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History of The Philippines Beginnings of The Archipelago
History of The Philippines Beginnings of The Archipelago
Some 50 million years ago, the archipelago was formed by volcanic eruptions. About
30,000 years ago the earliest inhabitants had arrived from the Asian mainland, perhaps
over land bridges built during the ice ages. By the tenth century A.D. coastal villagers
welcomed Chinese commerce and settlers, followed by Muslim traders from Borneo.
The early inhabitants of the Philippines were Mongoloid descent which are predominant
today. The gradual spread of Islam from Borneo into the central and northern islands
was interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish Christians.
The Spanish-American war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris on December 10,
1898. However, the American government was only interested in Cuba's independence,
not that of the Philippines. By the Treaty, Cuba gained its independence and Spain
ceded the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States for the sum of
US$20 million. Given its own history of colonial revolution, American opinion was
uncomfortable and divided on the moral principle of owning colonial dependencies.
Having acquired the Philippines almost by accident, the United States was not sure
what to do with them. On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First
Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission) to make recommendations.
The Treaty of Paris and subsequent actions by the United States were not well
received by the Filipinos - who were not even consulted. The Philippine War of
Independence began on February 4, 1899 and continued for two years. The United
States needed 126,000 soldiers to subdue the Philippines. The war took the lives of
4,234 Americans and 16,000 Filipinos. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was
established by the United States government in 1935 with a view to granting Filipino
independence within 10 years.
However, on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the
Japanese military invaded the Philippines. United States forces under the command of
General Douglas MacArthur withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941. MacArthur
promised: "I shall return". General MacArthur kept his promise and returned with a
massive amphibious force on the island of Leyte in October of 1944. Over the next four
months, U.S. forces, with the help of Filipino guerrillas routed the Japanese army.
After the war, the United Stated restored the pre-war Commonwealth government. By
1946 the Philippines had transformed from a Commonwealth to an independent
republic.