Road Maintenance

Management

Kamal R Pande
ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
BACKGROUND
MAINTENANCE SYSYEM

DATA MANAGEMENT
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
ROAD MAINTENANCE

ROAD CONDITION

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PLANNING

RECURRENT MAINTENANCE PLANNING

PERIODIC MAINTENANCE PLANNING 2

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 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS

Unique Combination
of Factors:
High Operational Cost in Hills

Diverse Nature of Network

Under-utilization of
Paved Roads
High Risk of Premature
Failures
45 % of Network Have Traffic
Level Less Than 50 VPD 3
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 BACKGROUND

Road Sector Expenditures

7%

New Construction
38% Rehabilitation
55% Maintenance

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 Requirement
• Define Maintenance
• Define Data Requirement
• Introduction to Planned Maintenance
• Concept of Strengthened maintenance
Division
• Norms Development

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MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

Timely
Management
Decisions

Implement
Strategy

Maintenance
System

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 DATA MANAGEMENT

Management
Management Decision
information
Validation of
data

Storing of
data

Collection
of data

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HMIS MODULES
Traffic

Cost

Closures

Accidents

HMIS Condition

Inventory

Bridge

Admin

Link
Details
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 Data Level
Information Short Applications Data collection
quality level description
IQL-I Most detailed Research Short to limited lengths or isolated
and Operations samples using specialized
comprehensive Advance design equipment; slow except for
Diagnosis advanced automation
IQL-II Detailed Preparation (design) Limited lengths using semi-
Advanced automated methods; or full
programming coverage using advanced
Advanced planning automation at high speed
IQL-III Summary Programming Full sample using high-speed, low
details with Planning accuracy semi-automated methods;
categorization Basic design or sample at slow speed; or
of values processed from other data
IQL-IV Most summary Sector/network Manual or semi-automated methods,
statistics processed or estimated
Low-volume road
design
Simple planning and
programming
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 MAINTENANCE PLANNING
• Low Investment High Maintenance Cost
• Low Volume of Traffic
• Climatically Sensitive Areas
• High Investment High Maintenance Cost
• Road Investment Cost
• Stage Construction
• Road User Cost
• Road Maintenance

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 Road Maintenance
• Irrespective of Design and Construction
Standards – Road Deteriorates
• The Deterioration is progressive
• It is Influenced mainly by
– Environmental (terrain, climate and local practices)
– Traffic (Volume and Axle Load)
– Construction (Design and Construction Standards
and quality of materials and workmanship)

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 Road Maintenance
The Effect of Pavement Deterioration is a Reduction
in the Serviceability of the Road and an increase
in Cost
• To the Government through the Premature and
Rapid Deterioration of the Large Capital
Investment made in the Road;
• To the Road User through the Higher Operating
Costs and Using Vehicles on the Road as the
Pavement Surface becomes progressively
Rougher with increasing Deterioration.

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Deterioration Trend

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 Road Maintenance
Series of activities applied on the
road (On Road) and on the roadside
support (Off Road)to defer the
rehabilitation to an indefinite
period

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Deterioration Trend

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 Total Transport Cost
• Road Investment Cost - Construction
• Road Maintenance Cost
– Routine
– Recurrent
– Periodic
– Preventative
– Emergency
• Road User Cost
– Vehicle Operating Cost
– Time Cost

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 Road Investment Cost
Low Volume Roads

5%
25%

Investment
Maintenance
70%
Road user

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 Road Investment Cost
High Volume Roads

25%

10% Investment
65% Maintenance
Road user

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 Road Condition
• Surface Distress Index (SDI)
• Visual assessment
• Pavement defects
• Major and minor defects
• Roughness Index (IRI: m/Km)
• Skid Resistance
• Structural Evaluation

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 Surface Distress
Surface distress is "Any indication of poor or unfavorable
pavement performance or signs of impending failure; any
unsatisfactory performance of a pavement short of failure“.
Fracture.
– Cracking : flexible and rigid
– Spalling(as excessive loading, fatigue, thermal changes, moisture
damage, slippage or contraction).
Distortion.
– deformation (e.g.,rutting, corrugation, and shoving), which can result
from such things as excessive loading, creep, densification,
consolidation, swelling, or frost action.
Disintegration.
– stripping, raveling or spalling, (as loss of bonding, chemical
reactivity, traffic abrasion, aggregate degradation,
poor consolidation/compaction or binder aging.
(surface distress can be a sign of impending or current structural problems).
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Surface Distress Index

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Surface Distress Index

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Surface Distress Index

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 Road Condition
• Surface Distress Index (SDI)
– Visual assessment
– Pavement defects
– Major and minor defects
• Roughness Index (IRI: m/Km)
• Skid Resistance
• Structural Evaluation

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 MERLIN

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Bump Integrator

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Vehicle Mounted Bump Integrator

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 Road Condition
• Surface Distress Index (SDI)
– Visual assessment
– Pavement defects
– Major and minor defects
• Roughness Index (IRI: m/Km)
• Skid Resistance
• Structural Evaluation

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 Road Condition
• Surface Distress Index (SDI)
– Visual assessment
– Pavement defects
– Major and minor defects
• Roughness Index (IRI: m/Km)
• Skid Resistance
• Structural Evaluation: pavement’s
ability to carry design load

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Benkelman Beam

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 Road Condition
• Deterioration Prediction
• Structural Capacity Assessment
• Effect on Road User Costs
• Guaranteed Level of Service
• Performance Indicators

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 Pavement Evaluation
• Pavement History
• Pavement Materials
• Quality of Construction
• Pavement Type
• Pavement Design
• Pavement Parameters
• Specifications

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 Routine Maintenance

• Series of activities addressing

• Water Management
• Cleanliness of road pavement surface & drainage
• Vegetation Management
• Road Encroachment

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Routine Maintenance Norms

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 Recurrent Maintenance

• Cyclic Approach
• 2 – 3 Cycle per year
• Activities defined
• Patching quantity estimation based on SDI
• Various treatment of surface
• On Road and Roadside Support Maintenance
» Road Safety
» Bio engineering

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 Recurrent Maintenance

Recurrent Maintenance Norms

• Recurrent maintenance is another important
component of planned maintenance. Hence,
norms for roads in maintainable condition
have been developed and are in use. However,
the visual site evaluation of pavement
condition is necessary for any specific
maintenance. The recurrent maintenance
norms are presented in Annex 4.
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 Routine Maintenance
S.N. Road Element Work Description Norms
1 Black top surface Pot hole/Patch/Edge repair
Asphalt Concrete Surface (12.19 Km*7m) 0% - 0.2% of paved surface area
Surface Dressing / Premix (3.64 km*7m & 31.34
0% - 0.75% of paved surface area
km*6m)
Penetration Macadam 0% - 0.3% of paved surface area
Crack sealing
Asphalt Concrete Surface 0% - 0.3% of paved surface area
Surface Dressing / Premix 0% - 0.2% of paved surface area
Penetration Macadam 0% - 0.1% of paved surface area

Reshaping, Levelling and Compacting of GR Shoulder

2 Shoulder
Single Lane 0% - 0.5% of shoulder surface area
Double Lane 0% - 0.2% of shoulder surface area

Sealing of prime coat, SBST or BT macadam shoulder 0% - 0.15% of sealed shoulder area

3 Access Road

Gravel Access Pot Hole Repair 0% - 0.4% of gravelled surface area

0% - 0.3% of bitumenous surface

Bitumen Access Pot Hole Repair
area
4 Culverts Damaged Headwall/Wingwall/Catchpit/Abutment
(Minor repairs on Masonry Works)
 Recurrent Maintenance
S.N. Road Element Work Description Norms
5.a Gabion Wall Damaged Dry Wall/Gabion Wall
0 -1 m3 per 1000m length
(Minor repairs on Gabion Works)
5.b Masonry Wall Damaged Masonry Wall
0 - 0.5 m3 per 1000m length
(Minor repairs on Masonry Works)
6.a Earthen Drain Reshaping (Earth Work) 0 - 5 m3 per 100m length
6.b Masonry Drain Damaged Masonry Work and
0 - 2 m3 per 1000m length
Water Proofing Base Repair ( Masonry Work)
6.b Concrete Cover Drain Replace Concrete Cover 0 - 0.25 m3 per 100m length
7.a Embankment Filling Rain Cuts and eroded Slopes 0 - 2% of embankment area
Turfing 0 - 1% of embankment area
8 Causeway Damaged slab/parts repair
9 Bridge
10.a Road Sign
10.b Delineators
10.c Masonry Parapet Add 20%
Repair/Replace/Paint damaged, missing of the total cost of above
10.d Concrete Parapet and/or items
10.e Drum Parapet faded road side furniture
10.f Guard rails
 Periodic Maintenance
• Cyclic Maintenance
– 4/5 years in Hills
– 6/7 years in Terai
• Intervention
– Data Collection and Pavement Evaluation
– Application of HDM
– Economic Analysis
– Priority Ranking -

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 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE

• DoR developed strategy in 1995 for periodic

maintenance based on cyclic resealing of paved roads.
• The strategy was dormant as major maintenance
interventions have been mainly project based.
• The programme implemented with little or no
involvement of Region & Divisional Road Offices.
• The delay in project implementation brought
substantial changes in pretreatment works.

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 CYCLIC APPROACH

• Environment is a predominant factor of road

deterioration in Nepal.
• Presently, the data management is limited to the
lowest level of information quality level.
• The intervention approach for implementing periodic
maintenance is not yet appropriate.
• Strategy of resealing to be applied as part of periodic
maintenance in every five to eight years depending
upon its priority based on age, visual survey rating,
traffic volume and strategic importance.

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 METHODOLOGY
• DoR carries yearly visual condition survey based on
Surface Distress Index (SDI).
• Based on SDI, Road Divisional Office carries out
identification of road section by dividing the link into
sections.
• The list is further subjected to determine maintenance
cycle depending on environment & traffic.
• Determine maintenance cycle by applying Age-
correction factor based on present road condition.

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 METHODOLOGY
• The time/year for each road to be resurfaced is
calculated by deducting the corrected age from the
nominated maintenance cycle.
• The data are compiled in a excel spreadsheet, budget
estimates prepared and presented in their Annual
Road Maintenance Plan.
The spreadsheet lists all the details available for each link.

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 SCREENING PROCESS

Screening Process to Identify & Isolate Roads Needing

Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Based on:
 Visual Screening (Surface Distress Index)
 Estimating Residual Life of Road pavements
Identifying Roads which are already under current
road program
The remaining zero surface life links identified & listed
as candidate roads for applying periodic maintenance
Divisional Offices Carries Out Screening & Present
List to Regional Directorate

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 RANKING & PRIORITIZATION

It is Carried Out at Regional Level

Three Critical parameters introduced
• Traffic Index (TG)
• Road Condition Index (RC)
• Strategic Importance Index (SI)
Index values developed for traffic, road condition &
strategic importance taking into consideration of
experience gained Over the last 3 years.
Ranking Index = TG + RC + SI
Roads for resealing are then Ranked With Highest
Value of Ranking Index First
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 BENEFITS

Planning Process Initiated at Field Level with

Active Involvement of:

 Overseer Collecting Field Data

 Divisional Engineer preparing Own Priority List
 Regional Directors Screening out the List

Creating regular & continues work load for

local contractors

Useful tool in absence of an effective Prediction of

Road Deterioration Trend

No Specialized Input Required at DoR HQ

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 CONCLUSION & REVIEW

Policy of DoR to Resurface Roads at a Fixed Interval

of Five to Eight Years Depending on:
 Environment
 Traffic

DoR Central Office Summarising & Preparing

Integrated Annual Road Maintenance Plan

Policy to be Reviewed for Different Surface

Types in Different Conditions

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Determination of Resealing Cycle

Table 1 – T in years Traffic Volume – vehicles per day

Terrain type Low < 250 Moderate 250-1500 High > 1500
Plains 8 7 6
Rolling 7 7 6
Hills 6 6 5

Determination of Age Correction

Table 2 – Age Road Condition – Surface Distress Index (SDI)

Correction
0 – 1.7 1.8 - 3.0 3.1 - 5.0
Good Fair Poor
Age Correction Plus 2 years Zero Minus 2 years
Factor
 Traffic Index
Table 4 - TG Traffic Group – vehicles per day
Less than 250 Between 250-1500 More than 1500
vpd vpd vpd
Index Value TG 0.15 0.5 0.9

Road Condition Index

Table 5 - RC Road Condition – Surface Distress Index (SDI)
0 – 1.7 1.8 - 3.0 3.1 - 5.0
Good Fair Poor
Index Value RC 0.02 0.3 1.0
Strategic Importance
Table 6 - SI Strategic Importance (SI)
Low Medium importance High importance
importance
Index Value SI 0 0.3 0.6
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