action such as time, place and circumstances surrounding the
crime.
2. Psychology (Psychological Criminology) –this is the science of
behavior and mental processes of the criminal. It is focused on the
individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained and
modified.
3. Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology) –this is the science that deals
with the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives, better
known today as forensic psychiatry.

CRIME
In the legal point of view, it refers to any violation or infraction of the
existing policies, laws, rules and regulations of the society.
Crime is an anti-social act; act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful
to the norms of society.
Crime also refers to offense, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.

Offense is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws ( a special law

is a statute enacted by Congress, penal in character, which is not an
amendment to the Revised Penal Code) such as RA’s, PD’s, E.O.’s,
Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations.

Felony is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code,

Criminal Law of the Philippines.

Delinquency/Misdemeanor are acts that are in violation of simple rules and

regulations usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders.

Criminology is a serious problem. This may be explained by the following

characteristics of crime:
1. It does not respect age, sex, culture, customs and tradition, race, and

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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the
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religion of the society.

2. Crime is a worldwide phenomenon.
3. It occurs in all the existing economic strata.
4. Its causes are multifarious.
5. It is difficult to eradicate.

People cannot avoid offending others. Some offensive actions are

considered abnormal behavior while some are classified as crime. What
therefore is the requirement before an act is considered a crime? The
following is the “Differentiae of Crime”

1. An act maybe called a crime if there is a certain external consequence

or harm. Physical injury is the most obvious external consequence of
an offensive action.
2. The harm must be legally forbidden and prescribed action.
3. There must be a conduct; that is, there must be an intentional or
reckless action that results to harmful consequence.
4. “Mens rea” must be present.
5. There must be a fusion or concurrence or mens rea and conduct.
6. There must be a causal relationship between the legally forbidden
harm and the voluntary misconduct.
7. There must be legally prescribed punishment of the misconduct.

CLOSE EXAMINATION OF CRIME

1. Before saying that a crime has been committed, you must have a
“personal knowledge” of its actual commission or that you must have
caught the offender “inflagrante delicto”.
2. An act can only be called a crime if there is a law that defines it,
prohibits its commission, and provides for punishment for its
commission.
3. In a criminal act, there should be malicious intent- a harmful
consequence is an inherent result.
4. There should be a continuity of the criminal act before the offender is
criminally charged.

RELATIVITY OF CRIME
What are the changing concepts of crime and criminal laws?
1. Most of the existing laws define acts as crimes when some acts were not
crimes a few years ago.
2. Laws differ from one jurisdiction to another and so with acts, which are
considered as crimes.
3. Interpretation and implementation of laws vary in terms of:
a. Characteristics of crime
b. Age
c. Status of offender
d. Status of enforce

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

1. As to atrocity- severity/gravity of the criminal act or offense

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a. Grave offense-punished by capital/afflictive penalty

b. Less grave offense-correctional penalty
c. Minor/light offense- light penalty
2. As to intent
a. Crime mala in se- acts which are evil in themselves
b. Crime mala prohibita- acts which are prohibited because the law has
defined it to be a crime.
3. As to motive
a. Economic crimes
b. Sexual crimes
c. Political crimes
d. Miscellaneous crimes
4. As to statistical purposes
a. Crimes against property
b. Crimes against persons
c. Crimes against morals
d. Crimes against public orders
e. Crimes against security
f. Crimes against chastity
5. As to penalty
a. Crime punishable by afflictive penalty
b. Crimes punishable by correctional penalty
c. Crimes punishable by light penalty

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME

Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding on their
existence. Criminologists consider the following as criminological classification
of crimes.
1. Acquisitive crime- when the offender acquires something as a
consequence of his criminal act.
2. Extinctive crime- when the result of the criminal act is destruction.
3. Seasonal crime- committed only at a certain period of the year.
4. Situational crime-committed only when given a situation conducive to
its commission.
5. Episodal/serial crime- committed by series of acts within a lengthy
period of time.
6. Instant crime- committed the shortest possible time
7. Static crime- committed only in one place
8. Continuing crime- committed in several places
9. Rational crime- committed with intent, offender is in full possession of
his mental faculties
10.Irrational crime- committed without intent, offender does not know the
nature of his act.
11.White collar crime- committed by person of responsibility in the course
of his occupation
12.Blue collar crime- committed by ordinary professional to maintain their
livelihood
13.Upper world crime- committed by individual belonging to the upper
class of society
14.Underworld crime- committed by the members of the lower or the

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under-privilege class of society

15.Crime by imitation- “copycat crime”, committed by mere duplication of
what was done by others
16.Crime by passion- committed because of the fit of emotion, such as
anger
17.Occupational (service related) crime- committed by rendering all
service class of society.

OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

1. Traditional crimes- crimes that is committed every now and then.
2. Poverty crimes - Crimes due to changing society (social change).
3. Emergency crime- crime that is committed to take advantage of an
abnormal situation, or the nature of a social problem, or the
vulnerability of a parson or group of persons.

HOW ARE CRIMES COMMITTED UNDER THE RPC?

Crimes are committed by means of:
1. Dolo- deceit
2. Culpa- fault, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill

WHAT IS A VICTIMLESS CRIME?

Victimless crime refers to acts committed by consenting adult in private.
In victimless crimes, the acts involve only the participants and do not directly
harm others.

WHAT ARE INDEX CRIMES?

Index crimes are violent crimes. Criminal acts that involve threats or
actual physical harm to a victim by an offender. It presents not only offenses
that we recognize as violent or other acts involving force and intimidation but
not also “violent crimes” that are commonly considered as “social crimes” such
as domestic crimes, child abuse, elder abuse, etc.

WHO IS A CRIMINAL?
On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
1. A criminal is a person who has committed a crime and has been
convicted of final judgment by a competent court. (Legal definition).
2. A criminal is a person who violated a social norm or one who acted an
anti-social act. (Sociological definition).
3. A criminal is one who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral
maladjustment. (Psychological definition).

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS
A. Based on Etiology
a. Acute criminal- one who violates a criminal law by impulse or
due fit of passion.
b. Chronic criminal- one who acted with deliberation or
premeditation, one who plans the crime ahead of time.

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B. Based on Behavioral System

a. Ordinary criminal-considered as the lowest mammal in the
criminal profession, he was forced by opportunity, pushed to
commit crime.
b. Professional criminal- one who is engaged in criminal activities
with high degree of skill, he uses crime to maintain his living.
C. Based on Mental Attitude
a. Active criminal- one who commit crime due to aggressiveness
b. Passive criminal- one who commits crime because they are force
by a reward or promise
c. Socialized delinquent- individual with defective socialization
process or development thus he lacks proper moral values or
ethical standards
D. Other Classification of Criminal
a. Accidental criminal- one who commits crime when the situation
is conducive
b. Habitual criminal- one who consciously develop the habit of
committing crime due to lack of self-control

WHAT IS CRIMINAL BAHAVIOR?

Criminal behavior is an intentional behavior that violates the criminal
law. Criminal behavior, therefore, is beyond the normal behavior since it is
used to describe conducts or actions that do not belong to the standard
behavior of man.

GENERAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIME

There are numerous theories that must be considered in studying he
causes of crime. There is a need, therefore, to categorize or group these theories
for the purpose of more systematic and simplified discussion. The three general
groups of criminological approaches are: subjective, objective, and
contemporary approaches.

SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
Subjective approaches deal mainly on the biological explanation of
crimes. Subjective explanations are focused on identifying the forms of
abnormalities that was experienced by criminals before, during and after
committing the crime. They are the following:
1. Anthropological approach- focused in studying the physical
characteristics of offenders in the attempt to discover physical
differences between the criminal and non-criminals. (Earnest Hooton’s
theory)
2. Medical Approach- the application of medical examinations of offenders
in order to explain the mental and physical condition of the individual
prior and after committing a crime. (Positivist theory)
3. Biological Approach- the evaluation of genetics in explaining criminal
behavior under this approach, heredity is the main factor that pushes
people to commit crimes. (Positivist theory).
4. Physiological Approach- focused on the study of the nature of human
beings-how they satisfy their physical needs. This approach explains
that the cause of crimes is the deprivation of the physical body from the

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basic needs of life. (Maslow’s theory)

5. Psychological Approach- explains the development of criminal behavior
is caused by deprivation from the psychological needs of man. (theories
of Freud and Maslow)
6. Psychiatric Approach- cause of criminal behavior, according to this
approach, is mental disease as diagnosed by a trained authorized
person. (Positivist theory)
7. Psychoanalytical Approach- explanation of crime based on the
Freudian theory- this theory states that criminal behavior is caused by
repression of the basic drives. (Freud’s theory)

OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
These approaches deal on the study of groups, social processes and
instructions as factors that influence the human behavior. They are primarily
derived from social sciences.
1. Geographic Approach- topography, natural resources, geographical
location, and climate are factors that lead a person to commit crime.
(Adolph Quetelet theory)
2. Ecological approach- the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration,
competition, social discrimination, division of labor, and social conflict
are factors that cause crime. (Ezra Park’s Theory)
3. Economic Approach- financial insecurity and inadequacy of the
necessities to support life are important factors to criminality. (Robert
King Merton’s Theory)
4. Socio-Cultural Approach- causes of crimes can be traced from the
effects of institutions, economics, education, politics, and religion to the
people. (Albert Cohen’s Theory)

Criminologist today put emphasis on scientific explanation of crime and

criminal behavior. Contemporary approaches are focused on the
psychoanalytical, psychiatric, and sociological explanations of crime in an
integrated theory. Integrated theory is an explanatory statement that combines
ideas or concerts from different sources.

Demonology is the study of demons or beliefs about demons. They may be

human, or nonhuman, separable souls, or discarnate spirits which have never
inhabited a body.

THEORIES OF CRIME
Theory of crime Advocator/s Concept/s
Demonological ______________ -Individuals were thought to be
theory ____ possessed by good or evil spirits,
which caused good or evil result.
Neo-Classical ______________ -Children and lunatics cannot
theory ____ calculate pain and pleasure,
therefore, must be exempted from
criminal liability.
Classical Theory Cesare -Utilitarian hedonism which explains
Beccaria and that a person always acts in such a
Jeremy way as to seek pleasure and avoid
Bentham pain. (Bentham)
-Men are rational being who has the

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freewill to choose between good or

evil. (Beccaria)
Positivist Theory Raffaele Criminals are like sick people who
Garofalo, requires rehabilitation rather than
Enrico Ferri the imposition of punishment
and Cesare -Let the punishment fit the crime.
Lombroso (the
holy 3 of
criminology)
Anomie Theory David Emile -Crime is an important ingredient to
Durkheim all healthy societies.
-crime is normal and functional
Psychoanalytical Sigmund -Crime is a symbolic expression of
Theory Freud. one’s inner tension which a person
has but fails to control.
Somatotyping William -Heredity is the primary determinant
Theory Sheldon of one’s behavior and
-Body physique is a reliable indicator
of one’s personality.
Differential Edwin -Criminal behavior is learned through
Association Sutherland social interaction in the process of
theory (most communication.
important
Criminologist
in the 21st
century, the
dean of
modern
criminology)
Strain Theory Robert King -It maintains that the failure of man
Merton to achieve a higher status of life
caused them to commit crime in
order for that status or goal to be
attained.
Cartographic Adolphe -Crimes against person increase
School of Quetelet during summer and crimes against
Criminology property increases during winter.
General Earnest -Criminals are originally inferior and
Inferiority Hooton that crime is the result of the impact
Theory of the environment
Evolution Theory Charles -Humans, like animals, are parasites.
Darwin -Man is an organism having an
animalistic behavior that is
dependent on other animals for
survival. Thus, man steals and kills
to live.
Labeling Theory Frank -Behavior becomes criminal if it is
Tannenbaum, labeled as such.
Edwin Lemert
and Howard
Becker
Differential Lloyd Ohlin -It explains that society leads the
Opportunity lower class to want things and society
Theory does things to people.
Human Ecology Robert Ezra -It maintains that crime is a function
Theory Park of social change that occurs along
with the environment.

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-It maintains that isolation,

segregation, competition, conflict,
social contract, interaction and social
hierarchy of people are the major
influences of criminal behavior and
crimes.
Containment Walter -This theory is a form of control,
theory Reckless which suggests that a series of both
internal and external factors
contributes to criminal behavior.
Social Class Karl Marx, -It claims that the ruling class in a
Conflict and Frederick capitalist society is responsible for
Capitalism Engel and the creation of criminal law and their
Theory William ideological bases in the interpretation
Bonger and enforcement of their laws.
Subculture Albert Cohen -He claims that the lower class
Theory cannot socialize effectively as the
middle class in what is considered
appropriate middle-class behavior.
Thus, the lower class gathers together
to share their common values forming
a subculture that rejects middle class
values.
Neutralization Gresham -It maintains that an individual will
Theory Sykes obey or disobey societal rules
depending upon his or her ability to
rationalize whether he is protected
from hurt or destruction.
Enrichment Activity 1: Answer the following
Activities
1. What is criminology?
2. Give and explain the different phases in the development of
criminology?
3. Discuss the three categories of theories of crime causation?
4. What are the principal components of criminology?
5. Explain the scope of criminology according to Tradio?
6. How crimes are committed under the Revised Penal Code?
7. Describe both the subjective approach and objective approach of
understanding crime and its causes.
8. Distinguish the classical view from the positivist view on crime causation.
9. Discuss the contribution of Cesare Lombroso in the field of criminology.
10. Discuss the classification of criminals based on behavioral system.

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE

1. The aim of criminal psychology is to explain crime through the study of

criminal behavior.
2. Generally, misdemeanors and delinquencies are crimes.
3. Criminal behavior is dependent on the socially accepted norms of
conduct.
4. Etiology means the scientific study of the causes of events or
phenomenon like crime.
5. Everyone is encouraged to study/understand criminology to
understand crimes and criminals which is basic to knowing the actions
to be done to prevent them.

Activity 3: Determine what theory of crime can be apply based on the given
concept and/or give the name of the advocator/s of such concept.

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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

1. According to this theory, individuals were thought to be possessed by

good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil result.
2. This theory states that children and lunatics cannot calculate pain and
pleasure, therefore, must be exempted from criminal liability.
3. Men are rational being who has the freewill to choose between good or
evil. And a person always acts in such a way as to seek pleasure and
avoid pain.
4. Criminals are like sick people who requires rehabilitation rather than
the imposition of punishment.
5. According to this person, crime is an important ingredient to all healthy
societies.
6. He claims that crime is a symbolic expression of one’s inner tension
which a person has but fails to control.
7. This theory states that heredity is the primary determinant of one’s
behavior and body physique are a reliable indicator of one’s personality.
8. This theory claims that criminal behavior is learned through social
interaction in the process of communication.
9. He believe that the failure of man to achieved a higher status of life
caused them to commit crime in order for that status or goal to be
attained.
10. He is the advocator on the theory that crimes against person increase
during summer and crimes against property increases during winter.
11. The theory which states that man is an organism having an
animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival.
Thus, man steals and kills to live.
12. This theory claims that behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as
such.
13. He maintains that an individual will obey or disobey societal rules
depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected
from hurt or destruction.
14. He claims that the lower class cannot socialize effectively as the
middle class in what is considered appropriate middle-class behavior.
Thus, the lower class gathers together to share their common values
forming a subculture that rejects middle class values.
15. This theory is a form of control, which suggests that a series of both
internal and external factors contribute to criminal behavior.

Requirement:
The sociological, psychological and psychiatric criminology, tries to
explain some reasons why a person commits crime. Make a reaction paper on
the sociological, psychological and psychiatric criminology. You may sight
conducted studies to support your concepts/thoughts.

Rubrics for Learning Exemplary Superior Satisfactory Needs

Assessment episodes (5) (4) (3) Improvement
(2)
Learning All tasks All or nearly Nearly all Fewer than half
activities were done all tasks tasks were of the tasks
with were done done with were done; or
outstandin with high acceptable most objectives
g quality; quality quality were met but
work need
exceeds improvement
expectatio
ns.
Assignment All tasks All tasks Tasks were Tasks were not

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. needs of Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400 Quirino www.qsu.edu.ph
qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

were were not accomplished;

accomplish accomplish accomplishe grammar and
ed ed d spelling are
completely; completely; completely; unsatisfactory.
in depth clear vaguely
answers; connection related to
thoroughly with the theories;
grounded theories, grammar
on theories grammar and spelling
with and spelling are
exemplary are acceptable.
grammar superior.
and
spelling.
Assessment All There is one Two Three mistakes
questions mistake mistakes were
were committed. were committed.
answered committed.
with
perfect
score.
Submission Submitted Submitted Submitted a Submitted two
of learning before the on the day after the days or more
episodes/re deadline. deadline. deadline. before the
quirements deadline.

TRANSMUTATION OF SCORE TO GRADE/RATING

Score 20 19- 17 16 15 14 13-12 11 10 9-8 7
18 below
Grade 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0 3.5 5.0
99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71
below

Grading Written/Performance activities 30% worksheets, exercises, essays,

System narrative, critics, audio/video
recordings
Major Requirements 25% term papers, research papers,
portfolio
Major Exams 45% 3 summative tests
Total 100%
Answer
Reference Tancangco, Danilo L. Theories and Causes of Crimes, 2018.
Tancangco, Danili L. Victimology, 2018.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. et.al Introduction to Criminology and Psychology
of Crime, 2012.
Rao, Digumarti Bhaskara. Criminology, 2012.
Kalalang, Sally S. Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes,
2011.
Siegel, Larry J. Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies 9th.ed,
2008.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. Fundamentals of Criminal Justice System, 2014.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. needs of Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.