INTRODUCTION

TO
CRIMINOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
 Criminology is the scientific procedure to studying both
social and individual criminal actions. It is divided up
into several separate disciplines including psychology,
economics, political science, natural science, biology
and the evolution and development of people.
 The science of Criminology has two basic goals, to
determine the cause of criminal behavior whether
social or personal, and to develop and evolve valid
principles for the prevention and control of crimes.
Important Definitions
 According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a word
criminology was derived from the Latin word crimen,
which means offense, and Greek word logos, which
means to study. It is the scientific study of crime as a
social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment.
 Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald R. Cressy define
criminology as “the body of knowledge regarding crime
as social phenomenon.” The Scope of Criminology
covers:
 a. the making of laws
 b. the breaking of laws
 c. societies reaction to the breaking of laws
Important Definitions
 The scientific study of Crime and its
Treatment by Elliot, M. A & Merill, F. E
 The study which includes all subject matter

necessary to the understanding and

prevention of crimes together with the
punishment and treatment of delinquents and
criminals.
Important Definitions
 What is Crime?
Crime is an act or omission in violation of a law
committed without defense or justification. The
Revised Penal Code (RPC) of Reyes (2018)
states that crime is committed not only by
malice (dolo) but also by means of fault (culpa).
There is deceit when the act is performed with
deliberate intent. There is fault when the
wrongful act result from imprudence,
negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill.
QUESTION!

 Whoare the holy three (3) of

Criminology?
Important Definitions
 1885 - Italian Law Professor Raffaele
Garofalo coined the term “CRIMINOLOGY” (In
Italian, criminologia)
 French anthropologist Paul Topinard First

used the term in French (criminologie) around

the same time.
Nature of Criminology
 It is an applied science – in the study of the causes of crimes,
anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences.
While in crime detection, ballistics, chemistry, legal medicine,
mathematics, physics, polygraphy and questioned document
examination may be utilized. This is termed as Instrumentation.
 It is a social science – in as much as crime is a societal creation

that it exists in a civilization being a social phenomenon, its

analysis must be considered part of social science.
 It is dynamic – criminology changes as social condition changes.

It goes with the advancement of other science that have been

applied to it.
 It is nationalistic – the study of crimes must focus with the

existing criminal law within the territory or country. The

question as to whether an act is a crime dependent on the
criminal law of a state. It follows, that the causes of crimes of
crime must be determined from its social needs and standards.
SCOPE of CRIMINOLOGY
 Very vast
 Related to each and every social class and

structure
 However, scientists tried to limit it’s scope in

order to be able to study the subject

scientifically, systematically and exhaustively
SCOPE of CRIMINOLOGY
 Sociology of Law – study of the nature of
crime, effects of the law towards the crime,
and the possible solution to the crime
 Criminal Etiology – Systematic investigation to

the various causes of crime

 Penology – Systematic and scientific study on

how to achieve control over crimes.

(PUNISHMENT and PENALTY)
 Victimology – study on what makes a person

a victim of crime
 CHAPTER 2
CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL
JUSTICE AND
CRIMINALISTICS
 CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AND CRIMINALISTICS
CRIMINOLOGY – an interdisciplinary field in the
behavioral sciences, drawing especially on the
research of sociologist and psychologists as well as
on writings in law. It encompasses the study of law
making, law breaking, and societal reactions to law
breaking.
Criminal Justice – refers to the system of used by the
gov’t to maintain social control, prevent crime,
enforce laws and administer justice.
 CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AND CRIMINALISTICS
CRIMINALISTICS - study of criminal things, or the
sum total of the application of all sciences in crime
detection.
 A criminal commits crime by means of things, or

that something he left in the crime scene. Those

things are the objects of criminalistics known as
EVIDENCE such as but not limited to the following:
1. Blood and blood stain

2. Firearms and other deadly weapons

3. Fingerprints and footprints

4. Tool marks and many more

CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AND CRIMINALISTICS
 According to RA 6056, a CRIMINOLOGIST is
any person who is a graduate with a degree
of Criminology, who passes the Criminology
Board exams of the PRC.

 CRIMINALIST, on the other hand, is a person

who is trained in sciences of the application
of instruments and methods, to the detection
of crime.
DIVISIONS OF CRIMINALISTICS
1. SCIENTIFIC
A. Chemistry
B. Physics
C. Biology
2. TECHNOLOGICAL
a. Polygraphy or Lie detection
b. Police Photography
c. Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
d. Forensic Ballistics
e. Dactyloscopy
f. Questioned Document
 CHAPTER 3
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Classical criminology grew out of a reaction

against the barbaric system of law, punishment,
and justice that existed before the French
Revolution in 1789. It was pioneered by an
Italian nobleman and Professor of law, Cesare
Beccaria. He published an essay entitled “On
Crimes and Punishment” in 1764 that made a
major reform on the judicial and penal system
throughout Europe. It governs the principle of
“Let the punishment fit the crime”.
1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Cesare Marquis Beccaria (March 15, 1738 –
November 28, 1794)
1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL
The classical school of thought argued that:
 People have free will to choose how to act.

 Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological

notion of the human being a ‘hedonist’ who seeks

pleasure and avoids pain, and the ‘rational calculator’
weighting up the costs and benefits of the
consequences of each action.
 Punishment can deter people from crime, as the

penalties outweigh benefits and that severity of

punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
 The swifter and more certain the punishment, the

more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.

1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL
 Jeremy Bentham – invented the panoptican
and advocated UTILITARIANISM where
deterrence is based upon.
 FREE WILL
 HEDONISM – seeking pleasure and avoiding

pain
 Rational Calculation - weighing up the cost

and benefits of the consequences of each

action
 PUNISHMENT – can deter people from crime
2. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL
 The Neo-classical school was a modification
of the classical criminology, where it
contends that children and lunatics cannot
calculate pleasure and pain and that they do
not possess free will, thus they should be
exempted from criminal punishments. It
introduced the application of mitigating
circumstances in imposing penalty.
POSITIVIST SCHOOL
Cesare Lombroso – founded the ITALIAN
SCHOOL OF POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
 Considered the “Father of Criminology”
 Born Criminals – “Theory of Anthropological

Criminology”
 ATAVISM – Physical defects
 “The Criminal Man” (1876)
POSITIVIST SCHOOL
2 STUDENTS OF LOMBROSO
1. Enrico Ferri – SOCIAL and BIOLOGICAL
factors played a role in Criminalism
2. Raffaele Garofalo – rejected the doctrine of
FREE WILL.
◦ Crime can be understood only if it is studied by
scientific methods
◦ “Natural Crime” – offenses that violates the two
basic altruistic sentiments common to all people,
namely, PROBITY and PITY
3 TYPES OF CRIMINALS (Lombroso)
1. Atavistic Criminal – “Born Criminals”
2. INSANE CRIMINAL – alcoholic, kleptomaniac, nymphomaniac, and
child molesters
3. CRIMINALOID – “Habitual criminals”
 Chapter 4
SOCIOLOGY of LAW
QUESTION!
 Whatis the difference between
Offense, Felony and
Misdemeanor?
Two types of law

 Natural laws – are rooted in core

values shared by many cultures.
 Statutory law - are enacted by

legislatures and reflect current

cultural mores, albeit that some
laws may be controversial.
Types and definition

1. blue collar crime

2. white collar crime
3. corporate crime – refers to a crimes
committed either by corporation or by
individuals that may be identified with a
corporation or other business entity.
4. organized crime or criminal organization –
are groups or operations or run by criminals,
most commonly for the purpose of
generating a monetary profit.
5. public order crime – defined by the book of
siegel(2004) as “ crime which involves act
that interfere with the operation of society
and the ability of people Function efficiently
-it is the behavior that has been labeled
criminal because it is contrary to shared
norms, social values and custom.
6. Political crime – is one involving overt act or
omissions, which prejudice the interest of the
state, its government or political system.
7. state crime - In criminology, state crime is
activity or failures to act that break the state’s
own criminal law or public international law. 
state corporate crime or incorporate
governance refers to the crimes that result
from the relationship between the polices of
the state and practices of commercial
corporations
9. Victimless crime – is a behavior of an
individual which forbidden by law, but which
neither violates nor significantly threatens the
right of other individual.
 CHAPTER 5
Criminological
Classification of Crimes
As to the result of crime:
a. acquisitive crime - when the offender
acquires something as a consequence of his
criminal acts.

b. extinctive crime - when the end result of a

criminal act is destructive.
As to the crime or period of
commission:
a. seasonal: those who committed only
during a certain period of the year like
violation of tax law.

b. situational crime: those committed only

when given the situation conductive to its
commission.
As to the length of the commission
a. instant crime : those committed in short
time.

b. episodic crime: those committed by a

series of act in a length space of time.
As to the place of location of the
commission

a. Static crime: crimes that are committed

only in one place

b. continuing crime : those committed in

several places.
As to the type of the offender
 a. white collar crime: those committed by a
person of respectability and upper socio-
economic class in the course of their
occupation activities.

 b. blue collar crime: those committed by

ordinary professional criminal to maintain
their livelihood.
As to the standard of living of the
criminals

 a. crime of the upper world: falsification

case.

 b. crime of the underworld:bag snatching.

When does crime exist?

 Legal view point: person has proven guilty

 Scientific view point: crime exist when it is

reported
 Crime vs. Sin vs. Immorality
CRIME Is against the penal
law

SIN Is against the

spiritual or divine law

IMMORALITY Is against the

unwritten social
norms in locality
 Over criminalization vs. under criminalization

OVER Too many laws

CRIMINALIZATION
 

UNDER Not enough law

CRIMINALIZATION
Why must the members of
society be interested in crimes?

Reasons:
 Crime is pervasive
 Crime is expensive
 Crime is destructive
 Crime is reflective
 Crime is progressive
Criminals

 Legal sense: a person who has been found

guilty through final verdict

 Criminological sense: a person who

considered criminal the moment he
committed any anti-social act
 Criminal vs. delinquent

Criminal A person who has violated the penal law

and has been found guilty of the crime
charges upon observing of the standard
judicial procedure
Delinquent A person who committed an act that is not
in conformity with the norms of society
General classification of criminals

1. criminals classified on basis of etiology

A. acute criminal: person who violate criminal

law because of the impulse of the moment fit
of fashion or anger or spell of extreme
jealousy
B. chronic criminals: person who acted in
consonance with deliberate thinking
c. Neurotic criminal: person whose action arise
from intra-psychic conflict between the social
and anti-social component of his personality

d. Normal criminal: person whose psychic

organization resembles that of normal
individuals except that he identified himself
with criminal prototype.
2. Criminal classified on the basis of behavioral system

A. ordinary criminals: the lowest form of criminal

career, they engage only on conventional crimes
which required limited skill and they lack
organization to avoid arrest and convictions
B. organized criminal: these criminal has a high
degree of organization to enable them to
commit crimes without being detected and
committed to specialized activities which can be
operated in large scale business
C. professional criminal: those who earn their
living through criminals activities
3. Criminal classified on the
basis of activities
A. Accidental Criminal: those
who commit criminal acts as a
result of anticipated
circumstances
B. Habitual Criminal
C. Situational Criminal
4. Criminal classified on the
basis mental attitude
 Active aggressive criminals – those who perpetrate
crime in an impulsive manner usually due to the
aggressive behavior of the offender.
 Passive inadequate criminals – those who commit
crimes because they urged and pushed to it by
means of inducement, by reward or promise without
considering its consequence. (Ulukans)
 Socialized delinquents – those persons who are
normal in their conduct and behavior but merely
defective in their socialization processes.
Different factor that enhances the
development of criminal behavior
 Criminal demography
 Criminal epidemiology - study of the connection
between environment and criminality.
 Criminal ecology - study of criminality in relation to
special distribution in a community.
 Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminology
in relation to the physical constitution of man.
 Criminal psychology - study of human behavior in
relation to criminality.
 Victimology
Other basic causes of crime
 Hatred
 Passion
 Personal gain
 Insanity
 Revenge
 Unpopular laws
CHAPTER 6
Different Crime
Theories
 Strain- in sociology, proposal that pressure derived
from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of
quality education, drives individuals to commit crime
 Learning -  argues that some people learn to commit
crimes through the same process through which
others learn to conform
 Labeling theory - states that people come to identify
and behave in ways that reflect how others label them
 Conflict theory - is a set of criminological theories
that holds that those in society who possess the social
and economic power, the ruling class,
define antisocial behavior.
 Feminist -  theories investigate the influence of
gender differences on crime phenomena
 Theoretical
explanation on why
people commit crime
INDIVIDUAL THEORIES
 TRAIT THEORIES – biological factors, together with
environmental and social factors influence a person to
commit a crime
 Drift theory - recognizes that juvenile delinquents hold
conventional values and attitudes; they are aware that their
delinquent actions are viewed by society as deviant.
 Routine activity theory - based on the assumption that crime
can be committed by anyone who has the opportunity.
 Anomie theory - the idea of anomie is that the person
chooses criminal activity because the individual believes that
there is no reason not to.
 Rational choice theory - his theory states that individuals use
their self-interests to make choices that will provide them
with the greatest benefit. People weigh their options and
make the choice they think will serve them best.
Thank You
for
Listening

=)