Handouts in Introduction To Criminology

NORTH LUZON PHILIPPINES STATE COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Adal a dekalidad, dur-as ti panagbiag.
CRIMINOLOGY 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
I. THE BIRTH OF CRIMINOLOGY
BRIEF HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is the scientific procedure to studying both social and individual criminal actions. It is divided up
into several separate disciplines including psychology, economics, political science, natural science, biology and the
evolution and development of people. While other investigative professionals oversee who committed a crime and
how, criminologists are responsible for answering why someone would be led to breaking the law or causing a crime.
The field of study has a long, rich history and has changed a lot.
The discipline of criminology had its beginning in Europe in the 18th century in the various writings of
philosophers, physicians, sociologists, and social scientists. The methodical study of crimes commenced in the late
1700s. Prior to that era, religion was the foremost and primary basis of social control. Explanations of crime were
demonic possession or that an individual commits crime because he was under the spell of Satan or demons or divine
wrath. At that time, criminal behavior is not called a crime but a sin — a violation of sacred obligation.
At the turn of the 18th century, scholars differentiate crime from sin. They made possible that explanations of
crime would be outside religious principles. With that turn of event, hurdling obstacles from religious doctrines
branding them as heretic, it spawned for the dispassionate and scientific study of why crime occurs. The development
of this scientific study of crime is now known as the era of Classical Criminology. It was this era when those persons
imbued with the spirit of humanitarianism began questioning the cruelty, arbitrariness, and inefficiency of criminal
justice and prison systems. However, the classical schools were not really concern on the criminal but on penal
legislation and the reformation of laws and its administration.
Also, Classical school of criminology founders were theorists on crime and punishment development. These
people include writers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Although torture was taking place all over the continent,
especially for confessions and testimonies, classical school believed torture to be wrong. According to the classic
school of thought, crimes are committed through free will. People know what they are doing and should be punished.
Those consequences should be strong enough to deter other people from the crime and should be harsher than the
criminal gain. They did explain that the criminal justice system drastically needed to be modernized and improved. At
that time, criminal justice included painful torture such as stretching, crushing and stabbing of the accused bodies. The
classical school aimed to improve the system partly by limiting or eliminating the torture. It marked the beginning of
great progress for the criminal justice system.
The Neo-classical school of thought followed the classic school and brought with it a few revisions. For one,
this way of thinking suggests that people can be led by behavior, which can be irrational. It also suggests the world is
imperfect and therefore there will always be mistakes. Self-defense is included in the neo-classical school of thought
too. Famous neo-classical criminologists include Raymond Saleilles, author of The Individualization of Punishment
and his teacher Gabriel Tarde. In the 19th century, the Positivist School of Criminology was born. Much of the theory
under this school of thought was couched heavily in biological framework or structure and psychological aspect of an
individual.
The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia. Later,
French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie. Paul Topinard's major work
appeared in 1879. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the emphasis of criminology was on the reform of
criminal law and not on the causes of crime. Scholars such as Beccaria and Bentham, were more concerned with the
humanitarian aspects in dealing with criminals and reforming several criminal laws. Great progress in criminology was
made after the first quarter of the twentieth century.
In spite of its European roots, the major development of the study of Criminology took part in the United States
of America. It was in the early part of the 20th century when criminology was recognized as a subspecialty within the
emerging disciplines of psychology, sociology, and economics. However, despite its interdisciplinary focus, scholars in
the field of criminology have devoted its attention to the issue of crime causation. Scholars formed criminological
societies and founded criminology journals. Empirical tests were conducted and consequently developed a wide range
of theories.
Also, the first American textbook on criminology was written in 1920 by sociologist Maurice Parmalee under
the title Criminology. Programs were developed for the specific purpose of training students to be criminologists, but
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
the development was rather slow. From 1900 through to 2000 the study underwent three significant phases in the
United States: (1) Golden Age of Research (1900-1930)-which has been described as a multiple-factor approach, (2)
Golden Age of Theory (1930-1960)-which shows that there was no systematic way of connecting criminological
research to theory, and (3) a 1960-2000 period-which was seen as a significant turning point for criminology.
In the 1920s, Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess presented their Chicago school of thought through the
University of Chicago. The study related criminology to sociology and provided research on concentric zones, or
zones in transition where people tend to be more criminally active than others. Through the addition of Henry McKay
and Clifford Shaw’s research specifically on juvenile delinquents, a new social ecology study was developed. The
Chicago school of thought determined that crimes tend to be taught by older criminals whom people may be
associated with either personally or professionally.
In the Philippines on the other hand, the premier institution who that offers the criminology course is the
Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr) situated at Sales St., Sta.Cruz, Manila formerly known as Plaridel College.
Due to the influence of foreign scholars and the escalating crime rate in the Philipines, Maj. Eleseo Vibar of Manila
Police, Dr. Pedro Solis of the national Bureau of Investigation (NBI) Associate Justice Felix Bautista Angelo of the
Supreme Court and among others, established this pioneering criminology institution for the soul purpose of scientific
crime detection foremost in the Southeast Asia, in 1950’s.
In 1960’s, other schools such as the University of Manila, Abad Santo College in Metro Manila, University of
the Visayas in Cebu City, University of Mindanao in Davao City and the University of Baguio in Baguio City and other
regions in the country followed the footsteps of the Philippine College of Criminology in offering the criminology course
at their respective colleges and universities. At present there are more than one-hundred fifty (150) colleges and
universities offering Bachelor of Science in Criminology in the country.
Today, criminology is asserting its independence from the traditional discipline that spawned it. It expanded its
associations, published its journal, and a number of universities developed graduate and post graduate programs in
criminology. Criminology is now considered as a prodigal son of sociology.
Criminology combines social action data with criminal activity to understand motive and determine appropriate
consequences. As such, criminology is necessary for the proper development and execution of criminal justice
systems. From the case development to long after the verdict, criminologists are responsible for understanding why
criminals do what they do. Through this information people will be safer, better understood and justly punished for
crimes. The ultimate motive behind criminology though, is the prevention of crime.
EXISTING POLICIES GOVERNING CRIMINOLOGY PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Criminology as Profession
A criminologist is any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the
examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the Board.
During the presidency of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos he signed into law the REPUBLIC ACT NO.
6506 known as “AN ACT CREATING THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES” on July 1, 1972 and took effect on the same date, paving the way of regulating the
Criminologist Licensure Examination throughout the Philippines.
This law states under section (1) that there shall be a Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines
to be composed of a Chairman and two members possessing the qualifications prescribed in Section three of this Act,
who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of Civil
Service from among the registered criminologists, if any, or from known criminologists of recognized standing in the
profession, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments: provided, that the first Board of Examiners for
Criminologists to be created pursuant to this Act shall be issued a certificate of registration as criminologists without
prior examination in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Under section 14 of this law also states that the examination shall be in writing and shall cover the following
subjects with their respective relative weights:
Subject Relative Weight

 Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure 20%
 Law Enforcement Administration 20%
 Correctional Administration 15%
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 Criminalistics 20%
 Criminal Sociology 15%
 Ethics and Human Relations 10%
However, the Board may change or revise any of the above subjects in the event the Department of Education
shall correspondingly change the curriculum prescribed for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In the conduct of the examination, the Board, in its discretion, may give practical and field examinations in
each subjects, as it may deem fit.
And lastly, under section 24 of this law states that all certified criminologist shall be exempt from taking any
other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations and shall be considered civil service eligible to
the following government positions: (1) dactylographer, (2) ballistician, (3) questioned document examiner, (4)
correctional officer, (5) law enforcement photographer (6) lie detection examiner, (7) probation officer, (8) agents in
any law enforcement agency, (9) security officer, (10) criminal investigator, or (11) police laboratory technician.
Certificated criminologists shall also be eligible for appointment as Patrolman in chartered cities and
municipalities, provided they possess the general qualifications for appointment provided in Section nine, Republic Act
Numbered Forty-eight hundred and sixty.
On the other hand, last November 2018, RA 11131 repealed the RA 6506 and made a big impact in --the
practice criminology profession with a complete title of “AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY
PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE”.
Professional Regulatory Board

One of the impact of this law was the added power and duties for the Professional Regulatory Board for
Criminologists which states under section 10 of this law. That the Board shall exercise executive, administrative, rule-
making and quasi-judicial powers in carrying out the provisions of this Act. It shall be vested with the following specific
powers, functions, duties and responsibilities which includes the following:
 To administer, supervise, and monitor the conduct of the licensure examination, registration, membership in
the APO and the practice of criminology in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
 To receive complaints and decide the matter as to the malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of
the criminology profession;
 To promulgate and issue rules and regulations implementing the provisions of this Act;
 To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good Governance for the practice of criminology;
 To prescribe and promulgate guidelines on the conduct of a CPD program for criminologists in consultation
with the APO;
 To promulgate, adopt or amend the syllabi and tables of specifications of the subjects for the licensure
examination/s in consultation with the APO, the academe, and the CHED Technical Panel for Criminology,
prepare questions for the licensure examination which shall strictly be within the scope of the syllabi of the
subjects for examination, as well as administer and correct, and release the results of the licensure
examinations;
 To issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate the certificate of registration of the registered criminologist or cancel
temporary/special permit granted to foreign criminologist;
 To administer oaths in the performance of its functions such as, but not limited to, the oath of a professional to
successful examinees in licensure examination for criminologist together with the APO in an appropriate mass
oath-taking ceremony to be held for the purpose;
 To monitor all colleges and universities offering criminology program and recommend sanctions to the CHED
or to other authorized government offices, for noncompliance with the policies, standards, and requirements
as to faculty qualifications, laboratory, library, facilities and equipment, research outputs, curriculum and
administration of the criminology education;
 To disqualify applicants for the licensure examination who has been previously convicted of a crime with
finality involving moral turpitude. Hear and decide administrative cases against the examinees or registered
criminologists if they have been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude: Provided, That if they are found
guilty, the Board shall cancel their examination papers and/or preclude them from taking another licensure
examination, or to revoke/suspend their certificates of registration and cause the surrender of their
professional identification card subject to the rules and regulations of the PRC: Provided, further, That the
decision of the Board shall, unless appealed to the Commission, become final and executory after fifteen (15)
days from receipt of notice of judgment or decision;
 To exercise such other powers as may be provided by law as well as those which may be implied from, or
which are incidental or necessary to the effective carrying out of the express powers granted to the Board to
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achieve the objectives and purposes of this Act. The resolutions, rules and regulations and other policies
issued and promulgated by the Board shall be subject for review and approval by the Commission.
However, the Board's decisions, resolutions or orders rendered in an administrative case shall be subject to
review only if on appeal.
Role of Accredited Professional Organization (APO)

Also, under this law, it states that all criminologists should be a member of APO (Accredited Professional
Organization) that under this law, APO refers to the Accredited Professional Organization of criminologists, that the
Professional Regulatory Board of Criminology created hereunder and, hereinafter referred to as the Board, as the one
and only recognized and accredited integrated national organization of criminologists, subject to the approval of the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
APO under this law refers to the PCAP (Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippines) is an
accredited professional association that was accredited by the PRC on March 25, 1990. PCAP being the accredited
and professional organization for licensed criminologists in the Philippines coordinates with the Professional
Regulation Commission in helping promote the criminology profession.
Under section 19, it states that all successful candidates of the licensure examination shall take their oath of
profession in person before the Board or any of its members, and with the APO in an oath-taking ceremony held for
such purpose. Any person authorized by law may administer oath to any successful examinees only upon
membership of the APO prior to entering the practice of the profession.
It also states under section 31 of this law that the practitioner of the criminology profession shall be required to
indicate the certificate of registration number and date of issuance, the expiry of the current professional identification
card, the professional tax receipt number and date, and the APO membership number and date with official receipt
number and date of membership payment (annual/lifetime) on the documents one signs, uses or issues in connection
with the practice of the profession.
Lastly, section 32 states that the Board shall prepare and maintain a roster showing the names, residence
and/or office address of all registered criminologists, which shall be updated annually in cooperation with the APO,
indicating therein the status of the certificate of registration, professional identification card and APO membership. The
roster shall be made available to any party as may be deemed necessary.
Licensure Examination
Another impact was the passing percentage on licensure examination which states under section 17 which
states that in order to pass the licensure examination for criminologist, a candidate must obtain a weighted average
rating of seventy-five percent (75%) with no grade less than sixty percent (60%) in any given subject. In case the
examinee obtains a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%) but, has a grade below sixty percent (60%)
in any of the subjects, the result of the examinee shall be DEFERRED, and be required to retake that particular
subject/s. The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to retake once within two (2) years from the date of the
examination, and shall be required to obtain a grade not lower than eighty percent (80%) on the subject, to be
considered to have passed the licensure examination. If the examinee failed to retake after the lapse of two (2) years
or failed to get the passing mark of eighty percent (80%), the examinee shall retake all the board subjects.
It also says that any examinee who failed three (3) or more board subjects shall be deemed to have failed the
board examination.
Benefits and Privileges of Criminologists

Lastly, criminologists may enjoy the different privileges which states under Article V, sections 34, 35 & 36 of
this law which states that all registered criminologists shall be exempt from taking any other entrance or qualifying
government or civil service examinations and shall be considered civil service eligible to the following government
positions, among others: (1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document Examiner; (4) Forensic
Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7) Parole Officer; (8) Special Investigator; (9) Special
Agent; (10) Investigative Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent; (12) Law Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic Operation Officer; (15) Associate Graft Investigation Officer; (16)
Special Police Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18) Sheriff; (19) Security Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21)
Warden; (22) Reformation Officer; (23) Firefighter; (24) Fire Marshall; (25) Jail Officer up to the rank of Jail
Superintendent; (26) Police Officer up to the rank of Police Superintendent and other law enforcement agencies, and
agencies under the Criminal Justice System. It also says that registered criminologists shall enjoy priority of
appointment and shall not be required to take any qualifying or entrance examinations in the PNP, the NBI, the BJMP,
the BFP, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and other government positions related to criminology, police and law
enforcement work, investigations and security, corrections and public safety of the following bureaus, departments,
institutions or agencies of the government: the Department of Justice (DOJ); the Commission on Human Rights
(CHR); the Office of the Ombudsman; the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA); the Commission on Elections
(COMELEC); the Bureau of Treasury (BoT); the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR); the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); the Department of Tourism (DOT); the Department of
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Trade and Industry (DTI); the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP); the Bureau of Immigration (BI); the BoC; the
Department of Transportation (DOTr); the Air Transportation Office (ATO); the Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines (CAAP); the BSP; the BIR; the CHED; the City/Municipal Security Office; the Provincial Jail; the Provincial
Security Office; the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA); the Supreme Court and lower courts; the Security
Consultation; the Social Security System; the NAPOLCOM; the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM);
the Optical Media Board; the Intellectual Property Rights Office; the PDEA; the Public Attorney's Office (PAO); the
PPC; government-owned and -controlled corporations and other government agencies with positions involving the
practice of criminology.
Lastly, registered criminologists who are not in the government service shall be eligible and given preference
for appointment via lateral entry as Police, Fire, and Jail Inspectors or its equivalent in the PDEA, NBI, and other law
enforcement agencies: Provided, That they possess the general qualifications for appointment as provided in the
existing laws on appointment of Police Officers in the PNP, BJMP, BFP, PDEA, or NBI: Provided, further, That those
who are already in the police, fire, and jail service as non-commissioned officers and who are already registered and
licensed criminologists shall be given preference for lateral entry.
Criminology Education
The law that governs the offering of Higher Education in the Philippines is Republic Act No. 7722 otherwise
known as the “Higher Education Act of 1994”, the act created the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). This law
mandated that there shall be a rationalized Criminal Justice Education in the country.
Thus, by virtue of authority vested to the CHED, thru the effort of Technical Panel for Criminal Justice
Education, they come with the CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 5, series of 2018, a memorandum governing
the Policies and Standards for the Criminology Program.
The Objectives of Criminology Program are as follows:

1. foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability and responsibility while serving their fellowmen,
community and country;
2. prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law enforcement, scientific crime detection and
correctional administration;
3. encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes, treatment or punishment of criminal behavior
and how criminal justice agencies respond to crime, criminals and victims.
What are the professional subjects included in Bachelor of Science in Criminology degree?
Criminology degree in the Philippines is considered as a multi-discipline course which includes the following
professional subject areas and respective subject courses.
 Sociology of Crimes and Ethics
o Introduction to Criminology
o Theories of Crime Causation
o Human Behavior and Victimology
o Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
o Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice System
o Dispute Resolution and Crises/ Incident Management
o Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)
o Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing)
 Law Enforcement Administration
o Law Enforcement Administration (Inter Agency Approach)
o Comparative models in Policing
o Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts
o Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping
 Crime Detection and Investigation
o Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and intelligence
o Specialized crime investigation 1 With Legal Medicine
o Specialized Crime Investigation 2 With Simulation On Interrogation and Interview
o Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving
o Technical English 1(Investigative Report Writing and Presentation
o Fire Protection and Arson Investigation
o Vice and Drug Education and Control
o Technical English 2 (Legal Forms)
o Introduction to CyberCrime and Environmental Laws and Protection
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 Criminalistics
o Forensic photography
o Personal identification techniques
o Forensic and Chemistry and Toxicology
o Question and Documents Examination
o Lie detection Technique
o Forensic Ballistics
 Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
o Introduction to Philippine criminal Justine system
o Human rights to education
o Criminal Law (Book 1)
o Criminal Law (Book 2)
o Evidence
o Criminal Procedure and Court Testimony
 Correctional Administration
o Institutional Corrections
o Non-Institutional Corrections
o Therapeutic Modalities
OVERVIEW OF THE SIX (6) SUBJECT AREAS
CRIMINAL LAW DEFINED
Criminal Law is that branch or division of law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for
their punishment.
The term “law” refers to the set of rules and regulations or orders, usually written, created and enacted by the
people that must be abided by the people themselves.
Sources of Criminal Law

1. The Revised Penal Code (RA 3815) and its amendments
2. Republic Acts
3. Presidential Decrees
4. Other Special laws passed by the Philippine Commission, Philippine Assembly, Philippine Legislature,
National Assembly, the Congress of the Philippines and the Batas Pambansa.
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JSUTICE SYSTEM

- comprise all the means used to enforce those standards of conduct which are deemed necessary to protect
individuals and to maintain general community well-being.
- The sum total of instrumentation which a society uses in the prevention and control of crime and
delinquency.
- The machinery of the state or government which enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life and
property and to maintain peace and order.
- Comprises all means used to enforce these standards of conduct, which are deemed necessary to protect
individuals and to maintain general well-being of the community.
Five Stages in The Criminal Justice Process:

1. Arrest
2. Charging
3. Adjudication
4. Sentencing
5. Corrections
Five Pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System
Law Enforcement
Prosecution
Court
Correction
Community
LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
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Law enforcement Administration is major area of professional courses in criminology. This area covers law
enforcement agencies, their administration and management, operations, security management, principles and their
application.
Law Enforcement
The term law enforcement pertains to the work of the different law enforcement agencies as pillar of the
criminal justice system. It is the actualization of the mandate of protecting the people, their rights and properties;
investigation of crimes; maintenance of peace and order in the society; and putting the law in its compulsory
implementation.
Enforcement means to compel obedience to a law, regulation, or command. Laws are futile if they are not
properly obeyed and observed. Hence, every state or government creates agents are agencies responsible for the
enforcement of the laws.
Law Enforcement Organization

Law enforcement agencies or agents are composed of persons or organization responsible for enforcing the
laws. In the Philippines, there are various agencies involved in law enforcement activities depending on the creation of
such agency. For example, the LTO under the DOTr that is primarily designated to enforce Land Traffic Code of the
Philippines or the RA 4136. However, the PNP is the frontline agency for law enforcement in the Philippines.
CRIMINALISTICS
Criminalistics is the study of physical evidences through a laboratory work, and criminology study of the
causes of crime and/or criminal people. A person commits a crime either by means of things, or he leaves something
in the crime scene, which are the subjects of study of criminalistics. They are better known as the physical evidences
such as blood or bloodstains, firearms and deadly weapons, fingerprints, tool marks and may more (Tradio,1997).
Division of the criminalistics

There are two main divisions of criminalistics. One is scientific and the other is technological. The following
are:
1. Scientific Divisions:
a. Chemistry
b. Physics, and
c. Biology
2. Technological Divisions:
a. Fingerprinting (Forensic Dactyloscopy)
b. Forensic Photography
c. Questioned Document Examination
d. Polygraphy (Lie Detection)
e. Forensic medicine, and
f. Forensic Ballistics
The discussion is of course focused on the technological divisions of criminalistics. The rationale behind this is
that the scientific subjects require the study of science and mathematics before practical training in the laboratory,
while the technological subjects are usually learned directly by practical training in the laboratory under the
supervision of an experienced examiner (Tradio,1997).
FINGERPRINTING (Personal Identification)

Fingerprinting is one of the universally accepted means of personal identification through the study of
fingerprints.
The following are related terms:
Fingerprint – it is the production of a pattern or design formed by the ridges on the inside of the joint of a finger.
Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprints a means of identification.
Dactyloscopy – The practical application of dactylography – making of identifications by fingerprints comparisons and
the classification of fingerprints.
The Value of Fingerprinting in Police Works
It has been said, that fingerprinting is the cornerstone of criminal investigation and identification. The system is
based on the undisputed fact after many studies and researches that, “NO TWO PERSONS HAVE EXACTLY THE
SAME FINGERPRINTS IN THEIR INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS.” Fingerprints are positive proof, where in law
enforcement and public safety agencies look this science as their main evidence of positive identification.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Police Photography is most obviously useful in police work photographs serves as evidence that can and
often does prove facts. It is invaluable to investigators, attorneys, judges, witnesses, juries, and defendants.
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It is vital investigative lead that has helped in the reconstruction of crime and identity of suspects as well as
victims. It reveals what cannot ordinarily be seen by the naked eye with the use of certain equipment such as ultra
violet lamps and infrared film.
In the Philippines, photography is the most popular to use for identification of common criminals and offenders
in prepared album called the mug file.
Significance of Photography in Police Work
It is a factual and accurate record of the crime because its captures time, space, and in a single series of
shots. It allows the investigators and revealing what is not readily seen understood upon the discovery of a crime.
Uses of photography in Police Work
• Identification Files
• Communication and Microfilm Files
• Evidence
• Offender Detection
• Court exhibits
• Reproduction of copying
• Personnel Training
• Crime and Fire Prevention
• Public Relations
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
Questioned Document (Q.D)

Q.D. is one in which facts appearing are not true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its
authenticity identity, or origin. It may be added, contract, will election ballots, marriage contact, check, visas,
application from, check write, certificates etc.
A document is very deed or instrument executed by person by, which some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidenced or set forth.
Kinds of Document
• Public Document
• Official Document
• Private Document
• Commercial Documents
POLYGRAPHY (Lie Detection)

Polygraphy is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. Polygraphy
is the new name of LIE DETECTION.
A Polygraph Instrument is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood
pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled condition. Lie Detector on the
other hand is the popular but misleading name of the polygraph. In Greek, Polygraph means “many writings” and the
instrument were so named because it make various ink recordings of a person’s body functions. The name of
polygraph is called “Truth Verifier”.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Ballistics Defined
In general, the term “ballistics” is defined as the “science of the motion of projectiles”; motion refers to
movement or mobility; and projectiles refer to metallic or non - metallic objects propelled from a firearm. In particular,
and technically speaking, the “ballistics” refers to the science of firearm identification” (Del Rosario).
The term “firearm identification” deals with the study, comparison and identification of weapons alleged to
have been used in the commission of a crime (tradio,1997), it involves in the examination of ballistics exhibits such as
fired bullets, shell, firearms and other related matters which have been used in crimes.
CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION
Criminal Investigation Defined

Criminal investigation seeks all facts associated with a crime to determine the truth: what happened and who
is responsible of a criminal incident (Bernette).
It is the logical, objective, and legal inquiry involving a possible criminal activity. The result of the inquiry, if
successful, will answer the following: (Gilbert)
a. What offense has been committed?
b. Where was the offense committed?
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c. Who committed the offense?

d. When was the offense committed?
e. Why was the offense committed?
f. How was the offense committed?
Criminal Investigation as an Art

It is an art because it is not governed by rigid rules or fixed legal procedures but most often based on intuition
(logic and tested knowledge, immediate learning / consciousness) and sometimes by chance. (Solis)
Criminal Investigation as a Science
It is a science in the sense that it applies technical knowledge on forensic sciences in identifying, locating,
collecting, processing or evaluating physical evidences (Solis)
The Objectives of Criminal Investigation
Because of the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator, the objectives of criminal
investigation maybe more complex than people imagine. The objectives of criminal investigations are;
1. Detect crime
2. Locate and identify suspects
3. Locate, identify and preserve evidence in crime
4. Arrest suspects in crime
5. Recover stolen properties if possible
6. Prepare sound criminal case for prosecution
Tools of Criminal Investigation (Three I’s)

1. Information
This is the knowledge, which an investigator acquires from records and persons. The ability to secure information is a
major asset of an investigator.
2. Interview/ Interrogation
Interview is a formal conversation conducted for the purpose of obtaining information. This is usually done to a person
who witnessed the crime incident. Interrogation is the systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in
a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession.
3. Instrumentation
The application of instruments and methods of physical science to the detection of crimes. The sum total of all
sciences in crime – detection known as criminalistics.
SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES and ETHICS
Theory - a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles
independent of the thing to be explained.
Human Behavior - refers to the full range of physical and emotional behaviors that humans engage in; biologically,
socially, intellectually, etc. and are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport,
persuasion, coercion and/or genetics.
Juvenile - a child above fifteen (15) years but below eighteen (18) years of age shall likewise be exempt from criminal
liability and be subjected to the intervention program, unless he/she acted with discernment.
Delinquency - minor crime, especially those committed by young people.
Juvenile Delinquency
These are habitual committing of criminal acts or offenses by a young person especially one below the age at
which ordinary criminal prosecution is possible.
Crimes or offenses committed by children.
Juvenile Justice Welfare System

This refers to the system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides child
appropriate proceedings, including programs and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re – integration and
aftercare to ensure their normal growth and development.
Victimology
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Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders,
the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system.
A branch of criminology that deals with the study of reasons and principles underling victimization as social
phenomenon.
It is also the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender. It is defined as “the thorough study and
analysis of victim characteristics” (Turvey), and may also be called "victim profiling" (Holmes).
Others defined victimology as the "the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between
victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the law enforcement,
prosecution, court, correction and community -- and the connections between victims and other societal groups and
institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements.
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
PENOLOGY
Penology is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and
prevention of the crime through punishment of criminal offenders. It is a term derived from the Latin word ‘POENA”
which, means pain or suffering.
Penology is also otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison
management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice in its effort to
repress criminal activities.
CORRECTION
Correction is a branch of the criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is the field of criminal justice administration, which utilizes the body of knowledge
and practices of the government and the society in the general involving the process of handling individuals who have
been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
Correction is a Process
Correction is a process is the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his
delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive action but introduction of individual measures of
reformation.
Correction Administration
It is the study and practice of a systematic management if jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with
the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
II. THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

Definition of Criminology
Criminology
The term criminology was originated from the Greek word crimin which means “crime” and ology which means
“a science, academic field or a study”. Literally, criminology means the scientific study of crime.
This scientific study is confined on the three basic lines.

 Application of criminal laws and its administration.
 Analysis of crime causation and criminal behavior.
 The prevention and control of crimes and rehabilitation of offenders.
Criminology, in the broadest sense, is defined as the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes and criminals and
the effort of society to avert and suppress them.
On the other hand, criminology is also defined as the study of crimes, criminals and their behavior as a social
phenomenon.
Phenomenon refers to the appearance or observed features of something experienced as distinguished from
reality, or the thing itself; any extremely unusual or extraordinary thins or occurrence; or any fact, circumstances, or an
experience that is apparent to the sense and that can be scientifically described or appraised (Webster’s New World
Dictionary).
According to premier personalities in the field of criminology, it cannot be considered a science because it has
not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance. It is changeable and it varies from one time and place to another.
However, in view of the term science as a systematic, methodical and objective study of social phenomenon and other
bodies of knowledge, criminology is a science in itself under the following nature:
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It is an applied science. To further understand crime causation anthropology, psychology, sociology and
other natural sciences may be applied. While in so far as crime detection, prevention and investigation are concerned
forensic chemistry, legal medicine, physics and other applied sciences including polygraph examination, questioned
document examination, fingerprint identification, ballistics and firearm examination and forensic photography are
applied. This is called and known as instrumentation.
It is a social science. In so far as crime as social phenomenon, its study could be considered as a part of
social science to the extent of understanding the nature and application of existing laws.
It is dynamic. The study of crime changes as to place and social conditions. It is parallel with the
development of other sciences which have been applied to it.
It is nationalistic. The study of crimes should be correlated with the existing laws within the territory. The
issue as to whether an act committed is a crime is reliant on the existing criminal laws of the state. Therefore, the
causes of crime must be determined from its social need, standard and/or norms.
Branches of Criminology
 Criminal Demography – study of the relationship between criminality and population.

 Criminal Ecology - the study of relationship between criminality and environment.
 Criminal Physical Anthropology – the study of criminality in relation to the physical constitution of man.
 Criminal Psychology – the study of human behavior in relation to crimes.
 Criminal Psychiatry – the study of human mind in relation to crimes.
 Criminal Etiology – the study of the causes and factors of crimes.
 Victimology - A branch of criminology that deals with the study of reasons and principles underling
victimization as social phenomenon.

Division of Criminology
1. Criminal Etiology – deals with the scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
2. Sociology of Law – deals with an attempt on the analysis of the condition under which the penal or
criminal laws develop and constructed as a process of formal social control, and
3. Penology – this concerned with the control, rehabilitation, reformation and treatment of offenders.
Premier School of Thoughts in the Field of Criminology
Criminological School of Thoughts
1. Cartographic School of Criminology. (Adolphe Quetelet) This approach made use of social statistics that
were being developed in Europe in the early nineteenth century that provided important demographic
information on the population, including density, gender, religious affiliations, and wealth. Many of the
relationships between crime and social phenomena identified then still serve as a basis for criminology today.
Also, Quetelet said that climate or season has a very big impact on the commission of a crime.
2. The Italian School of Criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso
(1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934).
Cesare Lombroso's work came to him as he autopsied the body of a notorious Italian criminal named Giuseppe
Villela. As he contemplated Villela's skull, he noted that certain characteristics of it (specifically, a depression on the
occiput that he named the median occipital fossa) reminded him of the skulls of "inferior races" and "the lower types of
apes, rodents, and birds". The term Lombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral
(prehuman) forms of life is atavism.
Criminal Atavism the idea that delinquents’ manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and
psychologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwback to an earlier stage of human evolution (Siegel &
Welsh, 2018). Born criminals were thus viewed by Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human sub-species
(in his later writings he came to view them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more in terms of arrested
development and degeneracy). Lombroso believed that atavism could be identified by a number of measurable
physical stigmata.
Classification of Criminals by Lombrosso

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1. Born Criminals (Atavism) – these are those who were physically and mentally inferior that is visible to the naked
eye.
E.g. Those with small skull, large eye socket, sunken forehead lump on the lower part of the back of the head,
protruding jaw, drooping eyes, large ears, twisted and flattish nose, long arms relative to the lower limbs, sloping
shoulders, and a coccyx that resembled "the stump of a tail.". Psychologically, they are insensitive and have no sense
of guilt.
2. Insane Criminals – these are those epileptic or psychotic or these are those commit crime due to abnormalities or
psychological disorders and they are unfit for society. E.g. Idiots and imbeciles.
3. Criminaloids – are persons who commit crime due to less physical stamina/ self-control.
4. Criminal by Passion – are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like the fit of anger. They act on
impulse with noble ideas in mind. Usually commit common crime. They are extremely affectionate and tend to feel
extreme guilt after committing a crime.
5. Occasional Criminals – are those who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at a given
occasion.
6. Psuedo-criminals – are those who commit crimes involuntary, non-perverse (always motivated by necessity) and in
self-defense.
Enrico Ferri was instrumental in formulating the concept of "social defense" as a justification for punishment. This
theory of punishment asserts that its purpose is not to deter or to rehabilitate, for how could behavior not based on
rational calculus be deterred, and how could born criminals be rehabilitated?
Raffaele Garofalo is perhaps best known for his efforts to formulate a "natural" definition of crime. He proposed
that crime should be anchored in human nature, by which he meant that a given act would be considered a crime if it
were universally condemned, and it would be universally condemned if it offended the natural altruistic sentiments of
probity (integrity, honesty) and pity (compassion, sympathy). Natural crimes are evil in themselves (mala in se),
whereas other kinds of crimes (mala prohibita) are wrong only because they have been defined as such by the law.
Types of Criminals according to Garofalo

1. Murderers – those who are satisfied with vengeance/revenge.
2. Violent Criminals – those who commit very serious crimes.
3. Deficient Criminals – those who commit crime against property.
4. Lascivious Criminals – those who commit crimes against chastity.
3. The Classical School of Criminology is usually a reference to the eighteenth-century work during the
Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria.
Their interests lay in the system of criminal justice and penology and, indirectly through the proposition that
"man is a calculating animal", in the causes of criminal behavior. The Classical school of thought was
premised on the idea that people have free will in making decisions, and that punishment can be a deterrent
for crime, so long as the punishment is proportional, fits the crime, and is carried out promptly.
4. The Neo-Classical School of Criminology continues the traditions of the Classical School within the
framework of Right Realism. Hence, the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria remains a
relevant social philosophy in policy term for using punishment as a deterrent through law enforcement, the
courts, and imprisonment.
5. The Chicago School of Criminology is best known for its urban sociology and for the development of the
symbolic interactionist approach. It has focused on human behavior as determined by social structures and
physical environmental factors, rather than genetic and personal characteristics. Biologists and
anthropologists have accepted the theory of evolution as demonstrating that animals adapt to their
environments. As applied to humans who are considered responsible for their own destinies, the School
believed that the natural environment which the community inhabits is a major factor in shaping human
behavior, and that the city functions as a microcosm:
"In these great cities, where all the passions, all the energies of mankind are released, we are in a
position to investigate the process of civilization, as it were, under a microscope."
Personalities in the Field of Criminology
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1. Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

Lombroso is an Italian Criminologist, known as the Father of Empirical Criminology, who advanced the theory
that crime is the result of a hereditary predisposition in certain individuals.
He claimed that criminals are a distinctive physical and biological type. He believed that the true criminal could
be recognized by observing definite physical features and traits, including a long lower jaw, asymmetric cranium, and
other noticeable circumstances. These features and traits, according to him, did not cause criminal behavior, but they
revealed an inclination or tendency to crime. He also taught that the propensity toward crime was the effect of
atavism, degeneration to a more ancient state of human development.
Further, he believed that mental characteristics are invariably determined by physiological causes, and he
postulated the existence of a criminal type that was largely the result of hereditary (born criminals), degenerative
factors rather than environmental conditions (insane criminals) and ambiguous groups that includes habitual criminals,
criminal by passion and other diverse types (criminaloids).
He was the author of numerous works including:
1. Genio e follia (1864; Genius and Insanity, 1891),

2. L'Uomo di genio (1888; The Man of Genius, 1891),
3. L'Uomo delinquente (1876; The Criminal Man, 1895),
4. L'Uomo bianco e l'uomo di colore (White Man, Colored Man, 1892),
5. La Donna delinquente (1893; The Female Offender, 1895),
6. L'Antisemitismo e le scienze moderne (Anti-Semitism in the Light of Modern Science, 1894), and
7. Le Crime, causes et remèdes (1899; Crime, Its Causes and Remedies, 1917).
2. Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)

One of Lombroso’s students, he accepted the existence of a criminal type but he pay attention on factors
other than innate physical characteristics and traits as symptom of committing a crime. He considered social factors
such as population trends, religion, and the nature of the family. He also suggested a more detailed classification of
criminal types, including the born or instinctive criminal, the insane criminal, the passionate criminal, the involuntary
criminal, the occasional criminal, and the habitual criminal.
According to him further, the last two types were not innate criminals but rather the products of unfortunate
family or ecological circumstances. In as much as elucidating criminal behavior on the basis of social factors as well
as inherited traits, he stretched the scope of criminology.
3. Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934)

An Italian Lawyer, who contributed the concept of natural crime, which he argued, was the most important
concern of criminologists. According to him, natural or true crime is conduct that when evaluated against the typical
moral sense of the community, offends the unselfish sense of humankind. The true criminal is one who lacks and
offends the basic sentiments of piety and probity.
Further, he also believed that the true criminal is a different biological or psychic type and that the selfless
deficiencies were intrinsic or innate. Still, Garofalo recognized that some forms of criminal behavior might be
encouraged and caused by social and environmental circumstances.
4. Charles Buckman Goring (1870 – 1919)

A British Criminologist, who conducted and recorded the facial and other measurements of several criminals
and non-criminals.
To explain further his finding, he studied Phrenology (the study of the bumps on the outside of the skull) and
Craniology (the scientific study of the shapes, sizes, and other characteristics of human skulls).
In his book The English Convict (1913), he concluded and made the most influential attacked on Lombroso’s
work Lombroso's findings which had no sufficient scientific bearing and that statistical proof disproved the existence of
a biological criminal type.
5. Cesare Bonnesa Marchese de Becarria

Commonly known in his name Cesare Beccaria, an Italian Criminologist, Economist, and Jurist. His principal
work is Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764), in this work he criticized the use of torture and secret judicial
proceedings and advocated abolition of the death penalty.
He also argued that the certainty—rather than the severity—of punishment is more effective deterrent and
preventive measure to the commission of crime.
Finally, Beccaria argued that penalties to be imposed for criminal offenses should be in proportion and
commensurate with the seriousness of the offense.
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6. Jeremy Bentham
A British Philosopher who proposed the systematic codification (arrangement) of criminal laws. He urged
lawmakers and legislators to base crimes and punishments on the principle of utility—that is, the greatest good for the
greatest number (Doctrine of Utilitarianism).
He attacked the extreme severity of punishments prescribed in the criminal laws. Many of Bentham's ideas
were introduced as legislation into the British Parliament, and his hard works laid the foundation for substantial legal
reforms in the next generation.
As a result of Bentham’s proposals, the number of crimes in England punishable by the death penalty was
reduced from about 250 at the beginning of the 19th century to 4 by 1861.
7. Giambatista dela Porta (1535-1615)

He founded the school for the study of Physiognomy which concerned in the study of the facial features to
judge somebody's character or temperament and their relationship to human behavior.
8. Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801)

A Swiss Philosopher and Theologian best known for his writings on Physiognomy, a highly unscientific
practice involving the divination and judging of human character or criminal types according to facial features.
9. Ernest Kretschner (1888 – 1964)

He spearheaded the study of Somatotype or Physiology centered to study the relationship of the built of a
person or his physique to the type of offense which is prone to be committed by him.
10. William H. Sheldon

An American Psychologist who further develop somatotyping, the system of describing a person’s body type.
He came up with the theory that establish and link between different body types. Categorizing them into three groups
together with their corresponding temperaments:
TYPE TEMPERAMENT
Endomorphic Viscerotonic
– fat and rounded physique - relaxed, loves comfort and extrovert
Mesomorphic Romotonic
- has stocky and muscular build - active, dynamic, and aggressive to
become criminal
Ectomorphic Cerebrotonic
- thin and bony - loner, sensitive to noise and hates
crowd
11. Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874)

A Belgian Mathematician who introduced the Cartographic School of Criminology. He used social statistical
data which provided important demographic information on population, including density, gender, religious affiliation
and wealth.
He studied data to investigate the relativity of social factors on the tendency to commit crime. In addition to his
findings, age and sex has strong influence in crime. He also revealed that season, climate, population composition
and poverty were also related to criminality.
12. Alphonse Bertillon

A French Criminologist who, in 1879, devised the scientific method of identifying people, especially of
criminals.
The system records anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics, such as color of eyes, scars, and
deformities. The following measurements are taken: (1) body: height standing, reach from fingertips to fingertips,
length of trunk and head, or height sitting; (2) head: length and width, length and width of right ear; (3) limbs: length of
left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger, length of left forearm. These measurements are recorded
on cards and classified according to the length of the head.
Bertillon measurements are difficult to take with uniform exactness, and physical dimensions can change as a
result of growth or surgery. For these reasons fingerprinting and other methods have for the most part superseded the
Bertillon system as the principal means of identification in American and European police systems.
13. Edwin H. Sutherland

An American Criminologist who wrote the book “Principles of Criminology” where he considers criminology at
present as not a science but it has hopes of becoming as science. He also popularized the term “white-collar crime”
an illegal act committed by middle- or upper-class persons in conjunction with their ordinary occupational pursuits.
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14. Henry H. Goddard

An American Psychologist who determine whether mental characteristics are inherited. In his report The
Kallikak Family (1912), Goddard concluded that feeblemindedness is transmitted genetically from one generation to
the next.
III. CONCEPT OF CRIME

Crime
Crime is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it.
Crime can be committed once an individual, who is sojourning in a territory where the law is enforceable,
perform an act punishable by existing laws.
Crime can also be omitted once an individual failed to perform an act or accomplish the same in which the
existing laws bond him/her to carry out.
The Crime Triangle
MOTIVE INTENT
OPPORTUNITY
The Crime Triangle Theory is a paradigm used to explain a crime which is committed with deliberate intent
linking it essential elements which includes:
1. Motive is the moving power which impels one to action for a definite result.
2. Intent is the purpose to use a particular means to effect such result.
3. Opportunity may be defined as the chance or probability for an individual to carry out his motive to commit a
wrongful act.
Formula of Crime
Instrumentality + Opportunity
Crime = ----------------------------------------
Resistance
Where:
T+S
C = -------------------
R
Tendency + Situation
Crime = ----------------------------------------
Resistance
Crime - refers to the act/criminal behavior

Tendency - refers to the criminal tendency of a person
Situation - refers to the opportunity or chance given to commit the crime.
Resistance - refers to the control of the person
When does crime exist?

In legal parlance, crime exists when the person charged of an offense has been proven guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of a legitimate court.
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In layman’s terms and scientific view point, crime exists once it is reported to proper authorities. This view
point is more realistic but it is argued that not all reported case are with sound basis that it was happened and some of
them are unproven and/or not established.
In so far as Philippine policies are concerned, crime is categorized into three (3):
1. Felony – an act committed or omitted punishable by Revised Penal Code (RPC).
2. Offense – an act or omission punishable by Special Laws and Statutes.
3. Misdemeanor - an act committed or omitted punishable by Provincial, City or Municipal Ordinances.
What are MALA IN SE and MALA PROHIBITA?
Mala in se are those acts which are wrongful from their nature while mala prohibita are those acts which are wrong
merely because prohibited by statute.
Why must members of society be oriented about crime?
1. Crime is pervasive – Almost all members of a free society are once upon a time a victim or an offender of a
criminal act. Crime as an associate of society affects almost all people regardless of age, sex, race,
nationality, religion, financial condition, education and other personal circumstances.
2. Crime is Expensive – the government and private sectors spend an enormous amount of money for crime
detection, prosecution, correction and prevention.
3. Crime is destructive – many lives and properties are lost and damage.
4. Crime is reflective – crime rate or incidences in a given locality is reflective of the effectiveness of the social
defense employed by the people – primarily of the police system.
5. Crime is progressive – the progressive increase in the rate of crime is one account of the year increasing
population.
Distinctions between Crime and Sin
Crime is an act or omission in violation of the existing laws of the state while sin is an act or omission in
violation of divine or spiritual law.
In terms of punishment, any individual found guilty of criminal act by a legitimate court he/she will serve the
penalty during the span of his/her life while the penalty for sinful act is imposed, according to biblical passages, life
thereafter.
Crime Typology
Crime Typology – refers the types of a particular crime category which are categorized as follows:
1. Violent Crimes – crime where violence is applied such as assault, robbery and etc.
2. Economic Crimes – are acts in violation to penal law committed due reward, price or promises.
3. Public Order Crime or Victimless Crime – are unlawful acts that interfered with the operation of society and the
ability of people to function efficiently. It is called as victimless crime because there is no complaining victim
such as prostitution and others.
Legal Classification of Crimes
As to the manner crimes are committed:

Dolo or deceit – when the act done with deliberate intent.
Culpa or fault – when the wrongful act is a result of imprudence or negligence.
As to the stages of the commission of the crime:

Attempted – when the offense commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does not
perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some causes or accident other than
his/her own spontaneous desistance.
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Frustrated – when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the crime as a
consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent to the will of the
perpetrator.
Consummated – when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are all present.
As to plurality of the crime

Simple Crime – when a single act constitutes one offense.
Complex Crime – when a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies.
Compound Crime – when a single act constitutes one grave and light felony.
As to the gravity of penalty or offense:

Grave – those which the law attached the capital punishment or afflictive penalties.
Less Grave – those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional.
Light – those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
200 pesos, or both.
As to the basis of criminal acts:

Crimes against person
Crimes against property
Crimes against chastity
Crimes against public order
Crimes against national security and law of nations
Crimes against public morals
Crimes committed by public officials
Crimes against liberty
Crimes against civil status of individual
Quasi-offenses
Criminological Classification of Crime
As to the result of crime:

Acquisitive Crime – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
Extinctive Crime – when the end result of a criminal act is destructive.
As to period of the commission of the crime:

Seasonal Crime – crime committed only during a certain period of the year.
Situational Crime – those committed only when the given situation is conducive to its commission.
As to the length of commission of the crime:

Instant Crime – committed in the shortest possible time.
Episoldal Crime – crime committed by a serried of act in a longer space of time.
As to the place or location of the commission:

Static Crime – crime committed in one place.
Continuing Crime – crime committed in several places.
As to the use of mental faculties:

Rational Crime – crime committed with intent and the offender is in full control of his sanity.
Irrational Crime – crime committed by persons who do not know the nature and quality of their actions on
account of the diseases of the mind.
As to the type of offender:

White - Collar Crime – crime committed by persons of high respectability and of the upper socio-economic
class, whose offense is committed in the course of their occupational activities.
Blue - Collar Crime – those committed by ordinary professional criminal, only to maintain their livelihood.
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IV. STUDY OF CRIMINALS

Criminal
Criminal, defined
Refers to any person who is found guilty of the crime charge, by a competent court, after observing the
required standard judicial procedure (due process of law) and shall serve and pay the prescribed penalty (legal).
Distinction between Criminal and Delinquent:
A criminal is a person who has violated the penal law and has been found guilty of the
crime charges upon observing the standards of judicial procedure while a delinquent is a person who merely
committed an act which is not in conformity with the norms of society.
Distinction between Criminal and Accused:
A criminal is a person who violated the penal law and has been found guilty thereof, by the competent court,
after due process of law and shall serve and pay the prescribed penalty while an accused is refers any person who is
charged of a crime, under investigation and / or detained in jail while the case is in the trial process.
General Classification of Criminals
According to Etiology of Crime

1. Acute Criminal – A person, who violates criminal law because of the impulse, fit of passion or anger or spell of
extreme jealousy.
2. Chronic Criminal - a person who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking such as:
a. Neurotic Criminal – a person whose actions arise from intra-psychic conflict between the social and anti-
social components of his personality.
b. Normal Criminal – a person whose psychic organization resembles that of formal individuals except that
he identified himself with criminal prototype.
According to Behavioral System

1. Ordinary Criminal – the lowest form of criminal career who usually engaged in conventional crimes which
requires limited skills and lack of organization to avoid arrest and convictions.
2. Organized Criminals – a high degree of organization to enable them to commit crime without being detected
and committed to specialized activities which can be operated in large scale business.
3. Professional Criminal – are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money, prize or reward
without being detected because of organization.
According to Activities
1. Professional Criminals – those who earn their living through criminal activities.
2. Accidental Criminals – those who commit criminal acts as a result of unforeseen circumstances.
3. Habitual Criminals – are those who continue to commit criminal acts for such various reasons due to
deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.
4. Situational Criminals – are those who actually not criminals but constantly in trouble with legal authorities
because they commit criminal acts due to economic, security and safety problems.
According to Mental Attitude

1. Active Aggressive Criminals – are those who committed crime in an impulsive manner usually due to the
aggressive behavior of the offender. Such attitude clearly manifested in crimes of passion, revenge or
resentments.
2. Passive Inadequate Criminals – are those who commit crime because they are pushed to it by inducement, by
reward or promise without considering its consequences.
3. Socialized Delinquents – are those normal in behavior but merely defective in their socialization processes.
V. UNDERSTANDING CRIMINALITY
Criminal Etiology
Any attempt at scientific studies of the causes of crime, two things or objects should be considered and these
are: man and his criminal behavior, in relation to criminal or penal law, which defines crime, treats of their nature, and
provide its punishment. In effect, identifying the causes of crime is a primordial consideration in the program of
attaining peace and order.
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Why person commits a crime?
A human being is coterminous with his own personality or characteristic traits, including the conditions in the
environment in which he lives. He cannot live alone by himself. He is, one way or the other, intimately connected with
his environment and his own personality. All his activities must have some boiling point, so to speak, that develop
some situations and circumstances within the society/community, family, friends, and himself. It is just comparable to
a saying: “It takes two to tango, It takes two to argue.”
Consequently, his biological conditions; his personality; immediate environment – bad neighborhood, family
relation, and parent care; and government institution – penal system, law enforcement, prosecution and courts,
including economic and cultural conditions, could be the contributing factors to crime. They are somehow man’s
driving force to criminal behavior.
All person have criminal tendencies, but only the antisocial behavior within him is hidden, that is, not active
process. It may be activated only if that force of internal or external elements, or a combination of both, ignites him to
do so.
Therefore, there is no such a single and only explanation of causes of crime. There are rather multiple factors
– social forces and environment that somehow motivate man to commit a crime. These Multiple Factors could be
grouped into four (4) explanations, namely:
1. Biological
2. Personality
3. Primary Social Groups, and
4. Broader Social Groups
A. BIOLOGICAL
This approach is from the point of view of physiological organism. This specifically refers to: (1) heredity; (2)
Endocrine glands or Constitutional elements of the body with certain personality disorder; and (3) Anatomical structure
or physical disease or disorder. Among the multiple factors that contribute to the development of abnormal or
antisocial behavior, the biological factors play a vital role. Biological explanation of criminality assumes that individuals
vary in behavior because of their biological structural differences.
1. Heredity
Taft cited in his book that heredity is one factor or cause of crime. Heredity as biological endowment
or gift of nature; inherent talent ability, can be transmitted form children or offspring. The existence of genetic factor
(origin of something)in predisposing an individual to mental illness. In other words, principle of biological factor view,
believe that biological inheritance of crime is based on the following assumptions:
First – That criminal act itself is inherited under the view. It is noted that there must be some direct connection
between biological structure and the behavior which is assumed to be inherited.
Second – A schizophrenic person possesses a tense and oversensitive temperament while a person suffering
from manic phase of the manic depressive psychosis is easily irritated and angered, and becomes abusive whenever
his desires are blocked.
When such persons are exposed to certain exciting elements from his surroundings or environment, it may
push him to flare up and provoke.
But contrary to it, West explains in his book that heredity has nothing to do with crime because according to
him, “one is not born to be a killer, robber or rapist.” He further explained that criminal behavior is produced by faulty
child raring rather than inheritance.
2. Endocrine Gland or Constitutional Elements of the Body with certain Personality Disorder
Endocrine gland designating, or of any gland producing one or more internal secretions are
introduced directly into the bloodstream and carried to the other parts of the body whose functions they regulate or
control. Example of this kind of Biological Theory is neurosis and psychosis.
Neurosis is a kind of mental functional disorders characterized by anxiety, compulsion, phobia,

depression, dissociation, etc. On the other hand, Psychosis is a major mental disorder in which personality is very
seriously disorganized and contact with reality is usually impaired. Psychoses (plural) are of two sorts namely: a)
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Functional which is characterized by lack of apparent or organic cause, and characterized by lack of apparent or
organic cause, and principally of the schizophrenic or manic depressive type, and b). Organic which is characterized
by a pathological organic condition such as brain damage or disease, or metabolic disorders, etc.
The following are some of the common types of insanity:

1. Dementia Preacox
2. Manic depression (characterized by mania and mental depression);
3. Paralysis (condition of helpless inactivity or of inability to act);
4. Senile (mental deterioration often accompanying old age); and
5. Alcoholic psychosis
The compulsive criminals are included. It also includes person who easily flare up and those who react to
stress with obfuscation. Hence, there possible significance as contributing factors to abnormal behavior can not be
discounted.
3. Anatomical Structure or Physical Disease or Disorder

This explanation or type of biological factor of criminality assumes that individuals vary in behavior
because their biological structures differ. An early example was known as “physiognomy” or art of discovering
character by observation and measurement of outward appearances especially face. John Gaspar Lobater, a Swiss
Theologian, regarded the lack of beard in man, the shirty eye angry eye and weak chin serve as clues to unfavorable
personality or characteristic traits of an individual. Similarly, phrenology or any of the protrusion of the skull as
interpreted with reference to one’s mental faculties, as popularized by Franz Joseph Gall, assumed that the exterior of
the skull compose the shape of the brain. That the various faculties restricted in different parts of the brain and
consequently the “bumps” on the skull would show the relative development of such faculties as conjugality,
friendliness, self-esteem, firmness, sexual passion, love of children and so on. Bumps showing high development of
sexual passion, combativeness and similar lower proportion are supposed to reveal criminalistic tendencies.
B. PERSONALITY
The approach from the personality point of view is similar to the biological theory and can not be sharply
differentiated. Accordingly, one psycho-analyst maintains that, feeblemindedness causes crime for the reason that a
feebleminded individual is unable to appreciate the meaning of law, or unable to foresee the consequences of his act.
Another psycho-analyst states that crime is caused by a lack of balance between intellectual and emotional capacities.
Still others explain crime as which is due to unsettled mental conflicts which are generally sexual in origin, while some
others attribute crime to inferiority.
1. Psychopathic Personality
The terms “psychopathic personality” and “constitutional psychopathic inferiority” are used with little
or no difference in reference to persons who do not manifest that break with reality that characterize psychosis.
A Psychopathic person is one whose behavior is largely amoral and asocial and who is characterized
by irresponsibility, lack of remorse or shame, stubborn or impulsive behavior, and other serious personality defects,
generally without psychotic attacks or symptoms.
2. Psychosomatic Personality
Psychosomatic is the physical disorder of the body originating in, or aggravated by the psychic or
emotional process of the individual. Accordingly psychosomatic condition, being an expression of both bodily and
psychological maladjustment, is the result of faulty development reaction which has taken place at an early stage in
the life of a person and which is related to a deformation of his character. Returning to the relationship between
psychosomatic disturbance, antisocial and criminal behavior, one can say that their mutual origin is to be found in the
person’s character. When disturbance of bodily or emotional function or of behavior occur, they are related to the
distorted character of the individual. Otherwise stated, when a person commits a crime both psychological and
physical factors mix together.
3. Alcoholism
Alcoholism is significant to the study of criminology in two aspects:
First. It may be a crime in it self or may be directly related to the violation of certain laws, such as being an
element or ingredient to either mitigating or aggravating circumstances in the commission of the crime.
Second. It may indirectly contribute to the violation of other laws.
In certain cases or areas, it is known that when a person or when people become intoxicated, they are
almost certain to start fights, jeopardize peace and order, and to some extent result in the commission of crime. On
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the other hand, many psychiatrists in making classification of psychopaths, interpret alcoholism as a form of an
abnormal method of escaping from reality, or as a dosage of temporary relief of personal problems.
4. Other Personality Deviations

Emotional instability and other traits of personality have been studied by psychologists and
psychiatrists independent of the concept of psychopathic personality and delinquent behavior, are frequently attributed
to one or more of these traits. Dozens have been made on instinct, emotion, moods, temperaments, moral
adjustment, ethnical discrimination, as well as specific tendencies as aggressiveness, caution, conformity,
consciousness, deception, self assurance, social resistance, suggestibility and many others.
C. ENVIRONMENTAL: PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUPS

This general class of theories attributes criminality to factors like neighborhood, broken homes and other
family patterns, parental neglect and the like.
1. The Home
The home has well been called the “cradle of human personality,” for in it, the child forms fundamental
attitudes and habits that endure throughout his life. In fact, the kind of conscience that a child develops depends
largely upon the kind of parents that he has. If they are persons who give the child love, attention, guidance, security,
standards, and all other things that he needs. If they are kind, loving, honest, sincere, and stable, he comes to regard
people as friendly, understanding, dependable, loyal and worthy of his respect and admiration. However if they are
cold, despairing, rejecting, neglectful or cruel, he learns to distrust, to dislike or even to hate people. Children are the
mirrors of the family and they persistently reflect what they learn in it. Thus, the home can be a potent force of good or
evil, for either law abiding or for crime and delinquency. Given a good home the child tends to become a good citizen.
A home is a good home for a child if the following conditions are present:
1. The child is love and wanted and knows it;
2. He is helped to grow up by not having too much or too little done for him;
3. He is a part of the family; he has fun with the family he belongs;
4. His early mistakes and badness are understood as a normal part of growing up, and he is corrected without
being hurt, shamed or confused;
5. His growing skills – walking, talking, reading, making things enjoyed and respected;
6. He feels his parents care as much about him as they do about his brothers and sisters;
7. The family sticks together and the members help one another;
8. He is moderately and consistently disciplined from infancy, limits or set his behavior and helped to take increasing
responsibility for his own conditions.
Psychologist are coming to realize more and more that the kind of person one becomes depends to a large
extent on one’s early life. Infancy and early childhood are periods during which fundamental habits of living are
learned, attitudes are formed, and meaning to things and life situations are given. It is the period that sets the pace
and gives direction to life. Each act, each experience contributes much or little to the life one is building, whether it is a
life of respectability and honor, or one of delinquency and crime. Life is a path that we thread on the home in which it
originates and with which it is associated during the early life of the individual.
2. Bad Neighborhood
When we speak of bad neighborhood, we are referring to areas or places in which dwellings or housing
conditions are dilapidated unsanitary, unhealthy, which are therefore, detrimental to the morale, health and the safety
of the populace. Bad neighborhood is certainly over crowded with houses of light materials, and each house is
overcrowded with two or more families. It is characterized as distinctive areas of doubt of disintegrated and
disorganized inhabitants and other close relatives. Most if not all inhabitants have said stories about economic
difficulties, alcoholism, substance abuse, gambling and many other problems in life they have had experience of. Bad
neighborhood also connotes as the hangouts of bad elements of society by reason of anonymity, and at the same
time, conducting practical training of techniques of their various criminal activities, to the youth and young adults within
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their neighborhood. Bad elements of the society prefer to dwell in such community not only because of the sense of
anonymity among members and inhabitants, but also because they are not welcome in the decent places. And thus,
they feel within themselves as outcasts in decent places and are apprehensive that their presence will be reported to
the police.
4. Broken Home
Broken home suggest legal separation, de facto separation between parents, or natural separation, that is,
either due to death of the other or just physical absence due to the nature of the work of the other parent, including
lack of interest on the part of the present parent in the welfare of the children. Many of the problematic children, if not
juvenile delinquents, have found to have come from broken homes. But it does not necessarily mean that broken
home is the only and single cause of juvenile delinquency. But does not necessarily mean that broken home in the
only and single cause of juvenile delinquency. Many responsible youth and young adults have reached the hall of
fame, so to speak, in their own rights, in spite of being a product of broken home. Nevertheless, broken home could
trigger the problem in juvenile delinquency and criminality. Most juvenile delinquents are ill-advised, if not misguided
young citizens of the community, who are naïve and innocent enough to face their problems in life of not of their own
making, but their irresponsible parents out of pride and alleged marital incompatibility. More often delinquent parents
are messed up with drunkenness, economic difficulties and ineffective household management. For this reason their
families are not concerned about their welfare. They are left to themselves as if they have no parents to turn to in case
of needs and problems; they have no body to turn to listen and share their problems.
With the foregoing situations, communication gap and disrespect among parents and other members of the family will
result in delinquency, which is divided into different classes, to:
A. Environmental delinquents – which is characterized by being occasional law breaker;
B. Emotionally maladjusted delinquents – who are considered as habitual law breakers, and who therefore,
cannot avoid or stop from doing it; and
C. Psychiatrist delinquent – refer to a child who becomes delinquent due to mental illness coupled with serious
emotional disturbance in the family.
But then, why juvenile delinquency only, and nor parental delinquency as well? Why not enact laws preventing
parental delinquency and provide for their punishments? Irresponsible parents are primary root cause of juvenile
delinquents, who are naïve and innocent of the facts of life.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL: BROADER SOCIAL GROUPS
This theory maintain that institutions like schools, church, government, particularly the police, prosecution,
courts and correctional institutions, one way or the other, are attributes to criminality. This theory includes also the
adverse economic conditions due to catastrophe and man made disaster.
1. School
The school is in a strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency. In fact, this is the only institution which
is in the better position to mold a child to become a law abiding and useful member of the society. The school
exercises its authority over every child who is of school age. It receives him when he is young, observes, supervises,
and teaches him for many hours each week during some of his most impressionable years, has an excellent
opportunity to influence his attitudes and behavior, has the support of public opinion and the law in its works, and
enjoys the confidence and trust of almost all parents. Thus, serve well to spearhead in all over attack against crime
and delinquency.
Breeding Ground of Criminality
1. Poverty – This is characterized by the widespread unemployment, low income and productivity, malnutrition,
big families and rapid population growth rates, low standard of living and the like. Because of poverty and its
concomitant deprivation and hardship, many become desperate and are forced by circumstances to resort to crime;
just so, they could alleviate or escape from their miseries and frustrations.
2. Ignorance - This factor is widespread among people, who lack knowledge and understanding about many
laws and things, which they should and are presumed to know as citizens.
3. Injustices/Abuses – This factor in itself already constitutes several crimes themselves. As if these were not
enough yet, such they spawn and breed more crime to happen as aftermath thereof.
22
4. Soft State – This pertains to a system of government characterized by non-enforcement of several laws and
ordinances, massive graft and corruption, absenteeism on the part of government officials, lack of basic services and
other ugly symptoms.
5. Fear – This problem is pervasive that it affects practically the entire society, whether rich or poor.
6. Lost Family Values – It loosens family ties, result in many broken homes or families. As children are separated
from their parents they go wayward and become misguided. Many become addicted to prohibited drugs, unwed or
separated parents and eventually become criminals or victims of crimes.
Other Basic Causes of Crimes
1. Hatred – Some individuals develop violent hatred for reasons or another. This hatred may ultimately result in
some acts of violence. The normal or well-adjusted person can control hatred. Others, because of their mental make-
up, cannot control hatred which in all likelihood would result in an act of violence against another.
2. Passion – All persons are born with the same general tendencies and passions. It is in the manner in which
they control these passions that will determine whether or not a person is able to control his passion will depend upon
his early training and the influence of his home.
3. Personal Gain – It is normal for a person to desire to improve his life and to work hard to provide a better if not
abundant life for himself and his family.
4. Insanity – From among the members of the society, there are those who are born mentally abnormal and are
therefore not governed by their own free will. They cannot distinguish good from evil. They have no control over their
physical want and are not aware that what they have done is wrong.
5. Revenge – This literally means to retaliate. This is what most people feel and think of when others have
committed acts detrimental to the interest of their loved ones. It is the manifestation of uncontrollable impulses by one
against another who offended them.
6. Unpopular Laws
REACTION TOWARDS THE BREAKING OF THE LAWS
PENOLOGY - Is the study of punishment for crime. It is the branch of criminology dealing with prison management,
and the deterrent and reformatory treatment of criminals.
Penology comes from two (2) words Peno and logy. The term peno is derived from the Greek Word "Poine"
as well as the Latin Word "Poena", both terms means Punishment. Logy is derived from the Latin Word "Logos",
meaning "study".
CORRECTIONS – Is that branch of the administration of criminal justice changed with the responsibility for the
custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of the convicted offender.
Is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as rehabilitation and reformation of
prisoners.
PUNISHMENT - Sutherland and Cressey defines punishment as an instrument of public justice. (a) It is inflicted by the
group in its corporate capacity upon one who is regarded as a member of the same group. (b) Punishment involves
pain or suffering produced by design and justified by some value that the suffering is assumed to have.
Both the terms punishment and penalty are used interchangeably and both mean the same and pertains to
the same thing.
PENALTY - Is the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of a law. (Reyes, Luis B. Criminal Law,
5th Ed., Vol.1)
CONCEPTS OF PENALTY
Penalty is general sense, signifies pain; especially considered in the juridical sphere, it means suffering
undergone, because of the action of human society, by one who commits a crime.
23
JUSTIFICATIONS OR THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT

1. Retribution – Punishment by the offender was carried out in the form of personal vengeance. Since retaliatory
acts result in the infliction of greater injury, giving rise to “an eye for an eye” philosophy
2. Expiation and Atonement – This was in the form of group vengeance, as distinguished from retribution, where
punishment is exacted publicity for the purpose of appeasing the social group.
3. Deterrence or Exemplary – Punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to other what would happen
to them if they violate the law.
4. Protection – Society’s interest can be best served by helping the prisoner become a law abiding citizen and
productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo an intensive program of rehabilitation in
prison.
JAIL – refers to a place of confinement for inmates under investigation, awaiting or undergoing trial, or serving
sentence.
Importance of Jail
Jail are intended for the purpose of letting one, pay for a crime he committed, or to serve as a form of
punishment of sorts, but to; enable the wrongdoer to be reformed and rehabilitated so that after his release he will
become a law abiding and useful citizen in the community.
Types of Jails
The modern jail system falls into 3 general classes.
1. The Lock-up – This is a security facility usually operated by police department for the temporary detention of
persons held for investigation or awaiting preliminary hearing.
2. The Jail – It house both offenders awaiting court action and those sentenced, up to three (3) years. A facility
available for the detention of juvenile offenders and for the care of the non-criminal insane pending commitment to the
state of psychopath hospital.
3. The Workhouse Jail-farm or Camp – This is an institution that house minimum custody offenders serving short
sentence, usually not more than three (3) years. Like jails, they are operated by city police department or by the
provincial jail administrator.
National Prison System
The Bureau of Corrections is an agency under the DOJ mandated to carry out the institutional rehabilitation
program of the government for national offenders – those sentenced to more than 3 years – and to ensure their safety
custody.
The Agency has seven (7) operating units located nationwide, namely:
1. The New Bilibid Prison (NBP) in Muntinlupa – constructed in 1847 by virtues of Royal Decree of the Spanish
Crown – pursuant to sec. 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code.
The National Penitentiary known as the New Bilibid Prison

A. The Maximum Security Camp
B. The Medium security camp also known as Camp Sampaguita – It houses the following:
1. Reception and Diagnostic Center
2. Youth and Rehabilitation Center
C. The Minimum security camp also known as Camp Bukang Liwayway
2. The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City – established in 1931 by authority of Act
3579, November 27, 1929.
Houses female prisoner and conducts vocational courses in dress making, beauty
culture, handicraft, cloth weaving and slipper making.
24
CIW is the lone women’s prison in the Philippines. It is supervised mostly by female correctional officers. Like national
prisons for men, it holds all three inmates security classifications – maximum, medium and minimum – including
females on death row. The NBP is the premier prison where the lethal injection facilities are located.
3. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm (IPPF) in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Previously an institution for incorrigibles. Houses well behaved and declared tractable prisoners. Enjoys the reputation
of being one of the best open institutions all over the world. Within this area are four sub-colonies.
A. Sta. Lucia Sub-colony

B. Inagawan Sub-colony
C. Montible Sub-colony
D. Central Sub-colony
Each operates as a small institution under the charge of the Penal Supervisor.
The Iwahig Penal Colony administers the Tagumpay Settlement. The settlement is 1,000 hectares, apportion
of which was divided into six (6) hectares homestead lots, which were distributed to release inmates who desired to
live in the settlement.
4. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF) in Occidental Mindoro

Rice is the principal product of the colony. It is self-sufficient in rice and raises vegetables for the colony and for the
inmates of the New Bilibid Prison. Within this area are four sub-colonies.
A. Central sub-colony
B. Pasungi sub-colony
C. Pusog sub-colony
D. Yapang sub-colony
5. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF) in Zamboanga City

Copra is one of the biggest sources of income of the San Ramon and Penal Farm. It also raises rice, corn, coffee,
cattle and livestock.
6. The Leyte Regional Prison (LPR) in Abuyog, Leyte
7. The Davao Prison and Penal Farm (DPPF) in Panabo, Davao Province
Abaca is the main source of income of the Davao Prison and Penal Farm. The colony has been in a joint venture with
Tagum Development Company in a 3, 000 hectare banana plantation.
Each of the seven (7) prisons and penal farm is headed by a Superintendent who reports directly to the
Director of Correction.
Correctional Centers
A. Rehabilitation Centers for Youthful Offenders – Whose ages ranges from 9 to below 18 years of age. To be
committed to the care of the DSWD.
B. Drug Addicts Rehabilitation Center – This center has been established for the treatment of drug dependent.
The existing Treatment and Rehabilitation Center is operated and maintained by the NBI at Tagaytay City and being
funded by the Board.
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY
Executive Clemency is a mercy extended to a prisoner by the President, usually form of a reduction in
sentence or unconditional release o0r unconditional release.
PARDON – Is an act of executive clemency by head of the state for purposes of exempting an individual from the
punishment imposed upon him by a court of law. It is an executive grace, and the recipient is not entitled it as a matter
of right.
Kinds of Pardon
25
Absolute Pardon – A pardon is absolute when it is granted by the Chief Executive without conditions of any
kind. Absolute pardon serves to wipe away the guilt of a person and makes him innocent as if he has not committed
any crime.
Conditional Pardon – A pardon is conditional when it is granted by the Chief Executive subject to the
conditions imposed on the recipient and accepted by him. Usually, the person granted the conditional pardon has
served a portion of his sentence in prisons.
PAROLE – Is a procedure by which prisoners are selected for release on the basis of individual response and
progress within the correctional institution and a service by which that are provided with necessary control and
guidance as they serve the remainder of their sentences within the free community.
AMNESTY – is a general pardon and granted to groups of law violators, usually those who committed political crimes,
with the concurrence of the law making body.
COMMUTITION – is an act of executive clemency which reduces a heavier penalty to a lesser penalty.
REPRIEVE – Is an act of executive clemency ordering the temporary stay of execution of a sentence, usually the
death penalty.
Republic Act 7659 – is known as an act imposing the death penalty.
Republic Act 9346 – the law that abolished death penalty
Prepared by:
ROSE MARIE C. DETRAN, MSCrim
JEFFSON G. NAUNGAYAN, MSCrim

Instructor
Reviewed by:
JOHN PAUL R. ALASAAS, Ph D.

Dean, SCJE
26

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NORTH LUZON PHILIPPINES STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Adal a dekalidad, dur-as ti panagbiag.

CRIMINOLOGY 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

I. THE BIRTH OF CRIMINOLOGY

BRIEF HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY

EXISTING POLICIES GOVERNING CRIMINOLOGY PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Subject Relative Weight

Professional Regulatory Board

Role of Accredited Professional Organization (APO)

Benefits and Privileges of Criminologists

The Objectives of Criminology Program are as follows:

OVERVIEW OF THE SIX (6) SUBJECT AREAS

CRIMINAL LAW DEFINED

Sources of Criminal Law

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JSUTICE SYSTEM

Five Stages in The Criminal Justice Process:

LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Law Enforcement Organization

Division of the criminalistics

FINGERPRINTING (Personal Identification)

Questioned Document (Q.D)

POLYGRAPHY (Lie Detection)

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Criminal Investigation Defined

c. Who committed the offense?

Criminal Investigation as an Art

The Objectives of Criminal Investigation

Tools of Criminal Investigation (Three I’s)

SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES and ETHICS

Juvenile Justice Welfare System

II. THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

This scientific study is confined on the three basic lines.

 Criminal Demography – study of the relationship between criminality and population.

Premier School of Thoughts in the Field of Criminology

Criminological School of Thoughts

Classification of Criminals by Lombrosso

Types of Criminals according to Garofalo

Personalities in the Field of Criminology

1. Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

He was the author of numerous works including:

1. Genio e follia (1864; Genius and Insanity, 1891),

2. Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)

3. Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934)

4. Charles Buckman Goring (1870 – 1919)

5. Cesare Bonnesa Marchese de Becarria

7. Giambatista dela Porta (1535-1615)

8. Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801)

9. Ernest Kretschner (1888 – 1964)

10. William H. Sheldon

11. Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874)

12. Alphonse Bertillon

13. Edwin H. Sutherland

14. Henry H. Goddard

III. CONCEPT OF CRIME

The Crime Triangle

Crime - refers to the act/criminal behavior

When does crime exist?

What are MALA IN SE and MALA PROHIBITA?

Why must members of society be oriented about crime?

Distinctions between Crime and Sin

Legal Classification of Crimes

As to the manner crimes are committed: