Reyjenie D.

Molina Research Work

EDUC 4

Research the definition of the characteristics of learning disability.

There are five characteristics of LD, give the definition of each and the symptoms. (40points) number
one is already done for you, follow the procedure. Just give the definition and the symptoms.

1. Dyslexia – is a language –based learning disability characterized by

difficulties with decoding (sounding out) words, fluent word

recognition, and or reading comprehension.

 Children with dyslexia often develop secondary problems with

comprehension, spelling, writing and knowledge acquisition.

 The difficulties found in dyslexia are usually caused by a

phonological deficit (an auditory processing problem involving

hearing sounds in speech)

 The phonological leads to difficulty connecting speech sounds

to letters, which is a skill needed to decode the written word.

 Alternatively, dyslexia in some children results from problems

with oral language skills, sight word recognition, processing

speed, comprehension, attention, or verbal working memory.

Symptoms of Dyslexia

 problems learning the names and sounds of letters

 spelling that's unpredictable and inconsistent
 putting letters and figures the wrong way round (such as writing "6" instead of "9", or "b"
instead of "d")
 confusing the order of letters in words
 reading slowly or making errors when reading aloud
 visual disturbances when reading (for example, a child may describe letters and words as
seeming to move around or appear blurred)
 answering questions well orally, but having difficulty writing the answer down
 difficulty carrying out a sequence of directions
 struggling to learn sequences, such as days of the week or the alphabet
 slow writing speed
 poor handwriting
 problems copying written language and taking longer than normal to complete written work
poor phonological awareness and word attack skills
2. Dyscalculia

 is such a learning disorder that specifically affects the ability to acquire school.

 Dyscalculia is a learning disability in math. People with have trouble with math at many levels.
They often struggle with key concepts like bigger vs. smaller. And they can have a hard time
doing basic math problems and more abstract math.

 Dyscalculia is a learning disability that makes math challenging to process and understand.
Symptoms range from difficulty with counting and basic mental math to trouble with telling time
and direction.

 Dyscalculia is present in about 11 percent of children with attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD or ADD).

 Individuals with dyscalculia have difficulties with all areas of mathematics — problems not
explained by a lack of proper education, intellectual disabilities, or other conditions. The
learning disorder complicates and derails everyday aspects of life involving mathematical
concepts – like telling time, counting money, and performing mental calculations.

Symptoms Of Dyscalculia
 Difficulties with processing numbers and quantities, including:
-Connecting a number to the quantity it represents (the number 2 to two apples)
-Counting, backwards and forwards
-Comparing two amounts
 Trouble with subitizing (recognize quantities without counting)
 Trouble recalling basic math facts (like multiplication tables)
 Difficulty linking numbers and symbols to amounts
 Trouble with mental math and problem-solving
 Difficulty making sense of money and estimating quantities
 Difficulty with telling time on an analog clock
 Poor visual and spatial orientation
 Difficulty immediately sorting out direction (right from left)
 Troubles with recognizing patterns and sequencing numbers

-Finger-counting is typically linked to dyscalculia, but it is not an indicator of the condition outright.
Persistent finger-counting, especially for easy, frequently repeated calculations, may indicate a problem.

-Calculating errors alone are also not indicative of dyscalculia – variety, persistence, and frequency are
key in determining if dyscalculia is present.
3. Dysgraphia

 Dysgraphia can appear as difficulties with spelling and/or trouble putting thoughts on paper.
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder that generally appears when children are first learning to
write. Experts are not sure what causes it, but early treatment can help prevent or reduce
problems.

 Dysgraphia is a term that refers to trouble with writing. Many experts view dysgraphia as
challenges with a set of skills known as transcription. These skills — handwriting, typing, and
spelling — allow us to produce writing.

 Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It can manifest itself as difficulties
with spelling, poor handwriting and trouble putting thoughts on paper. Because writing requires
a complex set of motor and information processing skills, saying a student has dysgraphia is not
sufficient. A student with disorders in written expression will benefit from specific
accommodations in the learning environment, as well as additional practice learning the skills
required to be an accomplished writer.

 Dysgraphia is the condition of impaired letter writing by hand, that is, disabled handwriting.
Impaired handwriting can interfere with learning to spell words in writing and speed of writing
text. Children with dysgraphia may have only impaired handwriting, only impaired spelling
(without reading problems), or both impaired handwriting and impaired spelling.

 Dysgraphia is a disability marked by difficulty with handwriting, usually due to issues of

comprehension, fine motor skills, or both.

 Dysgraphia can manifest on its own, but in the majority of cases it is accompanied by other
conditions such as dyslexia (difficulty reading), attention deficit disorder (ADD), speech
impairments, or developmental coordination disorder.

 Dysgraphia is typically genetic or otherwise biological in nature. It can be caused by brain

abnormalities, traumatic brain injuries, abnormal muscular or nervous development, and other
conditions. It may also be related to dyslexia or other learning disabilities; some children have
been known to use intentionally poor handwriting in an effort to distract from or cover up an
underlying issue.
Symptoms Of Dysgraphia

 Difficulty forming letters or numbers by hand

 Slow handwriting development compared to peers
 Children writing with crayons Illegible or inconsistent writing
 Mixed upper and lowercase letters
 Difficulty writing and thinking at same time
 Difficulty with spelling
 Slow writing speed, even when copying
 Overreliance on vision to write
 Poor spatial skills (uneven spacing, poor use of margins)
 Difficulty articulating thoughts in writing
 Cramps or pain in the fingers, wrists, and palms while writing
 Awkward pencil grip
 Unusual posture or positioning when writing
 Excessive fatigue or burnout from writing

-Many children with dysgraphia also experience stress, frustrations, and anxiety related to their difficulty
writing. This stress could manifest itself in other ways, such as poor academic performance or acting out.

4. Dyspraxia

 Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder

that affects movement and co-ordination.

 Dyspraxia does not affect your intelligence. It can affect your co-ordination skills – such as tasks
requiring balance, playing sports or learning to drive a car.

 Dyspraxia has problems with movement, coordination, judgment, processing, memory, and
some other cognitive skills.

 Dyspraxia also affects the body’s immune and nervous systems.

 Dyspraxia is also known as motor learning difficulties, perceptual-motor dysfunction, and

developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The terms “minimal brain damage” and “clumsy
child syndrome” are no longer used.

 Dyspraxia is a neurological disorder that impacts an individual’s ability to plan and process
motor tasks.
  Individuals with dyspraxia often have language problems, and sometimes a degree of difficulty
with thought and perception. Dyspraxia, however, does not affect the person’s intelligence,
although it can cause learning problems in children.

 Developmental dyspraxia is an immaturity of the organization of movement. The brain does not
process information in a way that allows for a full transmission of neural messages.

 Children born with dyspraxia may be late to reach developmental milestones. They also have
trouble with balance and coordination.

 Dyspraxia refers to trouble with motor skills, balance, and coordination.

Symptoms of Dyspraxia

Dyspraxia symptoms in children

If your baby has dyspraxia, you might notice delayed milestones such as lifting the head, rolling over,
and sitting up, though children with this condition may eventually reach early milestones on time.

Other signs and symptoms can include:

 unusual body positions

 general irritability
 sensitivity to loud noises
 feeding and sleeping problems
 a high level of movement of the arms and legs

As your child grows, you might also observe delays in:

 crawling
 walking
 potty training
 self-feeding
 self-dressing

-Dyspraxia makes it hard to organize physical movements. For example, a child might want to walk
across the living room carrying their schoolbooks, but they can’t manage to do it without tripping,
bumping into something, or dropping the books.
Other signs and symptoms may include:

 unusual posture
 difficulty with fine motor skills that affect writing, artwork, and playing with blocks and puzzles
 coordination problems that make it difficult to hop, skip, jump, or catch a ball
 hand flapping, fidgeting, or being easily excitable
 messy eating and drinking
 temper tantrums
 becoming less physically fit because they shy away from physical activities
 Although intelligence isn’t affected, dyspraxia can make it harder to learn and socialize due to:

 a short attention span for tasks that are difficult

 trouble following or remembering instructions
 a lack of organizational skills
 difficulty learning new skills
 low self-esteem
 immature behavior
 trouble making friends

Dyspraxia symptoms in adults

-Dyspraxia is different for everyone. There are a variety of potential symptoms and they can change over
time. These may include:

 abnormal posture
 balance and movement issues, or gait abnormalities
 poor hand-eye coordination
 fatigue
 trouble learning new skills
 organization and planning problems
 difficulty writing or using a keyboard
 having a hard time with grooming and household chores
 social awkwardness or lack of confidence

-Dyspraxia has nothing to do with intelligence. If you have dyspraxia, you may be stronger in areas such
as creativity, motivation, and determination. Each person’s symptoms are different.

5. Aphasia
 Aphasia is a disorder that results from damage to areas of the brain that produce and process
language.

 A person with aphasia can have trouble speaking, reading, writing, and understanding language.
Impairment in these abilities can range from mild to very severe (nearly impossible to
communicate in any form.

 Aphasia is a condition that robs you of the ability to communicate. It can affect your ability to
speak, write and understand language, both verbal and written.

 Aphasia typically occurs suddenly after a stroke or a head injury. But it can also come on
gradually from a slow-growing brain tumor or a disease that causes progressive, permanent
damage (degenerative). The severity of aphasia depends on a number of conditions, including
the cause and the extent of the brain damage.

 Aphasia is a disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for
language. For most people, these areas are on the left side of the brain.

 Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often following a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop
slowly, as the result of a brain tumor or a progressive neurological disease.

 The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and
writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech,
which also result from brain damage.

 Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and

the ability to read or write.

 Aphasia is always due to injury to the brain-most commonly from a stroke, particularly in older
individuals. But brain injuries resulting in aphasia may also arise from head trauma, from brain
tumors, or from infections.

 Aphasia can be so severe as to make communication with the patient almost impossible, or it
can be very mild. It may affect mainly a single aspect of language use, such as the ability to
retrieve the names of objects, or the ability to put words together into sentences, or the ability
to read.

Symptoms of Aphasia
 Speak in short or incomplete sentences
  Speak in sentences that don't make sense
 Substitute one word for another or one sound for another
 Speak unrecognizable words
 Not understand other people's conversation
 Write sentences that don't make sense
 Trouble naming objects, places, events or people even though they are known to the person
(“tip of the tongue” phenomenon)
 Trouble expressing oneself (finding the right words) when speaking or writing
 Trouble understanding conversation
 Trouble reading
 Trouble spelling
 Leaving out small words like “the,” “of” and “was” from speech
 Putting words in the wrong order
 Being unaware of mistakes in one’s spoken language
 Speaking only in short phrases, which are produced with great effort
 Speaking in single words
 Making up words
 Mixing up sounds in words (saying “wog dalker” for “dog walker”)
 Saying the wrong word (saying “bird” instead of “dog”) or substituting a word that doesn’t make
sense (saying “ball” for “phone”)
 Speech limited to only a few words or repeating the same words or phrases over and over
 Trouble putting words together to write sentences
 Trouble using numbers or doing math

References:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dyslexia/symptoms/

https://www.understood.org/articles/en/what-is-dyscalculia

https://www.additudemag.com/what-is-dyscalculia-overview-and-symptom-breakdown/

https://childmind.org/article/how-to-spot-dyscalculia/

What is Dysgraphia? - DSFhttps://dsf.net.au › learning-difficulties › what-is-dysgraphia

https://www.understood.org/articles/en/understanding-dysgraphia

http://www.ldonline.org/article/12770/

https://dyslexiaida.org/understanding-dysgraphia/

https://www.cheshirefitnesszone.com/signs-symptoms-and-treatments-for-dysgraphia-in-children/

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951#diagnosis_dyspraxia

https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspraxia#vs-apraxia

https://www.understood.org/articles/en/understanding-dyspraxia

https://my.clevelandclinic.org

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369518

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/aphasia

https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-definitions/