Assignment 6

Aim of the Expt.:

1. Study the transient behaviour of RLC circuit
2. Study effect of initial condition on capacitor

Theory:

The purpose of transient analysis is to apply a waveform to the circuit and observe its
response versus time. Some of the parameters to watch are the overflow, rise time,
delay, etc., depending upon the type of input signal.

Capacitors and inductors are designated with the letters C and L, respectively. Their
Multisim symbols are shown in Figure 1. In this figure, electrolitic capacitors explicitly
have a polarity. Non-electrolytic capacitors and inductors also have a polarity even
though it is not shown in their schematic symbol. This is only important when we apply
an initial condition to these elements. As a rule, when we put any one of these
components in a schematic, the left-hand node is the positive one. So if we rotate them,
it is useful to watch where the positive node is moving to.

Figure 1 Schematic symbols for (a) capacitor, (b) inductor, and (c) electrolitic capacitor.

For an inductor the initial condition is a current while for a capacitor it is a voltage. In
addition, the use of initial conditions is only valid for transient analysis. To apply an
initial condition we select the element (inductor or capacitor) to open its window where
we write the initial condition value. It is also possible to define coupled inductors in the
form of transformers, transformers with a tap, and variable inductors and capacitors in
Multisim simulations.

Input signal types in Multisim:

There are several input signals that can be used in a transient analysis as tabulated in
Table 1. Here, TYPE can be either VOLTAGE or CURRENT. For example, if we desire
an AC voltage source then we choose an AC_VOLTAGE source. Similarly, an
exponential current source is EXPONENTIAL_CURRENT.
Table 1 Input signal for transient analysis in Multisim

Signal Multisim Name

 Exponential EXPONENTIAL_TYPE
Pulse PULSE_TYPE
Piecewise PIECEWISE_LINEAR_TYPE
Sine wave AC_TYPE
FM Sine wave FM_TYPE
AM Sine wave AM_TYPE

Pulse signal:
The PULSE signal, as shown in Figure 2, starts with an initial value V1 which changes to
V2 at time TD. The rise time RT is the time it takes to change its value from V1 to V2
where it stays for PW s and finally it changes its value back to V1. PER is the period of
the signal.

Figure 2 Specifications of a typical pulse signal waveform

Simulation:

In a transient analysis, Multisim solves numerically a set of differential equations. The

time step is adjusted to ensure a successful convergence of the solution. To this purpose,
we have the option to give a maximum time step TMAX. Alternatively, we can also
define the maximum number of time points in the simulation. An additional parameter
we can give is the initial time step TSTEP.

C1

3.289F

R1 L2

1Ω 252.23mH

C2
V1 1F C3 R2
0V 1V 1F 1kΩ
5s 8s
1. How the time constants affects the time taken by output signal to reach its
maximum value.
 As was stated before, one time constant is the amount of time it takes for any of
these values to change about 63 percent from their starting values to their
(ultimate) final values. For every time constant, these values move (approximately)
63 percent closer to their eventual goal.

2. What is the effect on output if the TMAX settings are generated automatically by
Multisim?
 It does not show any effect , the graph remain same as we got earlier
3. Run the simulation again now the delay time of pulse signal changed to 1 sec.
What difference you notice relative to time delay = 0 sec.
 The x coordinate of the signal is increase by 1 sec. and the y coordinate remains
constant .

4. What is function of lowpass elliptic filter?

 In general, elliptic filters meet given performance specifications with the lowest
order of any filter type. ellip uses a five-step algorithm: It finds the lowpass analog
prototype poles, zeros, and gain using the function ellipap. It converts the poles,
zeros, and gain into state-space form.

5. Change the transient analysis run time to 50 sec and period of pulse waveform to
25 sec. Describe the output of the circuit.
 It shows a lot of fluctuation , here the graph shown

6. Find the discharge time for the capacitor from the graph. Compare it with the
theoretical value.
 Discharge time = 5*(R*C) = 5*(10^4)(10^-6) = 50ms.
So when we see the graph at 50ms it show that the voltage is almost is zero , here the fig
shown
7. For circuit in run parameter sweep on resistance value (range: 1 KΩ to 25 KΩ)
and write down your conclusions from the output graph.
 As the resistance increases than the curve become more flat that is slope
decreases.
R1 C1

10kΩ 1µF
IC=10V