Inquiry- quest of truth, information, or knowledge

 Not seeking for the right answer but seeking appropriate resolution to issues.
- Womb to tomb
- Today’s generation is very much overwhelmed by so-called information revolution
Understanding>Memorizing
Learning is perpetual
Practical Knowledge- important outcome of inquiry
Research- prefix “re” do again & root word “search” to seek, explore, and investigate.
- Acquisition of new knowledge thru purposive, organized, and designed program of
activities.
- Seeks to find the answers to the problems and generate new information
BASIC RESEARCH- expand knowledge; answerable by why, what, how questions; not
commercial
APPLIED RESEARCH- specific commercial; specific questions
 AIMS OF RESEARCH:
1. Produce new knowledge or information
2. Utilize new knowledge
3. Validate existing knowledge
4. Improve the investigator
 POSSIBLE RESEARCH AREAS
1. Computer science
2. Energy conservation
3. Music
4. Languages
5. Sports
6. Theatre arts
7. Humanities
8. History and culture
9. Solar energy
10. Pollution control
Qualitative research- allows to formulate hypothesis; expressed in words; smaller sample size;
summarize, categorize, interpret; understand or explore an ideas
- Interviews, focus groups, case studies, literature reviews
Quantitative research- relations are established thru the collection of numerical data which are
analyzed to derive a generalization.; systematic scientific analysis of data; test or experiments
 - Answering what and how many/much questions.
- Finding evidence to either support or contradict an idea or the hypothesis
- Larger sample of population; respondents are selected by researchers
- Open-ended question
- Surveys, experiments, observations
MIXED METHOD-

 3 ASSUMPTIONS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH-

1. Observing and explaining an occurrence
2. Collecting info.
3. Analyzing the info.
STRENGTHS
 data collections are relatively
faster and easier to do.
 larger sample or population coz it
can have credible result
 Statistical software
 Results are more objective and
freer from personal bias
 Samples are randomly selected
and are not in any way known to
the researchers
WEAKNESSES
 May be too technical for average
readers to comprehend
 sometimes disregard other aspects
involved or can affect the study.
 Results may not be too abstract for
direct application to local
conditions and personages.
 Results may be too limited as
provide numeric interpretation
rather than detailed narrative
accounts of an individual’s
insights.

USED IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES:

1. Science and technology
2. Business
3. Finance
4. Entrepreneurship
5. Economics
6. Marketing
7. Household census
8. Education
9. Information technology
10. Medical field
Variable- object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category which can be
measured (Kalof, Dan, & Dietz, 2008)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A VARIABLE
1. Have prescriptive period/duration when they start and stop.
2. Have pattern such as daily, weekly, and monthly.
3. Detailed
4. Dormancy- time gap between measuring dependent and independent variables

Dependent Variable- EFFECT

Independent Variable- CAUSE
 IMPORTANCE OF DV AND IV
1. Guide researchers to pursue their studies with maximum curiosity.
2. Drive the research process.
3. Give the study a focus.
4. Determine the causes and the effects of the research.
Literature review- account of what has been published by other research.
- Systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating, and
synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work.
- PURPOSE: provide an overview of what is known abt the topic and to assess the strength
of the evidence on that topic.
- RELATED LITERATURE: recent as possible. Except for theories, last ten years.
- Literature to cite must be relevant.
 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. Choose your topic
2. Identify database and resources
3. Search and refine
4. Read and analyze
5. Write the review
SYNTHESIS- combination of ideas to form a theory or system. (Combining, blending, merging)
- Literature gathered by the researcher, we are comparing the findings of those literatures,
the variables and the method used, and their objectives.
- One can combine authors w/ the same findings or statements, or same method used by the
authors, variables, and objective.
 COMMONLY USED FORMS OF CITATIONS
o Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
o American Psychological Association (APA) Style
o Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
 APA MLA
- Sciences like natural physical and - Essays on human society, culture,
social sciences. humanities, historical literature, and
arts.

ETHICS- describes the investigation and analysis of moral principles and dilemmas.
- It provides framework for understanding
- Refer to rules or guidelines that establish what conduct is right and wrong for individuals
and for groups
- Traditionally, philosophers and religious scholars have studied ethics
- Behavioral and applied ethics
- Personal beliefs

DISTINCTION BETWEEN ETHICS AND MORAL:

- Many people used ethics and moral interchangeably when talking about personal beliefs,
actions, or principles.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN DOING RESEARCH:
1. Researchers should not give false promises
2. Be clear to the participants so they can decide if we will join or not. Transparency is
important…
3. Device a consent form, to inform the participants of the advantages, intent, possible
threats, and other aspects of the study
4. Must guard against using biased or subjective language.
5. Assuming authorship of another person’s work is unethical.