BSC - Ee371 Transformers e FV

September 5th 2021
Department of Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering
AIMISIU - Riyadh - KSA
[ ELECTRIC DRIVES - EE 371 -
EE 371 PROF. DR. ALI S. HENNACHE - S1/ 2021/2022]
IMAM MOHAMMED IBN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
Electrical Engineering Department
EE 371 – ELECTRIC DRIVES

Transformers
Block Diagram of Electrical Drive
Compiled
by
Prof. Dr. Ali S. Hennache

ASH/AIMISIU
1st Edition/ Riyadh 05.9.2021

September 5th 2021
TRANSFORMERS
1. Introduction
A transformer can be defined as a simple static device which helps in the
transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same
frequency in another circuit (transferring the electrical power between two
circuits). The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional
increase or decrease in the current ratings. In this chapter we will be learning
about Transformer basics and working principle
2. Working Principle
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic
transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but
are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance. The working principle of the
transformer can be understood from the figure below.
Electric Transformer
As shown above the electrical transformer has primary and secondary

windings. A mutual electro-motive force is induced in the transformer from the
alternating flux that is set up in the laminated core, due to the coil that is
connected to a source of alternating voltage.
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Most of the alternating flux developed by this coil is linked with the other
coil and thus produces the mutual induced electro-motive force. The so produced
electro-motive force can be explained with the help of Faraday’s laws of
Electromagnetic Induction as
e = M*dI/dt
If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and thus electrical
energy is transferred magnetically from the first to the second coil.
The alternating current supply is given to the first coil and hence it can be
called as the primary winding. The energy is drawn out from the second coil and
thus can be called as the secondary winding.
In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below:
1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.
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2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.

3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.
3. Types of Transformers
3.1 Types by Design

The types of transformers differ in the manner in which the primary
and secondary coils are provided around the laminated steel core.
According to the design, transformers can be classified into two:
3.1.1 Core- Type Transformer

In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part of
the core. The coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are of
cylindrical type. Such a type of transformer can be applicable for small sized and
large sized transformers. The figure below shows the large sized type. You can
see that the round or cylindrical coils are wound in such a way as to fit over a
cruciform core section.
Core Type Transformer Shell-Type Transformer Shell-Type Transformer
3.1.2 Shell-Type Transformer

In shell-type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable portion of
the windings. The comparison is shown in the figure above.
4. Transformer Configurations
There are different configurations for both single-phase and three-phase
systems.
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 Single-phase Power - Single-phase transformers are often used to

supply power for residential lighting, receptacle, air-conditioning, and
heating needs.
 Three-phase Power - Power may be supplied through a three-phase

circuit containing transformers in which a set of three single-phase
transformers is used, or one three-phase transformer is used. When a
considerable amount of power is involved in the transformation of three-
phase power, it is more economical to use a three-phase transformer.
 Delta and Wye Defined - There are two connection configurations for
three-phase power: Delta and Wye. In a delta connection, the three
conductors are connected end to end in a triangle or delta shape. For a
wye, all the conductors radiate from the center, meaning they are
connected at one common point.
 Three-phase Transformers - Three-phase transformers have six
windings; three primary and three secondary. The six windings are
connected by the manufacturer as either delta or wye. As previously
stated, the primary windings and secondary windings may each be
connected in a delta or wye configuration. They do not have to be
connected in the same configuration in the same transformer. The actual
connection configurations used depend upon the application.
Power Transformer
A power transformer is used primarily to couple electrical energy from a power
supply line to a circuit system, or to one or more components of the system. A
power transformer used with solid state circuits is called a rectifier transformer.
Distribution Transformer
A pole-type distribution transformer is used to supply relatively small amounts of
power to residences. It is used at the end of the electrical utility's delivery system.
Autotransformer
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The autotransformer is a special type of power transformer. It consists of a

single, continuous winding that is tapped on one side to provide either a step-
up or a step-down function. This is different from a conventional two-winding
transformer, which has the primary and secondary completely isolated from
each other, but magnetically linked by a common core. The autotransformer's
windings are both electrically and magnetically interconnected.
An autotransformer is initially cheaper than a similarly-rated two-winding
transformer. It also has better regulation (smaller voltage drops), and greater
efficiency.
5. Classification of Transformers
Transformers are classified into two types based on the conversion of voltage
level. These are step-up and step-down transformers.
5.1 Step-up Transformers

In step-up transformer, the secondary voltage is more than the primary
voltage. This is due to the lesser number of coils in the primary compared to the
secondary.
5.2 Step-down Transformers

In step-down transformer, secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage due to the less number of turns in the secondary winding. These types of
transformers are used in distribution systems (power transformers) and in
electronic circuits (electronic transformers).
6. Based on Nature of Supply

Based on the nature of the supply, transformers can be single or three phase
transformers. Single phase transformers are designed to work on a single phase
system; therefore it has two windings to transform the voltage levels.
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To work with three phase system, we need three single phase transformers.
Thus, for an economic advantage, three phase transformer is considered for
three phase operation. It consists of three windings or coils which are connected
in a proper way to match the input voltage. This type of transformers, primary
and secondary windings are connected in the form of star- delta or delta-star
fashion depending on the load voltage requirements
7. Ideal and practical transformers

7.1 Concept of Ideal Transformer
Ideal transformer is nothing but a transformer which has 100% efficiency.
In this transformer there are two purely inductive coils. So this is no iron loss, no
copper loss, as well as there is no I2R losses. Also this is no ohmic resistance
drop and no leakage drop. Hence this is concept of ideal transformer.
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7.2 Difference between Ideal and practical transformer
Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer
It has 100% efficiency. It has 100% below efficiency.
It has no losses. It has no losses.
It is two purely inductive material

Purely inductive material is used. used.
It has no I2R losses. It has I2R losses.
It has no iron loss. It has iron loss.
There is no ohmic resistance drop. There is ohmic resistance drop.
It has no leakage drop. It has leakage drop.
In it ideal condition. In it practical condition.
It is not used in practical condition. It is used in practical condition.
8. Transformer Equivalent Circuit

An equivalent circuit of a machine or device is merely an interpretation of the
equations that combines the fixed and variable resistors and reactances, which
exactly simulates or describes the complete behavior of the machine.
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Generally, the problems related to voltage and currents of a transformer can be

solved by using phasor diagrams. However, to make the computations easy, it is
very convenient to represent the transformer by an equivalent circuit.
The above figure shows the equivalent circuit of the transformer in which it
is imagined that the resistance and reactance of both primary and secondary
windings are external (shown separately) to the winding. The no load current Io
is the combination of magnetizing component Im and active component Ic.
Hence, the effect of magnetizing current is represented as Xo and the

effect of active component or core loss component is represented by the non
inductive resistive Ro. Both Ro and Xo connected across the primary winding as
shown in figure obove. This parallel combination is called as the equivalent circuit
on NO load condition.
The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is presented by

considering all the properties of the transformer either on the primary or
secondary side. The main equivalent circuit of the transformer is shown below in
the diagram:
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It is also possible to transfer the primary resistance and reactance (or

simply impedance) to the secondary just as the secondary resistance and
reactance (or impedance) transfer to the primary. Let R1’ and X1’ are the
resistance and reactance transferred to the secondary side from primary.
As a result, I1 = I’1. The no-load current is further separated into two

sections introduced as the magnetized current (Im) and operating current (Iw).
9. Mathematical Formulas for Transformers
9.1 Turn Ratio
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Transformer has a turn ratio which dictates the operation of transformer

and the value of output voltage applied to the secondary windings.
 Turn ratio is defined as a number of turns of the primary coils divided by

the number of turns of secondary coil.
TR = Np /Ns
If Ns > Np then it is called step up transformer
If Np > Ns then it is called step down transformer
9.2 Transformation Ration Ratio

 Transformation Ratio is defined as the secondary voltage divided by
the primary voltage. And it is denoted by K.
K = Vs / Vp or Ns/Np
9.3 Transformer EMF Equation
 It must be a rate of change of flux that is connected to both, primary and

secondary coils.
 According to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, changing flux in
the coil must induce EMF in it.
 Now let’s have a look at the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
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EMF Induced In Primary & Secondary Windings:
Where
 E1 = EMF induced in primary winding
 E2 = EMF induced in Secondary winding
 N1 = Number of Turns in Primary winding
 N2 = Number of Turns in Secondary winding
 f = Line frequency
 φm = Maximum Flux in Core
 Bm = Maximum flux density
 A = Area of Core
Voltage Transformation Ratio:
Where
 K = voltage transformation ratio of transformer
 V1I1 = Primary voltage & current Respectively
 V2I2 = Secondary voltage & current Respectively
Equivalent Resistance of Transformer Windings:
Where
 R1’ = Resistance of Primary winding in Secondary
 R2’ = Resistance of Secondary winding in primary
 R01 = Equivalent resistance of transformer from primary side
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 R02 = Equivalent resistance of transformer from Secondary side

 R1 = Primary winding Resistance
 R2 = Secondary Winding Resistance
Leakage Reactance:
Where
 X1 = Primary leakage Reactance
 X2 = Secondary leakage Reactance
 eL1 = Self-Induced EMF in primary
 eL2 = Self-Induced EMF in Secondary
Equivalent Reactance Of Transformer Windings:
Where
 X1’ = Reactance of Primary winding in Secondary
 X2’ = Reactance of Secondary winding in primary
 X01 = Equivalent reactance of transformer from primary side
 X02 = Equivalent reactance of transformer from Secondary side
Total Impedance of Transformer Winding:
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Where
 Z1 = Impedance of primary winding
 Z2 = Impedance of Secondary winding
 Z01 = Equivalent Impedance of transformer from primary side
 Z02 = Equivalent Impedance of transformer from Secondary side
Input & Output Voltage Equations
Input and output voltage of a transformer can be found by the following
equations.
Losses In Transformer:
Core / Iron Losses
The losses that occur inside the core;
 Hysteresis Loss
Due to magnetization and demagnetization of the core
 Eddy Current Loss

Due to the induced EMF produced inside the core causes the flow of eddy
current.
Where
 Wh = Hysteresis loss
 We = Eddy current loss
 η = Steinmetz Hysteresis coefficient
 Ke = Eddy current constant
 Bmax = Maximum magnetic flux
 f = frequency of flux
 V = Volume of the core
 t = thickness of the lamination
Copper Loss:
The loss due to the resistance of the winding
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Voltage Regulation of Transformer

When the input voltage to the transformer primary is kept constant and a load is
connected to the secondary terminal, the secondary voltage decreases due to internal
impedance.
The comparison of no load secondary voltage to the full load secondary voltage is
called voltage regulation of the transformer.
 0V2 = No load Secondary voltage

 V2 = Full load Secondary voltage
 V1 = No load Primary voltage
 V2’ = V2/K = Full load Secondary voltage from primary side
 Regulation Up
Regulation “Down” is commonly referred as regulation

 Regulation in Primary Voltage Terms:
 Regulation When Secondary Voltage Supposed to be Constant

After connecting load, the primary voltage needs to be increased from V1 to V1’, where
the voltage regulation is given by:
Percentage Resistance, Reactance & Impedance:

These quantities are measured at full load current with the voltage drop, and
expressed as the percentage of normal voltage.

Percentage Resistance at Full Load:
 Percentage Reactance at Full Load:
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 Percentage Impedance at Full Load:
Transformer Efficiency:
The efficiency of the transformer is given by the output power divide by the
input power. Some of the input power is wasted in internal losses of the transformer.
Total losses = Cu loss + Iron Loss

Efficiency At Any Load:
The efficiency of the transformer at an actual load can be given by;
Where
x = Ratio of Actual load to full load kVA
All Day Efficiency:

The ratio of energy delivered in Kilo Watt-Hour (kWh) to the energy input in kWh
of the transformer for 24 hours is called all day efficiency.
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Condition For Maximum Efficiency:

The copper lost must be equal to the iron loss, which the combination of
hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
Cu Loss = Iron Loss
Wcu = Wi
Where
 Wi = Wh + We
 Wcu = I12 R01 = I22 R02
Load Current For Maximum Efficiency:

The load current required for the maximum efficiency of the transformer is;
Single and three phase transformers

According to the supply used, the transformers are mainly classified as Single
phase and three phase transformers.
 A normal transformer is a single phase transformer. It has a primary and a
secondary winding and it is operated to either decrease or increase the
secondary voltage.
 For a three phase transformer, three primary windings are connected together
and three secondary windings are connected together.
A single three phase transformer is preferred to three single phase transformers so
as to get good efficiency, where it occupies less space at low cost. But due to the
transportation problem of heavy equipment, single phase transformers are used in most
cases.
Another classification of these transformers is Core and Shell type.
 In Shell type, the windings are positioned on a single leg surrounded by the
core.
 In Core type, they are wounded on different legs.
The magnetic lines of flux pass through the secondary winding. The number of turns in
the secondary winding determines the voltage induced. Hence the amount of voltage
induced will be determined by
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Where N = number of turns in the secondary winding

The frequency of this induced voltage will be same as the frequency of primary voltage.
The peak amplitude of the output voltage will be affected if the magnetic losses are
high.
Induced EMF
Let us try to draw some relationship between induced EMF and number of turns
in a coil.
Let us now assume that both the primary and the secondary coils has a single
turn each. If one volt is applied to one turn of the primary with no losses idealcase the
current flow and magnetic field generated induce the same one volt in the secondary.
Hence voltage is same on both sides.
But the magnetic flux varies sinusoidally which means,
Then the basic relationship between induced EMF and coil winding of N turns is
Where
f = flux frequency in Hertz = ω / 2π
N = number of coil windings
∅ = flux density in webers
This is known as Transformer EMF Equation.
As alternating flux produces current in the secondary coil, and this alternating
flux is produced by alternating voltage, we can say that only an alternating current AC
can help a transformer work. Hence a transformer doesn’t work on DC.
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Losses in Transformers
Any Device has few losses in practical applications. The main losses that occur
in the transformers are Copper losses, Core losses and Flux leakage.
Copper Losses
Copper loss is the loss of energy, due to the heat produced by the current flow
through the windings of the transformers. These are also called as “I2R losses” or “I
squared R losses” as the energy lost per second increases with the square of the
current through the winding and is proportional to the electrical resistance of the
winding.
This can be written in an equation as
Where
 IP = Primary Current
 RP = Primary Resistance
 IS = Secondary Current
 RS = Secondary Resistance
Core Losses
Core Losses are also called as Iron Losses. These losses depends upon the core
material used. They are of two types namely, Hysteresis and Eddy Current losses.
 Hysteresis Loss − The AC induced in the form of magnetic flux keeps on
fluctuating like rise and falls and reversing the direction according to the AC
voltage induced. Some energy is lost in the core due to these random
fluctuations. Such loss can be termed as Hysteresis loss.
 Eddy Current Loss − While this whole process goes on, some currents are
induced in the core which circulate continuously. These currents produce some
loss called as Eddy Current Loss. Actually the varying magnetic field is
supposed to induce current only in the secondary winding. But it induces
voltages in the nearby conducting materials also, which results in this loss of
energy.
 Flux Leakage − Though the flux linkages are strong enough to produce the
required voltage, there will be some flux which gets leaked in practical
applications and hence results in the energy loss. Though this is low, this loss is
also countable when it comes to high energy applications.
Power of a Transformer
When an ideal transformer is considered with no losses, the Power of the
transformer will be constant, as the product when voltage V multiplied by current I is
constant.
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We can say that the power in the primary equals the power in the secondary as
the transformer takes care of that. If the transformer, steps-up the voltage then the
current is reduced and if the voltage is stepped-down, the current is increased so as to
maintain the output power constant.
Hence the primary power equals the secondary power.
Where
Efficiency of a transformer
The amount or the intensity of Power loss in a transformer, determines the
efficiency of the transformer. The efficiency can be understood in terms of power loss
between primary and secondary of a transformer.
Hence, the ratio of power output of secondary winding to the power input of primary
winding can be stated as the Efficiency of the transformer. This can be written as
Efficiency is generally denoted by η. The above given equation is valid for an

ideal transformer where there will be no losses and the whole energy in the input gets
transferred to the output.
Hence, if losses are considered and if the efficiency is calculated in practical
conditions, the below equation is to be considered.
It is to be noted that the input, output and losses are all expressed in terms of
power, i.e., in Watts.
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September 5th 2021
Open and Short Circuit Test of Transformer
Open Circuit Test on Transformer

Open and short circuit tests are performed on a transformer to determine the:
1. Equivalent circuit of transformer
2. Voltage regulation of transformer
3. Efficiency of transformer
The power required for open circuit tests and short circuit tests on a transformer is
equal to the power loss occurring in the transformer.
The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure.
A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as
shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac
of variable ratio auto transformer.
The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied
voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage
of the LV side. After reaching rated LV side voltage, we record all the three instruments
reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings).
The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie. As no load current Ie is quite
small compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current
that can be taken as negligible.
Since voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to the secondary induced

voltage of the transformer, wattmeter reading indicates the input power during the test.
As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here
consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load
condition. But as said earlier, the no-load current in the transformer is quite small
compared to the full load current so, we can neglect the copper loss due to the no-load
current. Hence, can take the wattmeter reading as equal to the core losses in the
transformer.
Let us consider wattmeter reading is Po.
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Where,
Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer.
If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of transformer.
Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is Xm,
These values are referred to the LV side of the transformer due to the tests being
conducted on the LV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV
side by multiplying these values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core
losses in transformer and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of the
transformer.
Short Circuit Test on Transformer

The connection diagram for the short circuit test on the transformer is shown in
the figure below. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of
the transformer as shown. A low voltage of around 5-10% is applied to that HV side with
the help of a variac (i.e. a variable ratio auto transformer). We short-circuit the LV side of
the transformer. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the
wattmeter, and an ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side.
After reaching the rated current of the HV side, we record all the three instrument
readings (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings). The ammeter reading gives
the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in
a short circuit test on the transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary
voltage of the transformer, the core losses in the transformer can be taken as negligible
here.
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Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The watt-meter reading indicates the input
power during the test. As we have short-circuited the transformer, there is no output;
hence the input power here consists of copper losses in the transformer. Since the
applied voltage Vsc is short circuit voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite small
compared to the rated voltage, so, we can neglect the core loss due to the small applied
voltage. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper losses in the
transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.
Where, Re is equivalent resistance of transformer.

If, Ze is equivalent impedance of transformer.
Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is Xe.
These values are referred to the HV side of the transformer as the test is conducted on
the HV side of the transformer. These values could easily be converted to the LV side by
dividing these values with the square of transformation ratio.
Hence the short-circuit test of a transformer is used to determine copper losses

in the transformer at full load. It is also used to obtain the parameters to approximate the
equivalent circuit of a transformer.
Resume:
Performance of a transformer at various levels of load by knowing all the
equivalent circuit parameters. These latter are supplied in terms Open Circuit (OC) and
Short Circuit (SC) test data of a transformer.
These two assessed tests give the test results, which are used to determine the
equivalent circuit parameters. By these parameters, we can easily predetermine the
efficiency and regulation of the transformer at any power factor condition as well as at
any load condition. This method of finding the parameters of a transformer is called as
an Indirect Loading Method.
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September 5th 2021
From this test, we get rated voltage VO, input or no load current IO and input
power WO (Iron losses)
The no load power factor, Cos ΦO = WO/VOIO
Once the power factor is obtained, the no load component currents are
determined as:
Magnetizing component of no load current, Im = IO sin ΦO
Core loss component of no load current, Im = IO cos ΦO
Then, the magnetizing branch reactance, XO= VO / Im
Resistance representing core loss, RO = VO / IO
Short Circuit Test on Transformer

This test is performed to find series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit
such as equivalent impedance (Zo1 or Zo2), total winding resistance (Ro1 or Ro2) and total
leakage reactance (Xo1 or Xo2).
As the iron or core losses are function of voltage, these losses are very small.
Therefore, the wattmeter reading shows the power loss or I2 R loss equal to the full load
copper losses of the whole transformer.
Wsc = Full load copper losses
Form the test results we determine the series branch parameters of an
equivalent circuit as
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, R01 = Wsc/ Isc2
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, Z01 = Vsc / Isc
Equivalent leakage reactance referred to HV side, X01 = √ (Z201 – R201)
And also short circuit power factor, Cos Φsc = Wsc/VscIsc
Calculation of Efficiency from O.C. and S.C. Tests

As we have seen that, the practical transformer has two types of major losses
namely copper and core losses. The temperature of the transformer rises due to these
losses which are dissipated as heat. Due to these losses, input power drawn by the
primary no longer equal to the output delivered at secondary. Therefore, the efficiency of
the transformer is given as
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Efficiency, η = Power output in KW/ Power input in KW
= Power output in KW/ (Power output in KW + Losses)
= Power output in KW/ (Power output in KW + Copper loss + Core loss)
Prof. Dr. Ali S. Hennache
ASH/AIMISIU/COE/DOEE/RUH-KSA/07.10.2021@ 07.43 PM
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September 5th 2021

Department of Electrical Engineering

IMAM MOHAMMED IBN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

Electrical Engineering Department

EE 371 – ELECTRIC DRIVES

Block Diagram of Electrical Drive

Prof. Dr. Ali S. Hennache

1st Edition/ Riyadh 05.9.2021

As shown above the electrical transformer has primary and secondary

In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below:

1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.

2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.

3.1 Types by Design

3.1.1 Core- Type Transformer

Core Type Transformer Shell-Type Transformer Shell-Type Transformer

3.1.2 Shell-Type Transformer

 Single-phase Power - Single-phase transformers are often used to

 Three-phase Power - Power may be supplied through a three-phase

The autotransformer is a special type of power transformer. It consists of a

5.1 Step-up Transformers

5.2 Step-down Transformers

6. Based on Nature of Supply

7. Ideal and practical transformers

7.2 Difference between Ideal and practical transformer

Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer

It has 100% efficiency. It has 100% below efficiency.

It has no losses. It has no losses.

It is two purely inductive material

It has no I2R losses. It has I2R losses.

It has no iron loss. It has iron loss.

There is no ohmic resistance drop. There is ohmic resistance drop.

It has no leakage drop. It has leakage drop.

In it ideal condition. In it practical condition.

It is not used in practical condition. It is used in practical condition.

8. Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Generally, the problems related to voltage and currents of a transformer can be

Hence, the effect of magnetizing current is represented as Xo and the

The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is presented by

It is also possible to transfer the primary resistance and reactance (or

As a result, I1 = I’1. The no-load current is further separated into two

9. Mathematical Formulas for Transformers

9.1 Turn Ratio

Transformer has a turn ratio which dictates the operation of transformer

 Turn ratio is defined as a number of turns of the primary coils divided by

9.2 Transformation Ration Ratio

9.3 Transformer EMF Equation

 It must be a rate of change of flux that is connected to both, primary and

EMF Induced In Primary & Secondary Windings:

Voltage Transformation Ratio:

Equivalent Resistance of Transformer Windings:

 R02 = Equivalent resistance of transformer from Secondary side

Equivalent Reactance Of Transformer Windings:

 Eddy Current Loss

Voltage Regulation of Transformer

 0V2 = No load Secondary voltage

Regulation “Down” is commonly referred as regulation

 Regulation When Secondary Voltage Supposed to be Constant

Percentage Resistance, Reactance & Impedance:

 Percentage Reactance at Full Load:

 Percentage Impedance at Full Load:

Total losses = Cu loss + Iron Loss

All Day Efficiency: