Topic

TRANSFORMERS
WORD LIST
to transfer energy – передавати енергію
inductively coupled electrical conductors – провідник з індуктивним зв’язком
primary circuit – первинний ланцюг
secondary circuit- вторинний ланцюг
to induce voltage – індукувати/наводити напругу
resistance - опір
to dissipate energy – розсіювати енергію
to be located remotely – бути розташованим віддалено
a fraction - частка
extensively - в значній мірі
to step down voltage – понижувати напругу
a low voltage circuit – ланцюг з низькою напругою
a key safety component – ключовий компонент безпеки
potentially lethal– потенційно смертельна
input power – вхідна потужність
a thumbnail-sized розміром з ніготь великого пальця
coupling transformer трансформатор зв’язку
national power grids – державна електроенергетична система
electromagnetic induction – електромагнітна індукція
an autotransformer - автотрансформатор
polyphase transformer – багатофазний трансформатор
resonant transformer- резонансний трансформатор
instrument transformer - вимірювальний трансформатор

TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in
the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this
magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary).
By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the
transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.
A key application of transformers is to reduce the current before
transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Most wires have
resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of
the current through the wire. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage
(and therefore low-current) form for transmission and back again afterwards,
transformers enable economic transmission of power over long distances.
Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry,
permitting generation to be located remotely from points of demand. All but a
fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of
transformers by the time it reaches the consumer. Transformers are used
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extensively in consumer electronic products to step down the supply voltage to a
level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. In these kinds of
applications the transformer may also act as a key safety component that
electrically isolates the end user from direct contact with the potentially lethal
supply voltage.
Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical 'machines', with
some large units able to transfer 99.75% of their input power to their output.
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the
same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist to perform specialized
roles throughout home and industry.
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current
can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and, secondly, that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it
changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field
extends into the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.
There are different types of transformers:1 Autotransformer, 2 Polyphase
transformers 3 Resonant transformers 4 Leakage transformers 5 Instrument
transformers A variety of specialized transformer designs has been created to
fulfill certain engineering applications, though they share several common
features.

Task 1. Match the following words and word expressions (1 -6) with their
definitions(a – f).
1. a transformer; 2. voltage; 3. resistance; 4. current; 5. magnetic field; 6.
terminal
a) a flow of electricity through a wire;
b) the ability of a substance to stop the flow of an electric current through it;
c) a piece of equipment for changing electricity from one voltage to another;
d) one of the points at which you can connect wires in an electrical circuit
e) electrical force measured in volts
f) an area around an object that has magnetic power

Task 2. In the text find the synonyms to the following words and word
combinations
1. a mechanism
2. to transport electrical energy.
3. to produce/stimulate a changing voltage
4. a main use
5. to lower the current
6. to scatter electrical energy
7. allowing generation
8. to be located far away from
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9. request
10. to be used to a great extent/ widely
Task 3. State whether the following sentences are true or false. (T/F)
1. A changing current in the primary circuit induces a changing magnetic field;
which, in its turn, induces a changing voltage in the secondary circuit.
2. Without adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in
the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.
3. A key application of transformers is to increase the current before transmitting
electrical energy over long distances through wires.
4. Wires have resistance and dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to
the square of the current through the wire.
5. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, not
allowing generation to be located remotely from points of demand.
6. Absolutely all world electric power has passed through a series of transformers
by the time it reaches the consumer.
7. Transformers are used extensively in consumer electronic products to decrease
the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain.
8. Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical 'machines', with some
large units able to transfer 75.99% of their input power to their output.
Task 4. Fill in the gaps using one of the following words.
1. A changing current in the primary circuit … a changing magnetic field; in turn,
this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the secondary circuit.
a) produces b) decreases c) converts
2.. By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current … in the
transformer.
a) to flow b) flow c) flowing
3. A key … of transformers is to reduce the current before transmitting electrical
energy over long distances through wires.
a) production b) invention c) use
4. Most wires … electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of the
current through the wire.
a) scatter b) conduct с) contaminate
5. Transformers … economic transmission of power over long distances.
a) signify b) ensure c) postpone
6. Transformers … the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be
located remotely from points of demand.
a) have shaped b) has given c) must do
7. A variety of specialized transformer designs has been created to … certain
engineering applications, though they share several common features.
a) perform b) dissipate c) transport
Task 5. Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian.
1. A variety of specialized transformer designs has been created to fulfill
certain engineering applications, though they share several common features.
2. The transformer is based on two principles: electromagnetism and
electromagnetic induction.
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3. A changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across
the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
4. By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes the strength of its
magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the secondary coil,
a voltage is induced across the secondary.
5. Thus, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting
generation to be located remotely from points of demand.
6. Transformers are used extensively in consumer electronic products to step
down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they
contain.
7. The transformer may also act as a key safety component that electrically
isolates the end user from direct contact with the potentially lethal supply
voltage.
Task 6. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
1. Головне застосування трансформатора полягає в тому, щоб зменшити
струм перш ніж передавати електричну енергію на великі відстані.
2. В електротехніці трансформатори використовуються для
перетворення параметрів напруг і струмів.
3. Існують різні види трансформаторів: автотрансформатор,
багатофазний, резонансний, вимірювальний, тощо.
4. Різноманітні дизайни трансформаторів були створені для виконання
різних задач, які стоять перед інженерами.
5. Звичайний трансформатор - прилад для збільшення або зменшення
напруги змінного струму.
6. | В основі трансформатора лежать два принципи: електромагнетизм та
електромагнітна індукція.
7. Майже вся електроенергія проходить через трансформатори перш,
ніж вона доходить до користувача.

Task 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a transformer?
2. What are the basic principles of operation of a transformer?
3. How can energy be transferred from one circuit to another?
4. What induces a changing voltage in the secondary circuit?
5. Why do most wires dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the
square of the current through the wire?
6. What has shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to
be located remotely from points of demand.
7. What does the world's electrical power pass through by the time it reaches
the consumer?

Task 8. Make dialogues.

In pairs discuss various kinds of transformers, their types and the field of their
application.
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