Fiber Optic Communications EE 458Grading Distribution: Assessment Method: Assessment Type |Nos.|Tentative Schedule Weightage % Furst Exam At the end of the 7 week 20 Second Exam ‘At the end of the 12" week 20 [After each topic /every week during remote learning period Assignments After each topic 10 Final Exam. At the end of the semester as per the 40 university schedule Total= Coursework (60)+ Final Exam (40) = Quizzes (Oral/paper) 10Course Learning Outcomes CLOI: Demonstrate an understanding of optical fiber communication link, types, structure, propagation and transmission properties of an optical fiber. CLO2: Estimate the losses and analyze the propagation characteristics of an optical signal in different types of fibers. CLO3: Describe the principles of optical sources and power launching-coupling methods. CLO4: Compare the characteristics of fiber optic receivers. CLOS: Design a fiber optic link based on budgets.List of Readings Text Book: = Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, third edition, McGraw-Hall, 2010 Recommended book: = Joseph C Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, fifth edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005Course Outline Introduction Light Propagation In Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers Optical sources Optical detectors Noise Basic System Design Photonic and optical networkHistory (10 greatest communications inventions) . Cable Communications . The Telephone Radio . Television . Satellite . Fiber Optics . The Mobile Phone . The Internet 9. The Wireless Internet 10.Converged Devices 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8Introduction For years fiber optics has been merely a system for piping light around corners and into inaccessible places so as to allow the hidden to be seen. But now, fiber optics has evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world it is now being used to transmit voice, video, and data signals by light waves over flexible hair-thin threads of glass or plastics. Its advantages in such use, as compared to conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs, are fantastic. As a result, light-wave communication systems or fiber optics communication systems are one of the important feature for today's communications.Many Users N Users Wavelength Optical Channel Video! Audio’ Data Video! Audio! DataTransmission Media ¢ Transmission Medium, or channel, is the actual physical path that data follows from the transmitter to the receiver. * Copper cable is the oldest, cheapest, and the most common form of transmission medium to date. * Optical Fiber is being used increasingly for high-speed and /ong-distance applications.The regions of electromagnetic spectrum used for radio and optical fiber communications QO EM-Spectrum Designation Transmission media Applications extend from 10 Wee 2. }- Lo! Hz Hz to 1075 Hz. Visible ‘Telephone 3 10m ‘Data Infrared Video | cgi nis Millimeter | 100 cue OQ AEM tem | mes skh a ap avigation radiations travel Fepsenty, | WEEE icra wave:: | Seipllitetorsatellito Lg cate Apacs to em-|_ GHP radio Earth-to-satelite Ultra high with constant g || “auiy’ 3x ay i velocity of 3x 3 aseensy Shortwave radio 108 m/s tom] Coaxial cable 100 m- Medium frequency [AM broad casting [> 1 ME Q) Optical radiation 1 %m=]—7—— Longwave z ; , ne radio Senos lies between frequency | Submarine oabis 100 kHz, : oe Transoceante radio tadio waves and weer, mas oma x-rays onthe — 100%m--—S* | Telephone Audio spectrum. Telegraph san kE 1 kbeTransmission by Light: why? Growing demand for faster and more efficient communication systems Internet traffic is tripling each year It enables the provision of Ultra-high bandwidth to meet the growing demand Increased transmission length Improved performance etc.Demand for Bandwidth Bandwidth ‘Demand 199020002010 Typical data bandwidth requirement — Raw text = 0.0017 Mb — Word document = 0.023 Mb — Word document with picture = 0.12 Mb — Radio-quality sound = 0.43 Mb — Low-grade desktop video = 2.6 Mb — CD-quality sound = 17 Mb =< Good compressed (MPEG1) video = 38 MbCommunications Technologies Service Open wire telegraph Coaxial cable Microwave Optical fiber Erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) EDFA + DWDM EDFA + DWDM OTDM (Optical time-division multiplexing) BMG REG Gn 500 Hz-kan 60 kHz-km 400 kHz-km 700 MHz-kn 1 GHz-km > 20 GHz-kn > 80 GHz-kn > 100 GHz-km Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)Table Summary of recent high-speed optical transmission demonstrations Channel data rate (Gb s! 40-Gb s 43011] 43 [12] 40 [13] 40 [14] 100-Gb s~ 112 [15] 114 [16] 112 [17] 171 [18] 107 [19] 200-Gb s~! and beyond 224 [20] 448 [21] 1,000 [22] 1,200 [23] Modulation format/detection DBPSK/DDD DBPSK and DQPSK/DDD PDM-QPSK/DCD 16-QAM/SCD PDM-QPSK/DCD PDM-8-QAM/DCD PDM-16-QAM/DCD PDM-16-QAM/DCD PDM-36-QAM/DCD PDM-16-QAM/DCD RGI-CO-OFDM-16-QAM/B-DCD CO-OFDM-QPSK/B-DCD NGI-CO-OFDM-QPSK/B-DCD Reach (km) 4,000 1,280 3,200 160 1,200 2,000Historical Development of Fiber Development Graham Bell's photophone- modulation of sunlight with a diaphragm giving speech transmission over a distance of 200 m Experiments with silica fibres, by Lamb (Germany) The birth of clad optical fibre, Kapany et al (USA) Invention of laser, for unguided transmission Kao demonstrated transmission of light through optical fiber, but the attenuation was then 1000 dB/Km compared to coaxial cable with attenuation of 5dB/Km Laser lifetime improved to 1000 hours. Attenuation of fiber reduced to 5 dB/Km.Year 1977 1976 1980°S 1990°S 2000°S Historical Development of Fiber Development Laser lifetime extended to 7000 hours using AlGaAs operating at 0.8 ppm and 0.9 jm. Other materials emitting light at 1.1 ppm to 1.6 jum was found. Japan, Graded index multi-mode fibre -Bandwidth: 20 GHz, but only 2 GHz/km -Start of fibre deployment - 1300nm Single mode fibre @ 100 Gbps/km - 1500 nm Single mode fibre @ 1000 Gbps/km - Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier - Optical amplifiers - Wavelength division multiplexing, - Optical time division multiplexing (experimental) OTDM. - Optical Networking - Dense WDM, @ 40 Gbps/channel, 10 channels - Hybrid DWDM/OTDM* At present, the minimum attenuation for glass fibers is reported to be 0.2 dB/km. There are 1.5m systems operating with repeater spacing of 150km. Alcatel has unrepeatered systems of 2.5 Gb/s and 622 Mb/s spanning distance of 3200 km and 3500 km, respectively. WDM systems operating at 1.28 Tbit/s (128 wavelengths at 10.7 Gbit/s (Lucent Technology) is possible todayThe General System (1) + An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of communication systems. DestinationThe General System (2) Information source provides electrical signal to the transmitter comprising of an electrical stage which drives an optical source to modulate the light wave carrier. + The optical source which convert electrical to optical signal may be either a semiconductor injection laser diode (ILD) or light emitting diode (LED). + Transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a farther electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of the optical earmer. Photodiodes (p-n, p-i-n, or avalanche) are utilized for the detection of the optical signal or the optical to electrical conversion. At present the signal processing is usually performed electrically.Typical Digital Optical Link (1) ~ Transmitter — > ~<— Receiver —> Connector 7 Connector \ __.. Glass Fibre >Modulator = . {Amplifier - ¢ Light Source Light Sensor —»|Detector| > (Detector) | ~~ Electricity >= — Light — > Electricity <> The basic components + A serial bit stream in electrical form is presented to a modulator, which encodes the data appropriately for fiber transmissionTypical Digital Optical Link(1) A light source (laser or Light Emitting Diode - LED) is driven by the modulator and the light focused into the fiber The light travels down the fib (during which time it may experience dispersion and loss of strength) At the receiver end the light is fed to a detector and converted to electrical form The signal is then amplified and decoded to restore the original bit streamOptical Technology — Advantages(1) Q High data rate, low transmission loss and low bit error rates The optical carrier frequency in the range 10/5 to 10!° Hz’ yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth) than metallic cable systems (i.e. coaxial cable bandwidth up to around 500 MHz) or even millimeter wave radio systems (i.e. systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz). Potential BW 50 Tbit/sOptical Technology — Advantages(2) Q High immunity from electromagnetic interference and crosstalk Y Optical fibers are free from electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). v Hence the operation of an optical fiber communication system is unaffected by transmission through an electrically noisy environment and the fiber cable requires no shielding from EMI. Y The fiber cable is also not susceptible to lightning strikes if used overhead rather than underground. Y Moreover, it is fairly easy to ensure that there is no optical interference between fibers and hence, unlike communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is negligible, even when many fibers are cabled together.Optical Technology — Advantages(3) Q Small size, light weight, and stronger Y Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no greater than the diameter of a human hair. v Hence, even when such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables. Y This is a tremendous boom towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmission within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships. RG-19/U 14 dB/km at 100 MHz 1110 kg/km Silica Fiber 0.2 dB/km 6 kg/kmExample The attenuation of a length of RG-19/U coaxial cable is about 12 dB/km at 50 MHz. Suppose the input power to the cable is 10mW and the receiver sensitivity is 0.001 mW. How long can the coaxial cable be under these conditions ? If optical fiber is used instead , with a loss rated at 4 dB/km, how long can the transmission line be? Poutput dB Gayl = 10 log ,L = the cable long (km) and ag, = att Gan) input The loss in db that can be tolerated in a length L of fiber is, aay L = (10 db) logio(0.01/10~%) = 40 db So for the coaxial cable: L = (40 db/12 db/lam) = 3.33 kan For the fiber: L = (40 db/4 db/km) = 10 km.Optical Technology — Advantages(4) Q Signal security Y The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Y Unlike copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a non-invasive manner (i.e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Y Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i.e. computer network) applications.Optical Technology — Advantages(5) QO Electrical isolation Y Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass or sometimes a plastic polymer are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic counterparts, they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. v Furthermore, this property makes optical fiber transmission ideally suited for communication in electrically hazardous environments as the fibers create no arcing or spark hazard at abrasions or short circuits. * Bi-directional signal transmissionOptical Technology — Advantages(6) Q Low transmission loss Y The development of optical fibers has resulted in the production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best copper conductors. v Fibers have been fabricated with losses as low as 0.2 dB km". ¥ It facilitates the implementation of communication links with extremely wide repeater spacing (long transmission distances without intermediate electronics). Y Thus reducing both system cost and complexity. RG-19/U 500 MHz 14 dB/kmOptical Technology — Advantages(7) Q High reliability, and ease of maintenance v These features primarily stem from the low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Y Hence with fewer repeaters, system reliability is generally enhanced in comparison with conventional electrical conductor systems. Y Furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20-30 years now quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs.Optical Technology — Advantages(8) Q) Potential low cost v The glass which generally provides the optical fiber transmission medium is made from sand-not a scarce resource. So, in comparison with copper conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for low cost line communication. Y Overall system cost when utilizing optical system optical system are substantially less than those for equivalent electrical line systems because of the low loss and wideband properties of optical transmission. The main advantages: Large BW and Low lossiber Optic Systems and laser Applications QO) Two Major Applications: 1. Optical communications systems Voice o Telephone trunk for high data o Subscriber service o fiber-to-the home (FTTH) o broadband services (multimedia, video, etc. ) — Video o Broadcast Television o Remote monitoring o Fiber-guided missile o Fiber-to-the home— Data + Computers ,CPU to CPU * Interoffice data links + Local Area Network (LAN) * Fiber-to-the home + Aircraft and ship wiring - reduced weight + Satellite ground stations . Non communication applications + Sensors (gyroscopes, pressure, temperature, strain etc.) Tilumination Imaging and inspection Medical applications Broad Optoelectronics Electronics and Computers