DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

MCL, KALINGA AREA, TALCHER

PHYSICS EXHIBITION
TOPIC: -“Mutual induction and principle of
transformer”

ACADEMIC SESSION 2023-2024

PREPARED BY:- KUMARI AKSHARA , AYUSH KUMARI ,
JASMINE NATH, SHRISHTIKA RAI

GUIDED BY:- MR.CHITTARANJAN PATRA

 INTRODUCTION
In the symphony of physics, where the overture is composed by the
intricate interplay of electromagnetic forces, two protagonists emerge—
Mutual Induction and Transformers. As we navigate the complexities of
these phenomena, we find ourselves entangled in the ethereal dance of
electrons and magnetic fields, a dance that orchestrates the very essence
of modern electrical systems.
Mutual inductance is the main
operating principle of generators
motors transformer. Any
electrical device having
components that tend to interact
with another magnetic field also
follows the same principle. The
interaction is usually brought
about by a mutual induction
where the current flowing in one coil generates a voltage in a secondary
coil.
A transformer is a passive component that transfers
electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or
multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, which induces a varying electromagnetic
force(EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils
without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two
circuits. Faradays Law of Induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a
changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such
transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase
or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be
used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to
couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention
of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers
have become essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of
alternating current electric power. A wide range of transformer
designs is encountered in electronic and electric power
applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers
less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing
hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.
 Mutual Induction:
Mutual induction is a captivating aspect of electromagnetic
induction, a fundamental principle discovered by Michael
Faraday in the 19th century. Electromagnetic induction is the
process through which a changing magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor. Mutual
induction takes this a step further, involving two coils of wire
influencing each other.

Imagine two coils of wire placed close to each other. When there
is a change in the current flowing through one coil, it generates a
magnetic field around it. This changing magnetic field, in turn,
induces a voltage in the neighboring coil, even if it is not
directly connected to a power source. This phenomenon is the
essence of mutual induction.

Mutual Inductance formula:

em = M (dI1 / dt) or M = em/ (dI1 / dt)

where em is the voltage induced in the secondary coil I1 is the current

flowing in the primary foil.
We can use this formula when we know the value of the
mutually induced emf as well as the change of current in coil
two, or the neighbouring coil.

Now, if em = 1 and dI1 / dt = 1, then on substituting the value in

the given equations, we see that the value of M, that is mutual
inductance is 1 Henry.
Thus two coils have a mutual inductance of 1 henry when emf of
1 volt is induced in coil 1 and when the current flowing through
coil 2 is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.

There is another formula that can be used to calculate mutual

inductance. It can be written as
em = M ( dI1 / dt ) = d/dt (MI1) . . ( 2 )

And em = N2 ( dφ12/dt) = d/dt (N2φ12) . . ( 3 )

On equating 1 and 2 we get,

MI1 = N2 φ12

Or, M = N2 φ12 /I1

The above equation can be used pen the flux linkage or N2 φ12 of
one coil due to the flow of current in the other coil (I1) is known.

It is to be noted that the value of mutual inductance is dependent

on the three factors, namely, the proximity of 2 coils, the cross-
sectional area and the number of rounds in the secondary coil.
 A device that produces the effect of mutual induction is called a
transformer. However, a very interesting property of the device
is its ability to change voltage and current ratio only according
to a simple ratio, which is determined by the input, and the
output of the coil turns.

These effects are actually derived from two different and

fundamental observations pertaining to physics. Those are:

1. A steady current creates a steady magnetic field known as the

Oersted’s law
2. Faraday’s law that has been described already.
Practical Application of Mutual Induction:

One of the most common applications of mutual induction is

in transformers. Transformers are devices that use mutual
induction to alter the voltage of an alternating current (AC).
They consist of two coils of wire, known as the primary and
secondary coils, wound around a common magnetic core.

This changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary

coil, allowing power to be transferred from one coil to the other.
By varying the number of turns in the coils, transformers can
step up or step down the voltage, making them indispensable in
electricity distribution.

transformer
 Transformers are ubiquitous in our lives, silently working
behind the scenes to ensure the smooth functioning of various
electronic devices. From the power lines that carry electricity to
our homes to the chargers that power our smartphones,
transformers are integral to these systems.

Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers:

Step-up transformers increase the voltage, making them crucial

in the transmission of electricity over long distances. Higher
voltages result in lower energy losses during transmission. On
the other hand, step-
down transformers
decrease the voltage to
a level suitable for
household use.

Think of a step-up
transformer as an
elevator that takes you to a higher floor, while a step-down
transformer is like descending to a lower level. Both are
essential for maintaining the balance and efficiency of the
electrical grid.

Efficiency and Conservation:

Understanding the principles of mutual induction and
transformers is not just about unraveling the mysteries of
physics; it's also about energy efficiency and conservation. The
ability to step up and step down voltages efficiently allows us to
harness electricity from power plants and deliver it to our homes
with minimal losses.

In our pursuit of a sustainable future, the knowledge of mutual

induction becomes even more critical. As we strive to harness
energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar,
transformers play a vital role in converting and transporting this
energy for widespread use.

Applications in daily life:-

A. Power Grids:
Transformers are the unsung heroes of power grids, enabling the
efficient transmission of electricity across vast distances.
Substations, adorned with transformers, serve as nodal points in
the grid, facilitating the transformation and distribution of power
to meet the diverse needs of industries and households.

B. Electronics:
In the realm of electronics, transformers are omnipresent. Power
supplies and chargers utilize transformers to convert voltages for
the myriad devices we rely on daily. The ubiquity of
transformers in electronic circuits exemplifies their versatility
and indispensability.

C. Renewable Energy Integration:

The rise of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar
power, has further elevated the significance of transformers.
They act as linchpins, connecting the irregular output from
renewable sources to the stable
grid. Transformers enable the
seamless integration of clean
energy into existing power
infrastructure.

D. Industrial Processes:
Industries, with their diverse and
demanding electrical
requirements, rely on
transformers for power distribution and equipment operation.
The adaptability of transformers ensures that voltage levels are
tailored to the specific needs of different industrial applications.
Conclusion: The Ongoing Symphony of
Electromagnetic Marvels

In conclusion, the journey through the realms of mutual

inductance and transformers unveils a symphony of
electromagnetic marvels that resonate through the very fabric of
our technological existence. Mutual inductance, with its
magnetic dance between coils, forms the foundation upon which
transformers build their transformative narratives. These
devices, woven into the intricate tapestry of power systems, are
not merely functional entities but rather conduits for the
efficient and sustainable transmission of electrical energy.

As we stand on the precipice of a new era, where energy

demands escalate and environmental consciousness deepens, the
role of transformers becomes even more pivotal. The ongoing
quest for innovation, encapsulated in the development of smart
transformers, reflects our commitment to building a future
where efficiency, sustainability, and technological prowess
converge harmoniously. The symphony of mutual inductance
and transformers continues, an enduring melody that guides us
towards a brighter and more electrifying future.