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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2020-2021)

BEVAE-181: Environment Studies
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions
given in the Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private
Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer
the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100% accuracy of these sample answers as these are
based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers may be seen as the
Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment. As these
solutions and answers are prepared by the private Teacher/Tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot

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be denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing
these Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular

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Answer and for up-to-date and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer
the official study material provided by the university.

PART-A
Q1. (a) Explain the importance of environment in day to day life by citing suitable examples in

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about 120 words.
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(b) “Sustainable development is a goal toward which all human societies need to be moving.”
Elaborate the statement in about 120 words.
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Q2. Differentiate between the following terms by giving suitable examples in about 120 words:

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(a) Primary succession and secondary succession
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(b) Direct and indirect use value of biodiversity

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Q3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(a) What is biodiversity hotspot? Why is India considered as a mega biodiversity hotspot?
Ans. Hot spots are areas that are extremely rich in species, have high endemism and are under
constant threat.
Myers (1988) identified 18 regions or “Hot spots” around the world. Interestingly these areas contain
nearly 50,000 endemic plant species, or 20% of the world’s plant species, in just 746,000 km2 or 0.5% of
the Earth’s total land surface. A subsequent study done by the World Conservation Monitoring
Centre, U.K. identified 21 “hot spots”. A more recent study by Conservation International, which
carries forward the work of Myers, has identified 34 global “biodiversity hot spots”. These 34 hot
spots cover only 1.4 percent of the Earth’s land surface but contain about 44% of all vascular plants
and 35% of vertebrates (excluding fishes), and 96% of the world’s most threatened primate species.

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Among the 34 hot spots of the world four are found in India extending into neighbouring countries –
the Western Ghats/Sri Lanka IndoBurma region (covering the Eastern Himalayas); the Himalayas;

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Sundaland (covers the Nicobar group of Islands). These areas are rich in floral wealth and endemism,
not only in flowering plants but also in reptiles, amphibians, swallow tailed butterflies and mammals.
Tropical moist forests are believed to be the richest terrestrial ecosystems on earth. In the marine
environment, coral reefs also possess extremely rich biodiversity. It is now suspected, however, that
the richness of species diversity on sea floor may be equal or even greater than coral reefs. Some

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countries are richer in biodiversity than others. Generally, the economically poor developing
countries in tropical areas are richer in biodiversity than developed countries in temperate areas.
Small tropical oceanic islands have relatively fewer species due to their isolation, but they generally
possess large number of endemics. Mauritius has a native flora of 878 higher plant species, of which
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329 are endemic.
INDIA:A MEGA – BIODIVERSITY COUNTRY-
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(b) Distinguish between Biota of the Pelagic and Benthic zones of the Oceans with examples.
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(c) Differentiate between the surface and ground water. Describe the factors responsible for
degradation of water.
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(d) Write a short note on global carbon cycle with the help of diagram.
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Q4. How does forest support ecological system and moderate global climate? Explain with suitable
examples in about 250 words.
Ans. Ecological Significance:
(a) Moderation of global climate: Forests stabilise global climate in a significant manner by
influencing natural cycles such as hydrological and carbon cycles. You might have read about these
cycles when you were in school. As you know, spatial as well as temporal patterns of rainfall are
greatly influenced by forest. How much of water is retained in the soil, and how much flows away,
sometime causing floods, also depends on tree cover. Similarly forest can also influence the
atmospheric carbon dioxide level. Tree biomass holds carbon dioxide in a fixed state. Therefore, forest
acts as a major source of carbon sink i.e. ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In
other words, a carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-
containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. When wood is burnt CO2 is released in the

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atmosphere. This has a direct impact on the extent of greenhouse effect and global warming. In other
words, more forests lead to greater removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

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resulting reduction of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, large-scale afforestation has
been adopted as a measure to reduce greenhouse effect.
(b) Protection of biodiversity: Forests are the greatest repository of biodiversity on the land as they
provide ideal conditions for the survival and growth of living organisms. The number of species per
unit area is much greater in a forest than in any other terrestrial ecosystem. For example, the tropical

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rainforest covers less than 7% of the earth’s land surface but accounts for more than 50% of all known
species. About 62% of all known plants are found in these rainforests. That is why there has been a
growing campaign for saving the rain forest in Amazon and Nile basin. The growing awareness
about the importance and necessity to conserve biodiversity is helping human being to realise the
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significance of forest.
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Q5. “India has tremendous potential in non-conventional sources of energy.” Elucidate the
statement with suitable examples and arguments in about 250 words.
Ans. India has tremendous potential in non-conventional sources of energy. Our diverse geographical
settings help in promotion of non-conventional energy sources of energy namely solar, wind and
tidal. Looking at the future potential in generating solar energy, the International Solar Alliance was
established in the year 2015. Major initiatives were taken by India for the establishment of this
alliance. This would help us in developing clean and green energy that would address the problems

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emerging due to the use of conventional sources of energy like coal, petroleum and radio-active
minerals. Examples-
Biomass energy: This is a renewable energy source derived from plant resources, animal waste and
the waste of various human activities. It is also derived from the by-products of the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household wastes and wood. Biomass
is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural
gas.
Biomass gasifier is another technology in use for energy generation. A biomass gasifier converts solid
biomass, both woody and powdery, materials such as wood, agricultural and agro-industrial wastes
into gas through thermochemical gasification process. Gasifier converts solid fuel into a more
convenient-to-use gaseous form of fuel.
Solar Energy: The energy we get today from the fossil fuels like coal is in reality sun’s energy,

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trapped in plants millions of years ago. Plants make their food and grow by using solar energy for
photosynthesis. Millions of years ago, huge forests got buried in the earth’s crust and they got

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transformed into coal and oil under great pressure and temperature therefore coal and oil are called
fossil fuels.
Fuel Cells: Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly
and very efficiently into electricity and heat, thus doing away with combustion. A fuel cell consists of
an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes. The most suitable fuel for such cells is hydrogen

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or a mixture of compounds containing hydrogen. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen
over the other, and they react electrochemically to generate electricity, water and heat.
Wave and Tidal Energy: Energy can also be obtained from waves and tides. These waves and tides
are another source of energy which is perpetual and can be harnessed for generating electricity,
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particularly where sea water can move into Energy carried by water has also been widely used in
India’s hilly regions, since a wheel with pedals can be made to turn when it is put in a fast flowing
stream. Flour mills of small size built on this principle were used in Kashmir fora long time. In fact,
large “hydroelectric” power stations work on the same principle. A natural or artificial water fall is
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made to turn a modern kind of pedal wheel, called a turbine, which upon rotation generate electricity.
Geothermal Energy: Volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers, and methane under the water in the oceans
and seas are sources of geothermal energy. Geothermal means heat from the earth. In some countries,
such as in the USA, water is pumped from underground hot water deposits and used to heat people’s
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houses.
Wind Energy: Wind Energy has been used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain, and for
irrigation. Wind energy systems convert the kinetic energy associated with the movement of air to
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more useful forms of power. Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power,
which can then be used directly for grinding, lifting water or to generate electricity. Wind turbines
can be used singly or in clusters called ‘wind farms’.
Biogas: You may have heard of the use of cattle dung for production of biogas which is a source of
energy used for cooking. Through a simple process cattle dung is used to produce a gas that contains
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55-70% inflammable methane gas, and is clear and efficient fuel for use in rural areas. Water weeds
like water hyacinth, water lettuce, salvinia, hydrilla, duck weeds and algae are found to be useful
supplement to cattle dung. Biogas can also be used to raise steam, which in turn may be used for
running engines or machines in factories or for running turbines to generate electricity. It has been
found that large biogas plants can supply the needs of a number of families or even small villages.
The residual dung or the digested slurry left after generating, biogas can be used as manure for
agricultural purposes. This is an economical way of obtaining energy from organic wastes. In China
and India, great efforts are being made to install tens of thousands of biogas plants in rural areas.

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PART-B

Q6. Explain the following terms in about 50 words:

(a) Ecofeminism
Ans. Ecofeminism is radically a new vision. It is rooted in women’s biological, procreative and
maternal role. Ecofeminism finds instant rapport with Eastern concepts of ‘Mother Nature’.
According to some experts on the subject, ‘The capitalist, patriarchal World system’ is founded upon
and sustains itself through three ‘colonisations’ - of women, of foreign people and their lands and of
nature. The ecology of nature is linked to the biology of women’s bodies, and the exploitation of
nature to the exploitation of women’s wombs. It is anti-modern science and economic growth, as both
are characteristic of a violent male ethos. It envisions a work of subsistence life style, in harmony with
nature and pervaded by ‘feminist principle’. For the greater good of both man and woman,

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ecofeminism seeks to forge a ‘new sexual and reproductive ecology’.
(b) Agenda 21

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c. Global Warming
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d. Hazardous Wastes
Ans. Hazardous wastes are chemical by-products of an industry, a factory or a chemical plant. They
may result from household activities or even from a hospital or a research laboratory. Armed
conflicts, where nuclear or chemical weapons are used, also release enormous amounts of hazardous
wastes. A chemical produced by any of the above sources which may endanger human health, pollute
the environment or carry hidden risk to life if managed or disposed off improperly is called
‘hazardous’. A waste is considered as hazardous if it has any one of the following characteristics:

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Q7. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

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(a) How does Landfilling act as an important method of waste disposal? Explain.
Ans. The disposal of hazardous waste by landfilling is an important method of disposal in many
countries. Landfilling means under ground storing of harmful substances. This involves hauling the
refuse to an area allocated for this purpose. In India, such areas range from unsanitary open dumps to
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properly operated sanitary landfills. Open dumps are a poor method of waste disposal because they
cause environmental problems. For example, they can ruin the appearance of ah area and provide a
home for rats and other rodents who spread disease. If garbage is exposed, it rots and smells foul.
Most dumps allow some burning, which fills the surroundings with smoke. In addition, rain water
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can drain through refuse and carry harmful substances to streams.

Properly operated sanitary landfills cause little damage to the environment. The area to be filled with
waste must be lined with a nonporous substance such as clay, or high density polyethylene (HDPE)-
plastic membrane to prevent the wastes from leaking to the surrounding areas. The wastes are packed
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and dumped at the site and covered with earth each day. The cover of earth prevents insects and
rodents from getting into refuse. Operators of these sites forbid burning. In time, sanitary landfill sites
become filled up, many communities then cover the site for a final time and use the area for
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recreational purpose.
(b) What is Acid rain? Describe its effect.
Ans. To understand acid rain, we have to first know what is meant by an acid. According to
Arrhenius definition of acids and bases, acids are those substances which release hydrogen ions (H+ )
in aqueous solutions. Acids can be described strong or weak acids. For example, hydrochloric acid
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(HCl) is a strong acid while acetic acid (CH3COOH) (present in vinegar) is a weak acid. The strength
of an acid is given by its pH value.

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(c) Describe issues emerges in enforcement of national environment legislations.

Ans.
● After an analysis of all enactments and provisions at national level, It is to be noted that
nature of most of the existing environmental legislations are essentially punitive not
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preventive. Only once the chemicals or substances are discharged into the air or water or soil
does the act apply. The preventive measures have hardly ever evoked or worked and the
concerned agencies have moved into action only after the harm has been done.
● More serious problem in the implementation of environmental legislation is overlapping
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powers of authorities involved in supervising the safety mechanism and devices of

companies, and in granting or refusing No Objection Certificate (NOC). Thus though the
water and air pollution board may refuse to grant NOC, the Municipality may grant a license
to an industrial unit based on which it may start its manufacturing activity.
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● In some cases statutes of environmental legislations do not lay down any guidelines on the
nature of the authority and their specific rights and the obligations. For example, Delhi State
Government in 2009 has banned the manufacture and use of coloured plastic, without
formulating the rule to prosecute defaulters. Because of this 2009 ban did not do too well.
Again Delhi State Government amended this bill 2011 and imposed a blanket ban on use,
storage, sale and manufacture of plastic bags in the city. This total ban again failed to make
any difference in the city largely due to poor implementation and absence of strong rules.
● A common feature with environmental legislation in India is that they exclude peoples’
participation in their implementation. The enterprises, which make profits at the expense of
the environment, are always well represented and their interests well protected but not those
of the common person who suffer the consequences of pollution and degradation.
● Sometime enforcement of legislation is difficult due to shortage of funds. Take for example
the case of rivers pollution in India. It is well known that the major source of pollution of

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rivers is domestic sewage, which municipalities nonchalantly dump in the nearest rivers. The
colossal cleaning up operation of rivers will be an exercise in futility if it is not accompanied
by a massive effort to prevent the municipalities from dumping their wastes in the river.
Everyone knows that the technology for treating municipal wastes exists. But many and most
of the municipalities cannot afford it its cost .
(d) What is environmental ethics? Why do we need a set of ethics for the environment? Explain.
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Q8. “Habitat destruction is recognised as most significant threat to global biodiversity?” Elucidate
the statement in present context with suitable examples in about 250 words.
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Q9. Differentiate between the primary and secondary pollutants. Explain how these pollutants are
harmful for humans and environment in about 250 words.
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Q10. Critically analyse a case of people’s movement in India against environmental degradation in
about 300 words.
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