Stratigraphy of India

BGYCT - 137
bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; LrjØe foKku ,ao

foKku fo|kihB
thok”e foKku
[kaM
2
Hkkjr dk LrjØe foKku
bdkbZ 4
Hkkjr ds dsfEcz;u iwoZ “kSykuqØe 93
bdkbZ 5
Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe 127
bdkbZ 6
Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd “kSykuqØe 147
bdkbZ 7
xksM
a okuk egkla?k ,oa MsDdu VSªIl 167
bdkbZ 8
fgeky; ds lhukstksbd “kSykuqØe 187
“kCn laxzg 203
87
ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr
izks- fot;Jh izks- ¼ls-fu-½ ts- ih- JhokLro izks- v:.k dqekj MkW- ds- vUcjlq
HkwriwoZ funs”kd HkwfoKku mPpkuq”khyu dsUnz i`Foh foKku foHkkx HkwfoKku foHkkx
foKku fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] fnYyh ef.kiqj fo”ofo|ky; us”kuy dkWyt s
izks- ¼ls-fu-½ oh- ds- oekZ izks- ¼ls-fu-½ ,e- ,- efyd bEQky] ef.kiqj fr:fpjkiYyh] rfeyukMq
HkwfoKku foHkkx HkwfoKku foHkkx izks- ¼Jherh½ e/kqferk nkl HkwfoKku foHkkx ladk; lnL;
fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;, fnYyh tEew fo”ofo|ky;, tEew HkwfoKku foHkkx foKku fo|kihB] bXuw
¼Lo-½ izk-s izesUnz nso izks- nhid lh- JhokLro mRdy fo”ofo|ky; izks- ehuy feJk
HkwfoKku v/;;u”kkyk i`Foh foKku foHkkx Hkqous”oj] vksfM”kk izks- csuh/kj ns”keq[k
fodze fo”ofo|ky; Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku :M+dh izks- ds- vkj- gfj MkW- ,e- iz”kkaFk
mTtSu, e-iz- :M+dh] mÙkjk[kaM HkwfoKku ,oa ty lalk/ku izca/ku MkW- dkdksyh xksxksbZ
izks- ih- e/kqlwnu jsMM ~ h izks- ,y- ,l- pke;ky v/;;u ”kkyk MkW- vksedkj oekZ
HkwfoKku foHkkx HkwfoKku foHkkx ia- jfo”kadj ”kqDy fo”ofo|ky;
MkW- ch- vkj- vEcsMdj eqDr fo-fo- e- l- cM+knS k fo”ofo|ky; jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+
gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk oM+ksnjk] xqtjkr izks- ,l- ts- laxksM+s
¼Lo-½ çks- th- ofYyuk;xe izks- ,p- ch- JhokLro HkwfoKku foHkkx
HkwfoKku foHkkx HkwfoKku mPpkuq”khyu dsUnz lkfof=ckbZ Qqys iq.ks fofo-
dq:{ks= fo”ofo|ky; dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; iq.ks] egkjk’Vª
dq:{ks=] gfj;k.kk okjk.klh, m-iz-
[k.M fuekZ.k ny
izks- ehuy feJk ¼bdkbZZ 4½ MkW- vksedkj oekZ ¼bdkbZ 5 vkSj 7½ çks- Jhir tSu ¼bdkbZ 6½ M‚- o#.k ijekj ¼bdkbZ 8½
foKku fo|kihB foKku fo|kihB vuqç;qä HkwfoKku foHkkx HkwfoKku foHkkx
b- xk- jk- eq- fo-, ubZ fnYyh b- xk- jk- eq- fo-, ubZ fnYyh ,Me lkbal ,aM VsDuksy‚th tEew foÜofo|ky;] tEew
;wfuoflZVh] ,Me] bFkksfi;k
fo’k;oLrq laiknd vuqoknd
izks- ¼ls-fu-½ ,e- ,- efyd ¼bdkbZZ 4 ls 8½ Jh- j.kèkhj flag ¼bdkbZ 4] 5] 6] 7 vkSj 8½
HkwfoKku foHkkx lh&101] fujkyk uxj] y[kuÅ]
tEew foÜofo|ky;] tEew mŸkj izn”s k
:ikarj.k % MkW- dkdksyh xksxksbZ

iqujh{k.k % izk-s csuh/kj ns”keq[k ,oa MkW- dkdksyh xksxksbZ
ikB~;Øe leUo;d % MkW- vksedkj oekZ ,oa MkW- dkdksyh xksxksbZ
lkexzh fuekZ.k
Jh jktho nqcs Jh lquhy dqekj Jh gseUr dqekj
lgk;d dqylfpo (iz+-)] lk-fu-fo-fo-] bXuw lgk;d dqylfpo (iz+-)] foKku fo|kihB] bXuw ls- v- (iz+-)] lk-fu-fo-fo-] bXuw
vkHkkj % dSejk rS;kj izfr] xzkfQDl o vkys[kh dk;Z es lg;ksx gsrq Jherh lfork “kekZA
vizSy] 2021
ISBN:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
© bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky;, 2021
vLohdj.k % blesa fo”oO;kih osc ls :ikarfjr dh xbZ@yh xbZ lkexzh dsoy “kS{kf.kd mÌs”; ds fy, gS] O;kolkf;d mÌs”; ds fy, ugha v©j muds
dkihjkbV ewy lz®r ;k ys£d ds gh gaAS
lokZf/kdkj lqjf{krA bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh va”k dk fefe;ksxzkQ vFkok fdlh
vU; lk/ku }kjk iqu% izLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugh gSA
bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Øeksa ds fo’k; esa vf/kd tkudkjh fo”ofo|ky; ds eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh fLFkr dk;kZy; ;k
www.ignou.ac.in ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; dh vksj ls funs”kd] foKku fo|kihB }kjk eqfnzr ,oa izdkf”krA
eqæd %
BGYCT-137: LrjØe foKku ,oa thok”e foKku
[kaM 1 LrjØe foKku dh ewyHkwr ladYiuk
bdkbZ 1 LrjØe foKku ds fl)kar
bdkbZ 2 LrjØe @Lrfjd oxhZdj.k
bdkbZ 3 Hkkjr dh HkwE;kdkfjdh
[kaM 2 Hkkjr dk LrjØe foKku

bdkbZ 4 Hkkjr ds dsfEcz;u iwoZ “kSykuqØe
bdkbZ 5 Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe
bdkbZ 6 Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd “kSykuqØe
bdkbZ 7 xksaMokuk egkla?k ,oa MsDdu VSªIl
bdkbZ 8 fgeky; ds lhukstksbd “kSykuqØe
[kaM 3 thok”e foKku dk ifjp;

bdkbZ 9 thok”e vkSj thok”ehHkou
bdkbZ 10 lw{ethok”e
bdkbZ 11 ?kksMs+ dk fodkl
bdkbZ 12 ikni thok”e vkSj xksaMokuk ouLifr txr
[kaM 4 vd”ks#dh thok”e foKku

bdkbZ 13 Hkqtikn vkSj izoky
bdkbZ 14 e`nqdoph & f}dikVh vkSj tBjikn
bdkbZ 15 e`nqdoph & “kh’kZikn
bdkbZ 16 VªkbyksckbV vkSj “kwypehZ
89
[kaM 2 % Hkkjr dk LrjØe foKku
i`Foh dh lrg dbZ çdkj dh çk—frd vk—fr;ksa ls <dh gqbZ gS tSls ioZr] ?kkfV;k¡] iBkj] e#LFky
bR;kfnA ;s lHkh vk—fr;k¡ pêkuksa ls feydj dbZ djksM+ksa lkyksa esa cuh gSaA buds cuus ds le; dbZ
HkwoSKkfud çØeksa tSls vi{k;@vi{k;.k (weathering)] vijnu (erosion)] fu{ksi.k (deposition)]
Tokykeq[kh (volcanic)] foorZfudh (tectonics)] leqæh vfrØe.k (marine transgression) vkSj
çfrØe.k (regression)] egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Hkkjr viuh çk—frd vk—fr;ksa esa fof'k"V fofoèkrk
j[krk gS tSlkfd blds ikl ofyr fgeky;h ioZr ra=] izk;n~ohih iBkj] flU/kq&xaxk dk eSnku] Fkkj
e:LFky] iwoÊ vkSj if'peh ?kkV ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe vkSj iwoZ rVksa ds }hi gSaA egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd]
;g bykds fofHkUu HkwoSKkfud dkyksa] çhdsfEcz;u ls ysdj gksykslhu ¼orZeku½] ls lEcUèk j[krs gSaA la{ksi esa]
Hkkjrh; 'kSy lEink le`) vkSj fofoèkrkiw.kZ gS vkSj blds vyx&vyx bykds fofHkUu HkwoSKkfud dYiksa
dh pêkuksa dks fy, gq, gSa] tks vkfdZ;u ls 'kq: gqbZa gSaA
Hkkjr ds LrjfoU;kl ;k LrjØefoKku ;k Lrfjdh ls rkRi;Z vkfdZ;u ls gksykslhu rd dh pêkuksa ds
Øfed çcaèk@O;oLFkk dh le> ls gSA j‚d fjd‚MZ@'kSy vfHkys[ku esa ,d {ks= ;k ns'k esa ik, tkus okyh
lHkh çdkj dh pêkus ftuesa vkXus;] volknh vkSj dk;karfjr lfEefyr gS]a ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA fdlh
Hkh bykds dk 'kSy fjd‚MZ dHkh iw.kZ ;k lrr ugha gksrk] D;ksafd ;g lkekU;r% y?kqØeHkaxksa (diastems)]
fo"kefoU;klksa (unconfirmities) vkSj vilefoU;kl (disconfirmities) ds :iksa esa vfu{ksi ;k vijnuh
dkyksa ls xqtjk gksrk gSA ;g gh dkj.k fd vkfdZ;u@vk| vkSj çksVhjkstk+ sbd@çkXthoh pêkusa çk;}hih
Hkkjr esa T;knk fodflr gSa] tcfd iSfy;kstk+ bs d&ehlkst+kbs d pêkusa fgeky;h {ks= esa yxHkx iwjh rjg
lajf{kr gSaA
LrjØe foKku esa pêkusa egkla?kksa ¼supergroups½] la?kksa ¼groups½] 'kSy&lewgksa ¼formations½] lnL;ksa
¼members½] laLrjksa ¼beds½ bR;kfn esa ck¡Vh xbZ gSaA ;g foHkktu Lrfjd oxÊdj.k] ftldk vè;;u
vkius bl ikBîØe ds bdkbZ 1 esa dj fy;k gS] esa mYys[k fd, x, fof'k"V y{k.kksa ij vkèkfjr gSA ;g
[kaM Hkkjr ds LrjØefoKku dks lEcksfèkr djrk gS vkSj 5 bdkb;ksa ls feykdj cuk gSA ;g [kaM ns'k ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ik, tkus okys vyx&vyx HkwoSKkfud dkyksa tSls çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ]
iSfy;kstk+ bs d@iqjkthoh egkdYi] ehlkst+ksbd@eè;thoh egkdYi] lhukstksbd@uothoh egkdYi] ls
lacf)r Hkkjr ds eq[; Lrfjd egkla?kksa vkSj la?kksa dk vkils ifjp; djokrk gSA
bdkbZ 4 Hkkjr ds çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ LrjfoU;kl fo'ks"kr% çk;}hih Hkkjr ds vkfdZ;u@vk| vkSj
çksVhjkstk+ bs d vuqØeksa ls lEc) gSA bl bdkbZ es]a ,d vkfdZ;u@vk| dkyhu ØsVksu ;kuh èkkjokM+ vkSj
çksVhjkstk+ bs d@çkXthoh egkdYi ds rhu egkla?kksa ftuds uke dMIik] foaè;u vkSj fnYyh gSa] dh ppkZ gSA
;g bdkbZ Lrfjd oxÊdj.k] vkf'edh] vk;q vkSj thok'e vo;oksa ij fo”ks’k è;ku nsrh gSA
bdkbZ 5 isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh egkdYi ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds mÙkjh fdukjs dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx VSfFkl lkxj
ds uhps Fkk vkSj blus O;kid leqæh volknu dk vkoj.k ns[kk] ftlds pyrs mÙkjif'peh fgeky; esa
çk;}hih {ks= dh rqyuk esa isfy;kst+kbs d@iqjkthoh pêkuksa dk yxHkx iwjk vkSj lrr vuqØeksa dk fu{ksi.k
çkIr gksrk gSA bdkbZ 5 ds varxZr Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh LrjfoU;kl fo'ks"kr% fgeky;h {ks= ds
isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa vki yksx nks lqfodflr isfy;kstksbd
vuqØeksa ds Lrfjd oxÊdj.k] vkf'edh] vk;q] thok'e vo;oksa vkSj fu{ksi.k ds i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa tkusax]s
ftuesa ,d Lihfr ¼fgekpy çns'k½ esa vkSj nwljk d'ehj ¼tEew vkSj d'ehj½ esa gSA
90
bdkbZ 6 Hkkjr ds eslkst+kbs d@eè;thoh egkdYi ds LrjfoU;kl dks lEcksfèkr djrh gSA VªkbZfld ls
fØVsf'k;l rd QSys eslkst+ksbd@eè;thoh vuqØe Hkkjr ds nksuksa çk;}hih vkSj fgeky;h {ks=ksa esa iwjh rjg
ls fodflr gSaA bl bdkbZ esa vki yksx eslkst+kbs d@eè;thoh vuqØeksa tks Lihfr ¼fgekpy çns'k½] dPN
¼xqtjkr½] tSlyesj ¼jktLFkku½ vkSj f=pukiYyh ¼rfeyukMq½ esa vuko`r gSa] ds forj.k] Lrfjd oxÊdj.k]
vkf'edh] vk;q] thok'e vo;oksa vkSj fu{ksi.k ds i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA]
bdkbZ 7 esa çk;}hih Hkkjr ds xksaMokuk egkla?k vkSj nDdu VªSIl 'kkfey gSaA xksaMokuk lqijxzqi] tks vk;q esa
mifj iSfy;kst+kbs d@iqjkthoh ls eslkst+kbs d ¼dkckZsfuQsjl ls fupys fØVsf'k;l½ rd QSyk gS] vius
dks;yk fu{ksiksa vkSj le`) ikni ,oa d'ks:d thok'eksa leqPp;ksa ds fy, lqçfl) gSA Hkkjr esa
eslkst+kbs d@eè;thoh egkdYi dh lekfIr nDdu VªIS l ds tcjnLr Tokykeq[kh foLQksV ls fpfàr gSA
bl bdkbZ esa vki yksx xksaMokuk egkla?k ¼lqijxzqi½ vkSj nDdu VªIS l ds oxÊdj.k] le;kofèk vkSj vkfFkZd
egRo ds ckjs esa i<saxsA
bdkbZ 8 Hkkjr ds lhukstksbd@uothoh egkdYi ds LrjfoU;kl ds ckjs esa [k+kl rkSj ij fgeky;h {ks= ds
lhukstksbd@uothoh vuqØeksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrh gSA fgeky;h {ks= esa lhukstk+ bs d@uothoh
egkdYi Hkkjr ds foorZfud vkSj volknh bfrgkl ds fof'k"V pj.k@voLFkk dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
fgeky; {ks= us mifj çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ ls ehlkstksbd@eè;thoh le; rd eq[;r% leqæh
volknu ns[kk gS] ;|fi vfèkdka'k vyo.k tyh; ¼ehBk ikuh½ volknu lhukst+kbs d@uothoh egkdYi ds
nkSjku 'kq: gks x;k FkkA ;g bdkbZ vkidk Hkkjr ds mÙkjif'pe vkSj mÙkjiwoÊ fgeky; {ks=ksa esa vuko`r
fofHkUu iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa tSlfs d lqckFkw] eqjh] èkeZ'kkyk] f'kokfyd] tSafr;k] cjykbZ] lqjek vkSj
frie lewgksa vkSj ykaxikj 'kSy lewg] ls ifjfpr djok,xhA
visf{kr y{;
bl [kaM dks i<+us ds ckn vki yksx l{ke gksaxs gks tk,axsa %
 çk;}hih Hkkjr ds eq[; çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ egkla?kksa ds LrjfoU;kl vkSj vkfFkZd egRo dk
o.kZu djus esa(
 Lihfr vkSj d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh vuqØeksa ds LrjfoU;kl dks le>kus esa(
 Lihfr] dPN] jktLFkku vkSj f=pukiYyh ds ehlkstk+ sbd@eè;thoh vuqØeksa ds LrjfoU;kl dh
ifjppkZ djus esa(
 xksaMokuk egkla?k vkSj MsDdu VªIS l ds Lrfjd oxÊdj.k vkSj vkfFkZd egRo dks Li"V djus esa( vkSj
 mÙkjif'peh vkSj mÙkjiwoÊ fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa dk [kkdk [khapus esaA
gesa mEehn gS fd bl [kaM dks i<+us ds ckn vki Hkkjr ds çk;}hih vkSj fgeky;h {ks=ksa ds
çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ] isfy;kst+kbs d@iqjkthoh] ehlkstksbd@eè;thoh vkSj lhukstksbd@uothoh
vuqØeksa ds ewyHkwr Kku dks çkIr djsaxsA
bl ç;kl esa vkidh lQyrk ds fy, 'kqHkdkeuk,a!!
91
92
bdkbZ 4
Hkkjr ds dsfEcz;u iwoZ “kSykuqØe
lajpuk_____________________________________________________________
4-1 ifjp; 4-5 fnYyh egkla?k
visf{kr y{; 4-6 fØ;kdyki
4-2 èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu 4-7 lkjka'k
Lrfjd oxÊdj.k 4-8 lkf=d ç'u
if'peh èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu 4-9 lUnHkZ
iwoÊ èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu 4-10 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u
4-3 dMIik egkla?k 4-11 mÙkj
Lrfjd oxÊdj.k
vkf'edh
4-4 foUè;u egkla?k
Lrfjd oxÊdj.k
vkf'edh
4-1 izLrkouk
bdkbZ 1 esa LrjØe foKku (Stratigraphy) ds ewy fl)kar ds varxZr HkwoSKkfud dky eku dh ppkZ djrs
le; vkius çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ (Precambrian) ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA vki tku pqds gSa fd i`Foh dk
HkwoSKkfud bfrgkl 'kSyksa esa fy[kk x;k gS vkSj Lrfjd vuqØeksa ds :i esa lqjf{kr gSA çhdsfEcz;u esa i`Foh ds
iwjs bfrgkl dk yxHkx 90% (izfr”kr) le; 'kkfey gSA bldks 3 egk;qx (Eon) esa ck¡Vk x;k % gsfM;u
¼Hadean½] vkfdZ;u@vkn~; ¼Archean½ vkSj çksVsjkstksbd@çkXtho ¼Proterozoic½A
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
i`Foh ds gsfM;u egk;qx ds çek.k vHkh rd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls ugha ik, x, gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjrh; 'khYM ¼shield½ ls vkfdZ;u egk;qx vkSj
çksVsjkstksbd@çkXtho egk;qx ds dqN mnkgj.kksa ds Lrfjdh dh ppkZ djsxa sA ckn ds
vuqHkkxksa esa ge vkfdZ;u le; ds èkkjokM+ egkla?k ¼supergroup½ vkSj çksVsjkstksbd
le; ds dMIik] foUè;u vkSj fnYyh egkla?kksa ds LrjfoU;kl ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA
visf{kr y{;___________________________________________
bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn] vki fuEu dk;Z esa l{ke gksxsa %
 Hkkjr ds çeq[k çhdsfEcz;u@dsfEcz;u iwoZ vuqØeksa dk [kkdk [khapus esa(
 çk;}hih; Hkkjr ds eq[; çhdsfEcz;u egkla?kksa tSls èkkjokM+] dMIik] foUè;u vkSj
fnYyh ds Lrfjdh dk o.kZu djus esa(s vkSj
 èkkjokM+] dMIik] foUè;u vkSj fnYyh ds çeq[k la?kksa] “kSy lewgksa ds vkf'edh]
thou] i;kZoj.k vkSj vkfFkZd egRo ds ckjs esa ppkZ djus esaA
4-2 èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu (Dharwar Craton)
çk;n~ohih; Hkkjr ds mR—"V vkSj lcls cgqifBr {ks=ksa esa ls ,d] vkfdZ;u vk;q ;k
dky dk èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu rdjhcu 450]000 oxZ fdyksehVj esa QSyk gqvk gS ¼fp= 4-1
vkSj 4-2½A ;g nf{k.k dh rjQ+ ikaMîu xfr'khy iV~Vh ¼ Pandyan Mobile Belt -
PMB½] mÙkj dh rjQ+ nDdu VªIS l ¼Deccan Traps) nf{k.k ds lh<+hnkj fu{ksi] iwoZ
dh rjQ+ djheuxj xzsuy w kbV csYV ¼ Karimnagar Granulite Belt -
KGB½@djheuxj df.kdk'e iV~Vh] iwoZ dh rjQ bZLVuZ ?kkV xfr'khy iV~Vh ¼
Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt - EGMB½@iwoÊ ?kkV xfr'khy iV~Vh vkSj if'pe dh
rjQ+ vjc lkxj ls f?kjk gqvk gSA èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu VksusykbV (Tonalite)&Vªku;sekbV
(Trondhjemite)& xzSuksMkb;ksjkbV (Granodiorite) ¼TTG½ ukbfll (gneisses)
dk çeq[k latkfr ¼suite½ gS] ftUgsa lkewfgd rkSj ij çk;n~ohih; ukbfll dgk tkrk
gSA èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu esa 'kSyksa dh nwljh Js.kh gfjrk'e@gjs iRFkj ¼Greenstone½ ;k
volknh laxfr ls ;qä f'kLV (schist) iV~Vh dh gSA gfjrk'e ;k gjs iRFkj
(greenstones) esa eq[;r% Hkkjh&Hkjde cslkYV (basalts) ds lkFk de ek=k esa lw{e
[kaMt (fine clastics) rFkk jklk;fud volkn 'kkfey gSaSA dqN bykdksa esa ;g vkèkkjh
laxqfVdk'e ¼basal conglomerate½ vkSj mFkys ikuh ds [kaMtksa rFkk mirVh;
¼shelf½ volknksa tSls pwukiRFkj (limestone) vkSj MksyksekbV ds lkFk gSaA gjs iRFkj
iV~Vh dks varfoZ"V esVkvolknksa ¼intercalated metasediments½ ds lkFk èkkjokM+
f'kLV iV~Vh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA budk fof'k"V y{k.k {ks=h; miufr ¼trend½
dk mÙkj mÙkj if'pe&nf{k.k nf{k.k iwoZ (NNW-SSE) gksuk gS vkSj ;g Øe'k% mÙkj
ls nf{k.k dh rjQ+ c<+rh gqbZ dk;karjh dksfV (metamorphic grade) fn[kkrs gSaA
94
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;g f'kLV vkSj ukbl ØsVkWu ds nf{k.k Hkkx esa èkhjs&èkhjs df.kdk'e@xzsuwykbV

¼pkukZsdkbV~ vkSj [kksaMkykbV~½ dks txg ns nsrh gSaA
fp= 4-1 % Hkkjr ds eq[; dsfEcz;u iwoZ ØsVkWuksa vkSj xfr'khy ifV~V;ksa dks çnf'kZr djrk gqvk
ekufp= ¼ekufp= iSekus ij ugha½A ¼lzkrs % Ramakrishnan vkSj Vaidyanadhan] 2008 ls
ljyh—r½
D;k vki tkurs gSa\

3-5 vkSj 3-2 xhxk ¼109½ o"kZ ds chp dh vk;q nsus okyh “kSyas Hkkjrh; IysV dh lcls
iqjkuh “kSy gSaA gksyus kjfliqj gfjrk'e@gjs iRFkj ¼greenstone½ iV~Vh ¼èkkjokM+
ØsVkWu½ ds Åijh Hkkx ds QsfYld (felsic) ykok ds ftjdkWu@rqjlkok (zircon) 3-4
xhxk ¼109½ o"kZ iqjkus ekywe gq, gSAa jktLFkku dk cSaMM
s ukbfld d‚EIysDl ¼banded
9
gneissic complex; BGC½ 3-2 xhxk ¼10 ½ o"kZ dh vk;q nsrk gSA blh rjg flagHkwe
ØsVkWu dk iqjkuk dk;karjh lewg 3-4 xhxk ¼109½ o"kZ tSlh iqjkuh vk;q nsrk gSA ,slk
yxrk gS ;k tku iM+rk gS fd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds ikl 3-5 ls 3-4 xhxk ¼10 9½ o"kZ
ls iqjkuk HkwoSKkfud bfrgkl ugha gSA
95
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4-2-1 Lrfjd oxÊdj.k (Stratigraphic Classification)
lu~ 1978 rd Kkr gks pqds èkkjokM+ egkla?k ¼èkkjokM+ xzhuLVksu xzus kbV½ vkSj ljxwj
f'kLV d‚EIysDl (Sargur Schist Complex) ¼ljxwj tSlk mPp dksfV HkwHkkx½ dks
lek;ksftr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; HkwoSKkfud loZ{s k.k }kjk ÞèkkjokM+ ØsVkWuß uke fn;k
x;kA èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu ij gq, çkjfEHkd vè;;u ukbfll vkSj f'kLVkst+ dh voLFkk ds
ekeys esa fooknkLin jgsA ;g fookn rhu n'kdksa rd tkjh jgk tc rd Hkwjklk;fud
(geochemical) vkSj HkwdkykuqØeh (geochronological) vkadM+s ugha vk,A ftlus
èkkjokM+h “kSyksa ds Lrfjdh lEcUèkksa ds lUnHkZ esa Li"Vrk dks c<+k;kA
vkb, vc ge èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu ds fy, iqjkus le; esa çfrikfnr fd, x, oxÊdj.kksa dh
laf{kIr ppkZ djrs gSaA
lu~ 1915&16 esa] W. F. Smeeth us èkkjokM+ vuqØe dk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkktu
çfrikfnr fd;k FkkA fupyk g‚uZCysUMh (hornblendic) [kaM vkSj mijh DyksjkbV
(chlorite) [kaMA B. Ramarao us lu~ 1936 esa 3 Hkkxksa okyk foHkktu çfrikfnr
fd;kA fupyk èkkjokM+] eè; èkkjokM+ vkSj mijh èkkjokM+A Radhakrishnan us lu~
1967 esa ik¡p rg (five-fold) okyh Lrfjd ç.kkyh dks çfrikfnr fd;kA lu~ 1976 esa]
S. V. P. Iyergar us v'eLrfjd vkèkkj ij pkj foHkkxksa okyk oxÊdj.k fn;kA Hkkjrh;
HkwoSKkfud loZ{s k.k ds }kjk fd, x, gfjrk'e ifV~V;ksa ds oxÊdj.k vkSj lglEcUèk us
èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu ds HkwfoKku esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu dj fn;kA
Swami Nath et al. ¼1976½ us èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu dks f'kLV iV~Vh ds y{k.kksa ds vUrj]
muds vklikl ds /kwlj ukbfll (grey gneisses) ds lkFk muds var%lEcUèk]
dk;karj.k dksfV vkSj dkfyd (temporal) fodkl ds vkèkkj ij nks foorZfud [kaMksa esa
ck¡VkA if'peh [kaM vkSj iwoÊ [kaM ¼fp= 4-2½A ckn esa bu [kaMksa dks if'peh èkkjokM+
ØsVkWu ¼Western Dharwar Craton; WDC½ vkSj iwoÊ èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu ¼Eastern
Dharwar Craton; EDC½ ds rkSj ij tkuk tkus yxkA /kwlj ukbfll ¼2500 ls
2700 fefy;u o"kZ ¼Ma½ ftls igys çk;n~ohih ukbfll uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] us
EDC dks vkPNkfnr fd;k gqvk gS ¼fp= 4-3½A vc çk;n~ohih; ukbfll uke 3000
fefy;u o"kZ ¼Ma½ ls iqjkuh ukbfll ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS tksfd if'peh
èkkjokM+ esa gh lhfer gSA EDC ds xzus kbfVd çns'k dks èkkjokM+ cSFkksfyFk@egkLdaèk Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA WDC vkSj EDC ,d nwljs ls fp=nqxZ f'k;j@vi:i.k (shear)
t+kus ls i`FkD—r gS] tks iwoÊ fp=nqxZ f'kLV iV~Vh ds iwoÊ Nksj ij Dykst+isV xzus kbV
(Closepet Granite) ds fdukjs ds ikl fLFkr gSA ;g laLi”kZ lhek Li"V ugha gS vkSj
ogk¡ ij laØkfr çns'k (transition zone) gSA WDC vkSj EDC ds chp ds vUrjksa
dks lkj.kh 4-1 esa la{ksi esa j[kk x;k gSA
96
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fp= 4-2 % èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu ds egÙoiw.kZ y{k.kA la{ksi :i % PCSZ&ikyk?kkV dkosjh f'k;j t+kus (
MBSZ&eks;kj Hkokuh f'k;j t+ku s ] WDC&osLVuZ èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu( EDC- bZLVuZ èkkjokM+
ØsVkWu( EGMB& bZLVuZ ?kkV eksckby csYVA ¼lzkrs % Ramakrishnan vkSj
Vaidyanadhan] 2008 ls ljyh—r½
fp= 4-3 % ykyckx] caxykSj esa jk"Vªh; Lekjd esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh çk;}hih; ukblA ¼lzkrs %
http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_
schema=PORTAL)
97
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lkj.kh 4-1 % /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu ds if'peh vkSj iwohZ [kaMksa ds fof'k"V y{k.kA ¼ lzksr %
Swami Nath et al.] 1976 ls ljyhÑr½
if'peh [kaM iwohZ [kaM

1- Tokykeq[kh 'kSy vkSj xkS.k volknksa çèkkur;k f'kjks/kkuh cslkYV
ds lkFk /kkjokM+ egkla?k (Dharwar (pillowed basalts) ds lkFk
Supergroup) dh cM+h f'kLV /kkjokM+ egkla?k dh ladjh js[kh;
ifV~V;k¡] mnkgj.k & ifV~V;k¡] mnkgj.k
i) fp=nqxZ (Chitradurga) i) dksykj&dkfnjh&gV~Vh (Kolar-
ii) f'keksxk&ckckcqnku (Shimoga- Kadiri-Hutti)
Bababudan) ii) jkefxfj&isukdkpsjyk&gqaxqaM
(Ramagiri-Penakacherla-
Hungund)
iii) osfyxkyq&jk;pwj&xMok
(Veligalu-Raichur-Gadwa)
2- rhu v'eLrfjd lgla?k rhu v'eLrfjd lgla?k
i) DokV~Zt+@LQfVd (Quartz) i) ØksekbV&Fkksyb
s V ,EQhcksykbV&
&,sjsukbV@ js.kqdk'e (arenite) BIF] esVkisfyfVd] DokVZ~tkbV
&esVkcslkYV (metabasalt) & ii) var%leqnzh&f}cgqyd
ifV~Vr ykSg laLrj ¼Banded Iron (submarine bimodal)
Formation; BIF½ Tokykeq[kh] BIF, isykbV
ii) fofoèkkolkn (polymict) iii) viDo (immature)] [kaMt
laxqfVdk'e 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh; (clastic) ryNV BIF, QsfYld
dkcksZuVs (stromatolitic Tokykeq[kh
carbonate)&,sju s kbV] esVkisykbV
&BIF
iii) xzo
s d
S (Greywacke)& vUr%leqnzh
Tokykeq[kh 'kSy BIF laxfr
3- izk;n~ohih; ukbfll ¼>3000 Ma½ /kkjokM+ cSFkksfyFk (Batholith)
vkSj vk/kkjh; vkoj.k dk lEcU/k lcls ¼2500&2700 Ma½ lHkh vksj ls
vPNs <ax ls lqjf{kr gS] /kkjokM+ ds vUrosZ/kh] Mk;kihfjd ukbl xqEcn
lkFk dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl] tks DokV~Zt+ (diapiric gneiss domes) izpqj gaSA
xqfVdk laxfq Vdk'e ¼QPC½ ls
fpfUgr gSA f'kLV ifV~V;ksa ds Hkhrj
uokar%'kk;h vk/kkj ukbl
4- e/;orhZ ncko dk;karj.k [dk;kukbV fuEu ncko dk;karj.k ¼,ukMkyqlkbV
(kyanite) &flyhesukbV (andalusite)& flyhesukbV
(sillimanite)]
5- 3300 Ma iqjkus vuqØe ¼ljxwj la?k½ yxHkx 2600&2700 Ma dh f'kLV
dh ladjh ifV~V;ksa vkSj varosZ'kksa ds ifV~V;ksa ds vo'ks"kksa ls lkFk eq[;r%
lkFk eq[;r% 3000 Ma iqjkuk vk/kkjh; 2500 Ma iqjkus ukbfll vkSj de
ukbfll {ks= vk;q okys xzus kbV
98
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4-2-2 if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu ¼Western Dharwar Craton½
if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu ¼ Western Dharwar Craton -WDC½ ftls jk/kkÑ".ku~ vkSj
uD+oh ¼1986½ ds }kjk dukZVd U;wfDy;l (Karnataka nucleus) Hkh dgk x;k Fkk]
vyx&vyx le; esa gq, nks ioZru (orogenic) pØks& a iqjkuk ljxwj la?k
¼3100&3300 Ma½ vkSj u;k /kkjokM+ egkla?k ¼2600&2800 Ma½] esa ck¡Vk x;k gS
¼lkj.kh 4-2½A /kkjokM+ egkla?k ds {ks=h; Lrj ij lglEcU/k LFkkfir fd, tk ldrs gSa
vkSj ;g lqlaxr ;k Li"V LrjfoU;kl çnf'kZr djrk gSA tcfd lkxkSj la?k dk
izfrfuf/kRo blh LFkku esa vuko`Ùk fofHkUu 'kSy izdkjksa ds vO;ofLFkr vijk'e@varosZ'k
(enclaves) djrs gSaA WDC eq[;r% izk;n~ohih; ukbl (TTG) ukbfll dk cuk
gqvk gSS] tks /kkjokM+ egkla?k dk vk/kkj cukrh gSA bu nksuksa dk lEidZ Li"V {ks=h;
fo"kefoU;kl (regional unconfirmity) ls fpfUgr gS tks ljxwj ioZru dk okpd gSA
;g fo"kefoU;kl LFkkfud ;wjsfu;e ;qDr LQfVd&xqfVdk laxqfVdk'e ¼quartz-
pebble conglomerate; QPC½ dh mifLFkfr ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA lkxkSj la?k
¼3100&3000 Ma½ ds izk;}hih; ukbfll esa fo'ks"kr% nf{k.k dh vksj] vusd ladjh
js[kh; ifV~V;k¡ vkSj vijk'e ns[ks x, gSaA
if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu izk;n~ohih; ukbl ds c`gn~ {ks= ls vf/kÑr gSa] /kkjokM+ egkla?k
ds nks iz/kku lqijcsYV~l ls lEcfU/kr %
 ckckcqnku&if'peh?kkV&f'keksxk (Bababudan - Western Ghats - Shimoga)(
 fp=nqxZ& xMkx (Chitradurga - Gadag) A
if'peh [kaM dh gfjrk'e@gjs iRFkj dh ifV~V;ksa dh fo'ks"krk vfèkiiZVh;
(supracrustals) 'kSy gSa tks eq[;r% ifjiDo volknksa ds lkFk de ek=k esa
Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa vkSj e/;e ncko ¼dk;kukbV&flyhesukbV izdkj½ okys cjkZfs o;u
dk;karj.k ds lkFk gSSaA vkb,] ge WDC dh {ks=h; Lrfjdh] ftldk lkj.kh 4-2 esa
mYysf[kr fofHkUu vkf'edh ,dd }kjk çfrfufèkRo fd;k tkrk gS] dh ppkZ djsaA
 xq:j ukbl (Gorur Gneiss)% ;g WDC esa latkfr TTG ukbfll ls cuh
izkphure ukbl ¼3300&3400 Ma½ gSA xq:j ukbl dk ljxwj vijk'e ls lEcU/k
vfuf'pr gSA
 ljxwj Lak?k (Sargur Group) % ljxwj Lak?k ¼3100&3300 Ma½ ds xks:j ukbfld
dkWEIysDl ds vUnj dbZ ladjh js[kh; ifV~V;k¡ tSls gksyus kjfliqj (Holenarsipur)]
uqfXxgYyh (Nuggihalli) vkSj ukxkeaxyk (Nagamangla)] iVsyk@csMk+ ds rkSj ij
vUrosZ'kh lEidZ ds lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSaA vkf'edh esa vfreSfQ+d (ultramfic)&eSfQ+d
(mafic) Lrfjr dkWEiysDlsl] Fkksfy;fVd ,fEQcksykbV (tholeiitic amphibolites)]
dksekVkbV (komatiites)] BIF] DokV~Ztk+ bV (quatzites)] isfyVsl (pelites)]
laxejej (marbles) vkSj dSYd&flfydsV (calc-silicate) “kSyas 'kkfey gSaA ;g
mPp eSfQd&vfreSfQ+d eSfQd ?kVd okys 'kSyksa ls ;qä gksus ds pyrs okLrfod
gfjrk'eksa ls rqyuk ;ksX; gSA
 /kkjokM+ egkla?k (Dharwar Supergroup)% ;g nks la?kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS ¼lkj.kh 4-2½
 mifj fp=nqxZ la?k (Upper Chitradurga)
 fupyk ckckcqnku la?k (Lower Bababudan)
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;g egkla?k nks cM+h f'kLV ifV~V;ksa esa vuko`Ùk gS ftudks lqijcsYV (Superbelt) dgk
tk ldrk gS] buds uke
¼1½ ckckcqnku&if'peh ?kkV&f'keksxk] vkSj
¼2½ fp=nqxZ&xMkx
lkj.kh 4-2 % if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk {ks=h; LrjfoU;klA ¼lzkrs % Swami Nath vkSj
Ramakrishnan , 1981 ds vuqlj.k es½a
çksVjs kstk+ bs d eSfQ+d fHkfRr;k¡ (dykes)

pkukZsdkbV ¼2500&2600 Ma½
vk;q esa derj xzus kbV ¼2600 Ma½
fgfj;wj (Hiriyur) xzos Sd&vkftZykbV@–<+e`nk'e laxfr]
“kSy lewg lkFk esa Tokykeq[kh 'kSy]
ikbjksDykLVh@ Toy[kaMk'eh] pVZ~]
fofoèkkolkn laxqfVdk'e
fp=nqxZ (Chitradurga) la?k
buxy/ky eSfQ+d&Q+fs Yld Tokykeq[kh 'kSy

(Ingaldhal) 'kSy ¼f}cgqyd Tokykeq[kh 'kSy½]
lewg ikbjksDykLVh@Toy[kaMk'eh] pVZ~ vkSj
Q+kbykbV (phyllites)
ok.khfoykl eSaXuht+ vkSj vk;ju “kSy lewg]

/kkjokM+ egkla?k ¼3600 &2800 Ma½
(Vanivilas) ”kSy 'kSoky& fu{ksik'eh dkcksZuVs ]

lewg ck;kstfs ud pVZ~] isbykbV] DokV~Ztk+ bV
vkSj fofoèkkolkn laxqfVdk'e
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
eqyxa fxfj BIF ds lkFk DyksfjfVd vkSj xzQ s kbVh
(Mulaingiri) f'kLVks
a
] Q+k bykbVks
a (phyllites) vkSj nqyZHk
'kSy lewg vYVªkeSfQ+d&eSfQ+d flYl
ckckcqnku (Bababudan) la?k
Lurkosjh esVk&cslkYV] QsfYld Tokykeq[kh 'kSy]

(Santaveri) vYVªeSfQ+d f'kLV] fr;Zd~ laLrfjr (cross
”kSy lewg bedded) DokV~Zt+kbV (quartzites)
esVkçkWDt+hukbV (metaproxenite)]
vYyeiqjk esVk&cslkYV] fr;Zd~ laLrfjr DokV~Zt+kbV
(Allampura)
”kSy lewg
dYlkiqjk esVk&cslkYV] xSczkst+] vYVªkeSfQ+d f'kLV~l]
(Kalsapura) Q+kbykbV (phyllites)] fr;Zd~ laLrfjr
”kSy lewg DokV~Zt+kbV] vkèkkjh DokV~Zt+ xqfVdk
laxqfVdk'e
100
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&&&&&&&&&&&fo:fir dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&&&&&&

çk;}hih; ukbl ¼>3000 Ma½
&&&&&&&&&vUrosZ'kh@foorZfud laLi”kZ &&&&&&&&&&&
vYVªkeSfQ+d&eSfQ+d Lrfjr dkWEisyfDll] Fkksfy;fVd

(3100&3300 Ma½
ljxwj (Sargur)
,fEQcksykbV] dksekfVVkbV] BIF
DokV~Ztk+ bV] isykbV] laxejej vkSj dSYd&flfydsV 'kSy

Lak?k
&&&&&&&&&&&&&vUrosZ'kh@foorZfud laLi”kZ &&&&&&&&&&&&

xks#j ukbl (Gorur Gneiss) ¼3000&3400 Ma½
pfy, ge bu f'kLV ifV~V;ksa dh vkf'edh dh la{ksi esa ppkZ djrs gSa&

 ckckcqnku la?k@f'kLV iV~Vh (Bababudan Group/Schist Belt)% ;g pkSdksj&lh
v)ZpUnzkdkj (squarish cresent) iV~Vh gS tks dukZVd jkT; ds ckckcqnku bykds
esa yxHkx 2500 oxZ fdyksehVj ds {ks= dks vf/kÑr djrh gSA nf{k.k esa bldh
lkekU; lhek gS tks vk/kkjh QPC ls fpfUgr gS vkSj eq[;r% TTG ukblksa vkSj
/kkjokM+ egkla?k ds vk/kkj ds Åij gSA
f'kLV iV~Vh eq[;r% cslkYVh Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa vkSj fofHkUu izdkjksa ds vijnh ,oa
jklk;fud volknksa ls feydj cuh gSA bl iV~Vh esa ckckcqnku la?k dh LrjfoU;kl esa
pkj “kSy lewg gSa tks Lrfjd Øe esa fuEuor~ O;ofLFkr gSa%
 eqyxa fxjh ”kSy lewg (Mulaingiri Formation)
 lurkosjh ”kSy lewg (Santaveri Formation)
 vYyeiqjk ”kSy lewg (Allampura Formation)
 dYlkiqjk ”kSy lewg (Kalsapura Formation)
uhps ds rhuksa “kSy lewg esa LFkkfud fr;Zd laLrfjr (cross bedded) vkSj mfeZdk
(ripple) fpfUgr LQfVd js.kqdk'e (quartz arenites) vkSj cgqr de isykbV
(pelites) ds lkFk okrkedh; (amygdular) vkSj LFkwy Fkksfy;fVd esVkcslkYV
(tholeiitic metabasalts) dh çèkkurk gSSA eqykfufxjh ”kSy lewg esa eq[; :i ls
Q+kbykbV (phyllites) ;qDr BIF vkSj de ek=k esa eSfQ+d&vYVªkeSfQ+d “kSy 'kkfey
gSaA ckckcqnku ds volkn vkSj Tokykeq[kh 'kSy lewg rVh; ls mFkys leqnhz ; vkSj
Hkwi`"Bh; ls mFkys leqnzh; i;kZoj.k dk ladrs nsrs gSaA
 fp=nqxZ la?k@f'kLV iV~Vh (Chitradurga Group/Schist Belt)% fp=nqxZ f'kLV
iV~Vh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dh lEHkor% lcls yEch ¼yxHkx 450 fdyksehVj½ gfjrk'e
ifV~V;ksa esa ls ,d gS] tgk¡ HkwoSKkfud le; dh foLr`r le; vofèk ds
Tokykeq[kh;& volknh vuqØe lqjf{kr gSaA ;g mRrj&nf{k.k fn'kk esa] mRrj esa
xMkx ls nf{k.k esa eSlwj rd QSyk gqvk gSA f'kLV iV~Vh esa izeq[kr;k n~focgqyd
101
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¼eSfQ+d&QsfYld½ Tokykeq[kh] f'kjks/kkuh cslkYV ¼fp= 4-4a½] xzos d

S ] laxfq Vdk'e
(graywacke conglomerates)] Q+kbykbV (phyllites), BIF] DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj
pVZ~ (chert) 'kkfey gSaA ;g BIF Lrjksa ls i`FkDÑr rhu “kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS%
 fgfj;wj ”kSy lewg (Hiriyur Formation)
 buxy/ky ”kSy lewg (Ingaldhal Formation)
 ok.khfoykl ”kSy lewg (Vanivilas Formation)
fp= 4-4 % a½ fp=nqxZ tuin] dukZVd esa vuko`Ùk /kkjokM+ egkla?k dh fp=nqxZ f'kLV iV~Vh ds
Hkhrj ds esVkcslkYV esa f'kjks/kkuh ykok( b½ fp=nqxZ esa fp=nqxZ f'kLV iV~Vh esa vuko`Ùk
buxy/ky “kSy lewg dk n~focgqyd ¼eSfQ+d&QsfYld½ Tokykeq[kh 'kSyA
Tokykeq[kh “kSy lewg ls esy [kkrk gqvk ok.khfoykl ”kSy lewg eSaXuht vkSj ykSg “kSy
lewg] 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh dkcksZuVs (stromatolitic carbonates)] ck;kstfs ud pV~Z]
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isykbV] DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj fofo/kkolkn laxqfVdk'e (polymict conglomerates) vkSj

esVkcslkbV ls feydj cuk gSA bldk vuqlj.k buxu/ky “kSy lewg djrk gS] tks
f}cgqyd Tokykeq[kh ¼fp= 4-4b½ Toy[kaMk'eh (pyroclastics)] pV~Z vkSj Q+kbykbV
(phyllites) ls feydj cuk gSA blds Åij fLFkr fgfj;wj ”kSy lewg xzo s Sd&
vkftZykbV@–<+e`nk'e laxfr ds lkFk Tokykeq[kh] ik;jksDykLVh] pVZ~] fofo/kkolkn
laxqfVdk'e (polymict conglomerates) ls fufeZr gSA volknh; bdkbZ;k¡] volknh;
lajpuk,¡ iznf'kZr djrh gSa tks vfoyrk (turbidites) dh fof'k"Vrk gSA fp=nqxZ mila?k
(subgroup) fp=nqxZ xzu s kbV }kjk vUrosZf/kr gS tks /kkjokM+ vuqØe dh uohurj lhek
nsrk gSA
4-2-3 iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (Eastern Dharwar Craton)
Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) ds foijhr] iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (EDC) dh

fof'k"Vrk Tokykeq[kh 'kSy cgqyrk ¼ç/kkurk½] volknh 'kSy foiUurk vkSj Lo.kZ izpqjrk
okyh gfjrk'e (greenstones) ifV~V;k¡ gSaA ;g gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ pkjksa rjQ ls de
vk;q okys xzus kbVkHkksa (granitoids) ls ifjxzfgr gSA ;g lhfer pkSM+kbZ okyh js[kh;
/kuq"kkdkj ifV~V;ksa ds rkSj ij lqjf{kr gSA ;g ifV~V;k¡ fofHkUu izdkj ds vfLFkj vk;q]
ij eq[;r% 2-5&2-6 Ma vk;q ds xzsukbVkHkksa ls fofPNUu vkSj chp&chp esa O;o/kku
;qDr gSaA bZ Mh lh dh fu;ksvkfdZ;u (Neoarchean) “kSyksa ds rhu ize[q k vkf'ed
izdkj gSa &
 gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ (Greenston belts; GSB)
 VksusykbV&Vªku;sekbV&xzSuksMkb;ksjkbV (Tonalite Trondhjemite

Grandiorite; TTG)
 xzu
s kbVkHk (Granitoids)
WDC ds foijhr] vk/kkj 'kSy&vkoj.k ¼fu{ksfir 'kSy½ ds fo"kefoU;kl EDC esa
mifLFkr ugha gSA vkius WDC ds Li"V Lrfjd Hkkxksa ds ckjs esa i<+k] ijUrq ,sls Hkkx
EDC esa lqLi"V ugha gSaA EDC ds jSf[kd O;wg gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ lqijcsYV dgykrh
gSaA lunwj iV~Vh ds ;'koUruxj “kSy lewg dh ckckcqnku la?k ds lkFk lekurk gSA bZ
Mh lh dh vf/kdka'k gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡] WDC ds fp=nqxZ la?k lkFk lglEcU/k ;ksX;
gSaA ;g gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ Lo.kZe; gSA dksykj iV~Vh iz:i {ks= (type area) ekuk
tkrk gS vkSj “kSy dksykj la?k dgh tkrh gSaA ;g iwohZ gfjrk'e ifV~V;ksa dk iz:i {ks=
ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blds fp=nqxZ la?k ds lkFk lglEcU/k LFkkfir fd, tk ldrs gSaA
dksykj f'kLV csYV ds ,fEQ+cksykbV (amphibolites) ls ~2700 Ma dh vk;q izkIr gqbZ
gS tSls jkefxfj f'kLV iV~Vh ds esVk&cslkYV ¼fp= 4-5a½A iV~Vh ds iwohZ Nksj esa
QsfYld Tokykeq[kh 'kSy vkSj Tokykeq[kh [kaMt laxfr ds ^pSfEi;u ukbl^ dk ckgj
fn[kkbZ iM+us okyk laLrj izkIr gksrk gS ¼fp= 4-5b½A
iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk lkekU;hÑr LrjfoU;kl lkj.kh 4-3 esa fn;k x;k gSA
EDC esa /kkjokM+ egkla?k dh eq[; gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ uhps mYysf[kr gSa %
103
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
 jkefxfj&isukdpsjyk csYV&gquxqaM lqijcsYV (Ramgiri - Penakacherla Belt -

Hungund Superbelt)
 dksykj&dkfnjh&gV~Vh lqijcsYV (Kolar - Kadiri - Hutti Superbelt)
 csfYyxkyq&jk;pqj&xMoky lqijcsYV (Velligallu - Raichur - Gadwal
Superbelt)
fp= 4-5 % a½ vuariqj tuin dh jkefxfj gfjrk'e iV~Vh ls esVkcslkYV ¼,fEQcksykbV½( vkSj b½
dksykj esa dksykj f'kLV iV~Vh dh pSfEi;u ukbl ds Toy[kaMk'eh (pyroclastics) n'kkZrs
gq, QksVksxzkQA
gfjrk'e ifV~V;ksa dh lkekU;hÑr vkf'edh esa Toy[kaMk'eh@ikbjksDykLVh “kSy]

DokV~Ztk+ bV (quartzites) vkSj LFkkfud laxqfVdk'e] BIF ds lkFk xzos Sd] pwukiRFkj]
MksyksekbV] f}cgqyd Tokykeq[kh 'kSy vkSj vfreSfQ+d (ultramafics) 'kkfey gSAa
WDC vkSj EDC dh rqyuk la{ksi esa lkj.kh 4-4 esa nh x;h gSA
104
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
xzus kbfVd vUrosZ/ku }kjk fpfUgr ^^Dykst+isV xzus kbV (Closepet Granite)**] /kkjokM+
pØ dh lekfIr dks ifjyf{kr djrk gSA de vk;q dh iksVfS 'k;eh xzus kbV (potassic
granite) dh ;g iV~Vh nks fof'k"V HkwiiZVh; [kaMksa] if'peh [kaM vkSj iwohZ [kaM ds chp
eq[; Hkw&lhouh (geo-suture) ;k laf/k (joint) dks fpfUgr djrh gSA
lkj.kh 4-3 % iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk lexz LrjfoU;klA ¼lzkrs % Vaidyanadhan vkSj
Ramakrishnan, 2008½
çksVjs kst+ksbd eSfQ+d fHkfÙk;k¡ (dyke)

pkjuksdkbV ¼2500&2600 Ma½
/kkjokM+ egkLdaèk@cSFkksfyFk ¼2500&2700 Ma½
pSfEi;u Tokykeq[kh [kaMt QsfYld ds lkFk
ukbl Tokykeq[kh 'kSy] oSd] Tokykeq[kh tfur
(Champion fofo/kkolkn laxfq Vdk'e] BIF) ds lkFk
Gneiss)
de ek=k esa esVkcslkYV
lksus dh f}cgqyd eSfQ+d&Q+sfYld Tokykeq[kh “kSy]
Tokykeq[kh Toy[kaMk'eh] dksekfVVkbV] BIF] pVZ~]
/kkjokM+ egkla?k ¼2600&2800 Ma½
'kSy xzos Sd] isykbV] dkcksZuVs pV~Vkusa vkSj de

¼fp=nqxZ la?k½
dksykj la?k
(Goldfield
ek=k esa fofo/kkolkn laxqfVdk'e] de
ek=k esa cslkYV vkSj BIF
Volcanics)
lkdjlkukgY DokVZtk+ bV] eSXuhQsjl ekcZYl] 'kSoky

yh ”kSy lewg fu{ksik'eh dkcksZuVs 'kSy] dSYdflfydsV
'kSy] isfyfVd f'kLV dksjfM;jkbV ds
(Sakarsana
halli
lkFk] ,UMkY;lkbV] LVksjksykbV vkSj
xzkusV] ,fEQcksykbV] BIF vkSj
Formation)
csfld&vYVªkcsfld flYl
;'koUruxj eSfQ+d&vYVkªeSfQ+d 'kSys]a DokVZ~tk+ bV~] BIF

“kSy lewg
¼ckckcqnku
la?k½
vk/kkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ¼>3000 Ma½
lkj.kh 4-4 % vkfdZ;u èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk LrjfoU;klA ¼lzkrs % Vaidyanadhan vkSj

Ramakrishnan] 1981 ls ljyhÑra½
vk;q@dky if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (EDC)

(WDC)
2500 Ma de vk;q okyk xzus kbV de vk;q okyk xzus kbV@ukbl
¼fp=nqxZ] ,fldsjs ¼Dykst+iVs vkSj led{kh;½
(Arsikere)] pkukZds kbV½
pkukZd
s kbV
105
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
2600&2800 Ma fp=nqxZ la?k /kkjokM+ dksykj la?k

ckckcqnku la?k egkla?k ;'koUruxj ”kSy lewg
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
~3000 Ma çk;n~ohih; ukbl çkphurj ukbl ds vUrosZ'k
3100&3300 Ma ljxwj la?k ¼\½ okjaxy la?k
¼\½ lsye la?k
3200&3400 Ma x:j la?k rFkkdfYir vk/kkjh
 thou (Life)% fp=nqxZ la?k ls 'kSoky fu{ksik'e ¼LVªkes kVksykbV½ cSfV;ksyk bafMdk
Batiola indica ntZ fd;k tk pqdk gSA lkanqj f'kLV iV~Vh ls lEcfU/kr BIF ds
lkFk vUr%Lrfjr dkys pVZ~ dh iV~Vh esa ls lw{etSfod Ropkjkse (microbial
trichomes) fjdkMZ fd, x, gSaA ckckcqnku la?k ls 'kSoky fu{ksik'e
(stromatolite) lajpukvksa esa ls lw{etSfod vo'ks"k ntZ fd, tk pqds gSaA
 [kfut {kerk (Mineral Potential)% if'peh [kaM esa] rk¡ck] yksgk vkSj eSaXuht+ ds
[kfutu ds lkFk lksus dh de ek=k esa mifLFkfr gS] tSls xMkxA ckckcqnku f'kLV
iV~Vh esa vkfFkZd egRo dss egRoiw.kZ fu{ksi [kklrkSj ij dqnjs eq[k esa ykSg v;Ld gSA
blds vykok lksuk] ;wjfs u;e vkSj ,sLcsLVkWl Hkh ekywe gSaA EDC esa dksykj]
jkefxfj&isukdpsjyk] gV~Vh] ekLdh eas egRoiw.kZ Lo.kZe; ifV~V;k¡ gSaA ;g ykSg vkSj
eSaXuht+ [kfutu ds fy, Hkh tkus tkrs gSAa
4-3 dMIik egkla?k (Cuddapah Supergroup)

iqjkuk æks.kh ds uke ls Hkh çfl) çk;}hih; Hkkjr dh çksVjs kst+ksbd volknh æks.kh]
i'p isfy;ksizkVs js kstk+ bs d vkSj ehlksizksVjs kst+kbs d le; ds chp cuh gSA cqUnsy[k.M]
cLrj vkSj /kkjokM+ ds vkfdZ;u ØsVkWu ij lcls foLr`r :i ls fodflr rhu
izkVs js kstksbd nzkfs .k;k¡ Øe'k% foa/;] NRrhlx<+ vkSj dMIIkk gSa ¼fp= 4-6-½A ge vkxs vkus
okys [k.Mksa esa foa/;u vkSj dMIik nzkfs .k;ksa ds volknh vuqØeksa dh ppkZ djsx a As
vkU?kz izn's k vkSj rsyx
a kuk ds nf{k.k&e/; Hkkxksa esa fLFkr 44]500 oxZ fdyksehVj ds {ks=
esa QSyh dMIik nzks.kh 'kkunkj v)ZpUnzkdkj] iwohZ rjQ vory mRrj&nf{k.k miufr
okyh gSA nzk.s kh Hkkjrh; çk;}hi ds iwohZ fdukjs ij yxHkx 450 fdyksehVj dh yEckbZ
esa QSyh gS ¼fp= 4-6 vkSj 4-7½A blds fupys Hkkx esa eq[;r% vkFkksZDokV~Ztk+ bV&dkcksZusV
laxfr vkSj {kkjh; ls vEyh; Tokykeq[kh “kSy vkSj Åijh Hkkx esa 6&12 fdyksehVj
vuqekfur eksVkbZ okys DokV~Zt+kbV ds lkFk flfydke; 'ksYl 'kkfey gSaA dMIik nzk.s kh
dh v'eLrfjdh dks] dMIik egkla?k vkSj dqjuwy la?k ds inksa esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk
gSA dMIik egkla?k iz/kkur;k ckyqdke; 'kSy (arenaceous) ls e`.e; 'kSy
(argillaceous) ds lkFk de ek=k esa dSfYl;eh ls MksyksekbVh bdkb;ksa dk cuk gSA
dMIik nzk.s kh dk mijh izkVs js kst+kbs d vuqØe dqjuwy la?k dgykrk gS] tks dMIik
egkla?k dh “kSyksa ds Åij O;ofLFkr gSA dqjuwy la?k esa eq[;r% dkcksZuVs volknksa ds
lkFk xkS.k ek=k esa lw{e [kaMt 'kkfey gSAa
106
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
fp= 4-6 % ekufp= çk;n~ohih; Hkkjr ds ize[q k izksVjs kst+ksbd nzkfs .k;ksa dks iznf'kZr dj jgk gSA ¼lzkrs %
Vaidyanadhan vkSj Ramakrishnan] 2008 ls ljyhÑr½
fp= 4-7 % iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu esa dMIik nzk.s khA ¼lzksr % GSI, 1981b½
107
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
4-3-1 Lrfjd oxhZdj.k (Stratigraphic Classification)
lu~ 1872 esa igyh ckj fdax (King) ds }kjk izfrikfnr pkjksa Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gqvk
Lrfjd oxhZdj.k iwjh 'krkCnh Hkj fcuk pqukSrh ds jgkA fdax ds bl dke ds ckn]
yxHkx 60 lkyksa rd fdlh laLFkk }kjk dksbZ Hkh xgu dke ugha fd;k x;kA lu~
1976 esa ukjk;.kLokeh us ik¡p Hkkxksa okyk oxhZdj.k izfrikfnr fd;kA Nagaraja Rao
et al. ¼1987½ us Lrfjd dwVksa ds vuqlkj la'kksf/kr rhu rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k izLrqr
fd;kA dMIik egkla?k dks rhu la?kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS % iki?uh] fp=korh vkSj
uYykeykbZA izR;sd lewg DokV~Zt+kbV ls 'kq# gksrk gS vkSj 'ksy bdkbZ esa [kRe gksrk gSA
,slk gksuk DokV~Zt+kbV&'ksy vuqØe ds pØ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks nzk.s kh
(basin) esa yxkrkj gq, leqæh vfrØe.k (marine transgression) dk ladr s nsrk
gSA dMIik egkla?k dk LrjfoU;kl lkj.kh 4-5 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
4-3-2 vkf'edh (Lithology)
vc ge lcls uhps dh bdkbZ ls 'kq# djrs gq, dMIik egkla?k dh vkf'ed bdkb;ksa
dh ppkZ djrs gSaA
iki?uh la?k (Papaghni Group)% ;g la?k iki?uh unh ?kkVh esa lcls cf<+;k <ax
ls vuko`Ùk gSA ;g la?k vkxs nks “kSy lewgksa esa mifoHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%
 foeiYyh ”kSy lewg (Vempalle Formation)
 xqyps# DokV~Ztk+ bV (Gulcheru Quartzite)
xqyps# DokV~Zt+kbV dMIik egkla?k dk lcls fupyk “kSy lewg gSA ;g BsB dks.kh;
fo"kefoU;kl (unconfirmity) ds lkFk vkfdZ;u xzus kbVh vk/kkjh ds Åij vkjke djrk
gSA ;g fo"kefoU;kl iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dh gfjrk'e ifV~V;ksa ds Åij ,ivkfdZ;u
fo"kefoU;kl ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g efUnjksa ds 'kgj fr#ifr esa vPNs rjhds ls
vuko`Ùk@fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj jk"Vªh; HkwoSKkfud Lekjd ?kksf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gS ¼fp=
4-8½A ;g “kSy lewg eq[;r% laxqfVdk'eksa] vkdksZt+ vkSj DokV~Zt+kbV~l ls feydj cuk
gSA xqyps# laxqfVdk'e dh xqfVdk,a vkfdZ;u vk/kkjh ls mRiUu gqbZ gSa ¼fp= 4-9a½A
xqyps# DokVZ~tk+ bV ds Åij foeiYyh ”kSy lewg lefoU;Lr (conformably) gSA
;g eq[;r% dSfYl;eh bdkbZ gS tks 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh MksyksekbV ¼fp= 4-9b½]
MksyksekbVh 'ksYk] cyqvk iRFkj] DokVZt+kbV vkSj pVZ~ ls feydj cuh gSA fupys Hkkx esa
;g QkWLQsfVd vkSj ;wjfs uQsjl laLrj ls tqM+h gSA dqIikykiYys Tokykeq[kh 'kSy
fFk;ksfyfVd cslkYV (tholeiitic basalt) vkSj cslkYVh ,saMst+kbV (andesite) ls
feydj cus gSa vkSj foeiYyh “kSy lewg ds 'kh"kZ esa izkIr gksrs gSaA eSfQ+d vkXus;
xfrfof/k dh vk;q ~1800 Ma gSA iki?uh minzk.s kh esa volknu unh; DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj
laxqfVdk'eksa lfgr de ek=k esa isfjVkbMy (peritidal) mRifRr ds cyqvk iRFkj&'ksy
ds vUrosZ'ku ds fu{ksi.k ds lkFk ds 'kq# gqvkA
108
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
lkj.kh 4-5 % dMIik egkla?k esa volknh vuqØe.kA ¼ lzksr % Nagaraja Rao et al.
1987 ds ckn½
egkla?k la?k “kSy lewg vkf'edh
dqjuwy la?k
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Jh”kSye~ DokV~t
Z +kbV XykSdksukbVh
ykSge;
¼300 m½ DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj 'ksy
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
dqecqe dqecqe 'ksYV vkSj Q+kbykbV
(Cumbum) (phyllite)( DokV~Zt+kbV MksyksekbV
¼iqYyeisV½ iqYyeisV % 'ksy] MksyksekbV]
¼3500&6000 m½
“kSy lewg DokVZ~t+kbV Q+fs Yld VQ] cSjkbV

uYykeykbZ la?k
(baryte)
cSjus dksaMk cSjus dksaMk DokVZ~tk+ bV% DokVZ~t+kbV]

(Bairenkonda) LQfVd oSds] 'ksy
¼ukxjh½ ukxjh % laxqfVdk'e] DokVZ~t+kbV]
DokVZ~tk+ bV LQfVd oSd]s vUrosZf'k;ksa ds lkFk 'ksy
&&&&&& dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&
xkanhdksVk 'ksy&DokVZ~tk+ bV] ifjofrZr 'kSy]
(Gandikota) XykSdksukbVh DokVZ~t+kbV ds var%laLrj
dMIik egkla?k
DokVZ~tk+ bV
¼4900&5000 m½
fp=korh la?k
rkM+i=h@rkni=h 'ksy] QsfYld VQ] {kkjh; flYl vkSj

(Tadpatri) “kSy izokg] pVZ~] 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh
lewg MksyksekbV] DokVZ~t+kbV
iqYyhosUnyk DokVZ~t+kbV vkSj laxqfVdk'e
(Pullivendla)
DokVZ~tk+ bV
foeiYyh 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh; MksyksekbV]
(Vempalle) “kSy MksyksekbVh iadk”e (mudstone)] pVZ~
lewg dqIikykiYyh ladks.kk'e (breccia)] {kkjh; flYl
(Kuppalapalle) vkSj izokg ds lkFk DokVZ~tk+ bV
¼2100 m½
Tokykeq[kh 'kSy ds
iki?uh la?k
lkFk
xqyps# vk/kkjh laxqfVdk'e] vkdksZt+] 'ksy ds
(Gulcheru) lkFk DokVZ~tk+ bV
DokVZ~tk+ bV
&&&&&&&,ivkfdZ;u fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&&&
/kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk fØLVykbu vk/kkj
109
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
fp= 4-8 % ,ivkfdZ;u (Eparchaean) fo"kefoU;kl dk foLr`r –';A dMIik nzks.kh dh “kSy /kkjokM+
~ +kbVA (lkStU; % Dr. M. Prashanth)
ØsVkWu ds Åij fo"kefoU;Lr gS] tSls xqyps# DokVZt
 fp=koyh la?k (Chitravati Group)% ;g la?k fp=koyh vkSj psf;vkj unh

¼?kkVh½ esa cgqr vPNs <ax ls vuko`Ùk gSA ;g la?k rhu “kSy lewgksa esa foHkDr gS %
 xkanhdksVk DokV~t
Z k+ bV (Gandikota Quartzite)
 rkM+i=h@rkni=h “kSy lewg (Tadpatri Formation)
 iqfyosunyk DokV~Ztk+ bV (Pulivendla Quartzite)
iqfyosuMyk DokV~Zt+kbVksa vkSj laxfq Vdk'eksa ls feydj cuk iryk vkSj lrr@n`<+
laLrj gS tks iwjs if'peh fdukjs esa vuko`Ùk gSA ;g iki?uh la?k ds osuikYys “kSy lewg
dks vilefoU;kflr :i ls <ds gq, gSA vk/kkj laxqfVdk'e izkra jky (hiatus) dks
fpfUgr djrk gSA
rkM+i=h ”kSy lewg dk uhps ds iqYyhosUnyk DokVZ~t+kbV ds lkFk Js.khdj.k
(gradational) laLi'kZ (contact) gSA ;g eq[;r% e`.e; (argilaceous) bdkbZ gS tks
DokVZ~tk+ bVks]a 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh MksyksekbVksa vkSj Tokykeq[khtu volknksa ds irys
vUrfuZo's ku (intercalations) ls ;qDr gSA rkM+i=h ”kSy lewg esa Q+fs Yld
Toy[kaMk'eh dh cgqr eksVkbZ ns[kh xbZ gSA
110
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
fp= 4-9 % QksVksxkz Q % a½ lqlaLrfjr vkSj de ufr okyk xqyps# cyqvk iRFkjA [kfpr ds vUnj dh
rLohj fr#ifr ds vk/kkjh xqyps# laxfq Vdk'e dks fn[kk jgh gS( vkSj b½ foeiYyh “kSy
lewg ds pVhZ; MksyksekbV ds vUnj lery vkSj ØkWl lsD'ku esa pVhZQ+kbM 'kSoky
fu{ksik'eA [ lkStU; % Prof. R.C. Hanumanthu (Retd.), Sri Venkateswara
University, Tirupati]
blds Åij lefoU;Lr xaMhdksVk DokVZ~t+kbV dk uke blds ç:i {ks= xaMhdksVk fdys
ds vk/kkj j[kk x;k gSA xkanhdksVk DokVZ~t+kbV dk rkM+i=h@rkni=h “kSy lewg ds
lkFk Js.khdj.k laLi'kZ gSA blesa 'ksYk] DokV~Zt+kbV ¼XykSdksukbV&;qDr½ vkSj eksVs
DokVZ~tk+ bV ds ,dkarfjr vuqØe gSa tks mfeZdk&;qDr vkSj fr;Zd laLrfjr (cross
bedded) gSaA bl vuqØe dk fu{ksi.k i;kZoj.k mi&Tokjh; (sub-tidal) i;kZoj.k ls
ysdj de xgjkbZ okys leqnzh i;kZoj.k ds lkFk gh lkFk dkcksZuVs Tokjh; ry {ks=
(tidal flat) rd vfrO;kfir jgk gSAS
 uYykeykbZ la?k (Nallamalai Group)% uYykeykbZ ioZr Js.kh esa lcls mr—‘V
:i lss vuko`Ùk vuqØe dks nks “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS %
 dqecqe ”kSy lewg (Cumbum Formation) ftldk lglEcU/k iqYyeisV “kSy
lewg gSA
 cSjsudkaM
s k DokVZ~t+kbV (Bairenkonda Quartzite) ftldk lglEcU/k ukxjh
DokV~Ztk+ bV ls gSA
fupyk “kSy lewg cSjus dkaM
s k DokVZ~t+kbV igkM+h esa vPNs <ax ls vuko`Ùk gS vkSj bldk
iz:i bykdk cSjus dkaM
s k gSA ;g eq[;r% fupys Hkkx esa DokVZ~t+kbV&isfyfVd pØ vkSj
Åijh Hkkx esa ifjiDo LQfVd js.kqdk'e@DokV~Zt+ ,sjus kbV (quartz arenites) ls
feydj cuk gSA ukxjh DokVZ~t+kbV vk/kkjh laxfq Vdk'e ds lkFk eksV& s eksVs laLrjksa okyh
ckyqdke; (arenaceous) bdkbZ gS A
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dqEkcqe ”kSy lewg ftldk uke dEcu xk¡o ds Åij j[kk x;k gS] DokVZ~t+kbV vkSj
MksyksekbV ds vUrfuZo's ku lkFk rÙor% 'ksyh vuqØe gSA iqYyeisV “kSy lewg] ftlesa
cSaxuh vkSj dSfYl;eh 'ksYl ds lkFk MksyksekbV vkSj DokVZ~t+kbV 'kkfey gS]a ukxjh
DokVZ~tk+ bV dks Åij ls <¡drk gSA fu{ksi.k mFkys leqnz ls mFkys mi&Tokjh; (sub-
tidal) i;kZoj.k esa rd gqvk gSA
 Jh”kSye~ DokVZ~t+kbV (Srisailam Quartzite)% bl “kSy lewg dh pV~Vkusa

uYykeykbZ iBkj esa egk[kM~M (gorge) dkVrh gqbZ Ñ".kk unh dh iwjh yEckbZ ds
lkFk&lkFk ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA ;g {kSfrt laLrj.k okyk “kSy lewg vius esa yky
DokVZ~tk+ bV] XykSdksukbV /kkj.k djus okys ykSg&;qDr DokVZ~t+kbV 'kkfey fd, gq,
iki?uh vkSj uYykeykbZ la?kksa ds Åij fo"kefoU;kl ds lkFk O;ofLFkr gSA ;g
izek.k ladrs nsrs gSa fd fu{ksi.k mFkys leqnz esa Tokjh; ry {ks= (tidal flat)
i;kZoj.k esa gqvk gksxkA
 vkXus; xfrfof/k (Igneous Activity): nzk.s kh ds if'peh Hkkx esa foseiYyh vkSj
rkM+i=h@rkni=h “kSy lewgksa] ls tqMh+ izeq[k vkXus; xfrfof/k Mksyjs kbV] fiØkbV
vkSj xSckz s flYl] cslkYVh izokg] bfXuEczkbV~l vkSj HkLe ikr V¶+l gSaA ukxjh
DokV~Ztk+ bV] iqYyeisV vkSj dqEkcqe “kSy lewg Mksyjs kbV flYl }kjk dkVs x, gaS ;k
yk¡?ks x, gSaA dqEkcqe 'kSyksa esa fdEcjykbV fHkfÙk;k¡ (dykes) vkSj lkbukbV Hk.Mkj
izkIr gksrs gSaA dqEkcqe volknksa esa LFkkfir psfyek ds fdEcjykbVh “kSy 1225 Ma
dh vk;q iznku djrh gSaA
 thou (Life) % fupyh dMIik dkcksZuVs “kSy egRoiw.kZ LrEHkkdkj 'kSoky fu{ksik'e
ls Hkjh iM+h gSaA oseikYys vkSj rkM+i=h “kSy lewg dh 'kSoky fu{ksik'e lajpukvksa ls
jkbZfQ+;u vk;q ds dkcZfud vo'ks"k tSl& s dksuksQk;VkWu (Conophyton)]
dqfLl,Yyk (Kussialla)] dksykseusyk (Colomnella) vkSj 'kSokyh; tky (algal
mats) izkIr gq, gSaA
 [kfut {kerk (Mineral Potential) % dMIik nzk.s kh (basin) dbZ [kfut fu{ksiksa dh
Hk.Mkj gSA fo'o izfl) ¼dksg&b&uwj½ dksfguwj ghjk blh nzk.s kh ls vk;k gSA izkphu
[kuu xfrfof/k dk çkjEHk 5oha 'krkCnh bZ-iw- (5th century B.C) ls ekuk tkrk gSA
bl nzk.s kh dh] vkS|ksfxd [kfutksa tSls fØlksykbV (chrysolite) ,sLcsLV‚l
(asbestos)] cSjkbV (baryte)] {kkjh; /kkrq (base metals)] ghjk] QkWLQksjkbV
(phosphorite)] ;wjfs u;e (uranium)] LVh,sVkbV (steatite)] e`fRrdk (clay) vkSj
xSfjd (ochre) dk çkfIr LFkku gksus ls] izHkkoh izfr"Bk gSA bldh nwljs dPps ekyksa
tSl&s mPp Js.kh pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV] Q'kksZa iRFkjksa vkSj LysV ds fy, Hkh {kerk
gSA vfXuxqaMyk esa dqEkcqe “kSy lewg ds MksyksekbV esa lhfer lhlk& tLrk (lead-
zic) ds fu{ksi gSaA eaxeisVk esa iqYyeisV “kSy lewg] laLrfjr cSjkbV dk fo'o esa
lcls cM+k fu{ksi gSA ;g jk"Vªh; HkwoSKkfud Lekjd ?kksf’kr gks pqdk gSA ukykeykbZ
la?k dh “kSyksa ls lhlk vkSj rk¡ck [kfutu fjiksVZ fd;k tk pqdk gSA foeiYyh “kSy
lewg ls LVh,sVkbV nt+Z fd;k x;k gS ¼fp= 4-10½A
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fp= 4-10 % jk;kykps#o# ds fudV foeiYyh “kSy lewg ls LVh,sVkbV (steatite) [knkuA [ lkStU;
% Prof. R.C. Hanumanthu (Retd.), Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati]
f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa] vki vxys Hkkx esa tkus ls igys viuh izxfr dh tkap djus ds fy, fuEu
vH;kl gsrq 5 feuV dk le; nsAa
cks/k ç'u 1
a) /kkjokM+ ds nks [k.Mksa esa foHkktu ds vk/kkj dk mYys[k dhft,\
b) LQfVd xqfVdk laxfq Vdk'e ¼QPC½ dk D;k egRo gS\
c) WDC vkSj EDC dh nks gfjrk'e ifV~V;k¡ ds uke crkb,\
d) dMIik egkla?k esa nt+Z gq, thou ds ckjs esa fyf[k,\
e) dMIik egkla?k ds vkXus; xfrfof/k okys “kSy lewg dh lwph cukb,A
4-4 foa/;u egkla?k (Vindhyan Supergroup)
cqUnsy[k.M ØsVkWu esa fLFkr foa/;u nzks.kh Hkkjrh; izk;}hih; 'khYM esa 'kkunkj] g¡fl;k
ds vkdkj dh lcls cM+h vkSj ,d ek= izkVs js kst+kbs d nzks.kh gS ¼fp= 4-1 vkSj 4-6½A
iwoZ&mÙkj&iwoZ (ENE) miufr okyh foa/;u nzk.s kh jktLFkku] e/; izn's k] mRrj izn's k
vkSj fcgkj ds Hkkxksa esa QSyh gSA ;g fcgkj ds lklkjke ls ysdj jktLFkku esa
fpRrkSM+x<+ rd QSyh gqqbZ gSA ¼fp= 4-11½A foa/;u volkn] 1]00]000 oxZ fdyksehVj ds
{ks= ij QSys gq, gSa] ftlesa ls yxHkx 60]000 oxZ fdyksehVj lh/ks iz{s k.k ds fy,
vuko`Ùk gSa vkSj ckdh nf{k.k&if'pe esa nDdu VªSIl rFkk mRrj esa flU/kq&xaxk (Indo-
Gangetic) tyks<d ls <dk gqvk gSA ;g nzk.s kh if'pe es]a if'peh ufr okys xzV s
ckmaMªh QkWYV t+ksu ¼Great Boundary Fault Zone; GBFZ) ds }kjk vjkoyh&fnYyh
ioZru iV~Vh ls i`FkDÑr gS ¼fp= 4-15½A foa/;u nzks.kh rhu mi&nzksf.k;ksa ¼if'pe ls
iwoZ½ esa foHkkftr gS% jktLFkku] cqUnsy[k.M vkSj lksu ?kkVh izkUr] ftlesa ls ckn ds nks
vis{kk—r cM+s gSa ¼fp= 4-11½A cqUnsy[k.M {ks= esa foa/;u vuqØe dkcksZusV dh iz/kkurk
okyk gS tcfd flfyflDykfLVd ¼cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksYk½ vkSj dkcksZusV lksu ?kkVh vkSj
jktLFkku {ks=ksa esa cjkcj O;kIr gSA lu~ 1856 esa] Hkkjrh; HkwoSKkfud losZ{k.k ds izFke
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funs'kd] FkkWel vksYMge us bl egkla?k ds fy, foa/;u uke fn;k] ftldh O;qRifRr
Hkkjr ds foa/; ioZr ds uke ls gqbZ gSA
foa/;u vf/kla?k yxHkx 4500 ehVj eksVs volknh <sj ls cuk gS ftlesa cyqvk iRFkj
vkSj 'ksy ds vuqØe yxHkx cjkcj vuqikr esa vkSj lkFk esa cgqr de ek=k esa dkcksZuVs
dsoy fupys Hkkxksa esa 'kkfey gSAa foa/; dh “kSy volknh lajpukvksa dk vfr mRÑ"V
ifjj{k.k@laj{k.k iznf'kZr djrh gSAa
foa/;u Js.kh ij v/;;u lu~ 1848 esa D.H. Williams ds dke ds lkFk 'kq# gq,A bl
egkla?k dk rhu rgksa okyk foHkktu % dSejw ] jsok vkSj Hkk.Msj] lu~ 1856 esa T. Oldham
}kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA fupys foa/;u dks lsejh dk uke lu~ 1869 esa F.R.
Mallet us fn;k FkkA foa/;u egkla?k vkWMu
s ds }kjk lu~ 1933 esa pkj lewgksa esa ck¡Vk
x;k tks dkykuqØe.k vuqlkj fuEuor~ gS %
 Hkk.Msj la?k (Bhander Group)
 jsok la?k (Rewa Group)
 dSewj la?k (Kaimur Group)
 lsejh la?k (Semri Group)
bLrseky esa lk/kkj.k in fupyk foa/;u ¼lsejh la?k ds fy,½ vkSj mijh foa/;u ¼dSewj]
jsok vkSj Hkk.Msj la?kksa ds fy,½ gSA lkj.kh 4-6 esa foa/;u egkla?k dh lkekU;hÑr
Lrfjd iz.kkyh la{ksi esa nh x;h gSA “kSy lewg ds cnys gq, uke lkj.kh 4-6 esa
mYysf[kr fd, x, gSaA
fp= 4-11 % foa/;u nzks.kh dk {ks=h; HkwoSKkfud ekufp=A ¼lzksr % Soni et al., 1987 ls fy;k x;k gS½
114
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pfy, lkj.kh 4-6 esa mYysf[kr la?kksa dh vkf'edh dh ppkZ djsaA

 lsejh la?k (Semri Group)% lsejh uke lsejh unh ls vkrk gSA chtkoj ds ikl
bldk iz:i bykdk (type locality) gSA lsejh lewg cqUnsy[k.M xszukbV ij
vlefoU;kl (non-confirmity) ds lkFk cSBk gS ¼fp= 4-12a½ vkSj cSUMsM ukbfld
dkWEIysDl ¼BGC½ ij dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl (angular unconfirmity) ds lkFkA
vk/kkjh vuqØe laxfq Vdk'eksa] ykSge; cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksYk ls feydj cuk gS vkSj
eq[;r% jktLFkku ¼[kkjnsioyk cyqvk iRFkj½ esa vuko`Ùk gSA cqUnsy[k.M vkSj lksu
?kkVh esa] vk/kkjh bdkbZ cyqvk iRFkj ¼fM;ksySaM ;k ikaMokQkWy cyqvk iRFkj½ dh cuh
gS vkSj 'ksYl ¼vjaxh 'ksYl½ ls <dh gqbZ gSA mifj'kk;h 'kSoky fu{ksik'eh pwukiRFkj
vkSj MksyksekbV ¼dtjkgkV@frjksgu cyqvk iRFkj vkSj yksgkj MksyksekbV½
egkn~ohih; eXurV (continental shelf) ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ladrs djrs gSaA vk/kkjh
vuqØe QsfYld Toy[kaMk'eh@ik;jksDykLVh vkSj Tokykeq[kh; volknksa ls Åij ls
<dk gqvk gS] tks pksiu@nsoukj ikslZy s SukbV (porcellanite) ”kSy lewg ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA iksly Zs uS kbV esa VQ+e; laLrj ¼fp= 4-13b½] >kaok VQ+] laTokyk”e]
ladks.kk”e] laLrfjr pVZ~ vkSj Tokykeq[kh; ceksa ls feydj cuk gSA tSrwuh gjk 'ksy
ftls [ksutqvk 'ksy (Kheinjua Shale) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] og jax esa
tSruw h gjk vkSj lqfodflr isfUly foHkax@foHkatr (fracture) lfgr gSA blds
Åij 'kSoky fu{ksik'e ;qDr gYds ihys jax dk pwukiRFkj ;k cjxk¡o pwukiRFkj gS
ftlesa izpqjrk esa dksYysfu;k DySiih (Collenia clapii) vkSj dksuksQkbVkWu
xkjxkfudl (Conophyton garganicus) fodflr gSa ¼fp= 4-14½A gYds ihys jax
ds cyqvk iRFkj ds Åij XykSdksukbVh cyqvk iRFkj ¼ftls pksjgV ckyqdk'e Hkh
dgrs gSa½ vkjke dj jgk gSA dSewj la?k ¼mifj foa/;u½ dk lklkjke cyqvk iRFkj
lsejh la?k ¼fupyk foa/;u½ ds jksgrkl pwukiRFkj ds lefoU;Lr vkSj mifj'kk;h gS
¼fp= 4-13c½A lsejh la?k fu{ksi.k dk ,d la;qDr i;kZoj.k tks vuwih; (lagoonal)
ls miTokjh rd gksus] dk ladrs nsrk gSA
115
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fp= 4-12 % a½ fp=dwV mRrj izns'k esa fupys foa/;u ds ckyqiRFkj vkSj cqUnsy[k.M xs uz kbV ds chp
vlefoU;kflr laLi'kZ (contact); b½ lksu ?kkVh] lksuHknz tuin esa fupys foa/;u dk
jksgrkl pwukiRFkj vkSj mlds Åij lefoU;Lr mifj foa/;u dk lklkjke cyqvk iRFkjA
 dSewj la?k (Kaimur Group)% dSejw dxkj (scrap) ds uke ij bldk uke dSejw
gS vkSj ;g lksu ?kkVh vkSj fpRrkSMx
+ <+ esa lsejh la?k ds lkFk lefoU;kl laLi'kZ
j[krk gSA dSewj la?k rRor% lcls foLr`r :i ls fodflr e`n~ckyqe; (argillo-
arenaceous) vuqØe gSA lklkjke cyqvk iRFkj dSewj la?k dk vk/kkjh Hkkx gS tks
Åij ls ekjdqUMh cyqvk iRFkj ls <dk gqvk gSA buds chp&chp esa ?kqjek 'ksy ;k
lqlukbZ ladks.kk'e (breccia) gSaA ;g jksf/kdk&iqfyu Vhys (barrier beach
dune) ;k Tokjh; likV esa fu{ksfir gq, crk, x, gSAa blds mifj'kk;h fct;x<+
ekf{kde;@ikbjkbVe; (pyritiferous) 'ksy ve>ksj ds ikl ik;jkbV laLrjksa ds
lkFk ¼40% xa/kd½ 'kkar vuwih i;kZoj.k dk ladrs nsrk gSA eaxslj “kSy lewg vkSj
mifj'kk;h /kUnjkSy DokVZ~t+kbV vkdksZt+h (arkosic) vkSj js.kqdk”eh (arenitic)
cyqvk iRFkj ls feydj cus gSa ftudh O;k[;k xqafQr vYidkfyd (braided
ephemeral) /kkjk fu{ksi ;k jsrhyh varjkTokjh; likV (sandy intertidal flat)
;k Tokjh; tyekxZ (tidal channel) fu{ksi ds rkSj ij gqbZ gSA
lkj.kh 4-6 % foa/;u egkla?k ds fy, Lrfjd oxhZdj.kA ¼lzkrs % Ramakrishnan and
Vaidyanadhan] 2008 ls fy;k x;k½
la?k “kSy lewg ifjofrZr uke

Hkk.Msj eSgj cyqvk iRFkj ijh Hkk.Msj cyqvk iRFkj
(Bhander) fljcq 'ksy
la?k cw¡nh fgy cyqvk iRFkj fupyk Hkk.Msj cyqvk iRFkj
¼ehlks&fu;ksizksVjs kstksbd½
¼1300&1500
y[ksjh pwukiRFkj Hkk.Msj pwukiRFkj] ukxkSM+
eh-½ pwukiRFkj
foa/;u egkla?k
xkuwjx<+ 'ksy flejkoy 'ksy

&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl ;k Js.khdj.k@Øe.k laLi'kZ &&&&&&
jsok (Rewa) xksfoUnx<+ cyqvk iRFkj mifj jsok cyqvk iRFkj
la?k nzqeeksMxat cyqvk iRFkj “kcfyr 'ksy
¼100&300 eh-½ f>jh 'ksy
vlu cyqvk iRFkj
116
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iUuk 'ksy mifj js[kk cyqvk iRFkj
&&&&&& lkekU; laLi'kZ ;k lay{k.kh cnyko &&&&&&
dSejw (Kaimur) /kunkjmy DokV~Zt+kbV mifj dSewj cyqvk
la?k eaxls j “kSy lewg iRFkj
¼400 eh-½ fct;x<+ 'ksy dxkj cyqvk iRFkj
ekjdqaMh cyqvk iRFkj ?kk?kj cyqvk iRFkj
?kqjek 'ksy lqlukbZ ladks.kk'e
lklkjke cyqvk iRFkj fupyk dSewj cyqvk
iRFkj
&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl ;k lkekU; laLi'kZ &&&&&&
lsejh (Semri) lqdrs 'ksy Ckk?koj 'ksy
la?k jksgrkl pwukiRFkj fuHkkgsjk pwuk iRFkj
¼3000&4000eh-½ pksjgV pwukiRFkj XywdksukbV laLrj
jkeiqj cyqvk iRFkj
cklqgjh cyqvk iRFkj
cjxk¡o pwukiRFkj lY[ku pwuk iRFkj]
gYds ihys jax dk
¼QkWu½ pwuk iRFkj]
pksjgV pwuk iRFkj
tSruw h gjh 'ksy] fcuksVk
[ksautqok 'ksy 'ksy] dksMkgk 'ksy
nsoukj ikslZys SukbV
pksiu ikslZsySukbV dwV's oj pwuk iRFkj
dtjkgkV pwuk iRFkj frjksgu pwuk iRFkj
vjaxh 'ksy [kjfn;ksyk cyqvk iRFkj
fn;ksyasM cyqvk iRFkj ikaMokQkWy cyqvk iRFkj
&&&&&dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl ;k vlefoU;kl&&&&&&
ukbfll vkSj vf/kiiZVh;
117
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fp= 4-13 % a½ lksu ?kkVh] lksuHknz tuin esa dSewj la?k dk foLr`r n`';( vkSj b½ iksly
Zs SukbV “kSy
lewg laLrj esa VQ++e;A
 jsok la?k (Rewa Group)% bldk uke rRdkyhu jsok fj;klr esa uke ij iM+k gSA
fcuk fdlh vk/kkjh laxqfVdk'e dk vk/kkjh iUuk 'ksy] dSewj la?k ls fu{ksi.k dh
fujUrjrk dks n'kkZrk gSA iUuk 'ksy vkSj vlu cyqvk iRFkj esa yky 'ksYk] cyqvk
iRFkj] cSjkbVht+ vkSj XykSdksukbVh ika”kqiRFkj (siltstone) 'kkfey gSa tks vuwih
i;kZoj.k dk ladrs nsrs gSaA f>jh 'ksy Js.khdj.k laLi'kZ ls blds Åij cSBk gS vkSj
iUuk es]a vlu cyqvk iRFkj ls ghjs ;qDr laxqfVdk'e ds n~okjk vyx gSA
XykSdksukbVh ika”kqiRFkj ds lkFk yky 'ksYk vuwih;] ljksojh ;k rV ls nwj dk
(offshore) fu{ksi.k i;kZoj.k n'kkZrk gSA mifj'kk;h MªeeksMxat cyqvk iRFkj
rVkfHkeq[k (shore face) i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir gqvk gSA ;g Åij ls xksfoUnx<+
cyqvk iRFkj n~okjk <dk gqvk gS tks csdkj NaVkbZ (sorting) ,oa xBu (texture) ls
vifjiDo gS vkSj unh;] MsYVh; ;k rV ds fudV dk iadh; (muddy) Tokjh;
likV i;kZoj.k n'kkZrk gSA
 Hkk.Msj la?k (Bhander Group)% Hkk.Msj mPpHkwfe ij bldk uke iM+k gSA iUuk
bykds esa xkuqx<+ 'ksy dh vk/kkjh bdkbZ ghjs ;qDr laxqfVdk'e gS] ijUrq bldk
vU;= jsok la?k ds lkFk Øe.k laLi'kZ gSA xkuqx<+ pkWdysVh jax dh 'ksy] 'kSoky
fu{ksik'eh pwukiRFkj vkSj var%'kSylewgh ladks.kk'e vkSj gSykbV [kaMk”e ;qDr cyqvk
iRFkj dh varjklaLrjksa ds lkFk gSA 'kSoky pVkbZ] 'kSoky fu{ksik'e]
'kq"du@futZyhdj.k lajpuk,a (dessication structure) vkSj ftIle ijrksa ds
lkFk y[ksjh cyqvk iRFkj ok"iuh; i;kZoj.k dk ladrs nsrs gSaA mifj'kk;h cw¡nh
igkM+h ds cyqvk iRFkj ds vuqØe Åij dh rjQ yxkrkj lw{e df.kd gksrs tkrs
gSaA mifj'kk;h fljcw 'ksy] gSykbV [kaMk”e ds lkFk vkWDlhdkjd ls 'kq"d
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds rjQ+ b'kkjk djrk gSA volknh lajpukvksa vkSj vUrfoZ"V 'kSoky
fu{ksik'eh ¼stromatolitic½ pwukiRFkj laLrjksa ds ;qDr mifj'kk;h eSgj cyqvk iRFkj
lekPNknh (blanket) fu{ksi gSA Hkk.Msj la?k dh vkf'edh rVh;
js[kk&vuwi&Tokjh; likV (shore line-lagoon-tidal flat) i;kZoj.k dh lwpd gSA
118
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 vk;q (Age) % jsfM;ksefs Vªd dkykuqØe.k ls çkIr vk¡dM+s foa/;u volknu dh

'kq#vkr dks yxHkx 1600&1720 Ma fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA dtjkgkV cyqvk iRFkj dh
Pb-Pb vk;q 1720 Ma izkIr gqbZ gSA lsejh la?k ds pksiu ikslZy s SukbV ds QsfYld
Tokykeq[kh volkn dk rqjlkok@ftjdkWu (zircon) 1632 Ma U-Pb vk;q nsrk gSA
iUuk ds fdEcjykbV ls Pb-Sr dkykuqØe.k] dse: la?k dh vk;q yxHkx
1100&1160 Ma crykrk gSA jsok vkSj Hkk.Msj la?k] 1100&700 Ma o’kZ ds
vuqekfur fd, x, gSaA dbZ 'kks/kdrkZ 1700&600 Ma ds chp ds 100 Ma ds le;
vUrjky esa foa/;u egkla?k ds vfojr volknu dh iSjoh djrs gSAa
 thou (Life) % çR;{k ¼LFkwy vkSj lw{e thok'e½ ;k vizR;{k ¿'kSoky fu{ksik'e]
vuqj[s k thok'e (trace fossil)] 'kSoky pVkbZ (algal mats) çek.k foa/;u dky ds
nkSjku thou dh mifLFkfr dks bafxr djrs gSaA 'kSoky fu{ksik'e dksYysfu;k DySih
(Collenia clapii) vkSj dksuksQkbVkWu xkjxkfudl (Conophyton garganicus)
gYds ihys jax ds cyqvk iRFkj ls ntZ fd, x, gSaA lsejh vkSj Hkk.Msj la?kksa ls
lw{e thok'e ftuesa lkbukscSDVhfj;k] cSDVhfj;k] 'kSokyh; (algal), dodh;
(fungal) vkSj ,fØVkdZ vo'ks"k 'kkfey gSAa NksVs doph; tUrq] izkjfEHkd
czfS d;ksiksMk] ,fMvkdkju tho ds lkFk gh lkFk vuqj[s k thok'eksa ds dbZ mnkgj.k
lsejh la?k ls nt+Z fd, x, gSa tks ;g crykrs gSa fd foa/;u fupys dsfEcz;u dYi
rd QSyk gSA
fp= 4-14 % lksuHknz tuin esa lY[ku thok'e ikdZ ds gYds ihys pwuk iRFkj (Fawn Limestone)
esa ifjjf{kr 'kSoky fu{ksik'e (Stromatolites)A
[kfut {kerk (Mineral Potential) % foa/;u nzk.s kh vius ghjs] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj
MksyksekbV] {kkjh; /kkrqvksa] bekjrh iRFkjksa] e[kjyk (laterite)] xSfjd (ochre) vkSj
dk¡p ckyw ds lalk/kuksa ds fy, dkQh tkuh tkrh gSA cqUnsy[k.M esa lsejh ij [kfutu
vkSj çkÑr xa/kd dh izkfIr nt+Z dh xbZ gSA
4-5 fnYyh egkla?k (Delhi Supergroup)
fnYyh egkla?k vjkoyh ØsVkWu dk Hkkx gSA vjkoyh ØsVkWu NE-SW miufr okys
vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh esa vuko`Ùk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; 'khYM ds mRrjif'peh Hkkx dks vf/kÑr
djrk gSA ;g eq[;r% jktLFkku jkT;] dnkpfud gfj;k.kk] fnYyh vkSj xqtjkr] e/;
119
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
izn's k esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;g mRrj esa fgeky;] iwoZ esa foa/;u nzks.kh vkSj nDdu VªSIl]
nf{k.k&if'pe esa dSEcs nzkfs .kdk (graben) ls f?kjk gS vkSj if'pe esa gky dk tyks<d
(alluvium) ysVk gqvk gSA ;g vius le`) {kkjh; /kkrqvksa ds lalk/kuksa ds fy,
lqfo[;kr gSA vjkoyh ØsVkWu vkjksgh ¼Åij p<+rs gq,½ Øe esa rhu ewyHkwr HkwoSKkfud
bdkbZ;ksa ls feydj cuk gS % cSUMsM ukbfll dkWEIysDl ¼Banded Gneissic
Complex; BGC½] vjkoyh egkla?k vkSj fnYyh egkla?kA vjkoyh vkSj fnYyh
vf/kla?k Øe'k% isfy;ksizkVs js kst+ksbd vkSj eht+ksizkVs js kst+ksbd vk;q ds gSa vkSj ofyr
ifV~V;ksa dh pV~Vkuksa ls vf/kÑr gSaA izdkjkarjs.k vjkoyh vf/kla?k dks vjkoyh oyu
iV~Vh vkSj fnYyh vf/kla?k dks fnYyh oyu iV~Vh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fnYyh vf/kla?k vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh ds eq[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k djrk gS vkSj vuqn/S ;Z
fn'kk esa yxHkx 700 fdyksehVj dh nwjh rd nf{k.k&if'pe esa xqtjkr ls mRrj&iwoZ
esa fnYyh rd QSyk gS] tgk¡ ls bl egkla?k dks uke feyk gSA egkla?k dh “kSy iz/kku
:i ls nf{k.k&if'peh] mRrjh&iwohZ vkSj e/; jktLFkku esa jSf[kd iV~Vh ds :i esa
feyrh gSA
fnYyh vf/kla?k esa laxqfVdk'eksa vkSj cyqvk iRFkjksa ds 3000 eh- eksVkbZ okys Åij dks
lw{edf.kd gksrs vuqØe 'kkfey gSaA ;g vkfdZ;u BGC vkSj isfy;ksizkVs js kst+ksbd
vjkoyh egkla?k dh “kSyksa ds Åij vkSj fu;ksizkVs js kst+ksbd ekjokM+ egkla?k dh “kSyksa ds
uhps fLFkr gSA egkla?k dkykuqØe.k vk/kkj esa rhu la?kksa tSls jk;yks] vyoj vkSj
vtcx<+ esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA lkj.kh 4-7 esa fnYyh egkla?k ds Lrfjd vuqØe la{ksi esa
fn, x, gSaA
 jk;yks la?k (Raialo Group)% ;g fnYyh egkla?k dk lcls vk/kkj la?k gS vkSj
lqizofjr (well-sorted) ifjiDo laO;wfr (texture) okys vk/kkjh laxqfVdk'eksa ls
fufeZr gS] tks leqnz&rVh; i;kZoj.k dk ladrs nsrk gSA laxqfVdk'e vkSj xqfVdke;
DokVZ~tk+ bV Åij ls {kkjh; Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa ds lkFk volknh varjklaLrjksa ls <ds
gq, gSaA {kkjh; Tokykeq[kh 'kSy esa foLQksVd izkoLFkk lekfo"V gS] ftlesa laTokyk'e
(agglomerates)] Tokykeq[kh ladks.kk'e (volcanic breccia) vkSj osfYMr V¶l
(welded tuffs) 'kkfey gaSA ;g la?k rhu “kSy lewgksa ls cuk gS tks v/;klu Øe
esa nksxVs k] ljsV vkSj rsgyk gSa ¼lkj.kh 4-7½A
 vyoj la?k (Alwar Group)% ;g jk;yks la?k ds mifj'kk;h gSA ;g dkQh gn
rd ckyqdke; vkSj laxqfVdk'eksa] QsYlikje; (feldspathic) DokVZtk+ bV]
vkWFkksZDokVZt+kbV vkSj vkdkZt
s +kas ds lkFk cgqr de 'ksYl ls cuk gSA vYoj la?k dh
vkf'edh xqfa Qj unh;] miTokjh; vkSj Tokjh; likV fu{ksi.k i;kZoj.kksa dh vksj
ladrs nsrh gSA ;g jktx<+] dudokM+h vkSj izrkix<+ uke ds rhu “kSy lewgksa ls
feydj cuh gSA
 vtcx<+ la?k (Ajabgarh Group)% ;g fnYyh egkla?k dk lcls de mez okyk
la?k gS] tks fo"kefoU;kl ds lkFk vyoj la?k ij mifj'kk;h gSA ;g eq[;r%
dkcZue; 'ksYl] Q+kbykbV~l (phyllites) vkSj DokVZ~tk+ bV ls feydj cuk gSA
bldks vkxs ik¡p “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS tks vkjksgh Øe esa dq'kyx<+] lfjldk]
120
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
Fkkukxkt+h] Hk[kjkSy vkSj vjkmyh gSaA vjkmyh “kSy lewg ds Åij {kkjh; (basic)
vkSj vEyh; (acid) varosZ/kh (intrusives) gSaA
lkj.kh 4-7 % mRrj iwohZ jktLFkku ds fnYyh vf/kla?k ds Lrfjd vuqØeA ¼lzkrs % Roy
and Jakhar] 2002½
la?k vkf'edh
vEyh; (acid) varosZ/kh xzus kbV] isxekVkbV vkSj DokV~Zt+ f'kjk,a
{kkjh; (basic) varosZ/kh ,fEQcksykbV vkSj esVkMksyjs kbV
vjkoyh&eu/ku DokVZ~t+kbV] LVkWjksykbV&xkjusV f'kLV]
(Arauli-Mandhan) dkcZu Q+kbykbV] LysV
“kSy lewg
HkjdkSy (Bharkol) DokVZ~t+kbV varjklaLrfjr fQ+YykbV vkSj
“kSy lewg dkcZu Q+kbykbV] LysV
vtcx<+ la?k
Fkkuk&xkt+h (Thana- dkcZu Q+kbykbV] VQ+e; Q+kbykbV]

Ghazi) “kSy lewg lsfjlkbV f'kLV] DokVZ~t+kbV vkSj laxejej
lfjLdk (Seriska) ladks.kk'eh; vkSj ykSge; DokVZ~t+kbV] pVZ~]

“kSy lewg ladks.kk'e] dkcZu] Q+kbykbV vkSj laxejej
fnYyh egkla?k
dq'kyx<+ v'kq) laxejej QkWLQksjkbV ds ysUlksa ds

(Kushalgarh) “kSy lkFk] i'p izokg] lafiaM VQ+
lewg
&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&
çrkix<+ (Pratabgarh) DokVZ~t+kbV vkSj DokVZ~t&
+ lsfjlkbV
“kSy lewg f'kLV ¼laxqfVdk'e½
¼¾ck;kuk vkSj nenek
“kSy lewg½
vyoj la?k
dudokM+h DokVZ~t+&lsfjlkbV f'kLV] DokVZ~tk+ bV

(Kankwarhi) “kSy f'kLV] laxejej vkSj laxqfVdk'e ds
lewg irys ysUlksa ds lkFk
¼¾cknyx< “kSy lewg
jktx<+ (Rajgarh) “kSy DokVZ~t+kbV] laxejej f'krd.kh
lewg DokVZ~t+kbV] laxfq Vdk'e
¼¾tksxhiqjk “kSy lewg½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&
121
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
rsgs yk (Tehla) “kSy ykok izokg] f'kjks/kkuh ykok] laTokyk'e]

lewg ykokyo] Toy[kaMk'e] ladks.kk'e] VQ+]
¼¾tgkt&xksfoUn iqjk vf/k[kaMt ladks.kk'e vkSj lEc)
Tokykeq[kh 'kSy½ laxqfVdk'e] DokVZ~t+kbV] f'kLV] Q+kbykbV]
laxejej
jk;vkyks la?k
ljsV DokVZ~t+kbV lekolknh (oligomictic) laxqfVdk'e ds
(Serrate QUuh vkSj ysUl ;qDr DokVZ~t+kbV
Quartzite)
¼¾fuFkkj “kSy lewg½
nksxVs k (Dogeta) ifV~Vr flfydke; laxejej] DokVZ~t+kbV
“kSy lewg Q+kbykbV] laxqfVdk'e ds ifV~V;ksa ds lkFk
MksyksekbVh laxejej] DokVZ~t+kbV]
Q+kbykbV vkSj f'kLV
thou (Life) % fnYyh egkla?k ls vuqjs[k thok'eksa] rdZq:i lajpukvksa ds rkSj ij

cgqdksf'kdh; tUrq thou ds izek.k izkIr gq, gSaA tSfodeaFku (bioturbation) ds
gLrk{kj tSls thoksa ds infpUg vkSj iFk Hkh t;iqj] vyoj vkSj >qu>quq tuinksa esa
vuko`Ùk DokVZ~t+kbV esa feyrs gSaA
[kfut {kerk (Mineral Potential) : fnYyh egkla?k {kkjh; /kkrqvksa] nwljs /kkfRod vkSj
v/kkfRod [kfutksa dk HkaMkj?kj gSA ns'k dk yxHkx 50% izfr'kr rk¡ck mRiknu fnYyh
egkla?k ls vkrk gS tSls >qu>quq ftyk esa [ksrjh rk¡ck iV~VhA nwljs çkI; [kfut
lalk/ku ,sLcsLVl] cSjs kbV] dSYlkbV] phuh feV~Vh] vfXu lg feV~Vh ¼vfXu lg ldus
okyh feV~Vh½ laxejej] vHkzd (mica)] dk¡p ckyw vkSj ypdnkj cyqvk iRFkj] bekjrh
iRFkj vkSj vyadkfjd iRFkj gSaA
cks/k ç'u 2
a) vjkoyh ØsVkWu dh vk/kkjHkwr bdkb;k¡ crkb,A
b) foa/;u egkla?k ds la?kksa lwphc) djsaA
c) fnYyh egkla?k ds rhu la?kksa ds uke vkjksgh Øe esa crk,aA
4-6 fØ;kdyki
Hkkjr dk ekufp= cuk,a vkSj çk;}hih; Hkkjr ds izhdsfEcz;u ØsVkWuksa] xfr'khy ifV~V;ksa
vkSj izksVjs kstksbd nzksf.k;ksa dks fpfUgr djsaA
4-7 lkjka”k
vkb, vc geus tks bl bdkbZ esa lh[kk mls la{ksi esa izLrqr djsa%
122
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
 /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dks f'kLV ifV~V;ksa ds y{k.kksa esa vUrj] muds vkl&ikl ds /kwlj
ukbfll ds lkFk varlZEcU/k] muds dk;karj.k dh Js.kh vkSj dkfyd fodkl ds
vk/kkj ij nks foorZfud [k.Mksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& if'peh [kaM vkSj iwohZ [kaM A
 /kwlj ukbfll ¼2500&2700 Ma½ iwjs EDC dks vkPNkfnr djrh gS] izk;n~ohih;
ukbfll in 3000 Ma ls iqjkuh ukbfll ds fy, gh iz;qDr gksrk gS] tks WDC
ds Hkhrj lhfer gSA
 WDC) /kkjokM+ egkla?k dh Tokykeq[kh 'kSy ;qDr cM+h f'kLV ifV~V;ksa dk est+cku
gS tcfd EDC ladjh jSf[kd ifV~V;ksa dkA
 if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (WDC) dky iSekus esa i`Fkd nks ioZru pØksa esa ck¡Vk x;k
gS ftuds uke lkjxkSj la?k ¼vf?kd vk;q okyk½ vkSj /kkjokM+ egkla?k ¼de vk;q
okyk½ gSaA
 çksVjs kst+ksbd volknh nzksf.k;k¡ de mFkyh&iqFkyh (less disturbed) gSa vkSj
vdk;karfjr volknh vuqØe dh eksVk <sj gSa tks fo:fir vkSj dk;karfjr vkfdZ;u
vk/kkj 'kSy ds Åij gSaA
 dMIik nzk.s kh esa isfy;ksizkVs sjkst+kbs d ls fu;ksizkVs js kst+kbs d vk;q ds volknh vuqØe
vkarfjd fo"kefoU;klksa ds lkFk gSa tSls dMIik egkla?k vksj dqjuwy la?kA
 dMIik nzk.s kh dks rhu la?kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % iki?uh] fp=korh vkSj uYykeykbZA
izR;sd la?k DokVZ~tk+ bV&'ksy vuqØe ds pØ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS tks nzk.s kh esa
yxkrkj gq, leqnhz vfrØe.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA
 foa/;u nzks.kh dks rhu mi&nzkfs .k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% jktLFkku]
cqUnsy[k.M vkSj lksu ?kkVhA foa/;u egkla?k dks pkj la?kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS% lsejh]
dSejw ] jsok vkSj Hkk.MsjA
 vjkoyh ØsVkWu nks iz/kku vk/kkjHkwr HkwoSKkfud bdkb;ksa ls xfBr gS % cSUMsM
ukbfld dkWEIysDl (Banded Genessic Complex) vkSj nks izksVjs kstk+ bs d dky
dh oyu ifV~V;k¡ ¼vjkoyh vkSj fnYyh½A
 fnYyh vf/kla?k vk;q esa eht+ksizkVs js kst+ksbd (Mesoproterozoic) gS vkSj jk;yks]
vyoj vkSj vtcx<+ la?kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
4-8 lkf=d ç'u
1- if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu vkSj iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu esa pkj vUrj Li"V dhft,A
2- if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu ds /kkjokM+ vf/kla?k ds Lrfjd vuqØeksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- dMIIkk egkla?k dh LrjfoU;kl dh lfoLrkj ppkZ dhft,A vkXus; xfrfof/k vkSj
[kfut {kerk esa fVIi.kh Hkh dhft,A
4- foa/;u egkla?k ds Lrfjd vuqØe Li"V dhft,A
5- fnYyh egkla?k ds LrjfoU;kl dk ys[kk nhft,A
4-9 lanHkZ
 GSI Map (1981) Geological and Mineral Map of the Cuddapah basin. Scale
1:250,000 with Explanatory Brochure, 26p.
123
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
 Gupta, S.N., Arora, Y.K., Mathur, R.K., Iqbaluddin, Prasad, B., Sahai, T.N.
and Sharma, S.B. (1980) Lithostratigraphic map of the Aravalli region. Geol.
Surv. India, Calcutta.
 Nagaraja Rao, B.K., Rajurkar, Ramalingaswamy and Ravindra Babu, B.
(1987) Stratigraphy, Structure and Evolution of the Cuddapah Basin. Purana
Basins of Peninsular India. Memoir 6. Geological Society of India. pp. 33-86.
 Naqvi S.M., Rogers J.J.W., (1996) Precambrian Geology of
India, Clarendon, New York.
 Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India, Geol.
Soc. India, Bengaluru. v.1, 556p.
 Roy, A.B.and. Jakhar. S.R (2002) Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India):
Precambrian to Recent. Published by Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur,
India.
 Soni, M.K., Chakraborty, S. and Jain, V. K. (1987) Vindhyan Supergroup-A
Review. In: (B.P. Radhakrishnan) Purana Basins of Peninsular India. Memoir
6, Geological Society of India. pp. 87-138.
 Swaminath J., Ramakrishnan M. and Viswanathan M.N. (1976) Dharwar
stratigraphic model and Karnataka craton evolution, Rec. Geol. Surv.
Ind., 107, pp 149–179.
 Swaminath J., Ramakrishnan, M., (1981) Early Precambrian supracrustals of
southern Karnataka, Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., 112, pp 350.
4-10 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u

 Mazumdar, R. and Eriksson, P.G. (2015) Precambrian Basins of India:
Stratigraphic and Tectonic Context. Geological Society of London, Memoir.
 Naqvi, S.M. (2005), Geology and Evolution of the Indian plate (from Hadean
to Holocene – 4Ga to 4Ka), Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi.
 Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India Vol. 1,
Geological Society of India, Bangalore.
 Sharma, Ram (2010) Cratons and Fold Belts of India. Volume 127 of Lecture
Notes in Earth Sciences, Springer.
4-11 mRrj
cks/k iz”u 1
a) /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu dks f'kLV ifV~V;ksa ds y{k.kksa esa vUrj] muds vkl&ikl ds
/kwlj ukbfll ds lkFk varlZEcU/k] muds dk;karj.k dh Js.kh vkSj dkfyd
fodkl ds vk/kkj ij nks foorZfud [k.Mksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& if'peh [kaM vkSj
iwohZ [kaMA
b) laLi'kZ@lhek izxk<+ {ks=h; fo"kefoU;kl ls fpfUgr gS tks ljxkSj ioZru
lekfIr dks n'kkZrh gSA ;g fo"kefoU;kl LFkkuh; ;wjfs uQsjl DokV~Zt+&xqfVdk
laxqfVdk'e (QPC½ dh mifLFkfr ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
124
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
c) WDC% ckckcqnku&if'peh ?kkV&f'keksxk vkSj fp=nqxZ&xMkx] EDC%
jkefxfj&isukdkpsjyk iV~Vh& gquxqaM vkSj dksykj&dkfnjh& gV~Vh lqijcsYVA
d) fupyh dMIik dkcksZuV
s “kSy egRoiw.kZ LrEHkkdkj 'kSoky fu{ksik'eksa ls Hkjh gSAa
oseikYys vkSj rkM+i=h 'kSoky fu{ksik'e leqPp;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA fupys
dMIik dh vk;q iwohZ ls i'p jkfQ;u ¼1600&900 Ma½ gksus dk ladrs feyk
gSA bu MksyksekbVh “kSyksa esa 'kSoky pVkb;k¡ O;kid gSaA foeiYyh vkSj rkM+i=h
“kSy lewgksa ls dksuksQk;VkWu] dqfLlbYyk] dksykseusyk ls fjiksVZ fd, x, gSaA
e) vf/kdka'k@izeq[k vkXus; xfrfof/k foeiYyh vkSj rkM+i=h “kSy lewg ls lEc)
gSA ukxjh DokVZ~tk+ bV] iqYyeisV vkSj dqEkcqe “kSy lewg Mksyjs kbV flYl }kjk
dkVs@ikj fd, x, gSAa dEcu “kSyksa esa fdEcj ykbV~l fHkfRr;k¡ vkSj lk;ukbV
Hk.Mkj ik, x, gSaA psfyek ds fdEcjykbV “kSy dEcu volknksa esa LFkkfir gSAa
cks/k iz”u 2
a) vjkoyh ØsVkWu vkjksgh ¼Åij p<+rs gq,½ Øe esa nks izeq[k ewyHkwr HkwoK
S kfud
bdkbZ;ksa ls feydj cuk gS % cSUMsM ukbfll dkWEIysDl (Banded Gneissic
Complex) vkSj izkVs js kstk+ bs d oyu iV~Vh ftUgsa vjkoyh oyu iV~Vh vkSj
fnYyh oyu iV~Vh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
b) fcBwj&filkuxu ykbu&jktx<+&filkaxu ykbuA
c) iwoZ ls if'pe rd rhu eq[; volknh minzkfs .k;k¡ gSa ftuds uke % ck;kuk&
ykylksr nzk.s kh] vyoj nzk.s kh vkSj [ksrjh nzk.s khA
d) rhu eq[; volknh minzkfs .k;k¡ gSa % iwohZ Hkhe&';kex<+] if'peh lsUMªk&ckjksfr;k
vkSj jk;x<+&vtesj nzk.s khA
e) QkSykn vksfQ;ksykbV laxfr fofPNUu js[kh; fiaM ls xfBr gqbZ gS
,sfiMkbvksjkbV (epidiorite)] ,fEQ+cksykbV] ikbjksDlhu df.kdk”e (pyroxene
granulite)] esVkxSczks (metagabbro) vkSj vfreSfQ+d (ultramafic)A
lkf=d ç'u
1- —i;k lkj.kh 4-1 dk lanHkZ ysAa
2- —i;k mivuqHkkx 4-2-2 dk lanHkZ ysaA
3- —i;k mivuqHkkx 4-3-2 vkSj lkj.kh 4-5 dk lanHkZ ysaA
4- —i;k mivuqHkkx 4-4-2 vkSj lkj.kh 4-6 dk lanHkZ ysaA
5- —i;k mivuqHkkx4-5-2 vkSj lkj.kh 4-8 dk lanHkZ ysAa
125
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126
bdkbZ 5
Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe
lajpuk______________________________________________________________
5-1 ifjp; 5-4 fØ;kdyki
visf{kr y{; 5-5 lkjka'k
5-2 mÙkj if'peh fgeky; ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe 5-6 lkf=d ç'u
Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe 5-7 lUnHkZ
d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe 5-8 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u
5-3 Lihfr vkSj d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh % 5-9 mÙkj
laf{kIr voyksdu
5-1 izLrkouk
Hkkjr dh isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh vuqØeksa esa og 'kSy ra= lfEefyr gSa] tks isfy;kstksbd dky esa dsfEcz;u ls
ifeZ;u ds nkSjku fu{ksfir gq, gSaA isfy;kstksbd egkdYi (era) ds nkSjku Hkkjr eq[;r% leqnzh fu{ksi.k dk
xokg jgk] tks iz/kkur% fgeky;h {ks= esa VsfFkl lkxj (Tethys Sea) ds ¼vUnj½ uhps gqvkA e/; izn's k ds
mefj;k vkSj tcyiqj {ks=ksa vkSj jktLFkku ds chdkusj&ukxkSj {ks=ksa dks NksM+dj] isfy;kstksbd leqnzh vuqØe
izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa yxHkx vuqifLFkr gSaA nwljh rjQ fgeky; {ks= dh dbZ txgksa tSls tEew vkSj d'ehj ds
d'ehj vkSj tkaLdkj çkar] fgekpy izn's k dk Lihfr {ks=] mÙkjk[kaM vkSj v#.kkpy izn's k esa isfy;kstksbd
leqnzh vuqØe lcls T;knk fodflr gSaA ;|fi isfy;kstksbd 'kSyksa dk loZJ"s B vukoj.k fgeky; ds Lihfr
vkSj d'ehj Hkkxksa esa ns[kk x;k gSA blds foijhr] mijh isfy;kstksbd ¼dkcksZfuQsjl ls ifeZ;u½ ds vyo.k
tyh; (freshwater) volkn izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa fu{ksfir gq, vkSj og xksaMokuk egkla?kk fufeZr djrs gSaA
isfy;kstksbd vuqØe dsfEcz;u iwoZ fØLVyh; vk/kkj 'kSy ds Åij O;ofLFkr gSA bdkbZ 4 esa vkius izk;n~ohih;
Hkkjr ds eq[; izhdsfEcz;u egkla?kksa ds ckjs esa i<+k FkkA bl bdkbZ esa ge fgeky; ds nks isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa
tks fgekpy izn's k ds Lihfr] vkSj tEew vkSj d'ehj ds d'ehj esa vuko`Ùk gSa] dh ppkZ djsaxAs blds vkxs]
vki bdkbZ 7 esa xksaMokuk egkla?k dks i<+asxAs
[kaM 2 Hkkjr dk LrjfoU;kl
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
visf{kr y{;___________________________________________
bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds i”pkr~] vki fuEu dk;Z esa leFkZ gksaxsa %
 Lihfr vkSj d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa ds oxhZdj.k dk o.kZu djus esa( vkSj
 Lihfr vkSj d'ehj ds vuqØeksa ds fofHkUu la?kksa vkSj “kSy lewgksa ds vkf'edh]
vk;q] tSo vkSj fu{ksi.kh; i;kZoj.k dh ppkZ djus esaA
5-2 mÙkj&if'peh fgeky; ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe
Hkkjr ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa fLFkr fgeky;h Js.kh nqfu;k esa lcls yEch ioZr Jà[kykvksa esa
ls ,d gSA ;g if'pe esa ikehj ls iwoZ esa fe'keh igkfM+;ksa (Mishmi Hills) rd] 2500
fdyksehVj ds bykds esa QSyh gSA bldh pkSM+kbZ 150 ls 400 fdyksehVj rd gSA
if'pe ls iwoZ rd fgeky; ds nks [kaMksa dks mÙkj&if'peh fgeky; vkSj mÙkj&iwohZ
fgeky; dk uke fn;k x;k gSA fgeky;h ioZr Js.kh ds if'peh Hkkx dks mÙkj if'peh
fgeky; dgk tkrk gS] tks mÙkj iwohZ vQxkfuLrku ls d'ehj gksrk gqvk usiky rd
QSyk gSA tcfd mÙkj iwohZ fgeky; iwohZ Hkkx dks dgk tkrk gS tks if'pe esa e/;
usiky esa dkyh xaMdh (Kali Gandaki) unh vkSj iwoZ esa E;kaekj ds chp esa fLFkr gSA
mÙkj iwohZ fgeky; nf{k.k iwohZ frCcr] flfDde] mÙkjh caxky] mÙkjiwohZ Hkkjr vkSj
HkwVku ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
mÙkj if'pe fgeky; ds VsfFk;u fgeky; nzk.s kh esa mÙkj Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe
Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjf{kr gSAa ;g vuqØe d'ehj nzk.s kh] Lihfr&tkaLdkj (Spiti-Zanskar)
nzk.s kh vkSj fdUukSj&mÙkjk[kaM (Kinnaur-Uttarkhand) ¼dqekÅ¡½ nzk.s kh esa ik;s x, gSa
¼fp= 5-1½A blds vfrfjDr mÙkj iwohZ fgeky; esa HkwVku esa Hkh isfy;kstksbd 'kSy
mifLFkr gSaA y?kq@fuEu@yslj fgeky; (Lesser Himalaya) esa Hkh isfy;kstksbd
'kSy ds dqN vuqØe gSa tks mÙkj&if'peh fgeky; esa fgekpy&mÙkjk[kaM vkSj usiky
rFkk mÙkjiwohZ fgeky; esa nktZfyax (Darjeeling)] v#.kkpy izn's k vkSj HkwVku esa
mifLFkr gSaA d'ehj vkSj Lihfr lc feykdj isfy;kstksbd 'kSy ds lcls T;knk iw.kZ
vuqØe j[krs gSa] blfy, ge bl bdkbZ esa mijksDr nks nzkfs .k;ksa dh la{ksi esa ppkZ
djsaxAs
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
fgeky; mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh rjQ ik¡p lekUrj foorZfud ifV~V;ksa esa foHkkftr gS %
VªkUl (Trans)] VSfFkl (Tethys)] c`gn~ fgeky; ;k fgekfnz (Greater)] y?kq
(Lesser) vkSj f'kokfyd (Siwalik)A izR;sd iV~Vh fof'k"V foorZfud lajpuk ls f?kjh
gqbZ gSa] ftlesa Hkza'k ;k {ksi “kkfey gSaA VªkUl vkSj VSfFkl fgeky; ds chp baMl&lkaxiks
lqpj tksu (Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone) gSA VsfFk;u {ksi] VsfFk;u fgeky; vkSj
c`gn~ fgeky; ds chp foorZfud lhek fpfUgr djrk gSA eq[; dsUnzh; {ksi ¼Main
Central Thrust½ c`gn~ fgeky; vkSj y?kq fgeky; dh lhek@laLi'kZ dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrk gSA eq[; lhek {ksi ¼Main Boundary Thrust½ y?kq fgeky; vkSj f'kokfyd
fgeky; ds chp gSA
128
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fp= 5-1 % isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa dks n'kkZrs gq, ekufp=A ¼lzksr % Talent vkSj Bhargava] 2003 lss
la'kksf/kr½
5-2-1 Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe (Palaeozoic Succession of Spiti)
Lihfr mÙkjh if'peh fgeky; {ks= esa fgekpy izn's k ds ykgkSy vkSj Lihfr tuin dk
Hkkx gSA ykgkSy (Lahaul) vkSj Lihfr (Spiti) tuin mÙkj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&iwoZ
miufr okyh nks ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ihj iatky (Pir Panjal) vkSj c`gn fgeky; ls f?kjk gS
tks nks izeq[k ?kkfV;ksa ftuds uke ykgkSy vkSj Lihfr gSa] ls i`FkDÑr gSaA ykgkSy ?kkVh
tuin ds mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx esa vkSj Lihfr ?kkVh nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA Lihfr
?kkVh esa] isfy;kstksbd ls ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh vk;q ds iw.kZ] cgqr vPNh rjg ls
fodflr] ofyr vkSj leqnhz ; thok'e ;qDr vuqØe lekfo"V gSa ¼fp= 5-2½A ;g ,d
yEck vuqØe gS tks fgeky; dh lkekU; miufr mÙkj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&iwoZ fn'kk ds
lekUrj vuko`Rr gSA ;g Hkkjr ds lqfodflr vkSj lcls T;knk v/;;u fd, x,
isfy;kstksbd ls ehlkstksbd vuqØe dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks vius le`) thok'e
leqPp;ksa ds fy, lqfo[;kr gSA blds pyrs Hkkjr ds HkwfoKku dh ppkZ djrs gq,
Lihfr {ks= dks yksdO;kih :i esa ^^Hkkjrh; HkwfoKku dk laxzgky; (Museum of
Indian Geology)** dgk tkrk gSA
fp= 5-2 % Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe dk {ks= QksVksxkz QA ¼lkStU; % Prof. Trilochan Singh)
129
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 v'eLrfjdh (Lithostratigraphy)
Lihfr dk le`) thok'e;qDr leqnzh isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh vuqØe izhdsfEcz;u
fØLVyh; vk/kkj ds Åij vkSj fupys Vªkbfld vkWVkslhjkl t+kus ds yhykax la?k ds
uhps feyrk gSA 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/; ls vkt rd bl ij dbZ HkwfoKkfu;ksa dk /;ku
dsfUnzr gqvk gSA bl vuqØe dh Lrfjdh ij igys gq, mYys[kuh; dke F. Stoliczka,
C.L. Griesbach, C. Dinner, H.H. Hayden vkSj G. Fuchs }kjk fd, x, vkSj gky gh
esa S.V. Srikantia, A Ranga Rao, U. K. Bassi vkSj O. N. Bhargava }kjk la'kkf/kr
fd;k x;k gSA bu lcds chp Hayden }kjk lu~ 1904 esa vkSj Bhargava vkSj Bassi
}kjk lu~ 1998 esa fd, x, dke T;knk izklafxd gSaA Hayden ¼1904½ us lcls igys
Lihfr {ks= dh Lrfjdh dk foLr`r ys[kk iznku fd;k] tks fd Bhargava vkSj Bassi
}kjk lu~ 1998 esa ¼iw.kZ :i ls½ v|ru fd;k x;kA
Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe dk lkekU;hÑr v'eLrfjd oxhZdj.k lkj.kh 5-1 esa
fn;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 5-1 % Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd 'kSy dh v'eLrfjdhA ¼lzkrs % Bhargava vkSj
Bassi, 1998; Bhargava, 2008; Vaidyanadhan vkSj Ramakrishnan, 2010
ls la'kksf/kr½A
dky@vk;q la?k “kSy lewg vkf'edh
fyykax la?k dk fupyk Vªkbfld vkWVksljs l {ks= (Otoceras zone)
ifeZ;u Dqfyax Xqaxjh dkyh 'ksy] ika”kqe; 'ksYk]
(Permian) (Kuling) (Gungri) czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn
(brachiopods)]
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn
(cephalopods) thok'e
vkSj ijkxk.kql: a Ik ;qDr
QkWLQsV vkSj dSfYl;eh
xzfa Fkdk (calcareous
nodules) ds lkFk /kwlj
ika”kqiRFkj (gray
siltstone)
xspkax cyqvk iRFkj] f}dikVh
(Gechang) (bivalve) vkSj çoky ds
thok'e ;qDr 'ksYk vkSj
laxqfVdk'eksa dh ifV~V;k¡
xuekfpne fofo/kkolknh laxqfVdk'e]
(Ganmachidam) DokV~Zt+kbV] ika”kqiRFkj vkSj
lsYk czSfd;ksiksMk]
czk;kst+ksvk vkSj f}dikVh
ds lkFk
dkcksZfuQsjl dkaoj iks ika”kqiRFkj ds lkFk
(Carboniferous) (Kanawar) (Po) varjklaLrfjr 'ksYk vkSj
130
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DokV~Zt+kbV] lkFk gh lkFk
czfS d;ksiksMk vkSj ikni
thok'eksAa
fyid thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj]
(Lipak) 'ksYk] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj
ftIle ds dqN dksVfjdk
fu{ksi (pocket
deposits)
fMoksfu;u ----------------- eqFk pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV vkSj
(Devonian) (Muth) 'ksYk dh dqN ifV~V;ksa ds
lkFk dBksj] lQsn
DokV~Zt+kbVA vuqj[s k
thok'e vkSj 'kSoky
fu{ksik'e
flY;wfj;u ------------------ Vdp+s pwukiRFkj vkSj ekyZA
(Silurian) (Takche) czfS d;ksiksMk] VªkbyksckbV
(trilobites)]
eksyLd@e`nqdoph
(molluscs) vkfn ds
thok'eh vo'ks"kksa ds lkFkA
vkWMksZfo'ku ------------------ Fkkaxks vUrosZ'kh yky e`frdk ds
(Ordovician) (Thango) lkFk laxqfVdk'e]
vUrjklaLrfjr DokV~Ztk+ bV]
'ksYk vkSj pwukiRFkj
dsfEcz;u gSeUrk dqt
a +qe yk LysV] DokVZ~t+kbV]
(Cambrian) (Haimanta) (Kunzam La) dSfYl;eh DokVZ~t+kbV]
'ksYk] pwukiRFkj]
MksyksekbVh pwukiRFkj]
ika”kqiRFkj vkSj vHkzdh
(micaceous) cyqvk
iRFkj] ds lkFk
VªkbyksckbV] czfS d;ksiksMk
,dkbuksM s ekZ vkSj VsjkiksMk
(pteropods) ds thok'e
ckVy dkcZu;qDr LysV]
(Batal) Q+kbykbV] DokVZ~tk+ bV vkSj
fxzVLVksUk] thok'e
vuqifLFkrA
izhdsfEcz;u dky dk lY[kkyk ”kSy lewg
vkb,] vc Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe dh foLrkj esa ppkZ djsaA
131
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 gSeUrk la?k (Haimanta Group) %

Lihfr dh dsfEcz;u 'kSy gSeUrk la?k dgykrh gSa] tks mPp dk;karfjr izhdsfEcz;u
lY[kyk ”kSy lewg dh Åij ysVh gSaA ;g la?k nks “kSy lewgksa tSls ckVy vkSj daqt+e
yk esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
 ckVy ”kSy lewg (Batal Formation) lcls vk/kkjh bdkbZ gS] tks dkcksZufs 'k;l
LysV] Q+kbykbV (phyllites)] DokV~Ztk+ bV (quartzite) vkSj fxzVLVksUl (gritstones)
ls cuh gSA mifj'kk;h dqate yk ”kSy lewg esa LysV] DokV~Zt+kbV] dSfYl;eh
(calcareous) DokVZ~tk+ bV] 'ksy (shale)] pwukiRFkj (limestone)] ika”kqiRFkj
(siltstone) vkSj vHkzdh (micaceous) cyqvk iRFkj (sandstone) 'kkfey gSaA
daqt+e yk dks ikjkfg;ks ”kSy lewg (Parahio Formation) Hkh dgrs gSaA daqte+
yk (Kunzam La) ”kSy lewg dk gfjrkHk jax vkSj de rh[kh <ykusa bls v/kks'kk;h
ckVy ”kSy lewg ls vyx djrs gSaA bl la?k esa cgqr de thok'e feyrs gSaA la?k
ds fupys Hkkx ¼ckVy “kSy lewg½ esa thok'e yxHkx ugha gh gSa tcfd Åijh Hkkx
ls VªkbyksckbV] czSfd;ksiksMk (brachiopods)] ,dkbuksMs ekZ (echinoderms) vkSj
VsjkiksMk (pteropods) ds thok'e izkIr gksrs gSaA ;|fi gseUrk la?k dsfEcz;u vk;q
dk ekuk tkrk gS] rks Hkh ckVy “kSy lewg dh vk;q lcls mijh izhdsfEcz;u rd tk
ldrh gSA
 Fkkaxks “kSy lewg (Thango Formation) % Lihfr ds vkWMksZfo'ku (Ordovician)
vuqØe dks Fkkaxks “kSy lewg dgrs gSaA ;g gseUrk la?k ds dqt a +e yk “kSy lewg ds
Åij dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl (angular unconfirmity) ds lkFk ysVk gSA ;g {ks= esa
“kSy lewg yky jax dh izeq[krk vkSj ÅcM+ [kkcM+ <ykuksa ls vklkuh ls igpkuk
tk ldrk gSA ;g iz/kkur;k vUrosZ'kh (intercalation)] varjklaLrfjd DokV~Zt+kbV]
'ksYk vkSj pwukiRFkj ds lkFk eksVs laxqfVdk'e ls feydj cuk gSA bl “kSy lewg
dks f'kvku DokVZ~t+kbV “kSy lewg (Shian Quartzite Formation) Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd “kSy lewg f'kvku {ks= dh rqyuk esa Fkkaxks
{ks= esa lcls loksZRre :i ls fodflr gS] blfy, Fkkaxksa “kSy lewg uke T;knk
leqfpr ekuk tkrk gSA ;g “kSy lewg dqy feykdj thok'eghu gSA ;|fi] “kSy
lewg dh dqN laLrj vkWMkZfs o'ku vk;q ds thok'e /kkj.k djrh gSA vkWMksZfo'ku
thok'e esa czSfd;ksiksMk (brachiopods)] czk;kstk+ v
s k (bryozoans)]
VªkbyksckbV@f=ikfyd (trilobites) vkSj lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn (cephalopods) ds
?kVd 'kkfey gSAa bl “kSy lewg ds fu{ksi.k ds fy, leqnhz i;kZoj.k vuqekfur gSA
 Vdp+s ”kSy lewg (Takche Formation)% Lihfr dh flY;wfj;u 'kSyksa dks Vdp+s
”kSy lewg dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ;g Fkkaxks ”kSy lewg ds Åij ysVk gS vkSj
pwukiRFkj vkSj ekYkZ (marl) ls feydj cuk gSA blds vfrfjDr “kSy lewg esa
MksyksekbV (dolomite), ika”kqiRFkj] 'ksYk vkSj dSfYl;eh cyqvk iRFkj Hkh 'kkfey
gSaA Vdp+s ”kSy lewg esa czSfd;ksiksMk thok'e izpqj] VªkbyksckbV vkSlr vkSj eksyLd
(molluscs) fojys gaSA blesa] 'kSoky vkSj dksuksMkWUV@”kadqnar (conodonts) ds
thok'e Hkh ewax@s çoky 'kkfey gSaA Vdp+s “kSy lewg flY;wfj;u dky dk ekuk
tkrk gS] ij bldk vk/kkjh Hkkx fuf'pr gh mijh vkWMksZfo'ku ds nkSjku fu{ksfir
gqvk gSA
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 eqFk “kSy lewg (Muth Formation)% Lihfr dh fMoksfu;u (Devonian) 'kSyksa dks
eqFk “kSy lewg dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA bldk v/kks'kk;h Vdp+s “kSy lewg ls Li"V
laLi'kZ gSA eqFk “kSy lewg Åij Hkkx esa dBksj] lQsn DokV~Zt+kbV ds lkFk
pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV vkSj 'ksYk ls cuk gqvk gSA DokVZ~t+kbV vuqØe yxHkx 150
ehVj eksVk gS vkSj blfy, bldks eqFk DokVZ~tk+ bV (Muth Quartzites) Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA “kSy lewg dkQh gn rd thok'eghu gS vkSj fMoksfu;u vk;q dk gSA
;|fi eqFk “kSy lewg ls dqN vuqj[s k thok'e (trace fossils) vkSj 'kSoky
fu{ksik'e (stromatolites) Hkh izkIr gq, gSaA
 dkaoj la?k (Kanawar Group) %
Lihfr dk dkcksZfuQsjl vuqØe dukoj la?k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA la?k dks vkjksgh
¼Åij dks p<+rk gq,½ Øe esa nks “kSy lewgks esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % fyid vkSj iksA fyid
”kSy lewg (Lipak Formation) eqFk ”kSy lewg ds Åij O;ofLFkr gS vkSj ,d nwljs ls
ijkfo’kefoU;kl (paraunconfirmity) ls vyx&Fkyx gSa ¼Kumar] 1996½A dkcksuZ Vs
'kSyksa dk vuqØe eqFk DokVZ~tk+ bV ds Åij fodflr gqvk gS tks fyid ”kSy lewg dh
'kq#vkr dks fpfUgr djrk gSA vr% dkcksZuVs ifV~V;ksa dh 'kq#vkr eqFk vkSj fyid “kSy
lewg ds chp dh lhek ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, iz;qDr gksrh gS ¼Bhargava] 2008½A
vkf'edh rkSj ij ns[ksa rks fyid “kSy lewg esa dBksj vkSj dkys thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj]
'ksYk] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj ftIle;qDr pwukiRFkj 'kkfey gSaA ;g cgqr vPNs ls ifjjf{kr
volknh lajpuk,¡ tSls fd mfeZdk fpUg vkSj fr;Zd laLrj ls ;qDr gSA bl “kSy lewg
ls dksuksMkWUV (conodonts)@”kadqnar ¼bfDj;ksM~l( Icriodus½] v‚LVªSdksMk
(ostracods)] ewaxk@çoky] VªkbyksckbV (trilobites)] ckbokWYo@n~fodikVh
(bivalves) vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk (brachiopods), ¼lkbfjuxksFkk;fjl dfLiMkVk(
Syringothyris cuspidata] ykbuksçksMDV~l( Linoproductus] cDlVksfu;k(
Buxtonia½ lkFk gh lkFk vuqjs[k thok'e Hkh izkIr gq, gSaA izkIr thok'e ds vuqlkj
fd “kSy lewg lEHkor% lcls mijh fMoksfu;u ls fupyk dkcksZfuQsjl vk;q dk gSA
lefoU;Lr (conformably) mifj'kk;h iks ”kSy lewg (Po Formation) ika”kqiRFkj ds
lkFk varjklaLrfjr 'ksYk vkSj DokVZ~t+kbV ds eksVs vuqØeksa ls cuk gqvk gSA iks “kSy
lewg esa vke rkSj ij mifLFkr volknh lajpuk,a ØkWl laLrj] lkekUrj laLrj.k vkSj
mfeZdk fpºu gSaA “kSy lewg dk fupyk Hkkx fuEu dkcksZfuQsjl vk;q ds ikni
thok'eksa ¼LQsuksVSfjfM;e QjflYykVe( Sphenopteridium furcillatum vkSj
jksDiksVfs jl vksokVk( Racopteris ovata½ tcfd Åijh Hkkx mijh dkcksZfuQsjl vk;q
ds czfS d;ksiksMk ¼fLifjfQ+j( Spirifer] ykbuksizkM s DV~l( Linoproductus½] czk;kstk+ v
s k
¼QsusLVsYyk( Fenestella vkSj izkVs ksjVs is ksjk( Protoretepora½ ls ;qDr gSA blesa
vuqjs[k thok'eksa dk le`) lap;u Hkh feyk gSA
 dqfyax la?k (Kuling Group)%
Lihfr ds ifeZ;u 'kSyksa dks dqfyax la?k dgrs gSaA vk/kkj ls 'kh"kZ dh rjQ ;g rhu
“kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS xuekfpne] xspkax vkSj xqaxjhA xuekfpne ”kSy lewg
(Ganmachidam Formation)] ifeZ;u Lrj dh vk/kkjh bdkbZ gS vkSj mifj
dkcksZfuQsjl vk;q ds iks ”kSy lewg ij mifj'kk;h gSA ;g iz/kkur;k fofo/kkolknh
laxqfVdk'e] DokV~Zt+kbV] ika'kqiRFkj vkSj 'ksYk ls feydj cuk gqvk gSA “kSy lewg cgqr
de thok'eksa ls ;qDr gS vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk (brachiopods)] czk;kst+ksvk (bryozoans)
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vkSj f}dikVh (bivalves) ds vo'ks"kksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSA iks vkSj xuekfpne dk
Lrfjd laLi'kZ Js.khdj.k (gradational) gSA bl “kSy lewg ds fy, lcls mifj
dkcksZfuQsjl (Carboniferous) ls fuEu ifeZ;u (Permian) vk;q fufnZ"V gSA
mifj'kk;h xspkax ”kSy lewg (Gechang Formation) 'ksYk dh iryh ifV~V;ksa ds
lkFk cyqvk iRFkj ls cuk gS vkSj blds vk/kkj esa laxqfVdk'e feyrs gSaA f}dikVh
¼;wjM
s Ls ek( Eurydesma½ vkSj ew¡xk ¼okxsuksQkbye( Waagenophyllum½ dh vk;q
yk{kf.kd iztkfr;ksa (age diagnostics species) dh mifLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij ”kSy
lewg dks fuEu ifeZ;u vk;q dk dkykafdr fd;k x;k gSA
dqfyax la?k dk lcls Åij dk xqx a jh ”kSy lewg (Gungri Formation)] xspkax “kSy
lewg (Gechang Formation) ds ,dne Åij vkSj fuEu Vªkbfld vk;q okys fyykax
la?k ds uhps gSA ;g dkys 'ksYk] ika”kqe; 'ksYk] /kwlj ika'kqiRFkj ds lkFk QkWLQsV vkSj
dSfYl;eh xzafFkdkvksa (calcareous nodules) ls feydj cuk gSA “kSy lewg dk 'kh"kZ
ykSge; ijr ls ;qDr gSA xaqxjh ”kSy lewg vius dkys jax] ean <ykuksa vkSj ykSge;
ijr ds vk/kkj ij {ks= esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA czSfd;ksiksMk ¼okxsuksdksadk(
Wagenoconcha½] lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼lkbDykscl( Cyclobus vkSj t+hukfLil(
Xenaspis½ vkSj ijkxk.kq la:i (palynomorphs) dh mifLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij bl
“kSy lewg dh vk;q mijh ifeZ;u izfrikfnr dh x;h gSA
cks/k ç'u 1
a) mÙkj&if'pe fgeky; ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa ds uke nhft,A
b) Lihfr ds isfy;kst+kbd vuqØeksa ds “kSy lewgksa dks lwphc) dhft,A
c) fuEufyf[kr dk esy dhft, %&
i) xqaxjh ”kSy lewg a½ dqt
a +e yk
ii) eqFk ”kSy lewg b½ çhdsfEcz;u
iii) gSeUrk la?k c½ fMoksfu;u
iv) lY[kkyk la?k d½ mijh ifeZ;u
d) dkaoj la?k ds dqN thok'eksa ds uke nhft,A
5-2-2 d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe (Palaeozoic Succession of

Kashmir)
tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; dh [kwclwjr d'ehj oknh isfy;kstksbd dky ds loZJ"s B]
vPNh rjg ls fodflr vkSj dqy feykdj lrr~ leqnzh volknh vuqØe lqjf{kr j[kh
gqbZ gSA d'ehj ?kkVh dh miufr mÙkj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&iwoZ gS vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa
tkaLdkj Js.kh (Zanskar Range) ;k c`gn~ fgeky;h Js.kh vkSj nf{k.k&if'pe esa
/kkSyk/kkj&ihj iatky Js.kh (Dhauladhar-Pir Panjal Range) ds chp fLFkr gSA ;g
yxHkx 135 fdyksehVj yEch vkSj yxHkx 40 fdyksehVj pkSM+h gSA d'ehj ?kkVh ds
if'peh fdukjs esa eqt¶+ Qjkckn dh nzkck (Draba) vkSj djug (Karnah) ioZr Jsf.k;k¡
134
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gSa] ogha mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx dks gqna okM+k rglhy (Hundwara Tehsil) vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ
fdukjs dks fd'rokjk (Kishtwar) vkSj pEck (Chamba) ds bykds f?kjs gq, gSAa d'ehj
?kkVh dh nks mi?kkfV;k¡ yksykc (Lolab) vkSj fyM~Mj] (Liddar) d'ehj esa isfy;kstksbd
'kSyksa ds loZJ"s B vuko`Ùk vuqØe iznf'kZr djrh gSaA yksykc ?kkVh vkSj fyM~Mj ?kkVh
d'ehj ?kkVh ds Øe”k% mÙkj&if'peh vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ fdukjksa ij fLFkr gSA
d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØeksa esa dsfEcz;u dYi ls ysdj ifeZ;u dYi rd dh
leqnzh thok'eksa ls ;qDr “kSyas eq[; :i ls 'kkfey gSAa ;g vuqØe virfud
(anticlines) vkSj vfHkrfud (synclines) lajpukvksa ds :i esa Li"V ofyr gS vkSj
c`gn~ fgeky; vkSj ihj iatky Jsf.k;ksa ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
;|fi] vuqØeksa esa dqN Lrfjd vodk'k Hkh ntZ fd, x, gSaA
;g vodk'k fo"kefoU;klksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA budh vk;q mifj dsfEcz;u&fuEuRkj
vkWMkZfs o'ku] fMoksfu;u vkSj mijh dkcksZfuQsjl rd gSA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd
dsfEcz;u “kSyas yksykc ?kkVh esa lcls vPNs vuko`Ùk gSaA [kkldj] gqna okM+k (Handwara)
vkSj dqiokM+k (Kupwara) {ks=k esa vuko`Ùk gSaA vkWMkZfs o'ku vkSj flY;wfj;u dh lcls
vPNs <ax ls fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh “kSy vuUrukx ftys dh fyM~Mj ?kkVh ls Kkr gSaA
fMoksfu;u] dkcksZfuQsjl vkSj ifeZ;u dky dh “kSyas iqyokek ftys ds t+os ku bykds es]a
vuUrukx ftys dh fyM~Mj ?kkVh esa vkSj cfugky ds mÙkj esa ihj iatky Js.kh esa
lcls mÙke <ax ls vuko`Ùk gSaA
 v'eLrfjdh (Lithostratigraphy)
d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd “kSyas lqfodflr vkSj izpqj ek=k esa thok'e ;qDr gSa] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i nqfu;k Hkj ds 'kks/kdrkZvksa us bl ij dke fd;k gSA d'ehj dh
isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh esa lcls igyk dke lu~ 1886 esa gqvk FkkA lu~ 1883 es]a R.
Lydekker us d'ehj dh Lrfjdh dk foLrqr ys[kk izLrqr fd;k] ftls ckn esa C.S.
Middlemiss us lu~ 1910 esa ifj'kksf/kr fd;kA budk vuqlj.k djrs gq, dbZ nwljs
'kks/kdrkZvksa] [kkldj H.H. Hayden, D.N. Wadia, V.G. Fuchs, S.K. Shah,
O.N. Bhargava vkSj S.V. Srikantia us d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh dks
yxkrkj v|ru fd;k gSA d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe izhdsfEcz;u dYi ds
thok'eghu Mksxjk LysV@lY[kkyk “kSy lewg (Dogra Slates/Salkhala
Formation) ds Åij vkSj Vªkbfld lksuexZ la?k (Triassic Sonamarg Group) ds
uhps fLFkr gSaA d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe dk lkekU;hÑr v'eLrfjd oxhZdj.k
lkj.kh 5-2 esa fn;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 5-2 % d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe dk lkekU;hÑr v'eLrfjd oxhZdj.kA
¼lzkrs % Srikantia and Bhargava, 1983, Naqvi, 2005, Bhargava,
2008, Vaidyanadhan and Vaidyanadhan Ramakrishnan, 2010 ds
vuqlkj ljyhÑr½
dky@vk;q la?k ”kSy lewg vkf'edh
Vªkbfld lksuexZ la?k
ifeZ;u t+os ku pwukiRFkj] 'kSy vkSj dSfYl;eh
(Zewan) cyqvk iRFkj czfS d;ksiksMk]
f}dikVh@ckbokWYo] czk;kst+kvs k]
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ew¡xk] ,seksukWbM] fØukW;M vkSj
dksuksMkWUV
iatky LFkwy vkSj laLrfjr cslkYVh
Tokykeq[kh 'kSy ,sUMslkbV ykok izokg vkSj HkLe
(Panjal laLrj.k
Volcanics)
mijh laTokyk”e LysV LysV] DokV~Zt+kbV] laxqfVdk'e vkSj
dkcksZfuQsjl (Agglomeratic pwukiRFkj ds dqN ifV~V;k¡
Slate) czfS d;ksiksMk] czk;kst+kv
s k vkSj
ckbokWYo ds vo'ks"kksa ds lkFkA
&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
fuEu fyM~Mj QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy dkcksZuVs ~l dh cgqr de ifV~V;ksa
dkcksZfuQ+js l (Lidder) (Fenestella ds lkFk 'ksYk vkSj DokVZ~t+kbV ds
Shale) ,dkUrfjr laLrjA 'ksYk laLrj
czfS d;ksiksMk] czk;kst+kv
s k] ckbokWYo
vkSj ew¡xk ls Hkjiwj gSA
lk;fjuxksFkkbfjl 'ksy dh ifV~V;ksa ds lkFk /kwlj ls
pwukiRFkj xgjs uhys jax ds pwukiRFkj]
(Syringothyris DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj VªIS l czfS d;ksiksMk]
Limestone) ckbokWYo] 'kSoky] ew¡xk] czk;kst+kvs k
vkSj dksuksMkWUV ds vo'ks"kksa ds
lkFkA
fMoksfu;u eqFk (Muth) lQsn DokV~Zt+kbV] ika'kqiRFkj] 'ksy
vkSj MksyksfefVd pwukiRFkjA
&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&
flY;wfj;u fj'dkscy xqxky/kj fr;Zd laLrfjr cyqvk iRFkj]
(Rishkobal) (Gugaldhar) dSfYl;eh 'ksy] dSfYl;eh cyqvk
iRFkj vkSj pwukiRFkj dh ifV~V;k¡
ew¡xk] VªkbyksckbV] czfS d;ksiksMk vkSj
eksyLdk ds vo'ks"k
vkWMksfo'ku gkykeqyk fØukW;M vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk ds
(Hallamulla) thok'eksa ds lkFk ika'kqiRFkj vkSj
'ksy
&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&
dsfEcz;u gkiVukj jaxkey ika'kqiRFkj] 'ksy] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj
(Hapatnar) (Rangamal) pwukiRFkj ds lkFk VªkbyksckbV]
ckbokWYo] xSLVªkis ksMk vkSj 'kSoky ds
vo'ks"kksa
'kqey VªkbyksckbV thok'eksa ds lkFk /kwlj
(Shumal) 'ksy vkSj ika'kqiRFkj
136
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yksykc ika'kqiRFkj] Lrfjr 'ksy vkSj cyqvk

(Lolab) iRFkj ds lkFk VªkbyksckbV thok'e
çhdsfEcz;u Mksxjk LysV@lY[kkyk “kSy lewg
 gkiVukj la?k (Hapatnar Group) :

d'ehj dk dsfEcz;u vuqØe gkiVukj la?k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g lY[kkyk
”kSy lewg ;k Mksxjk LysV~l dh fØLVyh; “kSyksa ds Åij vkjke ls cSBk gSA lY[kkyk
”kSy lewg dk uke fd'kuxaxk ?kkVh ds ,d xk¡o ds Åij gS vkSj Mksxjk LysV uke
izfl) Hkkjrh; HkwfoKkuh D. N. Wadia us tEew&d'ehj ds nf{k.k&if'pe d'ehj vkSj
iq¡N bykds esa ik, x, e`.e; 'kSyksa ds eksVs vuqØe ds fy, j[kk gSA bu izhdsfEcz;u
'kSyksa us VsfFk;u volknksa ds fu{ksi.k ds fy, vk/kkj rS;kj fd;kA dsfEcz;u gkiVukj
la?k dks rhu “kSy lewg esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % yksykc (Lolab)] 'kqey (Shumal) vkSj
jaxkey (Rangamal) vkjksgh ¼Åij p<+rs gq,½ Øe esa %
 yksykc ”kSy lewg (Lolab Formation) dsfEcz;u vuqØe dk lcls vk/kkjh ”kSy
lewg gS] tks lY[kkyk ”kSy lewg ds Åij vlefoU;Lr (non-confirmity) :i ls
fLFkr gSA ;g ika'kqiRFkj] Lrfjr 'ksYk (laminated shale) vkSj cyqvk iRFkj ls
feydj cuk gSA fr;Zd laLrj (cross bed) vkSj mfeZdk ;qDr laLrj bl ”kSy
lewg esa izpqjrk ls feyus okyh volknh lajpuk,¡ gSAa yksykc ”kSy lewg ls
VªkbyksckbV ¼jsMfyfpvk Vsdv s ksbufll( Redlichia takeooensis] fpV~VhfMYyk
Iykuk( Chittidilla plana vkSj ;w,ga flbUltsYyk Lt+ps qvkuksfll( Yuehsienszella
szechuanesis½ izkIr gq, gSa] tks fuEu dsfEcz;u vk;q bafxr djrs gSaA
 'kqey ”kSy lewg (Shumal Formation)] yksykc ”kSy lewg ds Åij lefoU;Lr
(conformably) gSa vkSj jaxkey ”kSy lewg ds uhpsA blesa /kwlj lsy vkSj
ika'kqiRFkj 'kkfey gSA ika'kqiRFkj esa mfeZdk fpºu (ripple mark) vkSj fr;Zd laLrj
tSlh volknh lajpuk,¡ feyrh gSAa ;g ”kSy lewg miTokjh; (subtidal) i;kZoj.k
esa fu{ksfir gSA blls VªkbyksckbV ¼ftaxjsuklfIl MkjMkiqjus fll( Xingrenaspis
dardapurensis] VksufdusYyk czfs olSIl( Tonkinella breviceps] ckbfy,Yyk
ykuVsukblh( Bailiella lantenoisi] ikjkfpfV~VfMYyk dk'fejsufll(
Parachittidilla kashmirensis] 'kkglfil fgeky;sufll( Shahspis
himalayensis bR;kfn½ ds le`) leqPp; izkIr gq, gSAa bl ”kSy lewg dh vk;q
e/; dsfEcz;u fufnZ"V gSA
 mifj'kk;h jaxkey ”kSy lewg (Rangamal Formation) ika'kqiRFkj] 'ksYk] cyqvk
iRFkj vkSj pwukiRFkj ls feydj cuk gSA blls VªkbyksckbV ¼MªkeslYs yk 'ksjxksYMh(
Damesella shergoldi] lkbDyksyksjUs t+y s k iztkfr Cyclolorenzella sp. bR;kfn½]
ckbokWYo@f}dikVh (bivalves)] xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn (gastropods) vkSj 'kSokyksa
ds vo'ks"kksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSA jaxkey “kSy lewg dh vk;q mifj dsfEcz;u fu/kkfjr
gqbZ gSA jaxkey ”kSy lewg miTokjh; (subtidal) ls vfrTokjh;@vfrosyk
(supratidal) i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir gqvk gksxkA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd d'ehj ds
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'kqey vkSj jaxkey nksuksa ”kSy lewg Lihfr {ks= ds dqat+e yk”kSy lewg (Kunzam
La Formation) ds led{k gSA
 fj'dkscy la?k (Rishkobal Group) :
d'ehj dh vkWMksZfo'ku vkSj flY;wfj;u “kSyksa dks fj'dkscy la?k dgk tkrk gSA ;g la?k
nks ”kSy lewgksa ls feydj cuk gS % gkykeqYyk vkSj xqxky/kjA
 gkykeqYyk “kSy lewg (Hallamulla Formation) jaxkey ”kSy lewg ds Åij
vpkud ls 'kq# gksrk gSA blesa /kwlj ls gjs ika'kqiRFkj vkSj cSaxuh gjs 'ksYk 'kkfey
gSaA ;g fØukW;M (crinoids) vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk (brachiopoda) ds thok'eksa ls
;qDr gSA bl ”kSy lewg dks fuEu vkWMksZfo'ku vk;q nh xbZ gSA
 gkykeqYyk ”kSy lewg ij lefoU;Lr vkSj mifj'kk;h xqxky/kj ”kSy lewg
(Gugaldhar Formation)] fr;Zd laLrfjr (cross bedded) cyqvk iRFkj]
dSfYl;eh 'ksy] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj pwukiRFkj dh ifV~V;ksa ls cuk gSA dSfYl;eh 'ksy
ew¡xk (corals)] VªkbyksckbV] czfS d;ksiksMk] vkSj ekSyLd@e`nd
q oph ls ;qDr gSaA ;g
”kSy lewg miTokjh; (subtidal) ls varjkTokjh; (intertidal) i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir
gqvk tku iM+rk gSA bl ”kSy lewg ds fy, mifj vkWMkZsfo'ku ls fuEu flY;wfj;u
vk;q lq>kbZ xbZ gSA xqxky/kj ”kSy lewg Lihfr nzk.s kh ds Vdp+s (Takche) ”kSy
lewg ds yxHkx led{k ekuk x;k gSA
 fyM~Mj la?k (Lidder Group) :
d'ehj ds fMoksfu;u ls fuEu dkcksZfuQsjl volknksa dks fyM~Mj la?k dgk tkrk gSA
;g vkjksgh ¼Åij p<+rs gq,½ Øe esa eqFk ”kSy lewg] lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl pwukiRFkj
(Syringothyris Limestone) vkSj QsusLVsYyk 'ksy (Fenestella Shale) dk cuk gSA
 eqFk ”kSy lewg (Muth Formation) ¼O;kid :i ls eqFk DokVZ~tk+ bV uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS½ xqxky/kj ds Åij fo’kefoU;Lr (unconformably) :i ls fLFkr gSA bu
nks ”kSy lewg ds chp Lrfjd laLi'kZ Li’V gSA vkf'edh rkSj ij] ;g lQsn
DokVZ~tk+ bV] ika'kqiRFkj] 'ksy vkSj MksyksekbVh pwukiRFkj dk cuk gSA eqFk ”kSy lewg
esa vk;q yk{kf.kd thok'eksa (age diagnostic fossils) dk vHkko gSA ”kSy lewg dh
'ksy ifV~V;k¡ thok'eksa ls le`) gSa vkSj blls Mkyeusyk oa'k ls lEc) czfS d;ksiksMk
ds izpqj dopksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSA blds Lrfjd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij bl ”kSy lewg
dks fuEu ls e/; fMoksfu;u vk;q nh xbZ gSA d'ehj dk eqFk ”kSy lewg Lihfr ds
eqFk ”kSy lewg ds led{k gSA
 mifj'kk;h lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl pwukiRFkj (Syringothyris Limestone) ¼ftls
,s'keqd+ke “kSy lewg uke Hkh fn;k x;k gS½ eqFk “kSy lewg ij lefoU;Lr gSA ;g
'ksy] DokVZ~tk+ bV vkSj VªiS dh ifV~V;ksa ;qDr /kwlj ls xgjs uhys pwukiRFkjksa dk
vuqØe gSA bl ”kSy lewg ls czSfd;ksiksMk ¼lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl dfLiMkVk]
Syringothyris cuspidata] ykbuksçksMDV~l( Linoproductus½] ckbokWYo] 'kSoky]
ew¡xk] czk;kstk+ svk vkSj dksuksMkWUV (conodonts) ds vo'ks"kksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSA blds
vfrfjDr ”kSy lewg dk vk/kkjh Hkkx esa dqN ikni thok'e tSls fd
yksfiMksMus MªkWfIll( Lepidodendropsis] ysfiMksflftYykfj;k( Lepidosigillaria]
vkfdZ;ksflftYykfj;k( Archaeosigillaria] jgkdksIVsfjl( Rhacopteris bR;kfn
feyrs gSaA ”kSy lewg dk pwukiRFkj czfS d;ksiksMk [kkldj oa'k lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl
138
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(Syringothyris) ls le`) gS] ftlds uke ij ”kSy lewg dk uke iM+k gSA bldks
fMoksuh ls fuEu dkcksZfuQsjl vk;q nh xbZ gSA lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl pwukiRFkj d'ehj
dk Lihfr ds fyikd ”kSy lewg (Lipak Formation of Spiti) ls lglEcfU/kr gSA
 QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy (Fenestella Shale) ¼bls x.ks'kiqj “kSy lewg Hkh uke fn;k tkrk
gS½ lk;fjuxksFkkbfjl pwukiRFkj ds Åij fLFkr gSA ;g thok'e;qDr 'ksyksa vkSj
dkcksZuVs dh cgqr de ifV~V;ksa ls ;qDr thok'eghu DokVZ~t+kbV~l dh ,d
,dkUrfjr laLrjksa ls feydj cuk gSA 'ksy laLrj izpqjrk ls thok'e;qDr gS vkSj
czfS d;ksiksMk] czk;kst+kv
s k] ckbokWYo] ew¡xk ls Hkjs vkSj cgqr de VªkbyksckbV vkSj
fØukW;M (crinoids) okyk gSA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd czk;kst+kv s k dk ,d
oa'k QsuLs VsYyk bl ”kSy lewg esa T;knk izHkkoh tSo ?kVd gSA blfy, bl ”kSy
lewg dk uke QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy gSA bl ”kSy lewg esa czSfd;ksiksMk ds nwljs iz/kku oa'k
ykbuksizkMs DV~l (Linoproductus)] MkbZylek (Dielasma)] cDlVksfu;k
(Buxtonia) vkSj fLifjfQj (Spirifer) gSaA bl ”kSy lewg dh vk;q fuEu
dkcksZfuQsjl crkbZ xbZ gS vkSj Lihfr ds iks ”kSy lewg ls lglEcfU/kr gSA
 laTokyk'e LysV (Agglomeratic Slate) :
d'ehj dh mijh dkcksZfuQsjl 'kSyksa dks laTokyk'e LysV dgk tkrk gSA ;g
QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy ds Åij lefoU;Lr gSA ;g Toy[kaMk'eh (pyroclastic) vkSj HkLe
inkFkZ ds lkFk volknksa dks fy, gq, gS ftls laTokyk'e LysV dgrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu
'kSyksa vkSj [kfutksa ds dks.kh; VqdM+kas ls ;qDr gSA blesa LysV] cyqvk iRFkj] DokVZ~tk+ bV]
laxqfVdk'e] fVykW;M (tilloid) vkSj pwukiRFkj dh dqN ifV~V;k¡ 'kkfey gSAa lkekU;r%
laTokyk'e LysV esa thok'eksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA fQj Hkh blesa dqN thok'e;qDr
laLrj] ftlls czSfd;ksiksMk ¼lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl( Syringothyris] ykbuksizksMDV~l(
Linoproductus] fLifjfQj( Spirifer vkSj cDlVksfu;k( Buxtonia bR;kfn½] czk;kst+kv s k
¼QsuLs VsYyk ½ vkSj ckbokWYo ¼;wjM s slek( Eurydesma] fiUuk( Pinna] ykbek( Lima½
izkIr gq, gSaA laTokyk'e LysV dk uke fiuMkgky ”kSy lewg (Pindahol
Formation) Hkh gS vkSj Lihfr ds xspkax ”kSy lewg (Gechang Formation of
Spiti) ls lglEcfU/kr gSA blds fu{ksi.k dk i;kZoj.k unh;&fgeunh; ls MsYVh;
i;kZoj.k crk;k x;k gSA laTokyk'e LysV dh vk;q mifj dkcksfZ uQsjl gSA
 iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy vkSj ts+oku ”kSy lewg (Panjal Volcanics and Zewan
Formation) :
d'ehj dh ifeZ;u dky dh 'kSyksa esa Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa vkSj t+os ku ”kSy lewg lfEefyr
gSaA ifeZ;u 'kSyksa dh 'kq#vkr Tokykeq[kh ykok izokg ds lkFk gqbZ tksfd iwjs ifeZ;u esa
#d&#d dj gksrk jgk gS vkSj Vªkbfld ds Hkkxksa esa Hkh] ;|fi eq[; Tokykeq[kh ?kVuk
fuEu vkSj e/; ifeZ;u esa ?kVhA
 iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy (Panjal Volcanics)] laTokyk'e LysV ds Åij
lefoU;Lr gS vkSj ihj iatky Js.kh ds dsUnzh; v{k ds lkFk&lkFk izkIr gksrs gSaA
iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy esa l?ku] LFkwy vkSj laLrfjr cslkYVh ,sUMslkbV ykok izokgksa
vkSj HkLe laLrjksa ds eksVs vuqØe 'kkfey gSa ¼fp= 5-3a½A MksyksjkbV fHkfÙk;k¡
(dykes) vkSj flYl dh izkfIr iqjkus 'kSyksa@”kSy lewgksa tSls fd lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl
pwukiRFkj vkSj QsusLVsYyk 'ksy ls Kkr gaSA iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa dks fuEu
ifeZ;u (Lower Permian) vk;q nh x;h gSA
139
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
 t+o
s ku ”kSy lewgksa (Zewan Formation)] iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa ds Åij fLFkr
gSA ;g leqnzh thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj] 'ksy vkSj dSfYl;eh cyqvk iRFkjksa ds eksVs
vuqØe ls cuk gSA bl ”kSy lewg dk uke d'ehj izkUr ds fofg bykds ds t+os ku
xk¡o ij gS] tgk¡ ;g lcls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr vuko`Ùk gS@fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blls
cSfØ;ksiksMk ¼ykbuksizksMDV~l( Linoproductus] okxsuksdksUok( Waagenoconcha]
fu;ksfLifjQsjk( Neospirifer] fLifjQjyk( Spiriferella] MkbZykLek( Dielasma]
ykefuekjxl fgeky;sufll( Lamnimargus himalayensis½] ckbokWYo]
czk;kstk+ svk ¼çksVksjVs is ksjk( Protoretepora] QsuLs VsYyk( Fenestella½] e¡wxk] ,seksukWbM
¼ammonoids% lk;Dyksykscl] thukfLil½] fØukW;M (crinoids) vkSj dksuksMkWUV
(conodonts) feys gSaA t+soku ”kSy lewg dks mijh ifeZ;u vk;q feyh gSA ;g
Vªkbfld lksuexZ la?k ds uhps gSA
;g tkuuk cM+k gh jkspd gS fd dbZ txgksa ij iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSyksa ds mijh Hkkx
vkSj t+os ku ”kSy lewg ds fupys Hkkx ds chp thok'e;qDr laLrj feyrs gSaA laLrj
xksaMokuk ikni thok'e tSls] xaxes kWIVsfjl (Gangamopteris)] XykslksIVsfjl(
(Glossopteris), ofVZczkfj;k (Vertebraria)] lkbtheksik;ye (Psygmophyllum)
bR;kfn ds izkfIr ds fy, tkus tkrs gSa A ;g mu vkÑfr;ksa ds leku gSa tks
izk;n~ohih; Hkkjr ds rkyphj vkSj nkeqnk nzkfs .k;ksa ds fuEu xksaMokuk 'kSyksa ls Kkr gSaA
blds vfrfjDr bu laLrjksa ls d'ks#dh (vertebrates) izkf.k;ksa ¿mHk;pj
(amphibians) vkSj eRL; (fish)À vkSj dhVksa ds dqN vo'ks"kksa dh Hkh izkfIr gqbZ gSA
;g laLrj eq[;r% pVZ] flfydke;] dkcZue; vkSj VQe; 'ksy] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj
pwukiRFkj ls feydj cus gSa ¼fp= 5-3b½A ;g laLrj Hkkjr esa xksM a okuk egkla?k dh
lcls iwohZ izkfIr dks O;Dr djRks gSa vkSj xaxes kWIVsfjl laLrjksa (Gangamopteris
Beds) ds uke ls yksdO;kih :i ls tkus tkrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk] fu'kkrckx ”kSy
lewg (Nishatbagh Formation) ds uke ls Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA
fp= 5-3 % a½ iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy( vkSj b½ xaxsekWIVsfjl la Lrj ds {ks= QksVksxzkQA ¼lkStU; % Dr.
Rakesh Chandra½
cks/k iz'u 2
a) d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe ds vUrjkyksa dks lwphc) dhft,A
b) d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe ds “kSy lewg ds vkjksgh Øe esa uke crkb,A
140
…………………………………………………………………..….………………………………………………..
c) fuEufyf[kr dk esy dhft,&

i) yksykc “kSy lewg a½ d'ks#dh vkSj eRL;
ii) iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy b½ gkykeqyk “kSy lewg
iii) fj'dkscy la?k c½ fuEu dsfEcz;u
iv) xaxes kWIVsfjl laLrj.k d½ fuEu ifeZ;u
5-3 Lihfr vkSj d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh % ,d laf{kIr

voyksdu
vkius Lihfr vkSj d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh vuqØeksa dks i<+rs gq, /;ku fn;k
gksxk] ;g nksuksa {ks=ksa esa isfy;kstksbd 'kSyksa ds lqfodflr vkSj lcls vf/kd iw.kZ vuqØe
lekfo"V gSaA buds pyrs ;g {ks= dbZ HkwfoKkfu;ksa ds fy, v/;;u dk dsUnz jgkA
Lihfr {ks= esa] Lrfjdh esa vkjfEHkd dkeksa dh 'kq#vkr lu~ 1904 ls gks xbZ Fkh] tc
H.H. Hayden us Lihfr ds LrjfoU;kl dk foLr`r ys[kk fn;k FkkA cgqr le; ds
ckn] lu~ 1998 esa Bhargav vkSj Bassi us Lihfr dh Lrfjdh dk iqujhf{kr laLdj.k
izLrqr fd;kA blds vfrfjDr] dbZ nwljs 'kks/kdrkZvksa us Hkh Lihfr {ks= ds LrjfoU;kl
ij dke fd;k vkSj u, ukeksa ds lkFk dbZ u, “kSy lewg@la?k cuk,A
nwljh rjQ d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh dh Hkh ;gh dgkuh gSA lu~ 1910 esa
lcls igys C.S. Middlemiss us d'ehj ds LrjfoU;kl dk foLr`r ys[kk izLrqr
fd;kA lu~ 1983 esa Srikantia vkSj Bhargava us isfy;kstksbd LrjfoU;kl dks
la'kksf/kr fd;kA Lihfr vkSj d'ehj esa HkwoSKkfud ekufp=.k djrs gq, Hkkjrh;
HkwoSKkfud losZ{k.k (Geological Survey of India-GSI) ds Hkkjrh; HkwfoKkfu;ksa tSls
O.N. Bhargava, S.V. Srikantia vkSj U.K. Bassi dk bl ckr ij /;ku x;k fd
fofHkUu HkwoSKkfud “kSy lewgksa dks fn, x, dqN uke mnkgj.k ds fy,] fefMyfel
}kjk fn, x, QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy] lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl pwukiRFkj] Hkkjrh; Lrfjd ukein~/kfr
fu;ekoyh }kjk fufnZ"V fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djrs ;k muds uke Lrfjd ukein~/kfr
esa fufnZ"V fu;e ds vuqlkj ugha j[ks x, gSaA QsuLs Vsyk 'ksy dk mnkgj.k yhft,] ;g
“kSy lewg dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA Lrfjd ukein~/kfr dh fu;ekoyh vuqlkj] “kSy
lewg ds uke esa “kSy lewg ds lkFk HkkSxksfyd uke tqMk+ gqvk 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,]
mnkgj.k ds fy, t+os ku ”kSy lewg tgk¡ t+os ku HkkSxksfyd uke gSA QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy ds
ekeys es]a QsuLs VsYyk czk;kst+kv
s k dk oa'k gS vkSj 'ksy vkf'edh laKk gS] blft, ;g
Lrfjd ukein~/kfr ds fu;e dks iwjk ugha djrk gSA
bl ij /;ku nhft, fd Lihfr vkSj d'ehj dh Lrfjdh esa ”kSy lewg Lrj esa fn, x,
dqN uke lkfgR; esa brus xgjh tM+kas okys gSa] fd mudk iwjh rjg ls fu"dklu bl
bdkbZ esa U;k;klaxr ugha gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hkze@HkzkfUr dks nwj djus ds fy, vkSj
Lihfr ,oa d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd LrjfoU;kl dh le> dks vklku cukus ds fy,
nksuksa {ks=ksa ds iqjkus vkSj u, Lrfjdh oxhZdj.k dh rqyuk lkj.kh 5-3a vkSj 5-3b esa
iznf'kZr gSA
141
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
lkj.kh 5-3a % Lihfr dh iqjkuh vkSj la'kksf/kr isfy;kstksbd LrfjdhA

H.H. Hayden ¼1904½ ds vuqlkj Bhargava vkSj Bassi ¼1998½ ds
vuqlkj
vk;q@dky “kSy lewg vk;q@dky “kSy lewg
ifeZ;u çksMDV~l 'ksy ifeZ;u xqx
a jh
dSYd cyqvk iRFkj xspkax
ifeZ;u laxqfVdk'e xuekfpne
dkcksZfuQsjl Ikks dkcksZfuQsjl Ikks
fyid fyid
fMoksfu;u eqFk DokVZ~t+kbV~l fMoksfu;u eqFk
flY;wfj;u flY;wfj;u flY;wfj;u Vdps+
vkWMkZfs o'ku gSeUrk vkWMkZfs o'ku Fkkaxks
dsfEcz;u dsfEcz;u dqat+e yk
ckVy
lkj.kh 5-3b % d'ehj dh iqjkuh vkSj ifj'kksf/kr isfy;kstksbd LrfjdhA

C.S. Middlemiss ¼1910½ ds vuqlkj Srikantia vkSj Bhargava ¼1983½ vkSj
Bhargava ¼2008½ ds vuqlkj
vk;q@dky “kSy lewg vk;q@dky “kSy lewg

ifeZ;u t+os ku ifeZ;u t+os ku
xaxes kWIVsfjl laLrj fu'kkrckx
iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy
dkcksZfuQsjl laTokyk'e LysV dkcksZfuQsjl fiuMkgkWy
QsuLs VsYyk 'ksy x.ks'kiqj
lk;fjaxksFkk;fjl ,s'keqd+ke
pwukiRFkj
fMoksfu;u eqFk DokVZ~t+kbV~l fMoksfu;u eqFk
flY;wfj;u mifj flY;wfj;u flY;wfj;u xqxky/kj
vkWMksZfo'ku fuEu flY;wfj;u vkSj vkWMksZfo'ku gkykeqyk
dsfEcz;u ¼\½ dsfEcz;u dsfEcz;u jaxkey
'kqey
Ykksykc
142
…………………………………………………………………..….………………………………………………..
5-4 fØ;kdyki
uhps nh x;h lkj.kh ¼lkj.kh 5-4½ Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe iznf'kZr djrh gSA
ftu iafDr;ksa esa la?k] “kSy lewg vkSj vkf'edh vuqifLFkr gS ogk¡ Hkjus dh dksf'k'k
dhft,A
lkj.kh 5-4 % Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØeA
vk;q@dky Lak?k “kSy lewg vkf'edh
fyykax la?k ds vkWVksljs l t+kus fuEu Vªkbfld
ifeZ;u Xkqaxjh
f}dikVh vkSj ew¡xk ds thok'e;qDr
cyqvk iRFkj] 'ksy dh ifV~V;k¡ vkSj
laxqfVdk'e
xuekfpne
dkcksZfuQsjl dkaoj
thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj] 'ksy cyqvk
iRFkj vkSj ftIle ds dqN dksVfjdk
fu{ksi
fMoksfu;u ---------------- eqFk
flY;wfj;u ---------------- pwukiRFkj vkSj ekyZ] czfS d;ksiksMk]
VªkbZyksckbV] ekSyLd ds vo'ks"kksa ds
lkFk thok'e;qDr bR;kfn
vkWMksZfo'ku ----------------- Fkkaxks
dsfEcz;u
ckVy dkcksZufs 'k;l LysV] Q+kbykbV]
DokVZ~t+kbV~l vkSj fxzVLVksUl ftuesa
thok'eksa dk vHkko gS
çhdsfEcz;u lY[kkyk ”kSy lewg
5-5 lkjka'k
geus bl bdkbZ esa tks dqN lh[kk vc ge mls la{ksi esa izLrqr djrs gSa%
 isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh vuqØe fgeky;h {ks= esa dbZ txgksa ij lcls vPNs ls
fodflr gSa tSls tEew vkSj d'ehj ds d'ehj vkSj tkaLdkj çkar] fgekpy izn's k ds
Lihfr {ks=] mÙkjk[kaM vkSj v#.kkpy izn's k esaA
 e/; izn's k ds mefj;k vkSj tcyiqj {ks= vkSj jktLFkku ds chdkusj&ukxkSj {ks= esa
ik, x, dqN vuqØeksa dks NksMd+ j isfy;kstksbd vuqØe izk;n~ohih; Hkkjr esa
yxHkx vuqifLFkr gSaA A
143
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
 fgekpy izn's k dh Lihfr ?kkVh isfy;kstksbd ls ehlkst+ksbd@e/;thoh vk;q ds iw.kZ]

cgqr vPNh rjg ls fodflr] ofyr vkSj leqnzh; thok'e ;qDr vuqØeksa dks lEHkkys
gq, gSA
 ;g Hkkjr ds lqfodflr vkSj lcls T;knk v/;;u fd, x, isfy;kstksbd ls
ehlkst+kbs d vuqØe dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks vius le`) thok'e leqPp;ksa ds
fy, lqfo[;kr gSA blds pyrs Hkkjr ds HkwfoKku dh ppkZ djrs gq, Lihfr {ks= dks
yksdO;kih :i esa ^^Hkkjrh; HkwfoKku dk laxzgky;** dgk tkrk gSA
 Lihfr dk isfy;kstksbd leqnzh vuqØe izhdsfEcz;u fØLVyh; vk/kkj ds Åij vkSj
fyykax la?k ds vkWVksljs l t+ksu ds fuEu Vªkbfld ds uhps fLFkr gSA
 ckVy] daqte+ yk] Fkkaxks] Vdps+] eqFk] fyid] iks] xuekfpne] xspkax vkSj xqx
a jh]
Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe ds eq[; “kSy lewg gSa] ftudh vk;q dsfEc;u ls
ifeZ;u (Cambrian to Permian) rd gSA
 Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSyksa ls le`) vd'ks#dh (invertebrates) lap;u feys gSa
tSls fd VªkbyksckbV] Hkqtikn] ”kh’kZikn] czk;kst+kv
s k (bryozoans)] ckbokWYo
(bivalves)] VsjkiksMk (pteropods) bR;kfn vkSj ;g bldk ladr s gS fd vuqØe
dk T;knkrj fgLlk leqnzh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fu{ksfir gqvk gSA
 d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe esa dsfEcz;u ls ifeZ;u vk;q dh leqnhz thok'e
;qDr “kSyas 'kkfey gSa vkSj ;g mÙkj&iwoZ dh tkaLdkj ;k c`gn fgeky;
Js.kh@fgekfnz Js.kh vkSj nf{k.k&if'pe dh /kkSyk/kkj&ihj iatky Js.kh ds chp
d'ehj ?kkVh esa fLFkr gSA
 d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe ;k rks izhdsfEcz;u dky ds thok'eghu Mksxjk LysV
ds ;k lY[kkyk ”kSy lewg dh fØLVyh; 'kSyksa ds Åij vkSj Vªkbfld lksuexZ la?k
ds uhps ysVh gSaA
 d'ehj ?kkVh esa eq[; “kSy lewg yksykc] 'kqey] jaxkey] fj'dkscy] eqFk]
lk;fjuxksFkkbfjl pwukiRFkj] QsusLVsYyk 'ksy] laTokyk'e LysV] iatky Tokykeq[kh
'kSy vkSj t+os ku gSa] ftudh vk;q dsfEcz;u ls ifeZ;u dky rd gSA
 ;|fi d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd “kSyas vd'ks#dh (invertebrate) thok'eksa esa le`)
gSa] fQj Hkh mifj isfy;kstksbd “kSy [kkldj ifeZ;u ls dkcksZfuQsjl (Permo-
Carboniferous) dkyhu “kSy ls xksaMokuk ls lEcU/k j[kus okys ikni thok'eksa
vkSj d'ks#dh vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSaA
 iatky Tokykeq[kh 'kSy Lihfr nzks.kh esa vuqifLFkr gSaA
5-6 lkf=d ç'u
1- Hkkjr esa isfy;kstksbd “kSyksa ds forj.k dks le>kb,A
2- Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd ds v'eLrfjd vuqØe dk o.kZu dhft,A
144
…………………………………………………………………..….………………………………………………..
3- d'ehj dh isfy;kstksbd Lrfjdh dk ys[kk nhft,A

5-7 lUnHkZ
 Bhargava, O.N. (2008), An updated introduction to the Spiti Geology. Journal
of the Palaeontological Society of India. 53(2): p 113-129.
 Bhargava, O.N. and Bassi, U.K. (1998), Geology of Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal

Himalaya. Memior of the Geological Survey of India, 124:1-210.
 Hayden, H.H. (1904), The geology of Spiti with parts of Bashahr. Memior of
the Geological Survey of India, 36(1): p 1-121.
 Kumar, R. (1996), Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of

India, Fourth Reprint, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
 Middlemiss, C.S. (1910), A revision of the Silurian-Trias sequence in

Kashmir. Record of the Geological Survey of India, 40(3): p 206-260.
 Naqvi, S.M. (2005), Geology and Evolution of the Indian Plate (From Hadean
to Holocene – 4 Ga to 4 Ka), Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi.
 Srikantia, S.V. and Bhargava, O.N. (1983), Geology of the Palaeozoic

sequence of the Kashmir Tethys Himalayan basin in the Lidder valleys,
Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 24: p 363-
377.
 Talent, J.O. and Bhargava, O.N. (2003), Silurian of the Indian subcontinent
and adjacent regions. In: Silurian Land and Seas Paleogeography outside
Laurentia. The University of the State of New York. The State Education
Department, New York State Museum Bulletin 493: p 221-239.
 Vaidyanadhan, R. and Ramakrishnan, M. (2010), Geology of India, Volume

II, Geological Society of India, Bangalore.

 Krishnan, M.S. (1949), Geology of India and Burma. The Madras Law
Journal Office, Madras.
 Mukerjee, P. K. (1997), A Textbook of Geology, The world Press Pvt Ltd,

Calcutta.
 Shah, S.K. (2018), Historical Geology of India, Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.
 Wadia, D.N. (1966), Geology of India, McMillan Press, London.
5-9 mÙkj
cks/k iz”u 1
a) mÙkj&if'pe fgeky; ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe d'ehj nzks.kh] Lihfr&tkaLdkj nzk.s kh
vkSj fdUukSj&mÙkjk[kaM nzk.s khA
145
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
b) ckVy] daqte
+ yk] Fkkaxks] Vdp+]s eqFk] fyid] iks] xkuekfpne] xspkax vkSj xqaxjh]
Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe ds “kSy lewg gSa] ftudh vk;q dsfEcz;u ls ifeZ;u
rd gSA
c) i½ & d
ii½ & c
iii½ & a
iv½ & b
d) Lihfr dk dkaoj la?k nks “kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS % fyid vkSj iksA fyid ”kSy
lewg] eqFk “kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gS vkSj dBksj] dkys ,oa thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj]
'ksYk] cyqvk iRFkj rFkk ftIle;qDr pwukiRFkj ls feydj cuk gSA bl “kSy lewg
ds eq[; thok'e bfDjvksMl ;Icriodus ¼dksuksMkWUV½ vkSj lkbfjuxksFkk;fjl
dfLiMkVk (Syringothyris cuspidata)] ykbuksçksMDV~l (Linoproductus)]
cDlVksfu;k( Buxtonia ¼czSfd;kiksMk@Hkqtikn½ gSaA mifj'kk;h iks ”kSy lewg
varjklaLrfjr 'ksYk vkSj ika'kqiRFkj ds lkFk DokV~Zt+kbV~ ds eksVs vuqØe ls feydj
cuk gSA LQsuksVfs jfM;e QjflYykVe( Sphenopteridium furcillatum]
jkdksIVsfjl vksokVk( Racopteris ovata ¼ikni thok'e½] fLifjfQj( Spirifer]
ykbuksizkMs DV~l( Linoproductus ¼czSfd;ksiksMk½ vkSj QsuLs VsYyk] izkVs ksjVs siksjk
¼czk;kst+kv
s k½ bl “kSy lewg ds fof'k"V thok'e gSaA
Ckks/k iz”u 2
a) d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe esa de ls de rhu volknh vUrjky ntZ fd,
tk pqds gSaA ;g vUrjky mifj dsfEcz;u (cambrian)&fuEu vkWMkZfs o'ku
(Ordovician)] fMoksfu;u (Devonian) vkSj mifj dkcksZfuQsjl
(Carboniferous) dkyksa esa izkIr gq, gSaA
b) d'ehj ?kkVh esa eq[; “kSy lewg yksykc] 'kqey] jaxkey] fj'dkscy] eqFk]
lk;fjaxksFkkbfjl pwukiRFkj] QsusLVsYyk 'ksy] laTokyk'e LysV] iatky Tokykeq[kh
'kSy vkSj t+soku gSa] ftudh vk;q dSfEcz;u ls ifeZ;u dky rd gSA
c) i½ & c)
ii½ & d)
iii½ & b)
iv½ & a)
lkf=d ç'u
1- —i;k vuqHkkx 5-1 dk lanHkZ ysaA
146
bdkbZ 6
Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd “kSykuqØe
lajpuk______________________________________________________________
6-1 izLrkouk 6-3 fØ;kdyki
6-2 Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe 6-5 lkf=d ç'u
Lihrh ds Vªkbfld vuqØe 6-6 lUnHkZ
dPN ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe 6-7 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u
jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe 6-8 mÙkj
fr#fpjkiYyh ds fØVs'kl vuqØe
6-1 izLrkouk
vkius bdkbZ 4 vkSj 5 esa Øe”k% Hkkjr ds izhdsfEcz;u (Precambrian) vkSj isfy;kstksbd (Palaeozoic) 'kSy
ra=ksa dks i<+k gSA bu bdkb;ksa dks i<+rs gq, vkius /;ku fn;k gksxk fd çhdsfEcz;u vuqØe izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa
lqfodflr gSa vkSj isfy;kstksbd vuqØe fgeky;h {ks= esaA Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh (Mesozoic)
vuqØeksa esa og 'kSy lewg lfEefyr gSa tks Vªkbfld (Triassic)] tqjkfld (Jurassic) vkSj fØVs”kl
(Cretaceous) dkyksa ds nkSjku fu{ksfir gq, Fks] 252-2 ls 66 djksM+ ¼fefy;u½ o"kZ esa QSy]s dqy 186-2 Ma
dh vof/kA
ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh egkdYi] isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh (Palaeozoic) egkdYi ds fo'kky c`gn~ egkn~ohi
(Super Continent) isfUt;k (Pangaea) ds ykWjfs 'k;k (Laurasia) vkSj xksM a okuk (Gondwana) HkwHkkxksa esa
VwVus ds fy, iz[;kr gSA Hkkjr] tks dHkh xksM
a okuk HkwHkkx dk fgLlk Fkk] e/; tqjkfld ds nkSjku xksaMokuk ls
vyx gqvk vkSj nwj fNVduk 'kq# gks x;k vkSj iwoZ lhukstksbd@uwruthoh (Cenozoic) ds nkSjku ,f'k;k ds
lkFk fHkM+@Vdjk x;kA ehlkstksbd egkdYi egk}hih; lapyu vkSj foorZfud xfrfof/k ds pyrs vR;f/kd
xeZ rkieku vkSj mPp leqnz Lrj dk xokg jgk gSA ehlkstksbd egkdYi ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
dbZ leqnhz vfrØe.k (transgression) dh ?kVuk,a nt+Z gqbZ gSaA ;g leqnhz vfrØe.k egk}hih; bykdksa ds
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
vUnj leqnhz volknksa dk fu{ksi.k ysdj vk,A blds ifj.kkeLo:i] ehlkstksbd vuqØe
Hkkjr ds fgeky;h vkSj izk;}hih; nksuksa {ks=ksa esa mifLFkr gSaA
ehlkstksbd vuqØe.k ds lqifjjf{kr n`';ka'k ¼fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh “kSyas½ ns'k ds fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa ik, x, gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr ds eq[; ehlkstksbd vuqØeksa] tks Lihfr
¼fgekpy izn's k½] dPN ¼xqtjkr½] jktLFkku vkSj fr#fpjkiYyh ¼rfeyukMq½ esa vuko`Ùk
gSa] ds forj.k] LrjfoU;kl] vkf'edh] thok'e vo;o] dky@vk;q vkSj fu{ksi.k
i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxAs
visf{kr y{;___________________________________________
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn] vki fuEu esa leFkZ gksaxsa %
 Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd vuqØeksa dk [kkdk [khapus esa(
 Hkkjr ds eq[; ehlkstksbd 'kSy ra=ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj oxhZÑr djus esa(
 eq[; ehlkstksbd ”kSy lewgksa dh vkf'edh dh ppkZ djus esa(
 eq[; ehlkstksbd ”kSy lewgksa ds thok'e vo;o] vk;q] iqjki;kZoj.k vkSj vkfFkZd
egRo dk o.kZu djus esa(
 Lihfr] dPN] jktLFkku vkSj fr#fpjkiYyh dh ehlkstksbd “kSyksa dh Lrfjdh
le>kus esaA
6-2 Hkkjr ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe
Hkkjr esa ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh egkdYi esa fgeky;h {ks= vkSj izk;n~ohih; Hkkjr ds
dbZ Hkkxksa esa mYys[kuh; leqnzh vfrØe.k lEiUu gqvk Fkk ¼fp= 6-1½A Vªkbfld vkSj
tqjkfld ds nkSjku] leqnzh volknu [kkl rkSj ij fgeky;h {ks= esa lEiUu gqvk FkkA
;|fi Hkkjr ds izk;}hih; {ks= esa Hkh tqjkfld vkSj fØVs”kl esa volknksa dk dkQh
fu{ksi.k gqvk FkkA /;ku nsa fd ehlkstksbd volknu fgeky;h {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk
izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa Hkh yxkrkj ugha gqvkA Hkkjr esa ehlkstksbd volknu fØVs'kl ds
vkf[kj esa gq, MsDdu VªSIl ¼Deccan Traps( nf{k.kh lh<+hnkj Tokykeq[kh fu{ksi½ ds
Tokykeq[kh foLQksV ds lkFk lekIr gks x;k FkkA
mÙkj&if'pe esa d'ehj ls Lihfr ¼fgekpy izn's k½ gksrs gq, nf{k.k&iwoZ esa dqekÅ¡
¼mÙkjk[kaM½ rd QSys fgeky; {ks= ¼;kfu iwjh fgeky; iV~Vh ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj
rd½ esa Vªkbfld “kSy lqfodflr vkSj O;kid :i ls QSyh gSAa ;g /;ku nsuk egÙoiw.kZ
jgsxk fd Vªkbfld “kSy lcls vPNs rjg ls Lihfr {ks= esa fodflr gSAa tqjkfld dky
dh “kSysa fgekfnz esa ¼c`gn~ fgeky;½ es]a d'ehj&tkaLdkj&Lihfr (Kashmir-Zanskar --
-Spiti) {ks= esa vkSj Hkkjr ds if'peh bykds ds vUnj dPN vkSj jktLFkku esa fodflr
gSaA fØVs”kl dky ds 'kSy Hkkjr d Hkhrj fgeky; ds] lkFk gh lkFk izk;}hih; {ks=ksa esa
Hkh fu{ksfir gq, gSaA fgeky; esa ;g “kSy yn~nk[k] Lihfr] dqekÅ¡ vkSj vle esa feyrh
gSa] tcfd izk;}hih; Hkkjr ds vUrxZr nf{k.k Hkkjr dh xksnkojh] Ñ".kk] iykj vkSj
dkosjh nzkfs .k;ksa esa] if'pe Hkkjr dh dSEcs ¼[kEHkkr½] dPN] vkSj tSlyesj nzksf.k;ksa esa
vkSj e/; Hkkjr dh ueZnk nzk.s kh esa fØVs”kl 'kSyksa ds n`';ka'k ns[ks x, gSAa blds
vfrfjDr jktegy vkSj MsDdu VªSIl ls lEc) volknh vuqØeksa esa Hkh fØVs”kl dky
dh “kSy izkIr gksrh gSAa
148
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fp= 6-1 % Hkkjr ds leqnzh ehlkstksbd vuqØeksa dks iznf'kZr djrk ekufp=A
6-2-1 Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe
Lihfr] mÙkjh; fgeky;h {ks= esa fgeky; ds ykgkSy vkSj Lihfr tuin dk Hkkx gSA
blesa ehlkstksbd “kSy ds iw.kZ vkSj lqfodflr vuqØe feyrs gSa] tks ifeZ;u
vk;q@dky ds izkM s DV~l 'kSy (Productus Shale) ;k xqaxjh ”kSy lewg (Gungri
Formation) vkSj tqjkfld vk;q ds rkxfyax pwukiRFkj@pwuk”e (Tagling
Limestone) ds chp lefoU;Lr gSA Lihfr esa fyykax xk¡o (Lilang village) ds lehi
fLFkr Vªkbfld vk;q ds 'kSyksa ls ;qDr ;g vuqØe lcls iw.kZ vkSj lcls vPNs <ax ls
ifjjf{kr vuqØeksa esa ls ,d gSA blfy, Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe dks fyykax la?k
(Lilang Group) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl la?k esa eq[;r% xgjs jax ds pwukiRFkj vkSj
MksyksekbV ds lkFk xkS.k ek=k esa uhys jax dh 'ksy 'kkfey gSaA vuqØe iw.kZr% leqnzh]
thok'eksa ls ;qDr vkSj lkQ ,oa xgjs ikuh ds i;kZoj.k esa rFkk LFkytkr@Hkwfetfur
(terrigenous) inkFkZ ds fcuk fdlh egRoiw.kZ feykoV ds lkFk fu{ksfir gSA vuqØe
esa ,seksukbV (ammonites)] vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn (brachiopods)] n~fodikVh
(bivalves)] csyEs ukbVht+ (Belemnites)] Iyod@Iyfor Q+kjs kfefuQsjk (planktonic
foraminifera) vkSj nqyZHk izoky@ewx ¡ k (corals) ds Hkjiwj vo'ks"k lekfo"V gSaA
149
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 oxhZdj.k (Classification) :
Lihfr esa vuko`Ùk Vªkbfld (Triassic) vuqØe rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] tSls fuEu]
e/; vkSj mifj Vªkbfld ¼lkj.kh 6-1½A tSlk fd Åij crk;k x;k gS fd Lihfr esa
Vªkbfld 'kSy ifeZ;u vk;q ds izkM
s DV~l 'kSy ;k xqx
a jh ”kSy lewg ds Åij vkSj
tqjkfld dky ds rkxfyax pwukiRFkj ds uhps fLFkr gSaA
;g /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV vkSj 'ksy la?k dh eq[;
vkf'edh gS tks izpqj ,seksukbV ds lkFk cgqr gh Li"V ,dlekurk iznf'kZr djrh gSSA
lkj.kh 6-1 % Lihrh ds Vªkbfld “kSykuqØeA
la?k vk;q@dky Js.kh laLrj (Beds) vkf'edh (Lithology)
(Group) (Age) (Series)
fyykax tqjkfld ----------- rkxfyax pwukiRFkj LFkwy pwukiRFkj@pwuk”e
vkSj MksyksekbV
fyykax Vªkbfld mijh esxkykWMkWu LFkwy pwukiRFkj@pwuk”e
Vªkbfld (Megalodon) vkSj MksyksekbV
pwukiRFkj ¼ikjk LVst½
DokVZ~tkbV Jà[kyk lQsn vkSj Hkwjs
DokV~Zt+kbV ds lkFk
LysVh pwukiRFkj vkSj
dkyh 'ksYk
eksuksfVl (Monotis) cyqbZ ,oa 'ksye;
'ksYk pwukiRFkj ds lkFk
Hkwjh&vi{kf;r gksrh 'ksYk
vkSj cyqvk iRFkj@
ckyqdk”e
ew¡xk pwukiRFkj pwukiRFkj
tqokbV~ (Juvavites) Hkwjh&vi{kf;r gksrh
laLrj 'ksYk] pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksYk
Vªkis kbV~ (Tropites) MksyksekbV pwukiRFkj]
laLrj 'ksYk vkSj xgjs jax ds
pwukiRFkj ds lkFk
,seksukbV ;qDr dbZ
laLrj
/kwlj laLrj /kwlj 'ksYk vkSj 'ksye;
pwukiRFkj isfylhiksMk
vkSj ,seksukbV laLrj ds
lkFk
gSyksfcvk (Halobia) xgjs jax dk f”kr[kaMh
laLrj pwukiRFkj
e/; nkvksuy
s k (Daonella) dBksj vkSj xgjs jax dk
150
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
Vªkbfld pwukiRFkj pwukiRFkj
nkvksuy
s k 'ksYk xgjs jax dh 'ksYk vkSj
LysVh pwukiRFkj
mijh eqlpsydYd laxzfFkr
(Upper (Concretionary)
Muschelkalk) pwukiRFkj ds lkFk 'ksYk
ifV~V;k¡
fuEu eqlpsydYd xgjs jax dh 'ksYk vkSj
LysVh pwukiRFkj
xk¡Bnkj (Nodular) dBksj xk¡Bnkj pwukiRFkj
¼xzafFkdh½ pwukiRFkj
vk/kkjh eqlpsydYd 'ksye; pwukiRFkj
fuEu gsMus LVªkbs fevk laLrj pwukiRFkj] 'ksye;
Vªkbfld pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksYk ds
Øfed laLrj] iryk
laLrfjr pwukiRFkj vkSj
'ksy
fedkslsjl t+ksu@{ks= iryh laLrfjr
pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksYk
vksQ+hlsjl t+kus @{ks= LysVh pwukiRFkj
vkWVksljs l t+kus @{ks= Hkwjk pwukiRFkj
dqfyax ifeZ;u çksMDV~l 'ksy xqaxjh xgjs jax dh 'ksYk
“kSy lewg
vc ge Lihfr ds Vªkbfld “kSykuqØe ds rhu Hkkxksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaxAs
 Lihfr ds fuEu Vªkbfld vuqØe (Lower Triassic of Spiti)
fuEu Vªkbfld dh “kSy çksMDV~l 'ksy ¼xaqxjh “kSy lewg½ ds 'kh"kZ ij lefoU;flr
gksdj cSBh gSa vkSj buesa izpqj ,seksukbV thok'eksa okys xgjs jax ds pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksy
'kkfey gSaA vuqØe dk fupyk Hkkx yxHkx 184 ehVj eksVk gSA ,seksukbV thok'eksa ds
vk/kkj ij ;g pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % vkWVksljs l t+kus @{ks= (Otoceras Zone)]
vksfQlsjl (Ophiceras) t+kus @{ks=] fedksljs l (Meekoceras) t+ksu@{ks= vkSj
gsMus LVªkbs fevk (Hedenstroemia) laLrj] ftuesa izR;sd bdkbZ dh fo'ks"krk
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn (cephalopods)] e`nqdoph (molluscs) ls lEcU/k j[kus okys
t+kus thok'eksa dh mifLFkfr gS tSls vkjksgh Øe esa ;g thok”e vkWVksljs l oqMokMh
(Otoceras woodwardi)] vksfQlsjl lkdqVkyk (Ophiceras sakuntala)]
ehdksljs l okjkgk (Meekoceras varaha) vkSj gsMus LVªksbfZ evk ekstfllksfoDlh
(Hedenstroemia mojsisovicsi) ¼lkj.kh 6-1½
 Lihfr ds e/; Vªkbfld vuqØe (Middle Triassic of Spiti)
e/; Vªkbfld izeq[kr;k cgqr izpqj elpsydkYd (Muschelkalk) ¼tho½ tUrq [kkldj
,seksukbV ;qDr laxfz Fkr ,oa 'ksye; pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksYk ls feydj cuk gSA ;g
151
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yxHkx 125 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj fuEu Vªkbfld vk;q dh gsMus lVªksbZfevk laLrj ds Åij
rFkk mifj Vªkbfld dky dh gkyksfcvk laLrjksa ds uhps lefoU;Lr gSA Lihfr dk e/;
Vªkbfld vuqØe Ng bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS % vk/kkjh eqlpsydkYd
(Basal Muschelkalk)] xk¡Bnkj pwukiRFkj (Nodular Limestone)] fuEu
eqlpsydkYd] mijh eqlpsydkYd] Mkvksuy s k (Daonella) 'ksYk vkSj Mkvksusyk
pwukiRFkj ¼lkj.kh 6-1½A vuqØe thok'eksa ls Hkjiwj gS vkSj czfS d;ksiksMk
(brachiopods)@Hkqtikn ¼jsudksuy s k xzfs lckph( Rhynchonella griesbachi]
fLifjQsfjuk LVªkpsbZ( Spiriferina stracheyi½] lsQSyksiksMk (cephalopods)@”kh’kZikn
¼flfojkbV~l çkºyknk( Sibirites prahlada] dslsjfyaxkbV~l Mk;bZufs j(
Keyserlingites dieneri] vk;fpV~l #fxQsj( Ptychites rugifer½ vkSj
f}dikVh@ckbokWYo (bivalves), ¼nkvksuy s k bafMdk( Daonella indica½ ds fof'k"V
thok'eksa ls ;qDr gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\

eqlpsydkYd (Muschelkalk) ;wjksi dk volknh vuqØe gS] tks eq[;r% dkcksZuVs
'kSyksa tSls pwukiRFkj vkSj MksyksekbV ls feydj cuk gS vkSj e/; Vªkbfld vk;q@
dky ¿247-2 ls 237 djksM+ ¼fefy;u½ o"kksZaÀ dk gSA
 Lihfr ds mifj Vªkbfld vuqØe (Upper Triassic of Spiti)

Lihfr ds mifj Vªkbfld vuqØe cgqr vPNs ls fodflr gSa vkSj yxHkx 1600 ehVj
eksVs gSaA ;g fgeky; ds Vªkbfld mifoHkkxksa esa lcls T;knk eksVk gSA vkf'edh
vuqlkj] vuqØe dk fupyk Hkkx xgjs jax dh 'ksy vkSj ekyZ ls cuk gS] ij Åijh Hkkx
esa pwuk iRFkj vkSj MksyksekbV 'kkfey gSAa mifj Vªkbfld vuqØe dkfuZ;u gkyksfcvk
(Carnian Halobia) laLrjksa ls 'kq# gksrk gS vkSj fuEu tqjkfld rkxfyax pwukiRFkj
ds uhps jgkbZfr,u esxykMkWu (Rhaetian Megalodon) pwukiRFkj ds lkFk [kRe gksrk
gS ¼lkj.kh 6-1½A mifj Vªkbfld vuqØe dks vk/kkj ls 'kh"kZ dh rjQ+ vkB bdkb;ksa esa
ck¡Vk x;k gS% gkyksfcvk (Halobia) laLrj] LysVh laLrj] Vªkis kbV (Tropites) laLrj]
tqokfoV (Juvavites) laLrj] izoky pwukiRFkj] eksuksfVl (Monotis) 'ksy] DokV~Zt+kbV
Jà[kyk vkSj esxykMkWu (Megalodon) pwukiRFkj ¼ikjk LVst@leqnk;½ ¼lkj.kh 6-1½A
vuqØe esa dqN thok'e;qDr laLrj 'kkfey gSa] ftuls czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn
(brachiopods)] f}dikVh (bivalves)] fØukW;M (crinoids) vkSj ew¡xs dh iztkfr;k¡
feyh gSAa vuqØe dk Hkkx] ftlesa gkyksfcvk] LysVh vkSj Vªkis kV~l 'kkfey gS]a mldh
fo'ks"krk ”kh’kZikn (cephalopods) ¼tksvuukbV~l Fkkukesufll( Joannites
thanamensis½ vkSj czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn ¼fLifjQsfjuk 'kky'kkysufll( Spiriferina
shalshalensis] Mk;bykLek twfyde( Dielasma julicum½ dh mifLFkfr gSA vuqØe
ds Åijh Hkkx esa tqokfoV~ laLrj] izoky pwukiRFkj] eksuksfVl 'ksy] DokV~Zt+kbV J`[a kyk
vkSj esxykMkWu (Megalodon) pwukiRFkj 'kkfey gSAa vDlj bl Hkkx ls
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼tqokfoV~l ,axqykV~l( Juvavites angulatus½ vkSj
czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn ¼fLifjQsfjuk xzbs Lckph( Spiriferina griesbachi½ dh fof'k"V
thok'e iztkfr;k¡ feyrh gSaA
6-2-2 dPN ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe
dPN (Kachchh) ds ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh vuqØe e/; Vªkbfld] cSFkksfu;u ls
dkykSfo;u (Bathonian to Callovia) ls ysdj fuEu fØVs”kl ¿,fYc;u&,fIV;u
152
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(Albian - Aptian)À vk;q rd dhs 'kSyksa ls feydj cus gSaA ;g “kSy if'peh Hkkjr ds
xqtjkr jkT; dh mÙkj fn'kk esa dPN ds j.k vkSj nf{k.k esa dkfB;kokM+ ¼lkSjk"Vª½
izk;n~ohi ds chp fLFkr gSaA dPN ds ehlkstksbd 'kSy 200 ehVj ls vf/kd eksVs vkSj
Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij leqnzh vfrØe.k (marine transgression) ds pj.k dks
bafxr djrs gSAa ;g 'kSy Ng ,dkdh {ks=ksa eas vuko`Ùk gSa % dPN eq[; Hkwfe (Kachchh
Mainland)] okx<+ (Wagad)] iPpe (Pachcham)] [kkfnj (Khadir)] csyk (Bela)
vkSj pksjkj (Chorar)A xqtjkr ds dPN tuin esa tqjkfld 'kSy miosykapyh
(sublittoral) ls v/k%osykapyh (infralittrol) i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir mFkys leqnzh volknksa
dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] tcfd fØVs”kl volkn MsYVh;@unh eq[k Hkwfe i;kZoj.k esa
fu{ksfir gq, gSaA
 oxhZdj.k (Classification):
dPN dk ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh vuqØe izhdsfEcz;u fØLVyh; vk/kkj ds mifj'kk;h
vkSj nDdu VªIS l ds v/kks'kk;h gSaA nDdu VªIS l dh Tokykeq[kh xfrfof/k ds Hkkx@fgLls
dh QyLo:i vuqØe fofHkUu fHkfÙk;ksa (dykes) vkSj njkjksa (sills) ls vUrosZf/kr
(intruded) gaSA v'eLrfjd n`f"V ls] ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh vuqØe vkjksgh Øe esa
pkj “kSy&lewgksa % iPpe (Pachcham)] pkjh (Chari)] dVjkSy (Katrol) vkSj mfevk
(Umia) esa ck¡Vk x;k ftudh vk;q fuEu tqjkfld ls fuEu fØVs”kl rd gS ¼lkj.kh 6-
2½A
lkj.kh 6-2 % xqtjkr ds dPN tuin ds ehlkstksbd 'kSyksa dh v'eLrfjdhA ¼lzksr %
Vaidyanadhan and Ramakrishnan] 2010 ds vk/kkj ij ljyhÑr½
vk;q@ leqnk; 'kSy lewg lnL;@esEcj vkf'edh

dky
MsDdu VªSIl
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
mfevk Hkqt laLrj lQsn] ihrkHk&Hkwjk vkSj
mijh tqjkfld ls fuEu fØVs”kl
(Umia) cyqvk iRFkj@ckyqdk”e 'kcfyr ¼cgqjaxh½ cyqvk

vkSj 'ksy] iRFkj ds lkFk xkS.k
fVFkksfu;u ls ,Ycsfu;u
mdjk laLrj] ek=k esa ykSge;] dBksj

dkys ;k Hkwjs f'krd.k
mfevk laLrj] ¼Grit½ vkSj 'ksy dh
v;Ldghu cyqvk iRFkj dqN iryh ifV~V;ksa ds
vkSj 'ksy] lkFk lsQSyksiksMk@
fVªxksfuvk laLrj] 'kh"kZikn] czSfd;ksiksMk
v;Ldghu cyqvk iRFkj] vkSj ikniksa ds vo'ks"kksa
mfevk ,seksukbV laLrj ds lkFk
dVjkSy mijh dVjkSy 'ksy] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksy
(Katrol) xktkulj laLrj] ds lkFk lsQSyksiksMk
fdEesfjfMft,u ls
mijh dVjkSy cyqvk vkSj dqN ikni

thok'eksa ds vo'ks"kksas ls
e/; tqjkfld
iRFkj] e/; dVjkSy

Hkjiwj
fVFkksfu;u
cyqvk iRFkj] fuEu

dVjkSy 'ksy] duFkdksV
ckyqdk'e
153
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&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&
Pkjh <kslk vaMdk”e@ cyqbZ pwukiRFkj] ekyZ]
(Chari) ÅvksykbV] dSfYl;eh]
,FkysVk laLrj] ,ulsIl ftIle;qDr vkSj
dSyksfo,u ls e/;
laLrj] cyqbZ 'ksy vkSj
jsgekuh laLrj] vaMdh; pwukiRFkj
vkWDQkWfMZ;u
vkSj eksyLd ,oa
eSØkslQ
s SYl laLrj
czfS d;ksiksMk ds
thok'e Hkh 'kkfey
&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&
iPpe iPpe ew¡xk@izoky laLrj]
pwukiRFkj ds lkFk
(Pach- doph pwukiRFkj]
dqN cyqvk iRFkj
cham) iPpe vkSj 'ksy vkSj
vk/kkjh laLrj
cSFkksfu;u ls
dkYyksfo;u
¼dqvj thok'eksa ¼ckbokWYo]

csV laLrj½
lsQSyksiksMk] izoky½ ls
;qDr
&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&
çhdsfEcz;u vk/kkj ¼vuko`Ùk ugha gSA½
 iPpe “kSy lewg (Pachcham Formation)
;g lcls vk/kkjh “kSy lewg gS ftldk uke dPN ds j.k ds iPpe }hi ds vk/kkj ij
iM+k gS] tgk¡ “kSy lewg lcls vPNs ls vuko`Ùk gSAa blls e/; tqjkfld vk;q ds le`)
thok'e lap;u izkIr gq, gSa vkSj ;g dPN nzk.s kh esa ehlkstksbd volknu dh 'kq#vkr
dks fpfàr djrk gSA “kSy lewg yxHkx 300 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj iz/kkur% pwukiRFkj vkSj
dqN cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksy ds lkFk cuk gSA “kSy lewg ds Åijh Hkkx ls cSFkksfu;u
dky ds ckbokWYo@f}dikVh ¼dksjcqyk( Corbula½] lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼eSØkslQs SYl(
Macrocephalus] flokftlsjkl( Sivajiceras½] czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn vkSj izoky
izkIr gq, gSaA
“kSy lewg dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % iPpe vk/kkjh Lrj (Pachcham Basal
bed)] iPpe doph pwukiRFkj (Pachcham Shelly limestones) vkSj iPpe izoky
laLrj (Pachcham coral beds) ¼lkj.kh 6-2½A
 pkjh “kSy lewg (Chari Formation) :
iPpe “kSy lewg ds Åij fo"kefoU;Lr pkjh “kSy lewg gSA ;g yxHkx 360 ehVj
eksVk vkSj cyqbZ pwukiRFkj] dSfYl;eh] ftIle;qDr ,oa cyqbZ 'ksy] ekyZ vkSj vaMdh;
@ÅvksykbVh (oolitic)] pwukiRFkj ls feydj cuk gSA ;g “kSy lewg tqekjk ds ikl
,d xk¡o esa lcls vPNs <ax ls fodflr gSA ;|fi “kSy lewg dk uke gkcks Mkse
(Habo Dome) ds ikl pkjh xk¡o ij vuko`Ùk “kSy ls O;qRiUu gSA vk/kkj ls 'kh"kZ dh
rjQ pkjh “kSy lewg dks ik¡p esEcjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS tSl&
s eSØkslQ
s Syl laLrj
(Macrocephalus beds)] jsgekUuh laLrj (Rehmanni beds)] vkUlsIl laLrj
(Anceps beds)] ,sFkysVk laLrj (Athleta beds) vkSj <kslk vaMd (Dhosa oolite)
¼ÅvksykbV½ ¼lkj.kh 6-2½A ;g “kSy lewg Hkjiwj thok'e;qDr gS vkSj dSyksfo;u
154
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(Callovian) ls e/; vkWDlQksfMZ;u (Middle Oxfordian) dky@vk;q ds lsQSyksiksMk

¼eSØkslQ s SykbfVl( Macrocephalites] dSEiVkslQs SykbfVl( Kamptocephalites]
baMkslQ s SykbV~l( Indocephalites] isfjfLQaDVl( Perisphinctes] gqcjVksljs kl(
Hubertoceras] ek;kbfVl( Mayaites½ ds lkFk dqN czfS d;ksiksMk] ckbokWYo]
xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn (gastropoda) bR;kfn fof'k"V thok'e blls izkIr gq, gSaA ;g
fo'ks"k /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd iPpe vkSj pkjh “kSy lewgksa ls dqN lwpd (index)
lsQSyksiksM@”kh’kZikn ,seksukbV thok'e izkIr gq, gSa tks ;wjksih; ekud t+kUs l ¼eaMyksa½
ls cgqr vPNs <ax lglEcfU/kr gSAa vuqØe dh vkf'edh vkSj blls izkIr thok'e
leqnzh vfrØe.k izkoLFkk ds nkSjku T;knk xgjs ikuh okyh fu{ksi.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
lq>ko nsrs gSAa
 dVjkSy “kSy lewg (Katrol Formation) %
;g pkjh “kSy lewg ds Åij gSA ;g yxHkx 300 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj eq[;r% 'ksy dk
cuk gqvk gS] gkykafd Åijh Hkkx esa cyqvk iRFkj dh iz/kkurk gS vkSj lsQSyksiksMk@
'kh"kZikn] isfyfliksMk@ij'kqikn (pelecypoda) ds Hkjiwj vo'ks"kksa ls ;qDr gSA vkjksgh
Øe ¼Åij dks c<+r@ s p<+rs gq,½ esa “kSy lewg dks Ng lnL; tSls& daFkdksV
(Kanthkot) ckyqdk”e] fuEu dVjkSy “ksy] e/; dVjkSy ckyqdk”e vkSj mijh dVjkSy
ckyqdk”e] xtulj laLrj (Gajansar) vkSj mijh dVjkSy 'ksy esa ck¡Vk x;k gS
¼lkj.kh 6-2½A “kSy lewg ls lsQSyksiksMk ¼,VkfDl;ksljs kl( Ataxioceras] izkxs ;s hlsjkl(
Prograyiceras] gk;cksufVlsjkl( Hybonticeras] ,fLiMksljs kl( Aspidocears]
VkjkesfYylsjkl( Taramellicears vkSj vkWykdksfLQadVksfuM~l(
Aulacosphinctoides½ vkSj dqN ikni thok'e feys gSAa “kSy lewg ds fy,
fdEesfjfMft,u (Kimmeridgian) ls fVFkksfu;u (Tithonian) vk;q fufnZ"V gSA
 mfevk “kSy lewg (Umia Formation) %
;g dPN esa ehlkstksbd vuqØe dk lcls de mez dk “kSy lewg gS vkSj eq[;r%
lQsn] ihrkHk&Hkwj]s dgha&dgha ij 'kcfyr ¼jax&fcjaxk@variegated½ cyqvk
iRFkj@ckyqdk”e ds lkFk xkSM+ ykSge;] dBksj vkSj dkys ;k Hkwjs f'krd.k vkSj 'ksy dh
dqN iryh ifV~V;ksa ls feydj cuk gSA vkf'edh n`f"V ls] ;g 'kSy izk;}hih; Hkkjr
dh xksaMokuk “kSyksa ds leku gSA ,seksukbV cgqr de feyrs gSa] blfy, nwljs lewg vkSj
Vªkbxksfu;k vkSj vU; isfyfliksMk@ij”kqikn (pelecypoda) Lrfjd n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ
gSA mfe;k “kSy lewg dks vkB lnL;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS % mfe;k ,eksukbV
laLrj (Umia ammonite bed)] v;Ldghu (barren) cyqvk iRFkj] Vªkbxksfu;k
(Trigonia) laLrj] v;Ldghu cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksy] mfe;k laLrj] mdjk (Ukra)
laLrj] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksy vkSj Hkqt (Bhuj) laLrj ¼lkj.kh 6-2½A “kSy lewg mfe;k
,seksukbV laLrj ds lkFk 'kq# vkSj Hkqt laLrj ds lkFk [kRe gksrk gSA “kSy lewg dk
cgqr cM+k fgLlk thok'e;qDr gS vkSj lsQSyksiksMk@'kh"kZikn ¼gsfeyk;Vksljs kl(
Hemilytoceras] fedjkdSUFkksljs kl( Micracanthoceras] dsfy;ksfulsjkl(
Cleoniceras] dksyksefclsjkl( Colombiceras vkSj vkWLVªkfylsjkl( Australiceras½
vkSj czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn ds vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSAa “kSy lewg dk lcls Åij dk
lnL; Hkqt laLrj egk}hih; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr fu{ksfir gqvk ekuk tkrk gS vkSj
blls xksaMokuk cU/kqrk (Gondwanan affinities) ds ¼ikyekstk+ bykWu( Palmoxylon
vkSj fV;ksQ+k;ye( Ptilophyllum½ ikni thok'e feys gSaA bl “kSy lewg dks fuEu
fØVs”kl vk;q nh x;h gSA
155
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f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa] vkius Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe vkSj dPN ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe ds ckjs
esa v/;;u dj fy;k gSA vkxs ppkZ djus ls igys viuh izxfr dh tkap djus ds fy,
dqN feuVksa dk le; nsaA
cks/k ç'u 1
a) Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe dh eq[; vkf'edh D;k gS\
b) dPN ds eq[; ehlkstksbd vuqØe ds “kSy lewgksa ds uke vkjksgh Øe esa lwphc)
dhft,A
c) fuEufyf[kr dk esy dhft, &
¼i½ çksMDV~l 'ksy ¼a½ cSFkksfu;u ls dkYyksfo;u
¼ii½ mfe;k 'kSy lewg ¼b½ Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe
¼iii½ Vªkis kbV~l laLrj ¼ c½ ifeZ;u
¼iv½ iPpe 'kSy lewg ¼d½ Vªkbxksfu;k laLrj
6-2-3 jktLFkku ds ehlksTkksbd vuqØe

jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe jkT; ds if'peh Hkkx esa ,dkdh n`';ka'kksa esa vuko`Ùk
gSaA tSlyesj vkSj ckM+ejs ds bykds esa jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe dPN ¼xqtjkr½
ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe ds dkQh utnhd fLFkr gSaA ;g izfrikfnr fd;k tk pqdk gS
fd iwoZ tqjkfld ds nkSjku ftl ck<+ ¼leqnzh vfrØe.k@marine transgression½ us
dPN {ks= dks vf/kÑr fd;k] mlh us yxHkx 300 fdyksehVj mÙkj esa fLFkr if'peh
jktLFkku ds cM+s Hkkxksa dks vius pisV esa fy;kA blh ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktLFkku esa
ehlkstksbd “kSyksa dk fu{ksi.k gqvkA ,d&nwljs ds utnhd fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k dPN
vkSj jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe vkf'edh vkSj thok'e vo;oksa esa cgqr lekurk
lk>k djrs gSaA jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe ftudk dky tqjkfld ls fØVs”kl
rd QSyk gS] nwljs bykdksa dh rqyuk esa tSlyesj {ks= esa vPNs ls fodflr gSaA ;|fi]
ckyw vkSj tyks<d (alluvium) ds cgqr T;knk vkoj.k dh otg ls vuqØe cgqr de
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
 oxhZdj.k (Classification) %
tqjkfld&fØVs”kl vuqØe dk vk/kkj jktLFkku esa dgha Hkh vuko`Ùk ugha gS] ij vuqØe
izhdsfEcz;u vk/kkj laHkor% eykuh vkXus; laxfr (Malani igneous suite) ds Åij
fo"kefoU;Lr gSA jktLFkku [kkldj tSlyesj {ks= esa iwjk ehlkstksbd vuqØe] tks
tqjkfld ls fØVs”kl dky rd QSyk gS] dks Ng “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] tSlk fd
lkj.kh 6-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 6-3 % tSlyesj] jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe Lefjdh (succession)A
¼lzkrs % Kumar, 1996; Naqvi, 2005; Vaidyanadhan vkSj
Ramakrishnan, 2010 ds vuqlkj ljyhÑr½
vk;q@dky leqnk; 'kSy lewg vkf'edh

iSfy;kslhu lkuw (Sanu) 'kSy lewg 'kcfyr ¼jax&fcjaxh½ cyqvk
iRFkj@ckyqdk”e vkSj 'ksy
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fØVs”kl fuEu ls e/; fØVs”kl gkcqj tho'e;qDr pwukiRFkj@
¼,sfIV;u@Aptian½ (Habur) pwuk”e] cgqr LFkwydf.kd
cyqvk iRFkj vkSj laxfq Vdk'e
fuEu fØVs”kl ifjokj cyqvk iRFkj] ika'kq 'ksy]
¼fu;ksdksfs e;u@ (Pariwar) yksge; vaMdk'e@ÅvksykbV
Neocomian½
tqjkfld mijh tqjkfld HkMslj thok'e;qDr f”krd.k] cyqvk
¼fVFkksfu,u@ (Bhadesar) iRFkj] 'ksy] dkyh feV~Vh vkSj
Tithonian½ Hkwjk dks;yk ¼fyXukbV½
mijh tqjkfld cSlk[kh cyqvk iRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj] 'ksy
¼fdEesfjMth;u@ (Baisakhi) vkSj laxqfVdk'e thok'eksa ds
Kimmeridgian½ lkFk
e/; tqjkfld tSlyesj thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj] cyqvk
¼cSFkksfu;u ls mijh (Jaisalmer) iRFkj] 'ksy vkSj ekyZ
vkWDlQksfMZ;u@
Bathonian to Upper
Oxfordian ½
fuEu tqjkfld ykBh eq[;r% cyqvk iRFkj thok'e
(Lathi) dk"B ds lkFk
çhdsfEcz;u &&&&& eykuh vkXus; laxfr &&&&&
 ykBh 'kSy lewg (Lathi Formation)%

jktLFkku esa ehlkstksbd vuqØe.k dh 'kq#vkr ykBh “kSy lewg ds fu{ksi.k ls gqbZA ;g
vyo.k ty ¼ehBk ty½ esa mRiUu gq, ikni thok'e/kkjh fr;dZ laLrfjr cyqvk iRFkj
dk yxHkx 360 ehVj eksVk vuqØe gSA ;g vuqØe 'kh"kZ dh rjQ /khjs&/khjs Js.khdj.k
ls pwukiRFkj gks tkrk gS] tks 'kSy lewg ds Åijh Hkkx ds fy, mFkys leqnzh fu{ksi.k
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ladrs djrk gSA mPprj laLrj esa dqN dBksj] gYdk Hkwjk] pwukiRFkj
vkSj dkyh ,oa Hkwjh fpduh feV~Vh 'kkfey gS ftudk mifj'kk;h tSlyesj 'kSy lewg ds
lkFk Js.khdj.k laLi'kZ gSA ;g izhdsfEcz;u vk/kkj ds Åij gS] 'kSy lewg ds fupys Hkkx
ls vuko`Ùkchth ikniksa (angiosperms)] xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn (gastropoda) ds
Hkjiwj vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSaA ykBh “kSy lewg fuEu tqjkfld dky ¼gymnosperms)
dk gSA
 tSlyesj 'kSy lewg (Jaisalmer Formation):
;g 400 ehVj ls vf/kd eksVk vuqØe gSA ykBh 'kSy lewg ds Åij lefoU;Lr gSA
;g mFkys] cfYd rVh; js[kk ds fudV vfLFkj leqnhz i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir n~;qfrghu
¼Qhds½] l?ku] vaMdh; vkSj doph; pwukiRFkj ds lkFk dSfYl;e cyqvk iRFkj] 'ksy
vkSj ekyZ dh ijrksa ls feydj cuk gSA
'kSy lewg thok'eksa ls Hkjiwj gS vkSj blesa czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn (brachiopods)]
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn (cephalopods)] czk;kst+ksvk (bryozoans)] ew¡xk vkSj
QksjfS euhQsjk (foraminifers) ds vo'ks"k lfEefyr gSaA bl 'kSy lewg dh vk;q e/;
tqjkfld cSFkksfu;u ls mifj vkWDlQkWfMZ;u gSA
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 cSlk[kh 'kSy lewg (Baisakhi Formation)%

;g yxHkx 350 ehVj eksVk vkSj Js.khdj.k laLi”kZ ds lkFk tSlyesj 'kSy lewg ds
Åij cSBk gSA ;g dSfYl;eh cyqvk iRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj] LysVh ls dkys ftIle;qDr vkSj
ika'kq 'ksy] cyqbZ pwukiRFkj vkSj laxfq Vdk'e ls feydj cuk gSA 'kSy lewg dk vk/kkjh
Hkkx thok'e ;qDr gS vkSj blls lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn (cephalopods)] csyEs ukbVht+
(Belemnites) vkSj lw{e thok'e (microfossils) ds vo'ks"k feys gSa] tcfd Åij
Hkkx esa thok'e vuqifLFkr gSaA bl 'kSYk lewg dh mijh tqjkfld ¼fdeesfjMft;u@
Kimmeridgian½ vk;q fufnZ"V gSA
 HkMslj “kSy lewg (Bhadesar Formation)%
;g 50 ehVj eksVk vuqØe gS] ftlesa dSfYl;eh f'krd.k (grit)] dBksj ykSg;qDr cyqvk
iRFkj ds lkFk 'ksy] dkyh e`fÙkdk vkSj Hkwjs dks;ys dh ijrsa 'kkfey gSaA ;g cSlk[kh
'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gS vkSj leqnzh izfrØe.k (marine regression) pj.k ds
nkSjku fu{ksfir vuqØe dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA 'kSy lewg ds fupys fgLls ls
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn (cephalopods)] csyEs ukbVht+ (Belemnites)] izokyksa ls
lEc) thok'e izkIr gq, gSa tks leqnzh mRifÙk ds n~;ksrd gSaA blds Åijh fgLls ls
thok'e dk"B izkIr gq, gSa tks rVh; leqnhz fu{ksi.k i;kZoj.k dk ladsr nsrs gSaA bl
'kSy lewg ds fy, mifj tqjkfld ¼mifj fVFkksfu;u( Upper Tithonian½ ls fuEu
fØVs”kl ¼,sfYc;u( Albian½ vk;q izfrikfnr gSA
 ifjokj “kSy lewg (Pariwar Formation)%
HkMslj 'kSy lewg ij mifj'kk;h lefoU;Lr fØVs”kl volkn ifjokj 'kSy lewg dks
n'kkZrs gSaA ;g 'kSy lewg yxHkx 350 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj thok'eghu] f'krd.k (grit)
vkSj f'krd.kh cyqvk iRFkj vkSj LQfVd;qDr cyqvk iRFkj (quartzose sandstones)
ls feydj cuk gqvk gSA ifjokj 'kSy lewg ds cyqvk iRFkj fi.Mksa esa ikni thok'e
tSls VsjksfQye ¼Pterophyllum½] ,uksekst+kekbV ¼Anomozamites½] bySVksDySMl
¼Elactocladus½] DySMksfQyscl s ¼Cladophlenes½ bR;kfn feyrs gSAa “kSy lewg
leqnzh vfrØe.k (marine transgression) ds pj.k dh 'kq#vkr ds nkSjku fu{ksfir
gqvk FkkA ifjokj 'kSy lewg dh vk;q fuEu fØVs”kl ¼fu;ksdksfe;u( Neocomian½ gSA
 gkcqj 'kSy lewg (Habur Formation)%
;g ifjokj 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gSA ;g yxHkx 150 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj
thok'e;qDr ,oa gYds Hkwjs pwukiRFkj] f'krd.kh cyqvk iRFkj vkSj 'ksy ls feydj cuk
gSA 'kSy lewg dk fupyk fgLlk [kqys leqnzh mirV (marine shelf) ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
fu{ksfir gS] tcfd Åijh fgLlk izfrØe.k (marine regression) pj.k ds nkSjku
tek gqvk gSA gkcqj pwukiRFkj esa thok'eksa dk le`) lap;u fufgr gS ftlesa ,seksukbV
(ammonite)] czSfd;ksiksMk (brachiopods) bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaA bl “kSy lewg ds fy,
fuEu fØVs”kl ¼,sfIV;u( Aptian½ vk;q fufnZ"V gSA gkcqj “kSy lewg tSlyesj esa
ehlkstksbd volknu ds vUr dks fpfàr djrk gSA
6-2-4 fr#fpjkiYyh ds fØVs”kl vuqØe
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh fØVs”kl “kSyas ik¡p eq[; izkUrksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSAa rfeyukMq ds
fr#fpjkiYyh] f'koxaxk] o`)kpye~ rFkk ratkoqj esa vkSj ikafMpsfj dsUnz 'kkflr {ks= esaA
;g lHkh n`';ka'k nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dkosjh nzk.s kh ds fØVs”kl vuqØeksa ds Hkkx gSaA dkosjh
158
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
nzk.s kh fo'kky nzks.kh gSA yxHkx 25]000 oxZ fdyksehVj ds ok;oh; foLrkj ds lkFk vkSj
blesa rfeyukMq ds iwohZ rV ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd fu{ksfir ,sfYc;u (Albian)
ls eklfVªfp;u (Maastrichtian) vk;q ds lqjf{kr mFkys leqnzh fØVs”kl vuqØe
'kkfey gSaA bu n`';ka'kksa esa ls fØVs”kl 'kSy fr#fpjkiYyh {ks= ds ikl vfj;kywj
bykds esa lcls T;knk fodflr gSaA ;gk¡ ij vuqØe iwjh nqfu;k esa leqnzh thok'e;qDr
fØVs”kl vuqØe dk lcls mR—‘V fodkl fn[kkrs gSaA nzk.s kh ls eksyLd@e`nqdoph
(molluscs)] czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn (brachiopods)] lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn
(cephalopods)] ,dkbuksM s ekZ (echinoderms)] izoky] czk;kst+ksvk (bryozoans)]
Q+ksjkfefuQsjk (foraminifers)] vkWLVªSdksM (ostracods)] 'kSoky (algae) vkSj ijklw{e
Iyod (nanoplankton) dk le`) vkSj oSfo/;iw.kZ lap;u feyk gS ftldk nzk.s kh dh
vk;q vkSj mlds fu{ksi.kh; i;kZoj.k ds fuopZu djus esa O;kid :i ls bLrseky gks
pqdk gS ;k gksrk jgrk gSA nzks.kh ds Åijh fgLls ls vyo.k tyh; (freshwater) vkSj
LFkyh; d'ks#dh izkf.k;ksa tSls eNfy;ksa] Mk;uklksjks]a exjePNks]a esa<dksa vkSj Lru/kkfj;ksa
ds vo'ks"k feys gSaA ;g /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd fØVs”kl ds nkSjku leqnzh
vfrØe.k us dksjksekuMsy rV ds cM+s bykds esa ?kqliSB djh Fkh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
nzk.s kh esa ,sfYc;u (Albian) ls eklfVªfp;u (Maastrichtian) rd yxkrkj mFkyh
leqnzh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa volknu gqvk tks Åij dh rjQ lhukstksbd@uwruthoh rd
Hkh pyrk jgk FkkA ;|fi] nzks.kh esa mifj eklfVªfp;u “kSyksa ds volknu ds nkSjku
FkksM+k vyo.k tyh; i;kZoj.k Hkh izpfyr jgk FkkA
 oxhZdj.k (Classification) %
vfj;kywj n`';ka'k esa] dkosjh nzk.s kh ds nwljs n`';ka'kksa dh rqyuk esa fØVs”kl ls
isfy;kslhu dky ds lcls O;kid@foLr`r] yxHkx ifjiw.kZ vkSj vPNs ls vuko`Ùk
vuqØe 'kkfey gSaA vkf'edh vkSj thok'eksa ds vk/kkj ij] vuqØe dks vkjksgh Øe
¼Åij dh vksj p<+rs gq,½ esa mÙkkÙkqj] f=fpukiYyh vkSj vfj;kywj lewgksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gS ¼lkj.kh 6-4½A fØVs”kl vuqØe vkfdZ;u vk/kkj ¼fØLVyh; ukbl vkSj
pkuksZdkbV½ vkSj mifj xksaMokuk ikni laLrj ds Åij fo"kefoU;Lr gS rFkk iSfy;kslhu
dky ds fufu;wj lewg dh 'kSyksa ds v/kks'kk;h gSA
lkj.kh 6-4 % fr#fpjkiYyh] rfeyukMq dh fØVs”kl 'kSyksa dh v'eLrfjdhA
vk;q@dky leqnk; la?k 'kSy lewg dqy vkf'edh
iSfy;kslhu &&&&& fufu;wj lewg &&&&&
&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&
deiSfu;u ls vfj;kywj dkykesMq
ykSge; vkdksZt+h
eklfVªfp;u (Ariyalur) (Kallamedu) cyqvk
(Campanian dYyudqjfs p iRFkj@ckyqdk”e]
to (Kallankuri-
lQsn ls LysVh fr;Zd
Maastrichtian) chchi)
laLrfjr cyqvk iRFkj]
dSfYl;eh@pwusnkj
flykdfqM
cyqvk iRFkj] 'kcfyr
(Sillakkudi)
e`fÙkdk] f'krd.k vkSj
thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj
&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&
159
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
Vwjksfu;e ls f=fpukiYyh vukbZiM+h cyqvk iRFkj] pwukiRFkj]
dksfuvkf'k;u (Trichino- (Anaipadi) ika'kq iRFkj vkSj
(Turonian to poly) dqukDdyuk ckyqdke; pwukiRFkj
Coniacian) &VVe ¼arenceous
(Kulakkaln limestone½ ds laxzFku
attam) (concretions)
&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&
,sfYc;u ls mÙkkÙkqj djkbZ ftIle;qDr e`fÙkdk]
Vwjksfu;u (Uttattur) (Karai) cyqvk iRFkj] izoky
(Albian to Mkyfe;kiqje~ 'kSokyh; pwukiRFkj]
Turonian) (Dalmia- lQsn] xqykch vkSj
puram) ikyh ika'kq e`fÙkdk]
vkjksX;kiqje~ dsvksfyukbVh e`fÙkdk]
frjkuh xqfVdk laxfq Vdk'e]
QkWLQsVh
(Arogyapu-
ram Terani)
xzfUFkdk@xk¡Bs vkSj
ykSge; ckyw
varjklaLrj
&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&
&&&&& çhdsfEcz;u fØLVyh; vk/kkj &&&&&
 mÙkkÙkqj la?k (Uttattur Group)%
mÙkkÙkqj la?k vkfdZ;u fØLVyh; 'kSyksa ds fo"kefoU;Lr mifj'kk;h gSA ;g yxHkx 830
ehVj eksVkbZ gS ftls dkykuqØe.k ds vuqlkj pkj “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftuds
uke frjkuh] vkjksX;kiqje~] Mkyfe;kiqje~ vkSj djkbZ gS ¼lkj.kh 6-4½A 'kSy lewg iwjk
lw{edf.kd ika'kq] thok'e;qDr pwukiRFkj] dSfYl;eh 'ksy vkSj cyqbZ e`fÙkdk ds lkFk
QkWLQsVh xzafFkdk (phosphatic nodules)] dSfYl;eh laxzFku (concretions) vkSj
ftIle ls cuk gqvk gSA mÙkkÙkqj vuqØe ds vk/kkj esa dbZ txgksa ij /kwlj ls lkQ
vkSj l?ku izoky pwukiRFkj mifLFkr gSA la?k ds fupys fgLls ls xksaMokuk ca/kqrk okys
ikni thok'e feys gSa vkSj ;g unh; ls MsYVh; i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fu{ksfir
gqvk gSA la?k dk Åijh fgLlk ckyqdke; gksus ds lkFk gh /kkjk laLrj.k iznf'kZr djrk
gS vkSj blls czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn (brachiopods)] csyEs ukbVht+ (Belemnites)]
czk;kstk+ svk (bryozoans)] izoky (corals)] 'kSoky (algae)] ckbokWYo (bivalves)]
lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼;wdSY;ksljs kl( Eucalyoceras] eSEekbV~l( Mammites vkSj
ysofs llsjkl( Lewesiceras½ xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn (gastropoda)] QksjfS euhQsjk
(foraminifers)] dSfYl;eh Liat] 'kkdZ vkSj leqnzh ljhlì ds izpqj thok'e izkIr gq,
gSaA ;g mFkyh leqnzh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Hkhrj fu{ksfir gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA thok'eksa ds
vk/kkj ij la?k dks ,sfYc;u ls Vwjksfu;u (Albian to Turonian) vk;q dk ekuk tkrk
gSA
 f=fpukiYyh la?k (Trichinopoly Group)%
;g mÙkkÙkqj la?k ds Åij fo"kefoU;Lr gS vkSj nks 'kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS %
vukbZiM+h (Anaipadi) vkSj dqukDdyukVVe (Kulakkalnattam) ¼lkj.kh 6-4½A ;g
dSfYl;eh f'krd.k] cyqvk iRFkj vkSj dqN 'ksy vkSj doph pwukiRFkj dh ifV~V;ksa ds
160
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
lkFk e`fÙkdk ls feydj cuk gSA vk/kkj ds ikl xSLVªksiksMk@tBjikn (gastropoda)
vkSj isfyfliksMk@ij”kqikn (pelecypoda) Hkh feyrs gSaA laLrjksa esa izpqj thok'e
dk"B lekfo"V gSa ftuesa cgqr cM+&
s cM+s isM+ ds rus] fr;Zd laLrj.k vkSj nwljs y{k.k
mFkys ls rVh; ty esa teko dk ladrs nsrs gSaA
f=fpukiYyh la?k ds vUnj cgqr cM+h la[;k esa vd'ks#dh] fo'ks"kdj isfylhiksMk vkSj
xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn ds lkFk dqN lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼IySlus fVlsjkl(
Placenticeras vkSj dksLlekfVlsjkl( Kossmaticeras½] czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn
(brachiopods)] izoky vkSj leqnzh ljhlì bR;kfn feyrs gS]a ij lap;u v/k%'kk;h
mÙkkÙkqj la?k ds tSlk le`) ugha gSA la?k dh vk;q Vwjksfu;u (Turonian) ls
dksfuvkf'k;u (Coniacian) gSA bl la?k ds volkn izfrØkeh (marine regression)
mFkyh leqnzh i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUnj fu{ksfir gq, gSAa
 vfj;kywj la?k (Ariyalur Group)%
;g cgqr de vuko`Ùk vkSj O;kid rkSj ij forfjr gqvk la?k gS] tks f=#fpukiYyh ds
Åij fo"kefoU;Lr gSA vkjskgh Øe esa ;g rhu 'kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % flykdfqM
(Sillakkudi), dYyudqjfs p (Kallankurichchi), dkykesMq (Kallamedu) ¼lkj.kh 6-4½A
;g la?k cyqvk iRFkj ds lkFk FkksMs+ ekyhZ e`fÙkdk] dSfYl;eh 'ksy vkSj ,dleku
laLrj.k rFkk cgqr de ufr okys pwukiRFkjksa ls feydj cuk gSA la?k ds fupys fgLls
ls lsQSyksiksMk@”kh’kZikn ¼dkjkikMkbV~l( Karapadites vkSj gkSfjlsjkl(
Hauriceras½] bdkbuksMeZ (echinoderms)] czSfd;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn] czk;kst+kv s k
(bryozoans)] QksjfS euhQsjk (foraminifers)] vkWLVªSdksM (ostracods) ds vPNs ls
ifjjf{kr vo'ks"k bR;kfn izkIr gq, gSa tks volkn ds fu{ksi.k dk mFkys cfYd
'kkUr@fLFkj leqnzh i;kZoj.k esa lEiUu gksus ds ladsr nsrs gSaA ;|fi] Åijh Hkkx dh
rjQ] blls eq[;r% LFkyh; vkSj vyo.k tyh; d'ks#dh izkf.k;ksa (freshwater
vertebrates) tSls es<dksa] dNqvksa] exjePNksa vkSj Mk;uklksjksa ds izpqj vo'ks"k izkIr
gq, gSa] tks fu{ksi.k dk ljksojh i;kZoj.k gksus dk ladrs nsrs gSaA vfj;kywj la?k
dSEisfu;u ls eklfVªfp;u vk;q dk gS vkSj iSfy;kslhu dky ds fufu;wj la?k ds Åij
fo"kefoU;Lr gSA
f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa] vxys vuqHkkx esa tkus ls igys viuh mUufr dks tkapus ds fy, 5 feuV
dk le; O;frr djsAa
cks/k ç”u 2
a) jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe ds 'kSy lewgksa ds ukeksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa
lwphc) dhft,A
b) fr#fpjkiYyh ds fØVs”kl vuqØe ds rhuksa la?kksa ds ukeksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa
lwphc) dhft,A
¼i½ vfj;kywj la?k ¼a½ fuEu fØVs”kl
¼ii½ ykBh “kSy lewg ¼b½ dkykesMq “kSy lewg
¼iii½ gkcqj “kSy lewg ¼c½ fuEu tqjkfld
161
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6-3 fØ;kdyki
uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa Lihfr dh Vªkbfld v'eLrfjdh fn[kkbZ xbZ gS ¼lkj.kh 6-5½A
iafDr;ksa ds fjDr LFkkuksa esa Js.kh] laLrj vkSj vkf'edh Hkfj,A
lkj.kh 6-5 % Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØeA
la?k vk;q@dky Js.kh laLrj.k vk'fedh
fyykax tqjkfld ----------- rkxfyax pwukiRFkj LFkwy pwukiRFkj vkSj
MksyksekbV
fyykax Vªkbfld mifj esxykMkWu lQsn vkSj Hkwjk DokV~Zt+kbV
Vªkbfld pwukiRFkj ¼ikjk ds lkFk LysVh pwukiRFkj
LVst½ vkSj dkyh 'ksYk
Vªkis kbV laLrj MksyksekbV pwukiRFkj] 'ksYk

vkSj xgjs jax ds pwukiRFkj
ds lkFk ,seksukbV ;qDr dbZ
laLrj
LysVh laLrj LysVh 'ksYk vkSj 'ksye;
pwukiRFkj isfylhiksMk vkSj
,seksukbV laLrj ds lkFk
fuEu eqlpsydYd xgjs jax dh 'ksYk vkSj

LysVh pwukiRFkj
xk¡Bnkj ¼xzfa Fkdh½ dBksj xk¡Bnkj pwukiRFkj
pwukiRFkj
fuEu
Vªkbfld ehdksljs l t+kus iryh laLrfjr pwukiRFkj
vkSj 'ksYk
162
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dqfyax ifeZ;u çksMDV~l 'ksy xgjs jax dh 'ksYk

xqaxjh Q+kWe'sZ ku
6-4 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa vkius fuEufyf[kr ds ckjs esa lh[kk %
 ehlkstksbd egkdYi Hkkjr esa O;kid leqnhz vfrØe.k ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS( tks
leqnhz volknu dks egkn~ohih; {ks=ksa ds vUnj ysdj vk;k FkkA blds
ifj.kkeLo:i ehlkstksbd vuqØe Hkkjr ds izk;}hih; vkSj fgeky;h nksuksa {ks=ksa esa
mifLFkr gaSA
 Lihfr ds Vªkbfld] dPN vkSj jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vkSj fr#fpjkiYyh ds
fØVs”kl Hkkjr ds lcls vPNs ls fodflr dqN ehlkstksbd vuqØeksa dks lekfo"V
fd, gq, gSAa
 Lihfr dk Vªkbfld vuqØe ifeZ;u vk;q@dky dh izkM
s DV~l 'ksy ds Åij vkSj
fuEu tqjkfld vk;q ds rkxfyax pwukiRFkj ds uhps fLFkr gSAa pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV
vkSj 'ksy vuqØe ds eq[; 'kSy izdkj gSa vkSj fuEu] e/; vkSj mijh Vªkbfld esa ck¡Vs
x, gSaA
 dPN ds ehlkstksbd 'kSyksa esa 2000 ehVj ls T;knk eksVs vuqØe 'kkfey gSaA ;g
vk;q@dky esa tqjkfld ls fuEu fØVs”kl rd QSyk gqvk gSA vuqØe dks vkjksgh
Øe esa pkj “kSy&lewgksa % iPpe] pkjh] dVjkSy vkSj mfevk esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
 jktLFkku ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe tSlyesj {ks= esa vPNs ls fodflr gSaA budh vk;q
tqjkfld ls fØVs”kl rd QSyh gS vkSj ;g Ng “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS % ykBh]
tSlyesj] cSlk[kh] HkMslj] ifjokj vkSj gkcqjA
 fr#fpjkiYyh ds fØVs”kl vuqØe dkosjh nzk.s kh ds vfj;kywj bykds esa lcls vPNs
ls fodflr gSaA vuqØe dh vk;q ,sfYc;u ls eklfVªfp;u gS vkSj ;g rhu la?kksa esa
ck¡Vk ¼vkjksgh Øe esa½ x;k gS % mÙkkÙkqj] f=fpukiYyh vkSj vfj;kywjA
 ;g lHkh vuqØe izpqjrk ls thok'e;qDr gSa vkSj buls e`nqdoph (molluscs)]
czfS d;ksiksMk@Hkqtikn (brachiopods)] ,dkbuksM s ekZ (echinoderms)] izoky
(corals)] czk;kstk+ v
s k (bryozoans)] Q+kjs kfefuQ+js k (foraminifers)] vkWLVªSdksM
(ostracods)] 'kSoky (algae) vkSj ijklw{e Iyod (nanoplankton) ds vR;f/kd
vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSaA vfj;kywj ds fØVs”kl volknksa ls d'ks#dh (vertebrates)
çkf.k;ksa ds Hkh vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSAa
 Lihfr] dPN] tSlyesj vkSj vfj;kywj ds ehlkstksbd 'kSyksa ls izkIr vd'ks#dh
(invertebrates) lap;u bu 'kSykuqØeksa ds dky&fu/kkZj.k ;k dkykuqØe ds fy,
cgqr mi;ksxh fl) gq, gSaA
 ;|fi ehlkstksbd volknu nDdu VªSIl Tokykeq[kh xfrfof/k dh lekfIr ds lkFk
mifj fØVs”kl ij [kRe gks x;k FkkA
163
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6-5 lkf=d ç'u

1- Lihfr ds Vªkbfld (Triassic) vuqØe le>kb,A
2- dPN ds ehlkstksbd LrjfoU;kl ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
3- jktLFkku dh ehlkstksbd Lrfjdh dh ppkZ dhft,A
4- fr#fpjkiYyh ds fØVs”kl (Cretaceous) vuqØe.k dk o.kZu dhft,A
6-6 lUnHkZ

India. Fourth Reprint, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
Calcutta.
 Wadia D.N. (1966), Geology of India, McMillan Press, London.
6-8 mÙkj
cks/k ç'u 1
a) Lihfr ds Vªkbfld vuqØe ds eq[; 'kSy izdkj pwukiRFkj] MksyksekbV vkSj 'ksy
gSaA
b) dPN ds ehlkstksbd vuqØe.k ds fofHkUu 'kSy lewg ds uke vkjksgh Øe esa
iPpe] pkjh] dVjkSy vkSj mfevk gSAa
i) c)
ii) d)
iii) b)
iv) a)
cks/k ç'u 2
a) jktLFkku dk ehlkstksbd vuqØe.k tqjkfld ls fØVs”kl dky esa QSyk gS vkSj Ng
'kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftuds uke ykBh] tSlyesj] cSlk[kh] HkMslj] ifjokj
vkSj gkcqj gSaA
164
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b) fr#fpjkiYyh ds vfj;kywj {ks= esa dkosjk nzk.s kh dk O;kid] yxHkx ifjiw.kZ vkSj
vPNs ls vuko`Ùk fØVs”kl ls iSfy;kslhu vk;q rd ds vuqØe lekfo"V gaAS
vkf'edh vkSj thok'eksa ds vk/kkj ij vkjksgh Øe esa bls rhu la?kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k
gS % mÙkkÙkqj] f=fpukiYyh vkSj vfj;kywjA
i) b)
ii) c)
iii) a)
lkf=d ç'u
165
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
166
bdkbZ 7
xksaMokuk egkla?k vkSj MsDdu VªSIl
lajpuk______________________________________________________________
7-2 xksM
a okuk egkla?k 7-6 lkf=d iz”u
forj.k 7-7 lUnHkZ
oxhZdj.k 7-8 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u
'kSy lewgksa dk o.kZu 7-9 mÙkj
vkfFkZd egRo
7-3 MsDdu VªSIl
forj.k
oxhZdj.k
vk;q vkSj vof/k
vkfFkZd egRo
7-1 izLrkouk
izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa dsfEcz;u iwoZ ¼vkfdZ;u vkSj izkVs sjkst+ksbd½ 'kSy cgqr vPNs ls fodflr gSaA vkius dsfEcz;u
iwoZ vk;q ds dqN 'kSy egkla?kksa (supergroups) tSls & /kkjokM+] dMIik] foa/;u vkSj fnYyh dks bdkbZ 4 esa
igys gh i<+ fy;k gSA izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa fuEu ls e/; isfy;kstksbd@iqjkthoh 'kSy vfHkys[k yxHkx
vuqifLFkr gSaA ;|fi iSfy;kst+kbs d 'kSy cká& izk;}hih; {ks= ;k fgeky;h {ks= esa vPNs ls fodflr gSa vkSj
;gh vkius bdkbZ 5 esa i<+k gSA mijh dkcksZuhQsjl ¼Carboniferous½ ls ysdj fupys fØVs'kl
¼Cretaceous½ rd] izk;}hih; Hkkjr ijLij tqM+h dbZ vUr%LFkyh; nzkfs .k;ksa esa gq, vyo.k tyh; volknksa
¼freshwater sediments½ ds Hkkjh fu{ksi.k gq, gSA bu nzksf.k;ksa dks ,d lkFk xksaMokuk egkla?k dgrs gSaA
[kaM 2 Hkkjr dk laLrj foKku
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
;g egkla?k vius dks;yk fu{ksi vkSj ikni thok'e lEink ds fy, izfl) gSA fØVs'kl
dYi dh lekfIr ds nkSjku] izk;}hih; Hkkjr dk if'peh Hkkx cgqr lkjs Tokykeq[kh
foLQksVks@
a mn~xkjksa ls xqtjk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i MsDdu VªSIl dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
;g izLrkfor fd;k x;k gS ;g Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj@foLQksV fØVs”kl@iSfy;ksth+ u
¼Cretaceous/Palaeogene½ lhek ij gq, egkfouk'k ds fy, mRrjnk;h gks ldrs
gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa ge xksM
a okuk egkla?k ds HkkSxksfyd forj.k] oxhZdj.k] tyok;q vkSj
vkf'edh dh ppkZ djsaxAs ge MsDdu VªSIl vkSj lacaf/kr volknksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsaxAs
visf{kr y{;___________________________________________
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn] vki fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs %
 xksaMokuk egkla?k dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj oxhZÑr djus esa(
 egkla?k ds fofHkUu 'kSy lewgksa dh vkf'edh dh ifjppkZ djus esa(
 egkla?k ds vkfFkZd egRo dks js[kkafdr djus es(a
 MsDdu VªIS l dk forj.k vkSj oxhZdj.k dk o.kZu djus esa( vkSj
 MsDdu VªIS l dh vk;q vkSj vof/k dh O;k[;k djus esaA
7-2 xksM
a okuk egkla?k
xksaMokuk egkla?k ¼Gondwana Supergroup½ unh; vkSj ljksojh volknksa ds eksVs
vuqØe ftudh lap;h eksVkbZ yxHkx 6 ls 7 fdyksehVj gS] ftldk vk/kkj fgeunh;
volknksa ls feydj cuk gSAa Hkkjr esa ;g fo'kky HkwHkkx dks vf/kÑr fd, gq, gSa]
[kklrkSj ij izk;}hih; {ks= esa] ;g yxHkx 50]000 oxZ fdyksehVj dk {ks= esa QSyk
gqvk gSaA 'kSykuqØe dk fu{ksi.k mijh dkcksZuhQsjl esa 'kq# gqvk vkSj fupys fØVs”kl
rd pyrk jgkA ;g fo'ks"k /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd egkla?k dh Åijh vkSj fupyh
lhek,a leqnzh thok'eksa ls lqfuf'pr gSa vkSj ;g ekud dkyLrfjdh ra= ds lkFk esy
ugha [kkrk gSA xksaMokuk egkla?k dks dqy feykdj dHkh dHkkj gq, leqnzh vfrØe.kksa
okyk egk}hih; volknh vuqØe ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g ;k rks unh ?kkVh
nzkfs .kdkvks@a xzfcu ¼graben½ ;k ur&ofyr nzkfs .kdkvksas esa fu{ksfir gq, gSa ¼Kumar,
1988; Vaidyanadhan vkSj Ramakrishnan, 2010)A ;g eq[;r% ckyqiRFkj@ckyqdk”e
¼sandstone½ vkSj 'ksy dk cuk gS] vkSj lkFk esa dks;yk laLrj vkSj lkFk gh lkFk
ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa ds thok'e vo'ks"kksa ls ;qDr gSA
^^xksM
a okuk** uke ,p- ch- esMfydkWV (H. B. Medlicott) us lu~ 1872 esa fn;k FkkA ;g
e/; izn's k esa ueZnk unh ds xksaM jkT; ls fy;k x;k gS] tgk¡ mlds }kjk bl egkla?k
dk lcls igys v/;;u fd;k x;kA ckn es]a nqfu;k ds nwljs Hkkxksa esa tSls fd nf{k.kh
vesfjdk] nf{k.kh vÝhdk] vkWLVªsfy;k] vaVkdZfVdk vkSj esMkxkLdj esa gqbZ [kkstksa us
crk;k fd ;g “kSy bu nf{k.kh egk}hiksa esa Hkh mifLFkr gSaA bu {ks=ksa dh xksM
a okuk
“kSy@'kSy vkf'edh vkSj thok'e vo;oksa ds inksa esa vlk/kkj.k lekurk,a ikbZ xbZ gSaA
bu rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ,MoMZ lqbl us lu~ 1885 esa bu lc nf{k.kh egk}hiksa
dks ,d c`gŸrj egk}hi (supercontinent) ds rkSj esa lEcksf/kr djus ds fy,
^^xksM
a okukyS.M (Gondwanaland)** uke fn;kA ;g vius mRrjh; rnzwi@tksM+hnkj]
ftls ^^ykWjfs 'k;k (Laurasia)** uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ls ml oDr ds Hkwe/; lkxj
}kjk vyx gqvk FkkA bl lkxj dks ^^VSfFkl (Tethys)** uke fn;k x;k gSA
168
bdkbZ 7 xksaMokuk egkla?k vkSj MsDdu VªIS l
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
7-2-1 forj.k (Distribution)
izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa xksaMokuk egkla?k dh “kSy eq[;r% pkj vyx&Fkyx
Hkw&Hkkxksa@iV~Vh esa izkIr gksrh gaS vkSj jSf[kd HkwHkkxksa ds :Ik esa iznf”Zkr gksrh gSaA ;g
{ks= if'peh caxky vkSj >kj[kaM dh dksy&nkeksnj (Koel Damodar) nzk.s kh]
NRrhlx<+ ,oa e/; izns'k dh lksu&egkunh nzks.kh] e/; izn's k dh lriqMk+ nzk.s kh vkSj
rsyx a kuk ,oa vkU/kz izn's k dh i.kZfgrk&xksnkojh nzk.s kh gSa ¼fp= 7-1½A blds vykok] dqN
xksaMokuk n`';ka'k Hkkjr ds iwohZ rVh; bykdksa tSls mM+hlk dh vFkx<+ (Athgarh)
nzk.s kh] vkU/kz izn's k dh Ñ".kk nzkfs .kdk vkSj rfeyukMq dh iykj&dkosjh (Palar-
Cauvery) nzk.s kh esa Hkh mifLFkr gSaA fgeky;h {ks= esa] fuEu xksM a okuk 'kSyksa dh ,d
jSf[kd iV~Vh (linear belt) fgeky;h rygVh ds ikl vle vkSj v#.kkpy izn's k vkSj
d'ehj ?kkVh esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
fp= 7-1 % xksaMokuk nzkfs .k;ksa ds forj.k dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk Hkkjr dk ekufp=A ¼lzksr %
Vaidyanadhan vkSj Ramakrishnan, 2010 ds vuqlkj ljyhÑr½
7-2-2 oxhZdj.k (Classification)

xksaMokuk egkla?k dk oxhZdj.k Hkkjr ds HkwfoKku esa ges'kk fookn dk fo"k; gSA
vkf'edh vkSj ikni thok'eksa ds vk/kkj ij egkla?k dh “kSyksa ds fy, oxhZdj.k dh nks
iz.kkfy;k¡ izLrkfor dh tk pqdh gSAa ;g iz.kkfy;k¡ gSa %
169
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
 nks rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k (Two-fold Classification)
 rhu rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k (Three-fold Classification)
1- nks rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k
W. T. Blanford us ;g oxhZdj.k izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA mlus xksaMokuk vuqØe dks nks
mifoHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk ftuds uke fupyk xksaMokuk vuqØe vkSj mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe
gSaA ;g nks vuqØe gYds fo"kefoU;kl ¼unconformity½ ls ,d nwljs ls vyx gSa] tks
fupyh Vªkbfld vk;q ds iapVs 'kSy lewg dh mijh lrg ij iM+rk gSA fupyk
xksaMokuk vuqØe dh fof'k"Vrk XykslksIVsfjl (Glossopteris) ouLifr tkr dh
iz/kkurk gS] tcfd mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe dh fo'ks"krk VkbyksfQye ¼Ptillophyllum½
ouLifr tkr dk vkfoHkkZo gSA nks rgksa okys oxhZdj.k dk izcy leFkZu C. S. Fox,
R. D. Oldham, G. Cotter, M. S. Krishnan vkSj nwljs 'kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk fd;k
x;kA
2- rhu rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k
;g oxhZdj.k O. Feistmantal }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj vkxs E.
Vredenburg vkSj D. N. Wadia us bldk leFkZu fd;k FkkA ;g oxhZdj.k xksM a okuk
egkla?k ds ikni thok'eksa vkSj izpfyr fof'k"V tyok;oh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr
gSA bl oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj] xksM a okuk egkla?k rhu vuqØeksa & fuEu] e/; vkSj mijh
xksaMokuk] esa foHkkftr gS] tks eksVs rkSj ij ;wjksi ds 'kSy ra=ksa Øe'k%
ifeZ;u&dkcksZuhQsjl ¼Permo–Carboniferous½] Vªkbfld ¼Triassic½ vkSj tqjkfld
¼Jurassic½ ds lerqY; gSaA fupyk xksaMokuk vuqØe] XykslksIVsfjl (Glossopteris)
ouLifr tkr dh mifLFkfr] ,d xeZ vkSj vknzZ tyok;q ds lkFk dbZ dks;yk laLrj ls
vfHkyf{kr gSA e/; xksaMokuk vuqØe dh [kkfl;r fMØksbfM;e (Dicroidium) ouLifr
tkr] xeZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q vkSj mHk;pj ,oa ljhlìh; thok'eksa dh mifLFkfr gSA
mijh xksMa okuk vuqØe VkbyksfQye ¼Ptilophyllum½ ouLifr tkr ds vkfoHkkZo ds
lkFk gh lkFk xeZ vkSj vknzZ tyok;q ls vfHkyf{kr gS ¼fp= 7-2½A
fp= 7-2 % ouLifr tkrh; lEcU/kksa ij vk/kkfjr xksM

a okuk egkla?k dk rhu rgksa okyk oxhZdj.kA
170
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bu o"kksZa ds nkSjku vf/kdka'k 'kks/kdrkZ xksaMokuk egkla?k ds nks rgksa okys oxhZdj.k dk
gh vuqlj.k djrs jgs gSa vkSj blfy, ;gk¡ ij bldh gh ppkZ dh x;h gSA xksaMokuk
egkla?k dk ,d lkekU;hÑr Lrfjd oxhZdj.k lkj.kh 7-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 7-1 % xksMokuk egkla?k dk lkekU;hÑr Lrfjd oxhZdj.k
vf/kla?k vuqØe la?k 'kSy lewg vk;q
xksaMokuk mijh xksaMokuk tcyiqj tcyiqj fuEu fØVs”kl
egkla?k vuqØe la?k (Jabalpur) 'kSy
lewg
jktegy la?k jktegy fuEu fØVs”kl
(Rajmahall) 'kSy
lewg
dksVk (Kota) e/; tqjkfld
'kSy lewg
egknso ekysfj (Maleri) mijh Vªkbfld
(Mahadeva) 'kSy lewg
la?k
ipe<+h fuEu Vªkbfld
(Panchmarhi)
'kSy lewg
&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&
fuEu xksaMokuk iapsV la?k iapsV (Panchet) fuEu fØVs”kl
vuqØe 'kSy lewg
nkeqnk jkuhxat mijh ifeZ;u
(Damuda) (Raniganj) 'kSy
la?k lewg
cSjus est
s +lZ e/; ifeZ;u
(Barren
Measures) 'kSy
lewg
ckjkdkj fuEu ifeZ;u
'kSy lewg
djgkjckM+h fuEu ifeZ;u
(Karharbari)
'kSy lewg
rkyfpj la?k rkyfpj (Talchir) mijh
'kSy lewg dkcksZuhQsjl
7-2-3 'kSy lewgksa dk o.kZu
xksaMokuk egkla?k ds ifeZ;u&dkcksuZ hQsjl (Permo-Carboniferous) dky ds
volknh vuqØeksa dks O;kid :i ls fuEu xksaMokuk vuqØe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS]
171
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tcfd ehlkstksbd xksaMokuk vuqØe mijh xksM a okuk vuqØe cukrs gSa ¼fp= 7-3½A ;|fi
fuEu Vªkbfld (Triassic) dky@vk;q dk iapVs 'kSy lewg fupys xksaMokuk vuqØe ds
vUrxZr vkrk gSA fupys xksaMokuk 'kSy lewg xaxes kWIVsfjl&XykslksIVsfjl
(Gangomopteris-Glossopteris) ouLifr tkr dh mifLFkfr ls vkSj ehlkstksbd
dkyhu mijh xksaMokuk 'kSy lewg fMØksbfM;e&ysfiMkWIVsfjl (Dicroidium-
Lepidopteris) ouLifr tkr ds 'kkfey gksus ls vfHkyf{kr gSaA ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk
tk pqdk gS fd fupyk xksaMokuk vuqØe ds mijh dkcksZuhQsjl (Carboniferous)
volkn fgeunh;@BUMs tyok;q esa fu{ksfir gq, gSa] tcfd dks;yk /kkj.k djus okys
ifeZ;u (Permian) volkn xeZ vkSj vknzZ tyok;q ds vUnj fu{ksfir@tek gq, gSaA
fp= 7-3 % Hkkjr ds eq[; xksM

a okuk nzksf.k;ksa esa fuEu vkSj mijh xksM
a okuk vuqØeksa dk fooj.kA
mijh xksM
a okuk vuqØe.k dh 'kq#vkr ds nkSjku] Vªkbfld esa tyok;q esa vpkud
ifjorZu gqvkA blds ifj.kkeo:i ifeZ;u dYi dh xeZ vkSj vknzZ tyok;q dh txg
ij Vªkbfld dYi ds nkSjku xeZ vkSj 'kq"d tyok;q gks x;hA ;g xeZ vkSj lw[kh
tyok;q fupys xksMa okuk ds XykslksIVsfjl ouLifr tkr ¼Glossopteris flora½ ds
xk;c gks tkus ds fy, mRrjnk;h ekuh tkrh gSA xeZ vkSj vknzZ tyok;oh ifjfLFkfr;k¡
i'p Vªkbfld vkSj vf/kdka'k tqjkfld ds nkSjku fQj ls izdV gqbZa] ftlds pyrs
VkbyksfQye ¼Ptilophyllum½ ouLifr tkr dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA
lkj.kh 7-1 esa Hkkjr ds xksaMokuk egkla?k dk lkekU;hÑr Lrfjd oxhZdj.k fn;k x;k
gSA blfy,] ;g rdZlx a r gS fd lkj.kh esa mYysf[kr lHkh 'kSy lewg Hkkjr dh fdlh
,d xksaMokuk nzks.kh esa ugha fey ik,aA mnkgj.k ds fy, djgkjckM+h (Karharbari)]
ckjkdkj] vuqRiknd 'kSy laLrj ¼Barren Measures½ vkSj jkuhxat (Raniganj) “kSy
lewg nkeksnj ?kkVh esa vPNs ls fodflr gSa] tcfd iape<+h (Panchmarhi)] ekysjh
(Maleri) vkSj dksVk (Kota) “kSy lewg egknso dh igkfM+;ksa esa lcls vPNs <ax ls
fodflr gSAa blds vykok] ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd ,d la?k dk led{k 'kSy
lewg nwljs la?k@la?kksa esa inkafdr ;k mifLFkr gS] blfy,] egkla?k ds fofHkUu 'kSy
172
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lewgksa dks i<+us ds nkSjku Hkzfer er gks,xkA vkb,] vc ge fupys vkSj mijh xksaMokuk
vuqØeksa ds fofHkUu 'kSy lewgksa dh ifjppkZ djsaA
fupyk xksaMokuk vuqØe (Lower Gondwana Sequence)
fupyk xksM a okuk vuqØe ds volkn eq[; :i ls dsfEcz;u iwoZ vk/kkj ds Åij fLFkr
gSa vkSj rkyfpj] nkeqnk vkSj iapVs la?kksa esa vPNs ls fodflr gSaA
 rkyfpj 'kSy lewg (Talchir Formation) % rkyfpj “kSy lewg dk uke mM+hlk
ds rkyfpj tuin@ftyk ij fLFkr gSA ;g xksM a okuk egkla?k dk lcls fupyk
'kSy lewg gS tks dsfEcz;u iwoZ vk/kkj ds lefoU;Lr vkSj mijh'kk;h gSA ;g
xksyk'e laLrjksa] [kkdh&gjh 'ksyksa vkSj gYds gjs cyqvk iRFkjksa dk cuk gqvk gSA
xksyk'e laLrj ¼boulder beds½ “kSy lewg dk lcls vk/kkjh Hkkx cukrs gSa]
ftlds Åij 'ksy vkSj cyqvk iRFkj@ckyqdk”e vkrs gSaA xksyk'e laLrj vizofjr
vkSj vLrfjr xksyk'eksa] xqfVdkvksa] LFkwydf.kd ckyw vkSj e`fŸkdk ls feydj cuk
gSA xksyk'e laLrjksa esa Qyfdr (faceted) ,oa jsf[kr (striated) xksyk'eksa vkSj
xqfVdkvksa dh mifLFkfr fgeunh; mRifRr@mn~Hko dk ladrs gSA blfy,] rkyfpj
“kSy lewg ds xksyk'e laLrjksa dks rkyfpj fVykbV~l (Talchir Tillites) ds uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA cyqvk iRFkjksa esa ik, x, vuvi?kfVr QsYLkikj ¼feldspar½
fu{ksi.k ds le; cgqr BaMh tyok;oh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks n'kkZrs gSAa izeq[kr;k
cyqvkiRFkjksa vkSj lkFk esa dqN 'ksyh laLrjksa ls cus “kSy lewg ds lcls Åijh Hkkx
ls dqN ikni thok'e feys gSa tks xeZ tyok;q dk ladrs nsrs gSaA “kSy lewg ds
fy, dkcksZuhQsjl ¼Carboniferous½ ls ifeZ;u ¼Permian½] mijh dkcksZuhQsjl
¼Upper Carboniferous½ vkSj fupys ifeZ;u ¼Lower Permian½ dh vk;q
fufoZ"V gSaA
 djgkjckM+h “kSy lewg (Karharbari Formation) % rkyfpj “kSy lewg ds
mijh'kk;h nkeqnk la?k gS] tks >kj[kaM vkSj if'pe caxky esa fLFkr nkeksnj ?kkVh esa
lcls vPNs ls vuko`r gSA nkeqnk la?k pkj “kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke
djgkjckM+h] ckjkdkj] vuqRiknd 'kSy laLrj@cSju estl + Z ¼Barren Measures½
vkSj jkuhxat gSAa
djgkjckM+h “kSy lewg] nkeqnk la?k dk vk/kkj Hkkx gS] tks fxfjf/kg dks;yk {ks= esa
vPNs ls fodflr gSA ;g laxqfVdk'e] xqfVdk f'krd.k] cyqvkiRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj]
'ksy vkSj dks;ys dh dqN ifV~V;ksa ls feydj cuk gqvk gSA ;g yxHkx 200 ehVj
eksVk gS vkSj bldk rkyfpj ”kSy lewg ls Js.khdj.k laLi'kZ gSA “kSy lewg nks
fof'k"V ouLifr tkr ?kVdksa xksaMokfufM;e okfyfM;e (Gondwanidium
validium) vkSj cqjkbfMvk lsokMhZ (Buriadia sewardi) ds fodkl ls vfHkyf{kr
gSA xaxes kWIVsfjl ¼Gangamopteris½ vkSj XykslksIVsfjl ¼Glossopteris½ bl “kSy
lewg ds izeq[k ouLifr tkr gSAa “kSy lewg ds fy, fupyh@fuEu ifeZ;u vk;q
fu;r dh tk pqdh gSA
 ckjkdkj ”kSy lewg (Barakar Formation) % bl “kSy lewg dk uke ckjkdkj
unh ds uke ij gSA ;g yxHkx 250 ehVj eksVk vkSj djgkjhckM+h “kSy lewg ds
lefoU;Lr vkSj mijh'kk;h gSA ;g >fj;k dks;yk {ks= esa vPNs <ax ls fodflr
gSA ;g fupys xksaMokuk vuqØe esa dks;yk fu{ksi dk lcls eq[; HkaMkj x`g gSA
vkf'edh n`f"V ls ;g cyqvkiRFkj] 'ksy] phuh feV~Vh vkSj dks;yk laLrj ls
173
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
feydj cuk gSA blds vykok] ;g dqN txgksa ij f'krd.k (grits) vkSj
laxqfVdk'e laLrjksa dk cuk gSA egRoiw.kZ <ax ls] ckjkdkj “kSy lewg laxfq Vdk'eksa]
f'krd.kks]a cyqvk iRFkjks]a 'ksyksa vkSj dks;yk laLrjksa tSlh 'kSy&lay{kf.k;ksa dh Åij
dh vksj lw{edf.kd gksrh gqbZ pØh; O;oLFkk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
'kSy&lay{kf.k;ksa dh ;g pØh; O;oLFkk bl 'kSy lewg esa ckj&ckj feyrh gSA 'kSy
lewg dk phuh feV~Vh dk fu{ksi vkfFkZd egRo dk ik;k x;k gSA ;g /;ku nsus
;ksX; ckr gS fd 'kSy lewg dh fupyh vkSj e/; bdkb;k¡ dks;ys dh eq[; lzkrs
gSaA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd “kSy lewg dh dqy eksVkbZ dk ukSoka fgLlk dks;yk
fu{ksi ls cuk gSA “kSy lewg ikni thok'eksa ls le`) gS vkSj XykslksIVsfjl
¼Glossopteris½] xaxes ksIVsfjl ¼Gangamopteris½] LQhuksIVsfjl
¼Sphenopteris½] Vhfu;ksIVsfjl ¼Taeniopteris½] ckjkdkfj;k ¼Barakaria½]
Qk;yksFkhdk ¼Phyllotheca½] fLdtksU;wjk ¼Schizoneura½] LQ+huksfQ+ye
¼Sphenophyllum½ dh iz/kkurk ls vfHkyf{kr gSA ckjkdkj “kSy lewg fupyh
ifeZ;u vk;q dk gSA
 vuqRikn 'kSy laLrj (Barren Measures Formation) % “kSy lewg dk uke
gh bl ckr dk ladrs nsrk gS fd blesa dks;yk laLrj ls oafpr gSaA ;g “kSy lewg
ckjkdkj “kSy lewg ds lefoU;Lr vkSj mijh'kk;h gSA blesa fr;Zd laLrfjr
¼cross-bedded½ cyqvkiRFkj vkSj dkcZue; 'ksy ds lkFk e`fRrdk&yksg xzfUFkdk,a
'kkfey gSaA nkeksnj ?kkVh ds jkuhxat nzks.kh esa] vuqRiknd 'kSy laLrj yksg&iRFkj
'kSy lewg (Ironstone Shale Formation) ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSaA ;gk¡ “kSy
lewg dks ykSg v;Ld [kkldj yksg mYdk ¼flMsjkbV( siderite iron½ ds lk/;
fu{ksiksa ls feydj cuk gSA nkeksnj ?kkVh ds nwljs dks;yk {ks=ksa esa ;g vuqRiknd
'kSy&laLrj “kSy lewg ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA “kSy lewg vkSlru ikni
thok'eksa ls jfgr gS] ijUrq dqN ikni thok'e tSls lkbDyksMUs Mªku
¼Cyclodendron½] XykslksIVsfjl ¼Glossopteris½] xaxe s ksIVsfjl
¼Gangamopteris½ bR;kfn blls izkIr gq, gSaA bl “kSy lewg ds fy, e/;
ifeZ;u vk;q fu;r gSA
 jkuhxat “kSy lewg (Raniganj Formation) % ;g “kSy lewg nkeksnj ?kkVh ds
jkuhxat dks;yk {ks= esa lqfodflr gS] tgk¡ ;g yxHkx 800 ehVj dh eksVkbZ izkIr
dj ysrk gSA blesa cyqvkiRFkj] 'ksy vkSj dks;yk laLrj 'kkfey gSaA jkuhxat “kSy
lewg dk cyqvkiRFkj iqjkus vkSj v/kks'kk;h ckjkdkj “kSy lewg dh rqyuk esa
lw{edf.kd gSA ewY;oku dks;yk laLrj jkuhxat “kSy lewg ds Hkkx gSa] tks eq[;r%
jkuhxat dks;yk {ks= esa izkIr gksrk gSA 'kSy lewg ds dks;yk laLrj] ok"i'khy
vo;oksa dh mPp ek=k /kkj.k djrs gSa] ij muesa ls dqN esa mRÑ"V xq.koRrk dk
dks;yk gSA
jkuhxat “kSy lewgksa esa XykslksIVsfjl ¼Glossopteris½ ouLifr tkr viuh cgqyrk
ds f'k[kj ij gSA “kSy lewg ds fof'k"V ouLifr tkr esa XykslksIVsfjl] xaxes ksIVsfjl
¼Gangamopteris½] ihdksIVsfjl ¼Pecopteris½] ofVZczsfjvk ¼Vertebraria½]
LQhuksIVsfjl ¼Sphenopteris½] Vhfu;ksIVsfjl ¼Taeniopteris½] fLdtksU;wjk
¼Schizoneura½] fQyksFkhdk ¼Phyllotheca½ bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaA “kSy lewg dh
mijh ifeZ;u vk;q fu;r gSA
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 iapV
s “kSy lewg (Panchet Formation) % iapVs 'kSy lewg jkuhxat 'kSy lewg
ds mijh'kk;h gS vkSj buds chp dh lhek cgqr gYds fo"kefoU;kl ls fpfàr gSA
“kSy lewg dk uke jkuhxat nzk.s kh ds ekuHkwe ds iapVs igkM+h ds uke ij gS] tgk¡
“kSy lewg vPNs <ax ls fodflr gS vkSj 500 ls 600 ehVj dh eksVkbZ izkIr fd,
gq, gSA iapVs “kSy lewg dks;yk laLrj jfgr gS vkSj v/kks'kk;h jkuhxat “kSy lewg
dh rqyuk esa vkf'edh ds Lrj esa Li"V fo"kerk O;Dr djrk gSA iapsV “kSy lewg
dk fupyk Hkkx gfj;kys cyqvk iRFkj ls [kkdh gjs ika'kq iRFkj vkSj gjh fpduh
feV~Vh ls feydj cuk gSA gjh fpduh feV~Vh vkSj pkWdysVh jax dh 'ksy ,oa
fpduh feV~Vh ds Øec) ,dkUrj.k bl “kSy lewg ds Åijh Hkkx dh fo'ks"krk gSA
iapsV “kSy lewg thok'eksa ls le`) gS vkSj blesa ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa ds thok'e]
ftuesa d'ks#dh ¼Vertebrates½ ,oa vyo.kh; ty ds vd'ks#dh
¼invertebrates½ nksuksa izkIr gq, gSaA ikni thok'eksa esa XykslksIVsfjl
¼Glossopteris½] lkbDykWIVsjl ¼Cyclopteris½] fMØksbfM;e ¼Dicroidium½]
fLdtksU;wjk ¼Schizoneura½ vkSj dqN vU; ikni thok'e eq[; gSaA 'kSy lewg ls
vkFkksZiksMk ¼Arthopoda½ Qk;ye@lfU/kikn la?k ¼vd'ks#dh½ ds ØLVsf'k;k
¼Crustacea½ izkf.k ds lkFk gh lkFk mHk;pj ¼ySfcfjUFkksMkWUV(
Labyrinthodonts@xgunarh½ vkSj ljhlì ¼MkblkbuksMksu( Dicynodon vkSj
,sfidSEiksMksu( Epicampodon½ thok'e izkIr gq, gSaA Åij crk, x, ;k mijksDr
izk.kh tkr vkSj ouLifr tkr dh izkfIr orZeku fnuksa dh ekulwuh tyok;q ls
feyrh&tqyrh tyok;q dk ladrs nsrs gS]a ftlesa T;knk Hkkjh vkSj yEch o"kkZ dh
>M+h 'kk;n gksrh gksaA iapVs “kSy lewg fupys xksaMokuk vuqØe dk lcls Åijh
“kSy lewg gS vkSj fuEu Vªkbfld vk;q dk gSA
mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe (Upper Gondwana Sequence)
izk;}hih; Hkkjr es]a fupys vkSj Åijh xksaMokuk vuqØe ds 'kSy Li"V fo"kefoU;kl ls
vyx gSaA fupyk xksM a okuk vuqØe rkyfpj] nkeqnk vkSj iapsV {ks=ksa esa lqfodflr gSA
nwljh rjQ mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe egknso ¼Mahadeva½] jktegy ¼Rajmahal½ vkSj
tcyiqj ¼Jabalpur½ {ks=ksa esa vPNs <ax ls fodflr gSA
vkb,] vc ge mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe ds fofHkUu “kSy lewgksa dh ppkZ djsAa
1. iape<+h “kSy lewg (Pachmarhi Formation) % iape<+ 'kSy lewg mijh
xksaMokuk vuqØe dk lcls vk/kkjh Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ;g lriqM+k
nzk.s kh ds iape<+h dh igkfM+;ksa esa lqfodflr gSA “kSy lewg yxHkx 750 ehVj eksVk
gSA blesa gYds ihys jax ds vkSj yky jax ds cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk yky feV~Vh vkSj
dqN gsekVkbVh fpduh feV~Vh vkSj ykSge; inkFkksZa ds la;qDr pdfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
;g /;ku nsuk t+:jh gS fd iape<+h “kSy lewg iwjh rjg dkcZu;qDr inkFkksZa ls
jfgr gS] ijUrq blesa dgha&dgha ifRr;ksa dh Nki;qDr fpduh feV~Vh dh ijrsa Hkh
mifLFkr gSaA 'kSy lewg ds cyqvk iRFkj LFkwydf.kd] vPNh xq.koRrk okys vkSj
yky jax ds fofHkUu Nk;kdjf.kr vkHkk okys gSa ¼Krishnan, 1949; Mukerjee,
1997½A blfy,] ;g bekjrh lkexzh ds rkSj ij cM+s iSekus ij bLrseky gksrk gSA
'kSy lewg ds fy, Vªkbfld vk;q vuqekfur dh tk pqdh gSA
2. ekysjh “kSy lewg (Maleri Formation) % iape<+h “kSy lewg dk mijh'kk;h
ekysjh “kSy lewg yxHkx 330 ehVj eksVk gSA “kSy lewg dk uke rkaMqj@rkanwj
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¼Tandur½ ds ekjosyh ¼Marweli½ xk¡o ij gS] pwafd ;g rsyaxkuk ds vkflQkckn
¼Asifabad½ {ks= esa i.kZfgrk&xksnkojh nzk.s kh ds rkanwj dks;yk {ks= esa vPNs <ax ls
fodflr gSA vkf'edh rkSj ij] ;g yky fpduh feV~Vh ds laLrjksa] ika'kq iRFkjks]a
e`.e; cyqvk iRFkj vkSj pwus dh xksyh okyh “kSyksa ls feydj cuk gSA bl “kSy
lewg dh “kSy eNfy;ksa vkSj ljhlìksa ds izpqj vo'ks"kksa ds lkFk gh lkFk
eyxqfVdk,a ¼coprolites; tho'e xkscj@tUrq fo"Bk½ feyus ds dkj.k tkuh tkrh
gSaA blds vfrfjDr] dqN vyo.kh; ty ds ;wfuvkWbM ¼xSLVªkis ksMk@tBjikn½ vkSj
isM+ ds cM+s rus Hkh Kkr gq, gSaA ;g “kSy lewg mijh Vªkbfld ds nkSjku fu{ksfir
gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA
3. dksVk “kSy lewg (Kota Formation) % ;g i.kZfgrk&xksnkojh nzk.s kh esa ekysjh
”kSy lewg ds Åij fLFkr gSA ;g yxHkx 600 ehVj eksVk gS vkSj izeq[kr;k cM+s
iSekus ds fr;Zd&laLrfjr cyqvk iRFkj] f'krd.k ds lkFk yky fpduh feV~Vh vkSj
pwukiRFkj dh dqN iryh iV~fV;ksa dk cuk gqvk gSA “kSy lewg ls ikS/kksa] mnkgj.k
ds fy, VkbyksfQye ¼Ptillophyllum½ ouLifr tkr] eNfy;ksa] Mk;ukslkWjksa vksj
eos”kh ds vo'ks"k feys gSaA dksVk “kSy lewg e/; tqjkfld vk;q dk ekuk tkrk gSA
4. jktegy “kSy lewg (Rajmahal Formation) % jktegy “kSy lewg jktegy
igkfM+;ksa esa] tks mRrj&iwohZ >kj[kaM esa fLFkr gS] ij lqfodflr gSA “kSy lewg
yxHkx 600 ehVj eksVk gSA eq[;r% jktegy Tokykeq[kh 'kSy ¼cslkYVh ykok izokg½
ds lkFk vUrfoZ"V (intercalated) volknh laLrjksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftUgsa
vUrjkVªis h laLrj ¼intertrappen beds½ dgrs gSaA vkf'edh rkSj ij] vUrjkVªsih
laLrj cyqvkiRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj] ckyqdke; e`fRrdk ¼arenaceous clays½] lQsn
vkSj /kwlj jax okyh HkftZr@idh ¼baked½ 'ksy] dkcZue; 'ksy] VQ+kbV ¼tuffite½
vkSj pVZ laLrj ds cus gSaA buls ikS/kksa ds vPNs ls ifjjf{kr vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSAa
;g vUrjkVªis h laLrj vyo.k&tyh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa 'kk;n LFkkuh; Lrj esa cuh
fo;qDr >hyksa esa fu{ksfir gqbZ FkhaA jktegy “kSy lewg] jktegy nzk.s kh esa
nqcjktiqj “kSy lewg ds mijh'kk;h gSaA nqcjktiqj ¼Dubrajpur½ “kSy lewg FkksM+k
cgqr i.kZfgrk&xksnkojh nzk.s kh ds ekysjh “kSy lewg ds led{k gSA
jktegy “kSy lewg fuEu fØVs”kl vk;q dk ekuk tkrk gSA “kSy lewg dh ftu
vUrjkVªis h laLrjksa ls ikni thok'e feyrs gSa] mudks vukSipkfjd rkSj ij
jktegy ikni laLrj dgrs gSaA nqfu;k ds lcls le`) ouLifr tkr leqPp;ksa esa
ls ,d bu ikni laLrjksa dks feyk gSA
vusdkusd ikni thok'e QuZ ¼ferns½] lkbdSM ¼cycads½ vkSj 'kadqo`{k@dksfuQj
¼conifers½ ls lEc) bl “kSy lewg ls Kkr gSaA buesa VkbyksfQye
¼Ptillophyllum½ VsjksfQye ¼Pterophyllum½] fMDV;kst+SekbVht+
¼Distyozamites½] Vhfu;kWIVsfjl ¼Taeniopteris½] fofy;elksfu;k
¼Williamsonia½] czd s hfQye ¼Brachyphyllum½] fFkuQsfYM;k ¼Thinnfeldea½
vkSj DySMksQy s fs cl ¼Cladophlebis½ ikni thok'eksa ds lcls lkekU;r% feyus
okys oa'k gSaA
5. tcyiqj ”kSy lewg (Jabalpur Formation) % tcyiqj “kSy lewg e/; izn's k ds
tcyiqj {ks= esa vPNs <ax ls fodflr gSA ;g e/; Hkkjr ds egknso la?k ds Åij
fo"kefoU;Lr gSA ;g LFkwy cyqvkiRFkj] tSLij&nk;d cyqbZ laxqfVdk'e] lQsn
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vkSj gYds jax dh eqyk;e e`fRrdk vkSj dkcZue; 'ksy vkSj lkFk esa dqN dks;yk
laLrjksa ls feydj cuk gSA “kSy lewg dks fuEu fØVs”kl vk;q dk ekuk tkrk gSA
blls VkbyksfQye ¼Ptillophyllum½] ikfxvksfQye ¼Pagiophyllum½] czd s hfQye
¼Brachyphyllum½] Vksfu;ksIVsfjl ¼Taeniopteris½] fuYlksfu;k ¼Nilssonia½]
fMDV;kst+SekbVht+ ¼Dictyozomites½] vkSVkst+SekbVht+ ¼Otozamites½ vkSj vU;
ikni thok'e izkIr gq, gSaA
7-2-4 vkfFkZd egRo (Economic Significance)
cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ckr gS fd xksM a okuk egkla?k Hkkjr esa dks;yk dk lcls cM+k Hk.Mkj
gSA blls ns'k dk 98% ls T;knk dks;yk lalk/ku fey jgk gS] tcfd cpk gqvk 2%
dks;yk ns'k dh rjf'k;jh ¼Tertiary½ dYi dh nzksf.k;ksa ls vk jgk gSA fupys xksaMokuk
vuqØe] xksaMokuk egkkla?k ds eq[; dks;yk mRiknd vuqØe gSAa fupys xksaMokuk
vuqØe ds djgkjckM+h] ckjkdkj vkSj jkuhxat “kSy lewg vdsys gh ns'k ds dks;yk
lalk/ku dh foLr`r cgqyrk dks /kkj.k fd, gq, gSA blds vykok] xksaMokuk cyqvkiRFkj
bekjrh vkSj fuekZ.k dk;ksaZ esa iz;qDr gksrk gS] tcfd e`fRrdk mPPk rkilg m|ksxksa esa
bLrseky gksrh gSA dqN yksg v;Ld vuqRiknd laLrj “kSy lewg esa Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA
vUrr% ;g le>uk pkfg, fd xksaMokuk egkla?k ds dks;yk fu{ksi vf/kla?k ds eq[;
vkfFkZd egRo dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
cks/k ç”u 1
a) xksaMokuk volkn ------------------------------ ewy ds gSaA
b) xksaMokuk egkla?k dh nksuksa oxhZdj.k iz.kkfy;ksa ds uke nhft,A
c) xksaMokuk egkla?k dh vk;q dk QSyko D;k gS\
d) xksaMokuk egkla?k dh eq[; vkf'edh dh lwph nhft,A
e) fupys xksM
a okuk vuqØe dgk¡ lqfodflr gSa\
f) fuEufyf[kr dk esy dhft, %
¼i½ fupyk xksaMokuk vuqØe ¼a½ yksg v;Ld
¼ii½ mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe ¼b½ nkeqnk nzks.kh
¼iii½ jkuhxat “kSy lewg ¼ c½ VkbyksfQye ouLifr tkr
¼iv½ vuqRiknd laLrj “kSy lewg ¼d½ XykslksIVsfjl ouLifr tkr
7-3 MsDdu VªSIl
fØVs”kl dYi dh lekfIr ij] izk;}hih; Hkkjr Tokykeq[kh xfrfof/k ds eq[; pj.k dk
xokg jgk FkkA ;g Hkkjr ds HkwfoKku dh vlk/kkj.k ?kVuk gS] ftlesa eq[;r% fonjh
izdkj ds Tokykeq[kh foLQksV (fissure-type of volcanic eruption) ls vusd ykok
izokg ckgj vk, FksA bu izokgksa us if'peh vkSj e/; Hkkjr esa MsDdu iBkj (Deccan
Plateau) ds fo'kky {ks= dks <d fn;k FkkA ;g ykok izokg nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s
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vkXus; izkUrksa esa ls ,d dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] ftls MsDdu VªIS l (Deccan Traps) ;k
nDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr (Deccan Volcanic Province) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
^^MsDdu VªSIl** uke W. H. Sykes us lu~ 1833 esa fn;k FkkA ^^MsDdu** 'kCn laLÑr
Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^^nf{k.k** ls O;qRiUu gS vkSj nf{k.k ;k nf{k.kh ls lEc) gS] tcfd
^^VªSIl** 'kCn LdSufMusfo;u (Scandinavian) 'kCn ^^VªSIl@VªkIik** ls cuk gS ftldk
vFkZ lh<+huqek cukoV gksrk gSA blfy,] MsDdu VªSIl MsDdu iBkj ds lh<+huqek
cslkYVh Hkw&Hkkx dks dgk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr] MsDdu VªSIl ds ykok izokgksa us
{ks= dh likV 'kh"kZ okyh iBkj (flat-topped plateau) tSlh LFkkykÑfr ds lkFk
lh<+huqek osfndkvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA ykok izokg dk laxBu eq[;r% cslkYVh gS]
blfy, ;g izokg lkekU;r% VªIS l 'kSy dgs tkrs gSaA MsDdu VªSIl ds cslkYV
iwj&cslkYV@ck<+&cslkYV ¼flood basalts½ ds uke ls Hkh tkus tkrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g
ns'k ds cgqr cM+s bykds dks vf/kÑr djrs gSaA
MsDdu VªSIl ds vR;f/kd ykok izokg dk mn~xkj izk;}hihl Hkkjr ds Hkkxksa ij
dsfEcz;u iwoZ ls eslkst+ksbd vk;q dh cuh lrg ;k HkwiiZVh ij gqvkA bu 'kSyksa dk
lEcU/k dsfEcz;u iwoZ vk;q ds /kkjokM+] vjkoyh] cLrj vkSj cqUnsy[kaM la?kksa vkSj mijh
fØVs”kl dky ds ck?k ¼Bagh½ laLrjks]a yesVk ¼Lameta½ “kSy lewg vkSj /kkjaxk/kkjk
(Dharangadhara) ls gSA MsDdu VªSIl dbZ ykok izokgksa ls feydj cus gSa ftlesa
,ddksa dh eksVkbZ dqN ehVj ls ysdj 40 ehVj rd gSA MsDdu VªSIl esa dqy 48 ykok
izokg fpfàr fd, tk pqds gSaA buesa vf/kdka'k ykok izokg {kSfrt Qyd ds :i esa
feyrs gSa] ftlesa ls ,d vdsyk ykok izokg yxHkx 1000 oxZ fdyksehVj {ks= dks
vkPNkfnr djrk gSA MsDdu VªSIl dh vf/kdre eksVkbZ yxHkx 2-5 fdyksehVj] iBkj
ds if'peh fdukjs ¼eqEcbZ] if'peh ?kkVksa ds ikl½ ij gS vkSj lcls de eksVkbZ iwohZ
fdukjs ij gSA
7-3-1 forj.k (Distribution)
MsDdu VªSIl] tks fo'o ds lcls cM+s vkXus; izkUrksa esa ls ,d gS] og eq[;r% if'peh
vkSj e/; Hkkjr esa yxHkx 5]00]000 oxZ fdyksehVj ds {ks= dks ?ksjs gq, gSA ;g
izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa egkjk"Vª] e/; izn's k] NRrhlx<+] vkU/kz izn's k] rsyaxkuk] dukZVd]
xqtjkr] jktLFkku] xksvk vkSj neu ,oa nho ds Hkkxksa dks vf/kÑr djrk gS ¼fp= 7-4½A
7-3-2 oxhZdj.k (Classification)
vkf'edh rkSj ij MsDdu VªSIl lw{e ls e/;e df.kd] dkys ls xgjs /kwlj jax ds
cslkYVh 'kSyksa ls cuk gqvk gSA FkksyhvkbVh (tholeiitic) cslkYV VªIS l ds eq[; la?kVd
gSaA ;|fi] nwljs izdkj dh vkXus; 'kSy tSls {kkjh;&vkWyhohu cslkYV] ¼alkali-olivine
basalts½] jk;ksykbV ¼rhyolites½] VªSdkbV ¼trachytes½] usQfyu lk;ukbV
¼nepheline syenites½] usQfs yukbV ¼nephelinites½] dkcksZuVs kbV ¼carbonatites½]
ySEizkQ
s k;j ¼lamprophyres½ vkSj fiØkbV ¼picrite½ Hkh mifLFkr gSaA f'kjkizfrPNsfnr
(intervening) irys volknh vkSj Tokykeq[kh HkLe laLrj VªIS l ds ykok izokgksa dks
,d nwljs ls vyx djrs gSaA ykok izokg ls lEc) Tokykeq[kh HkLe laLrj VªSIl ds
cgqr gh vke y{k.k gSaA nks Øfed ykok izokgksa ds chp nck volknh laLrj varjkVªSih
laLrj (intertrappean beds) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tcfd lcls igys ;k
lcls iqjkus ykok izokg ds Bhd uhps ysVs volknh laLrj dks voVªSih
(infratrappean) ;k yesVk laLrj (Lameta) dgk tkrk gSA voVªSih vkSj varjkVªSih
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laLrjksa esa ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa ds izpqj vo'ks"k feyrs gSaA varjkVªSih laLrjksa vkSj muds
thok'e vo;oksa ds vk/kkj ij nDdu VªIS l dks rhu Lrfjd bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS
tSlk lkj.kh 7-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
fp= 7-4 % MsDdu VªSIl dk LFkkfud forj.k iznf'kZr djrk gqvk Hkkjr dk ekufp=A
lkj.kh 7-2 % MsDdu VªSIl dk LrjfoU;klA
VªSIl forj.k vkf'edh
lwjr vkSj HkM+wp ds uqeqykbVht+ ¼Numulitis½( dPN ds bvkslhu e[kjy (laterite)
mijh VªSIl eqEcbZ vkSj ykok izokg ds lkFk dbZ Tokykeq[kh HkLe
¼450 ehVj eksVk½ lkSjk"Vª laLrj vkSj volknh varjkVªiS h laLrj]
varjkVªSih laLrj d'ks#dh vo'ks"k vkSj
ekSyLd dopksa dks fy, gq, gaAS
e/; VªIS l ekyok vkSj e/; dbZ ykok izokg vkSj HkLe laLrj tks VªSIl
¼1200 ehVj eksVk½ Hkkjr dk lcls eksVk Hkkx cukrs gSaA VªSIl ds
Åijh Hkkx esa dbZ HkLe laLrj feyrs gSa]
ij varjkVªSih laLrj cgqr gh de izkIr
gksrs gSaA
fuEu@fupyk VªSIl e/; izn's k ykok izokg ds lkFk dqN HkLe laLrj vkSj
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¼150 ehVj eksVk½ dbZ thok'e;qDr varjkVªiS h laLrj
&&&&&FkksM+k lk fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&
yesVk ;k voVªiS h laLrj] ck?k laLrj vkSj iqjkus laLrj
MsDdu VªSil dks fuEufyf[kr mi&izkUrksa dk ck¡Vk x;k gS %

1- if'peh MsDdu Tokykeq[kh çkUr (Western Deccan Volcanic Province) %
;g eq[; MsDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks ueZnk unh ds
nf{k.k esa fLFkr gS vkSj MsDdu VªSIl ds if'peh] e/; vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkxksa dks
lekfo"V fd, gq, gSA ;g eq[;r% egkjk"Vª esa ik;k tkrk gSA blds if'peh Hkkx esa
eqEcbZ ls jRukfxfj rd QSys if”peh ?kkV 'kkfey gSa] tgk¡ VªSIl vPNs <ax ls
vuko`Rr gSa vkSj mudh eksVkbZ Hkh ;gk¡ vf/kdre gSA e/; Hkkx esa vkSjxa kckn
¼Aurangabad) ds vklikl dk {ks= 'kkfey gS ¼Vaidyanadhan vkSj
Ramakrishnan, 2010)A ;g ns'k ds T;knk cM+s Hkkx esa QSyk gS] ftlds pyrs
bls eq[; MsDdu iBkj (Main Deccan Plateau) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
2- ekyok iBkj (Malwa Plateau) % ;g ueZnk unh ds mRrj esa fLFkr gS vkSj e/;
izn's k esa bankSj] Hkksiky vkSj lkxj ds vkl&ikl ds {ks= esa fLFkr gSA lriqM+k dh
igkfM+;k¡ nDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr dks ekyok iBkj ls vyx djrh gaSA
3- iwohZ nDdu Tokykeq[kh çkUr (Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province) % ;g
,d vyx&Fkyx Tokykeq[kh <sj gS] tks e/; Hkkjr ds eq[; Tokykeq[kh izkUr ds
iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA ;g e/; izn's k ds fNanokM+k] lsvksuh vkSj tcyiqj ds
vkl&ikl ds bykdksa dks vkojf.kr fd;s gq, gSA ;g ykok <sj eaMyk ds ikl ,d
iqjkUr% 'kk;h ds rjg izkIr gksrk gS vkSj blfy, bls lkekU;r% eaMyk ikfy
(Mandla lobe) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
4- lkSjk"Vª iBkj (Saurashtra Plateau) % ;g oxkZdkj Vªi S }kjk iznf'kZr gS] tks
iwoZ esa [kEHkkr vkSj xqtjkr ds nf{k.k esa lksu&ueZnk Hkza'k (Son-Narmada fault)
ds chp fLFkr gSA ;g /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd MsDdu VªSIl dk
if'peh@eq[; MsDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr esa lcls T;knk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
ykok çokgksa dh çÑfr ds vk/kkj ij if'peh MsDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr dbZ lkjs
mila?kksa vkSj “kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vs x, gSa tSlk lkj.kh 7-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh 7-3 % nDdu VªSIl ds if'peh nDdu Tokykeq[kh çkUr dh v'eLrfjdhA
¼Vaidyanadhan vkSj Ramakrishnan] 2010 ds vuqlkj ljyhÑr½
la?k mila?k “kSy lewg fof'k"V y{k.k
------------- egkcys'oj lk/kkj.k vkSj vk (aa) izdkj
(Mahabaleshwar) ds Qk;jh (phyric) izokg
Okb (Wai) iqja/kjx<+ lk/kkj.k vkSj vk izdkj ds
(Purandhargad) izokg
if'peh fnos?kkV vQk;jh vk izdkj ds izokg
nDdu (Diveghat)
Tokykeq[kh
yksukoyk Dkjyk (Karla) la;qDr jTtqykok@ikgksbgksb
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çkUr (Lonavala) (paheohoe) izokg
bUnzk.kh LrEHkhlaf/kr vkSj vQk;jh
(Indrayani) izdkj ds lk/kkj.k izokg
jrux<+ Qk;jh izdkj ds la;qDr izokg
(Ratangad)
dkyqckbZ lYNsj (Salher) Qk;jh izdkj ds lk/kkj.k
(Kalsubai) jTtqykok izokg
7-3-3 dky@vk;q rFkk vof/k

nDdu VªSIl ds ykok izokgksa dk foLQksV fØVs”kl&iSfy;kst+hu ¼Cretaceous-
Palaeogene: K-Pg½ lhek ¼66 Myr) igys½ ij gqvk FkkA K-Pg lhek i`Foh ds
HkwoSKkfud bfrgkl ds ,d egRoiw.kZ le; vUrjky dks n'kkZrh gS] D;ksafd bl le; esa
egkfouk'k ¼mass extinction½ dh ?kVuk gqbZ Fkh] tc lkjs Mk;ukslkWj i`Foh dh lrg
ls foyqIr gks x,A blfy,] ;g egkfouk'k K-Pg egkfouk'k (K-Pg mass
extinction) dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g K-Pg lhek ij gqvk FkkA ;g izLrkfor fd;k
tk pqdk gS fd K-Pg egkfouk'k MsDdu VªSIl ds cgqr cM+s vk;ru vkSj foLrkj okys
Tokykeq[kh foLQksV ls tqM+k gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i] MsDdu VªIS l dh vk;q@dky vkSj
vof/k us fiNys nks n'kdksa esa oSf'od /;ku izkIr fd;k gSA MsDdu VªIS l dh vk;q@dky
vkSj vof/k dks eq[;r% varjkVªSih vkSj voVªSih laLrjksa esa mifLFkr thok'eksa ds vk/kkj
ds lkFk gh lkFk VªIS l 'kSyksa dh jsfM;ksfefVªd dkykuqØe.k (radiometric dating) ls
lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA
;g izLrkfor fd;k tk pqdk gS fd MsDdu VªSIl foLQksV rhu pj.kksa esa gqvk FkkA igys
pj.k esa 67-5 Ma igys MsDdu VªIS l ds ykok izokgksa ds foLQksV dh 'kq#vkr gqb]Z
ftlds i”pkr~ 2 fefy;u o"kksZa dk 'kkUr mn~xkj dk le; jgk gSA K-Pg lhek ds
vUr ij] Tokykeq[kh foLQksV dk nwljk pj.k lEiUu gqvkA bls ykok izokg dh lcls
eq[; ?kVuk ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd nDdu VªiS l ds dqy ykok izokg dk 80% mn~xkj
bl pj.k ds nkSjku gqvkA vfUre vkSj rhljk pj.k K-Pg lhek ds ckn yxHkx 64
fefy;u o"kZ igys 'kq# gqvk ftlesa MsDdu VªIS l ds dqy ykok izokg dk yxHkx 14%
mn~xkj gqvkA yxHkx 4 fefy;u o"kksZa dh dqy vof/k] 64 ls 68 Myr iwoZ MsDdu VªSIl
ds Tokykeq[kh foLQksVksa ds fy, vkadfyr dh x;h gSA blesa ls MsDdu VªIS l dk eq[;
Hkkx 1 fefy;u o"kZ ls de dh vof/k esa Tokykeq[kh foLQksVksa ds nwljs pj.k ds nkSjku
cuk Fkk vkSj ;g pj.k gh K-Pg egkfouk'k ¼mass extinction½ ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk
ekuk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr thok'eksa ds vk/kkj ij fo'ks"kr% MsDdu VªSIl ls lEc)
varjkVªiS h vkSj voVªSih laLrjksa ls [kksts x, Q+kjs fS euhQ+js k@fNæ/kj ¼foramifers½]
vkWLVªSdksM ¼ostracods½ vkSj ikS/kksa ds thok'eksa ds vk/kkj ij MsDdu VªIS l ds fy,
ekLVªSfp;u ls Mkfu,u ¼mijh fØVs”kl ls fuEu iSfy;kslhu½ vk;q izLrkfor gSA
yesVk “kSy lewg (Lameta Formation) ¼voVªSih laLrj½ MsDdu VªSIl ds v/kks'kk;h gSA
bldk ok;o foLrkj 10]000 oxZ fdyksehVj ls T;knk gS vkSj ;g e/; izn's k] xqtjkr
vkSj egkjk"Vª esa foyXu n`';ka'k ¼detached outcrops½ ds rkSj ij feyrs gSAa
vkf'edh n`f"V ls] ;g yky vkSj gjh e`fRrdk] gjs cyqvkiRFkj] pwukiRFkj] /kwlj ekyZ
vkSj ekykZykbV rFkk fprdcjh xzafFkdh laLrj ds lkFk varjklaLrfjr ihyh
181
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
laLrfjr@ijrnkj e`fRrdk ls cuk gSA “kSy lewg ds egRoiw.kZ Mk;uklkWj tUrq tkr esa
fVVkukslkWfjM (titanosaurids) ¼tSukslkWjl lsifVªvksukfyl( Jainosaurus
septentrionalis] bfllkWjl dksYcsZVh( Isisaurus colberti½ vkSj FkjksiksMk
¼Indosuchus raptorius] baMkslqdl ekVys;h( Indosuchus matleyi] ysfolqdl
bafMdqfl( Laevisuchus indicusi] yesVklkWjl bafMdl( Lametasaurus indicus]
jktklkWjl ueZnafs ll( Rajasaurus narmadensis] jkfgvksfylkWjl xqtjkrsafll(
Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis½ 'kkfey gSaA
7-3-4 vkfFkZd egRo (Economic Significance)
MsDdu VªSIl dh “kSy dBksj] Bksl vkSj fVdkÅ gS]a blfy, og lM+d iRFkj vkSj Hkou
lkexzh ds rkSj ij cgqr cMs+ iSekus ij bLrseky gksrs gSaA eqEcbZ esa fLFkr ,sfrgkfld
Lekjd ^xsVos vkWQ bf.M;k* bUgha “kSyksa dk bLrseky djds cuk;k x;k gSA MsDdu
VªSIl ds vi{k;.k us mPp xq.koRrk ds ckWDlkbM ds dbZ mi;ksxh fu{ksiksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k gS tks ,sYkqfefu;e dk v;Ld gSA ;g fu{ksi tcyiqj] dVuh] eaMyk] csyxke]
dksYgkiqj vkSj xqtjkr esa ik, tkrss gSaA VªSIl dh pV~Vkuksa ls dbZ vYiewY; jRu tSls
,sxVs @xksens ] dSYlsMksuh ¼Chalcedony½] ,fefFkLV@dSVyk@teqfu;k vkSj vU;] Hkh
izkIr gksrs gSaA VSªIl ds vi{k;.k ls cuus okyh dkyh feV~Vh] ftls jsaxqj Hkh dgrs gSa]
dikl dh [ksrh ds fy, cgqr mi;qDr gksrh gSA
cks/k iz”u 2
a) MsDdu VªIS l ------------------ ewy ds gSAa
b) varjkVªSih vkSj voVªSih laLrj D;k gSa\
c) MsDdu VªIS l dk fuekZ.k djus okys 'kSyksa ds uke crkb;sA
d) MsDdu Vªi
S l dk HkkSxksfyd forj.k dk o.kZu dhft,A
7-4 fØ;kdyki
lkj.kh 7-4 dks /;ku ls if<+, vkSj xksaMokuk egkla?k ds fofHkUu “kSy lewgksa dh
vkf'edh vkSj vk;q@dky dks muds lEcfU/kr LFkku esa fyf[k;sA
lkj.kh 7-4 % xksM
a okuk egkla?k dk Lrfjd oxhZdj.kA
vf/kla?k “kSy lewg vkf'edh vk;q@dky
tcyiqj “kSy lewg
jktegy “kSy lewg
dksVk “kSy lewg
xksaMokuk egkla?k
ekysjh “kSy lewg

iape<+h “kSy lewg
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fo"ke foU;kl&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
182
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iapsV “kSy lewg

Jkuhxat “kSy lewg
vuqRiknd laLrj “kSy lewg
ckjkdkj “kSy lewg
djgkjckjh “kSy lewg
rkyfpj “kSy lewg
7-5 lkjka'k
 xksaMokuk egkla?k unh; vkSj ljksojh volknksa ds eksVs vuqØe ls cuk gS] ftudh
dqy eksVkbZ yxHkx 6 ls 7 fdyksehVj gSA
 vuqØe dk fu{ksi.k mijh dkcksZuhQsjl ls 'kq# gqvk vkSj fupys fØVs”kl rd tkjh
jgkA
 izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa xksaMokuk egkla?k dh “kSyksa pkj eq[; fo;qDr {ks=ksa esa feyrh gSa
% dksy&nkeksnj] lksu&egkunh] lriqM+k vkSj i.kZfgrk&xksnkojh nzksf.k;k¡A NksVs
n`';ka'k fgeky;h {ks=ksa esa Hkh mifLFkr gSaA
 nks rVksa okyh oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh egkla?k dks nks mifoHkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gS% fupyk
xksaMokuk vuqØe vkSj mijh xksM a okuk vuqØeA fupyk xksM a okuk vuqØe
XykslksIVsfjl ouLifr tkr dh iz/kkurk ls vfHkyf{kr gS] tcfd mijh xksaMokuk
vuqØe VkbyksfQye ¼Ptillophyllum½ ouLifr tkr ds izknqHkkZo ls vfHkyf{kr gSA
 rhu rgksa okys oxhZdj.k egkla?k dks rhu vuqØeksa esa ck¡Vrk gS tSls fupyk] e/;
vkSj mijh xksaMokuk tks eksVs rkSj ij ;wjksih; 'kSy ra= ds Øe'k% ifeZ;u&
dkcksZuhQsjl] Vªkbfld vkSj tqjkfld ds led{k gSaA
 nks rgksa okyh oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh dk lkekU;r% vf/kdka'k 'kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk vuqlj.k
fd;k tkrk jgk gSA rkyfpj] djgkjckM+h] ckjkdkjk] vuqRiknd laLrj] jkuhxat
vkSj iapVs fupys xksaMokuk vuqØe ds eq[; “kSy lewg gaS] tcfd iape<+h] ekysjh]
dksVk] jktegy vkSj tcyiqj] mijh xksaMokuk vuqØe ds eq[; “kSy lewg gSaA
 xksaMokuk egkla?k ds dks;yk&fu{ksi ns'k ds eq[; dks;yk lzksr gSaA
 nDdu VªSIl nqfu;k dk Tokykeq[kh mRifRr dk cgqr cM+k vkXus; izkUr gSA
 ;g vk;q esa mijh fØVs”kl ls fupys isfy;kslhu dk gS vkSj izk;}hih; Hkkjr ds
egkjk"Vª] e/; izn's k] NRrhlx<+] vkU/kz izn's k] rsyaxkuk] dukZVd] xqtjkr] xksok vkSj
neu ,oa nh;w esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 MsDdu VªSIl eq[;r% FkksyhvkbVh (tholeiitic) cslkYV ls cus gSaA blesa volknh
ewy ds varjkVªSih (intertrappean) vkSj voVªSih (infratrappean) laLrj Hkh
'kkfey gSaA
 MsDdu VªSIl dh vf/kdre eksVkbZ blds if'peh rjQ 2-5 fdyksehVj dh gS vkSj
dqy 48 ykok izokg dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSA
183
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 if'peh MsDdu Tokykeq[kh izkUr] ekyok iBkj] iwohZ MsDdu VªIS l ds eq[;
mi&izkUr gSAa
 MsDdu VªSIl ds ykok izokgksa ds foLQksV fØVs”kl&iSfy;ksth+ u ¼K-Pg½ lhek ¼66
fefy;u o"kZ (Ma) igys½ ds ikl yxHkx 4 fefy;u o"kksZa dh dqy vof/k ¼68 ls
64 fefy;u o"kZ igy½s] esa gq,A
 VªSIl dh “kSyksa dk bLrseky@mi;ksx Hkou lkexzh vkSj lM+d iRFkj ds rkSj ij
gksrk gSA VªSIl ds vi{k;.k ls cuh dkyh feV~Vh dikl mxkus ds fy, lcls
vf/kd mi;qDr gksrh gSA VªSIl “kSyksa ls vYiewY; jRu Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA
7-6 lkf=d ç'u
1- izk;}hih; Hkkjr ds xksM
a okuk egkla?k ds oxhZdj.k dk ys[kk&tks[kk nhft,A
2- xksaMokuk egkla?k ds vkfFkZd egRo dks crkb;sA
3- MsDdu VªSILk D;k gSa\ MsDdu VªIS l dh Lrfjdh dh ppkZ dhft,A
4- MsDdu VªSIl dk vkfFkZd egRo crkb,A
7-7 lUnHkZ
 Krishnan, M.S. (1949), Geology of India and Burma, The Madras Law
India, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
Calcutta.
 Vaidyanadhan, R. and Ramakrishnan, M. (2010), Geology of India,
Geological Society of India, Bangalore.

Jodhpur.
 Wadia D.N. (1966), Geology of India, McMillan Press, London.
7-9 mRrj
cks/k ç'u 1
a) unh; vkSj ljksojh
b) xksaMokuk egkla?k ds oxhZdj.k dh nks iz.kkfy;k¡ nks rg okyk oxhZdj.k vkSj rhu
rgksa okyk oxhZdj.k gSA nks rgksa okyh oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh xksM
a okuk vuqØeksa dks nks
vuqØeksa esa ck¡Vrh gS% fupyk vkSj mijh xksaMokuk vuqØeA rhu rgksa okyk
oxhZdj.k bls rhu vuqØeksa esa ck¡Vrk gS ftuds uke fupyk] e/; vkSj mijh
xksaMokuk vuqØe gSaA
184
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c) mijh dkcksZuhQsjl ls fupyk@fuEu fØVs”kl
d) xksaMokuk egkla?k eq[;r% cyqvkiRFkj] 'ksy vkSj e`fRrdk ds lkFk le`) dks;yk
laLrj ds lkFk gh lkFk ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa ds thok'e vo'ks"kksa dk cuk gqvk gSA
e) fupyk xksM
a okuk vuqØe ds volkn nkeqnk nzks.kh esa lqfodflr gSaA
f) fuEufyf[kr dk esy dhft, &
(i) d)
(ii) c)
(iii) b)
(iv) a)
cks/k ç'u 2
a) Tokykeq[kh ewy@mRifRr
b) nks Øfed ykok izokgksa ds chp nck volknh laLrj varjkVªSih laLrj
(intertrappean beds) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tcfd lcls igys ;k lcls
iqjkus ykok izokg ds Bhd uhps ysVs volknh laLrj dks voVªiS h (infratrappean)
;k yesVk laLrj dgk tkrk gSA
c) vkf'edh rkSj ij nDdu VªSIl lw{e ls e/;e df.kd] dkys ls xgjs /kwlj jax ds
cslkYVh 'kSyksa ls cuk gqvk gSA FkksyhvkbVh (tholeiitic) cslkYV VªIS l ds eq[;
la?kVd gSaA ;|fi] nwljs izdkj dh vkXus; 'kSy tSls {kkjh;&vkWyhohu cslkYV]
¼alkali-olivine basalts½] jk;ksykbV ¼rhyolites½] VªSdkbV ¼trachytes½] usQfyu
lk;ukbV ¼nepheline syenites½] usQfs yukbV ¼nephelinites½] dkcksZuVs kbV
¼carbonatites½] ySEizkQ
s k;j ¼lamprophyres½ vkSj fiØkbV ¼picrite½ Hkh
mifLFkr gSaA
d) HkkSxksfyd rkSj ij] nDdu VªIS l izk;n~ohih Hkkjr esa egkjk"Vª] e/; izn's k]
NRrhlx<+] vkU/kz izn's k] rsyaxkuk] dukZVd] xqtjkr] jktLFkku] xksvk vkSj neu ,oa
nh;w ds Hkkxksa dks vf/kÑr djrk gSA
lkf=d ç'u
3- —i;k MsDdu VªSIl ds lkekU; o.kZu ds fy, vuqHkkx 7-3 dk ifjp;kRed Hkkx
nsf[k, vkSj MsDdu VªSIl ds oxhZdj.k ds fy, mivuqHkkx 7-3-2 dk lanHkZ ysaA
185
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186
bdkbZ 8
fgeky; ds lhukstksbd 'kSykuqØe
lajpuk______________________________________________________________
8-2 mRrj if'pe fgeky; ds 8-6 lkf=d iz”u
iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe 8-7 lUnHkZ
ITSZ ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe 8-8 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u
mi&fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØe 8-9 mRrj
mi&fgeky; ds fu;ksthu vuqØe
8-3 vle ds isfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe
vle ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØe
vle ds fu;ksthu vuqØe
8-1 izLrkouk
bdkbZ 7 esa] vkius xksM a okuk egkla?k vkSj MsDdu VªSIl ds ckjs esa i<+k] tks izk;n~ohih; Hkkjr esa lqfodflr
gSaA xksM
a okuk egkla?k ftldh vk;q mijh dkcksZfuQsjl ds fuEu fØVs'kl rd QSyh gS] dks;ys ds fo'kky
Hk.Mkjksa vkSj thok'eksa ls ;qDr gSA nwljh rjQ] mijh fØVsf'k;l (Cretaceous) ls fuEu iSfy;kslhu
(Palaeocene) vk;q ds MsDdu VªSIl] izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa ehlkstksbd@e/;thoh volknu ds vUr ls
fpfàr gSaA fgeky;h {ks= esa lhukstksbd egkdYi dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjr ds foorZfud vkSj volknh bfrgkl esa
,d fof'k"V izkoLFkk ;k pj.k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA izhdsfEcz;u ls ehlkstksbd le; rd] fgeky;h {ks=
us eq[;r% leqnzh volknu ns[kk] tcfd vyo.ktyh; volknu cM+s iSekus ij lhukstk+ sbd egkdYi ds
nkSjku 'kq# gqvkA
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
lhukstksbd ds nkSjku fgeky;h {ks= nks izeq[k HkwoSKkfud ?kVukvksa dk xokg jgk %
igyh] Hkkjr&,f'k;k dh VDdj vkSj nwljh fgeky;h ioZruA bdkbZ 6 esa vkius i<+k fd
Hkkjr e/; tqjkfld ds nkSjku xksaMokuk HkwHkkx ls vyx gqvk vkSj ckn esa blus mÙkj
fn”kk esa ,f'k;k dh rjQ f[klduk 'kq# fd;kA iwoZ lhukstksbd dky esa gqbZ
Hkkjr&,f'k;k IysVksa esa VDdj us 2500 fdyksehVj yEch mRrj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&iwoZ
ufr okyh fgeky;h Js.kh dk fuekZ.k ,d pki (arc) ds vkdkj esa fd;kA pki dk
mŸky fdukjk Hkkjr dh vksj gSA bl pki dh lcls nf{k.kh Js.kh ckº; ;k
mi&fgeky; ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gS] og fgeky; ds lhukstksbd vuqØeksa dks
lekfo"V fd, gq, gSA ;g vuqØe Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks= ds mRrj if'pe vkSj mRrj
iwoZ nksuksa Hkkxksa esa izkIr gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr] dqN iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe
baMl lkaxiks lqpj t+kus (Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone; ITSZ) ls vfHkyf{kr
Hkkjrh; IysV dh lcls mRrjh lhek ij Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA ;g iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu
vuqØe yn~nk[k {ks= esa vPNs ls vuko`Ÿk gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr ds mRrj&if'pe vkSj mRrj&iwoZ fgeky;h {ks=ksa esa vuko`Ÿk
fofHkUu iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa ds vkf'edh] oxhZdj.k] vk;q vkSj forj.k ij
ppkZ djsaxAs
visf{kr y{;__________________________________________
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn] vki fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs %
 mRrj&if'pe vkSj mRrj&iwoZ fgeky; ds fofHkUu iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa
dk [kkdk [khapus esa(
 fgeky;h {ks= ds eq[; iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj oxhZÑr
djus esa(
 egRoiw.kZ iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu 'kSy lewgksa dh vkf'edh ij ppkZ djus esa( vkSj
 mRrj&if'pe fgeky; vkSj vle ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa ds LrjfoU;kl
dks fy[kus esaA
8-2 mRrj&if'pe fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe

fgeky; lekukUrj ioZr Jsf.k;ksa dh ,d Jà[kyk gSA tSlk vkius [kaM 1 esa i<+k gS]
LFkykÑfrd n`f"V ls fgeky; dks jSf[kd rkSj ij mRrj ls nf{k.k dh vksj ik¡p
lekukUrj Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS % VªkUl (Trans) fgeky;] VsfFkl (Tethys)
fgeky;] c`gn (Greater) ;k mPp (Higher) fgeky;] y?kq (Lesser) ;k fuEu
(Lower) fgeky; vkSj ckº; (Outer) ;k mi (Sub)&fgeky; ¼fp= 8-1½A ;g foHkkx
,d&nwljs ls fof'k"V Hkz'a k (fault) ;k {ksi (thrust) t+kus @{ks= ls vyx&vyx gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, baMl lkaxiks lqpj t+ksu ¼ITSZ½ tks Hkkjrh; IysV dh mRrjh lhek
vkSj Hkkjr vkSj ,f'k;k IysVksa dh VDdj ds izkUr dks n'kkZrk gS] VªkUl ,oa VsfFkl
fgeky; ds chp fLFkr gSA bu foHkktuksa vkSj ITSZ ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dh t:jr
;g gS fd ckº; ;k mi&fgeky; ds lkFk&lkFk ITSZ iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vk;q ds
lqifjjf{kr vuqØeksa dks 'kkfey fd, gq, gSA
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fp= 8-1 % fofHkUu foorZfud bdkb;ksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk fgeky; dk HkwoSKkfud ekufp=A ¼lzksr
% Kumar, 1998 ds vuqlkj ljyhÑr½
8-2-1 ITSZ ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe
ITSZ yn~nk[k {ks= esa vPNs ls vuko`Rr gSA ITSZ dh lhukstksbd 'kSyksa dks flU/kq
nzk.s kh volknh 'kSy ¼ Indus Basin Sedimentary Rocks; IBSR½ dk uke fn;k
x;k gSA ;g nks la?kksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke] rkj la?k (Tar Group)] e/;
fØVs'kl (Middle Cretaceous) ls fuEu bvkslhu (Lower Eocene) vk;q okyk
vkSj baMl la?k (Indus Group)] e/; bvkslhu (Middle Eocene) ls ek;kslhu
(Miocene) vk;q okyk gSA leqnzh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr fu{ksfir@tek gq, rkj la?k
iz/kkur;k egk}hih; volknh vuqØe dks n'kkZrk gSA blesa pkj 'kSy lewg 'kkfey gSa]
tks vkjksgh Øe esa uqjyk (Nurla)] pksdLVh (Choksti)] fuEu fueq (Lower Nimu)
vkSj mijh fueq (Upper Nimu) gSaA vkf'edh rkSj ij ;g la?k iadk'e]
pwukiRFkj@pwuk”e] 'ksy] ika'kq iRFkj vkSj laxfq Vdk'e ls feydj cuk gSA
8-2-2 mi&fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØe
ckº; ;k mi&fgeky; gh lhukst+ksbd volknu dk eq[; {ks= gSA mi&fgeky; ds
iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe Hkkjr ds mŸkj jkT;ksa] ftuesa tEew vkSj d'ehj] iatkc]
fgekpy izn's k vkSj mŸkjk[kaM lfEefyr gSaA ;g /;ku j[ksa fd lqckFkw (Subathu)] eqjh
(Murree) vkSj /keZ'kkyk (Dharamsala) eq[; iSfy;ksthu 'kSyksa dk la?k gS] tcfd
f'kokfyd mi&fgeky; ds lhukst+ksbd vuqØeksa dk eq[; fu;ksthu la?k gSA vkb,] ge
igys mRrj&if'pe fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu la?kksa dh ppkZ djrs gSAa
 lqCkkFkw la?k (Subathu Group)
lqckFkw la?k dks mldk uke fgeky; izn's k ds lksyu ftyk ds lqckFkw 'kgj ls feyk gS]
tgk¡ ;g vPNs ls vuko`Ÿk gSA lqckFkw la?k esa lefoU;Lr laLrjksa okys eksVs vuqØe
'kkfey gSa tks xgjs gjs vkSj yky 'ksy ds lkFk varjklaLrfjr uqeqykbVh pwukiRFkj
(nummulitic limestones)] dkcZue; 'ksy vkSj cyqvkiRFkj dh ifV~V;ksa ls cus gSaA
189
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;g la?k tEew vkSj d'ehj] iatkc] fgekpy izn's k vkSj mŸkjk[kaM esa feyrk gS vkSj
izhdsfEcz;u&dsfEcz;u LysV rFkk pwukiRFkj ds mifj'kk;h gSA lqckFkw la?k dh “kSy
thok'eksa ls le`) gSaA buls cM+s QksjfS euhQsjk ¼foraminifers½ tSls uqeqykbVht+
¼Nummulites½] jkuhdksBkfy;k( (Ranikothalia) vkfn] vkWLVªSdksM ¼ostracods½]
eksyLd ¼molluscs½ vkSj eRL; vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gS]a tks la?k ds fu{ksi.k dk leqnzh
i;kZoj.k esa lEiUu gksus dk ladrs nsrs gSaA bls nks 'kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS tks
vkjksgh Øe esa] dkdkjk (Kakara) vkSj lqckFkw (Subathu) gSa ¼lkj.kh 8-1½A bl la?k
ds fy, mifj iSfy;kslhu (Palaeocene) ls bvkslhu (Eocene) vk;q izLrkfor gSA
 eqjh la?k (Murree Group)
lqckFkw la?k dk vuqlj.k eqjh vkSj /keZ'kkyk la?k djrs gSaA ;g nksuksa la?k dh vk;q lhek
yxHkx leku gS] ij nks vyx&vyx bykdksa esa izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj bl otg ls
vyx&vyx uke j[ks x, gSaA eqjh la?k tEew vkSj d'ehj esa feyrk gS vkSj fgekpy
izn's k esa feyus okys /keZ'kkyk la?k dk ledkyhu gS ¼lkj.kh 8-1½A igys ge eqjh la?k
dh ppkZ djsx a As
eqjh la?k dk iz:i {ks= ikfdLrku ds eqjh 'kgj esa ik;k tkrk gSA eqjh la?k dh ”kSyksa esa
yky] dRFkbZ (maroon) vkSj cSaxuh jax ds cyqvkiRFkj] iadk'e vkSj 'ksy 'kkfey gSAa
laxqfVdk'e ls cuk gqvk la?k dk vk/kkj ikfdLrku ds dksgV&iksVokj (Kohat-
Potwar) {ks= esa vPNs ls vuko`Ÿk gSA ;g fgeky;h {ks= esa leqnzh volknu dh lekfIr
vkSj vyo.ktyh; fu{ksi.k (freshwater deposition) ds izkjEHk dk ladrs gS ¼Naqvi]
2005½A vkf'edh esa vUrj ds vk/kkj ij eqjh la?k dks nks 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
x;k gS ftuds uke fupyk eqjh 'kSy lewg (Lower Murree Formation) vkSj mijh
eqjh 'kSy lewg (Upper Murree Formation) gS ¼lkj.kh 8-1½A eqjh la?k ds fy,
lkekU;r% e/; bvkslhu (Eocene) ls fuEu ek;kslhu (Miocene) vk;q fu;r gSA
 /keZ'kkyk la?k (Dharamsala Group)
tEew vkSj d'ehj ds eqjh la?k ds ledkyhu (coeval) fgekpy izn's k ds /keZ'kkyk la?k
dks fupys nkx'kkb (Dagshai) 'kSy lewg vkSj mijh dlkSyh (Kasauli) 'kSy lewg esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS ¼lkj.kh 8-1½A tEew vkSj d'ehj ds fupys eqjh 'kSy lewg dk
led{k nkx'kkb 'kSy lewg] lqckFkw 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gSA bldk uke fgekpy
izn's k esa lqckFkw ds ikl fLFkr nkx'kkb 'kgj ds uke ij iM+k gSA 'kSy lewg yky] /kwlj
vkSj cSaxuh jax dh e`fŸkdkvksa ds ,dkUrfjr vuqØe ds lkFk dBksj] gjs&/kwlj jax ds
cyqvkiRFkj vkSj yky iadk'e ¼mudstones½ ls cuk gqvk gSA 'kSy lewg mFkys leqnz
ls LFkyh; i;kZoj.k ds vUnj fu{ksfir gqvk Fkk ¼Vaidyanadhan and
Ramakrishanan, 2010½A Js.khdj.k O;Dr djrk gqvk mifj'kk;h dlkSyh 'kSy lewg
Hkwj&
s ihys vkSj /kwlj&gjs jax ds e/;e df.kd ls LFkwy df.kd cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk
xkS.k ek=k esa ihys&gjs] /kwlj&gjs vkSj cSaxuh jax dh 'ksyksa ls cuk gqvk gSA 'kSy lewg
dk uke nkx”kkb ds ikl fLFkr fgekpy izn's k ds dlkSyh 'kgj ds uke ij iM+k gSA
dlkSyh 'kSy lewg ds ouLifr tkr rRo vknZz (moist) ls lw[ks m".kdfVca/kh;
i;kZoj.k (tropical environment) dk ladrs nsrs gSaA /keZ'kkyk la?k dh vk;q mifj
bvkslhu ls fupyh ek;kslhu fuf”pr dh x;h gS ¼Kumar, 19898; Vaidyanadhan
vkSj Ramakrishanan, 2010)A
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lkj.kh 8-1 % mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØeA
la?k 'kSy lewg vkf'edh vk;q@dky
&&&&&&&&&&fu;ksthu f'kokfyd la?k &&&&&&&&&&
mifj eqjh yky] dRFkbZ vkSj cSaxuh mifj@e/;
eqjh ¼¾/keZ'kkyk½ ¼¾dlkSyh@ cyqvk iRFkj] iadk'e bvkslhu ls
Kasauli½ vkSj 'ksyA fuEu
fupyk eqjh vk/kkj ij laxqfVdk'eA ek;kslhu
¼¾nkx'kkbZ/
Dagshai½
lqckFkw uqeqykbVh pwukiRFkj] mifj
lqckFkw (Subathu) dkcZue; 'ksy vkSj iSfy;kslhu ls
dkdkjk cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk bvkslhu
(Kakara) var jkla
L rfjr xgjs gjs
vkSj yky 'ksyA
&&&&&çhdsfEcz;u vkSj dsfEcz;u LysV vkSj pwukiRFkj&&&&&
8-2-3 mi&fgeky; ds fu;ksthu vuqØe
fgeky; esa] fu;ksthu vuqØe HkkSxksfyd rkSj ls ,d&nwljs ls vyx&vyx nks {ks=ksa esa
fodflr gS % mi&fgeky; (Sub Himalaya) vkSj y?kq&fgeky; (Lesser Himalaya)A
mi&fgeky; dh fu;ksthu 'kSy f'kokfyd la?k dgh tkrh gSa] tcfd y?kq fgeky; esa]
fu;ksthu volkn djsok (Karewa) 'kSy lewg ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSa tks d'ehj
?kkVh] Jhuxj] tEew vkSj d'ehj esa feyrs gSAa f'kokfyd la?k mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; esa
fu;ksthu “kSyksa dk ,d iz/kku la?k gS vkSj blfy, bldk T;knk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA
 f'kokfyd la?k (Siwalik Group)
fu;ksthu f'kokfyd la?k fgeky;h rygVh (foothills) dh iwjh yEckbZ esa if'pe dh
vksj flU/kq unh vkSj iwoZ dh vksj czãiq= egk[kM~M (gorge) ds chp esa iwjh jSf[kd
iV~Vh esa vuko`Ÿk gS flok; flfDde ds ikl NksVs ls vUrjky ds fy, tgk¡ y?kq
fgeky; flU/kq&xaxk ds eSnku ls lh/ks lEidZ esa gSA ;s la?k fgekpy izn's k ds
gfjrY;kaxj (Haritalyanagar) {ks= vkSj tEew ,oa d'ehj ds tEew izkUr dh rkoh
?kkVh (Tawi valley) esa lqfodflr gSA lkekU;r% la?k iadh; vkSj dRFkbZ (maroon)
cyqvkiRFkj ds ,dkUrfjr laLrjksa] 'ksy] ika'kq] fpduh feV~Vh@e`fŸkdk ds lkFk
dgha&dgha ij Åij dh rjQ lw{edf.kd gksrs xqfVdk;qDr laxqfVdk'e ls cuk gSA
f'kokfyd la?k ds volknksa dks fgeky; Jsf.k;ksa ls mRiUu ekuk tkrk gS vkSj bu
Jsf.k;ksa esa ls gksdj cgus okyh ufn;k¡ volknksa dks uhps f'kokfyd nzk.s kh esa ykrh gSa
ftlus f'kokfyd la?k dks mRiUu fd;kA
 oxhZdj.k (Classification):
f'kokfyd la?k thok'eksa dk le`) HkaMkj x`g gSA blesa vd'ks#dh (invertebrates)
vkSj ikni thok'eksa dh rqyuk esa d'ks#dh (vertebrates) thok'e vf/kd izHkkoh gSaA
la?k dk iwjk vuqØe vkf'edh esa yxkrkj nksgjko ns[krk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kSyksa
ds y{k.k dh fo'ks"krk la?k dks oxhZÑr djus ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA f'kokfyd la?k
191
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ftldk vk;q fupys ek;kslhu (Miocene) ls fupys IyhLVkslhu (Pleistocene) rd
QSyk gS] rhu mila?kksa ls feydj cuk gqvk gS] ¼vkjksgh Øe esa½ % fuEu f'kokfyd] e/;
f'kokfyd vkSj mifj f'kokfyd ¼lkj.kh 8-2½A izR;sd mila?k dks vkxs nks ;k rhu 'kSy
lewgksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS ¼lkj.kh 8-2½A vkb,] ge la?k ds bu mila?kksa vkSj 'kSy
lewgksa dh vkjksgh Øe esa ppkZ djsAa
lkj.kh 8-2 % f'kokfyd la?k dh LrfjdhA
la?k mila?k 'kSy lewg 'kSy çdkj vk;q@dky
&&&&& iqjkuk tyks<d &&&&&
xksyk'eh laxqfVdk'e laxqfVdk'e] cyqvk iRFkj]
(Boulder ika'kq iRFkj vkSj e`fRrdk
conglomerate)
mijh fiatkSj (Pinjor) cyqvk iRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj] Iyk;kslhu&

laxqfVdk'e vkSj e`fRrdk IyhLVkslhu
VkVjkSV (Tatrot) laxqfVdk'e] dksey cyqvk
iRFkj vkSj e`fRrdk
f”kokfyd (Siwalik)
<ksd iBku (Dhok cyqvk iRFkj] 'ksy]

Pathan) e`fÙkdk'e] laxqfVdk'e ek;kslhu&
e/; ukxjh (Nagri) LFkwy cyqvk iRFkj ds lkFk Iyk;kslhu
xkS.k ek=k esa yky e`fŸkdk]
'ksy vkSj laxqfVdk'e
fpUth (Chinji) cyqvk iRFkj e`fŸkdk'e
vkSj yky 'ksy
fuEu
defyvky (Kamlial) dBksj vkSj dksey cyqvk ek;kslhu
iRFkj e`fŸkdk] cSaxuh 'ksy
vkSj dwV&laxqfVdk'e
(Pseudo-conglomerate)
&&&&&e/; b;kslhu ls fuEu ek;kslhu eqjhZ@/keZ'kkyk la?k&&&&&
fuEu f'kokfyd mila?k (Lower Siwalik Subgroup) iz/kkur;k cyqvkiRFkj vkSj
e`fŸkdk'e bdkb;ksa ls cuk gS] tksfd unh;&ljksojh (fluvio-lacustrine) i;kZoj.k ds
vUnj fu{ksfir gqbZa gSaA ;g defyvky (Kamlial) vkSj fpUth (Chinji) 'kSy lewgksa esa
foHkkftr gSA
 defyvky 'kSy lewg (Kamlial Formation)% ;g la?k dh lcls uhps dh bdkbZ
gS vkSj bldk uke ikfdLrku ds iksVokj iBkj (Potwar Plateau) ds defyvky
xk¡o ds uke ij gSA ;g bdkbZ eqjh la?k ds Åij gS vkSj lw{e ls e/;e df.kd]
/kwlj ls gfj;kys /kwlj jax ds dBksj cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk dgha&dgha ij vPNs ls
n`<+ gks pqds cyqvkiRFkj ls ysdj eqyk;e Hkwjk cyqvkiRFkj] cSx
a uh 'ksy vkSj
dwV&laxqfVdk'e (pseudo-conglomerate) ls cuk gqvk gSA blls vusd
Lru/kkjh vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSAa bl 'kSy lewg ds fy, fuEu ls e/; ek;kslhu vk;q
izLrkfor dh tk pqdh gSA
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 mifj'kk;h fpUth 'kSy lewg (Chinji Formation) dks Hkh mldk uke iksVokj
iBkj ds ,d xk¡o] fputh ls feyk gSA fputh 'kSy lewg vis{kkÑr T;knk
e`fŸkdke; gS tks Hkwjs vkSj ihys e`fŸkdk'e (claystones)] dqN ek=k esa /kwlj vkSj
Hkwjs cyqvkiRFkj vkSj yky 'ksy ls cuk gSA bl 'kSy lewg esa thok'eksa dk [ktkuk
gSA blls Lru/kkjh (mammals)] ljhlì (reptiles) vkSj f}dikVh (bivalve) ds
vusd vo'ks"k feys gSaA fpUth 'kSy lewg ds fy, e/; ek;kslhu ls mifj ek;kslhu
vk;q fu;r gks pqdh gSA
e/; f'kokfyd mila?k (Middle Siwalik Subgroup) esa dbZ eaftyk cyqvkiRFkj dh
iz/kkurk ds lkFk dgha&dgha ij e`fŸkdk'e gS] tks ck<+ ds eSnku i;kZoj.k esa fu{ksfir
gqvk FkkA ;g ukxjh (Nagri) vkSj <ksd iBku (Dhok Pathan) 'kSy lewg ls feydj
cuk gSA
 ukxjh 'kSy lewg (Nagri Formation) dks uke iksVokj iBkj ds ukxjh xk¡o ds
uke ij gSA ;g fupys f'kokfyd mila?k ds fpUth 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gSA ;g
LFkwy cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk xkS.k ek=k esa yky e`fŸkdk] 'ksy vkSj laxqfVdk'e ls cuk
gSA ;g 'kSy lewg v/kks'kk;h fpUth 'kSy lewg dh rqyuk esa vYi thok'eksa ls ;qDr
gSA blls ?kksM+k] eos'kh ¼xk;&cSy½] uj&okuj@izkbZeVs ht (primates) bR;kfn ds
vo'ks"k feys gSAa bl 'kSy lewg dh vk;q mifj ek;kslhu fu/kkZfjr gqbZ gSA
 mifj'kk;h <ksd iBku (Dhok Pathan Formation) dks viuk uke iksVokj iBkj
ds blh uke ds xk¡o ls feyk gSA 'kSy lewg vis{kkÑr 'ksy dh iz/kkurk fy, gq,
gSA blds vykok blesa cyqvkiRFkj] e`fŸkdk'e ds lkFk dgha&dgha laxfq Vdk'e Hkh
'kkfey gSaA <ksd iBku 'kSy lewg f'kokfyd la?k dh egŸoiw.kZ thok'e nsus okyh
bdkbZ gSA blus fofo/k Lru/kkjh leqPp; iznku fd, gSaA bl 'kSy lewg dh mifj
ek;kslhu ls fuEu Iyk;kslhu vk;q fu;r gks pqdh gSA
mifj f'kokfyd mila?k (Upper Siwalik Subgroup) cM+s iSekus ij tyh;
i;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr fu{ksfir cyqvkiRFkj] e`fŸkdk vkSj laxqfVdk'e laLrj ls cuk gSA
;g la?k rhu 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke VkVjkSV (Tatrot)] fiatkSj
(Pinjor) vkSj xksyk'eh laxfq Vdk'e (Boulder Conglomerate) gSaA
 VkVjkSV “kSy lewg (Tatrot Formation) dk uke isVokj iBkj (Potwar
Plateau) esa VkVjkSV xkao ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSA ;g mijh f”kokfyd dh
vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ gS tks <ksd iBku (Dhok Pathan) “kSy lewg ds mij fLFkr gS
vkSj blesa laxqfVdk'e] dksey cyqvkiRFkj vkSj ukjaxh vkSj Hkwjs jax ds e`fŸkdk gSA
laxqfVdk'e laLrj] “kSy lewg ds vk/kkj ij ik;k tkrk gS tks e/; f”kokfyd
fu{ksi.k ds ckn volknu dh ,d HkkSfrd fojke dks bafxr djrk gS (Krishnan,
1949)A bl “kSy lewg ls gkFkh] ?kksM+k] eos”kh ¼xk;&cSy½ bR;kfn ds vo”ks’k feys
gSaA bl “kSy lewg dh vk;q Iyk;kslhu fu/kkZfjr gqbZ gSA
 mifj'kk;h fiatkSj 'kSy lewg (Pinjor Formation) dk uke Hkkjrh; f'kokfyd esa
gfj;k.kk ds fiatkSj xk¡o ls cuk gSA ;g gYds /kwlj ls lQsn LFkwydf.kd
cyqvkiRFkj vkSj gYds xqykch ika'kq iRFkj] laxfq Vdk'e vkSj e`fŸkdk ls cuk gSA
blesa orZeku ds dbZ Lru/kkfj;ksa ds lEHkor% iwoZt ekus tkus okys Lru/kkfj;ksa ds
le`) thok”e leqPp;@lap;u lekfo"V gSaA 'kSy lewg dh vk;q Iyk;kslhu
(Pliocene) ls lcls fuEu IyhLVkslhu (Pleistocene) fu/kkZfjr gSA
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 lcls Åij dk xksyk'eh laxqfVdk'e 'kSy lewg (Boulder Conglomerate
Formation) fiatkSj 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gS vkSj f'kokfyd la?k dh lcls
de vk;q okyh bdkbZ gSA ;g 'kSy lewg eq[;r% laxqfVdk'e ls cuk gS] ij
cyqvkiRFkj] ika'kq iRFkj vkSj e`fŸkdk Hkh mifLFkr gSA bl 'kSy lewg ds volkn
çÑfr esa LFkwy gSa] fgeunh; ifjfLFkfr;ks@ a O;oLFkk ds vUnj fu{ksfir ¼tek½ gq, gSa
vkSj yxHkx thok'eghu gSaA budh vk;q e/; ls mifj IyhLVkslhu (Pleistocene)
rd gSA
f'kokfyd HkwfoKku ds nqfu;k esa vf}rh; gSa] pw¡fd og dsoy FkksMs+ izkarjky ds lkFk
fu;ksthu LFkyh; vuqØe dk yxHkx lrr ¼iwjk½ fu{ksi.kh vfHkys[k@fjdkWMZ (record)
izLrqr djrs gSa] ;g fjdkWMZ dbZ thok'e;qDr Lrjksa ds lkFk gS] ;|fi thok'eksa ds
vfHkys[k dh xq.koŸkk esa Q+dZ gSA fiNys 150 lkyksa ds fy, f'kokfyd vius d'ks#dh
izkf.ktkr ds le`) HkaMkj ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ vd'ks#dh vkSj ikni thok'eksa ds fy,
lqizfl) gSaA bu o"kksZa esa dbZ 'kks/kdrkZvksa dk Hkkjr esa fd;k x;k 'kks/k dk;Z Hkkjr ds
f'kokfyd esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ thok'e lafLFkfr;ksa ¼feyus dh txgksa½ dks izdk'k esa yk;k
gSA tSl& s jkeuxj (Ramnagar) ¼tEew vkSj d'ehj½ dk fupyk f'kokfyd]
gfjrY;kaxj (Haritalyanagar) vkSj uwjiqj (Nurpur) ¼fgekpy izn's k½ ds e/;
f'kokfyd] paMhx<+ ds mRrj vkSj iwoZ rFkk ekjdaMk ?kkVh (Markanda valley)
fgekpy izn's k ds mijh f'kokfyd vkSj gfj}kj ¼mRrjk[kaM½ ds e/;&mijh f'kokfydA
gkFkh] ?kksM+k] ftjkQ bR;kfn ds thok'e vo'ks"kksa ds vykok dfi;ksa ¼,sIl( Apes½ ds
vo'ks"k Hkh f'kokfyd la?k ls [kksts tk pqds gSaA
f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa] vkius if”pe fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa ds ckjsa esa v/;;u
dj fy;k gSA vkxs ppkZ djus ls igys] vki viuh izxfr dh tkap djus ds fy, dqN
feuV fcrk,aA
cks/k ç'u 1
a) mRrj&if'pe fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu 'kSyksa ds eq[; la?k D;k gSa \
b) f'kokfyd la?k ds 'kSy lewgksa dh vkjksgh Øe esa lwph nhft,A
i) lqckFkw la?k a) fpUth 'kSy lewg
ii) fupyk f'kokfyd mila?k b) fiatkSj 'kSy lewg
iii) baMl la?k c) dkdkjk 'kSy lewg
iv) mijh f'kokfyd mila?k d) ITSZ
8-3 vle ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe

vle Hkkjr dk mŸkj&iwohZ jkT; gSA iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu ds 'kSykuqØe mŸkj&iwohZ
fgeky; ds vle vkSj mlls yxs {ks=ksa tSls es?kky; (Meghalaya), ukxk (Naga),
igkfM+;ksa] f'kykSax (Shillong) igkfM+;ksa] fpV~Vkxksax (Chittagong) igkfM+;ksa] lqjek
(Surma) ?kkVh bR;kfn] esa vPNs ls fodflr gSA ;g vuqØe leqnz ls LFkyh; ;k
vyo.ktyh; i;kZoj.kksa esa rd fu{ksfir gq, gSaA
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8-3-1 vle ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØe
vle ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØe ykaxikj (Langpar) 'kSy lewg vkSj tSfUr;k (Jaintia)
rFkk cjkby (Barail) la?kksa ls cuk gS tSlk lkj.kh 8-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vkb,] ge
ykaxikj 'kSy lewg dh ppkZ djrs gS]a tks vle ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØeksa esa lcls iqjkuk
'kSy lewg gSA
lkj.kh 8-3 % vle ds iSfy;ksthu vuqØeksa dh LrfjdhA
la?k 'kSy lewg vkf'edh vk;q @ dky
ek;kslhu lqjek la?k (Miocene Surma Group)
jsuft (Renji) cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk dqN 'ksy
cjkby tsue (Jenam) dkcZue; 'ksy] 'ksy vkSj vkWfyxkslhu
(Barail) cyqvkiRFkj (Oligocene)
ykbZlkSax (Laisong) cyqvkiRFkj lkFk esa dqN 'ksy
dksfify (Kopili) 'ksy vkSj cyqvkiRFkj ds mifj iSfy;kslhu
,dkUrfjr laLrj ls mifj bvkslhu
flygV pwukiRFkj pwukiRFkj ds lkFk “kdZjkHkh
tSfUr;k (Sylhet Limestone) (sugary) cyqvkiRFkj ds
(Jaintia)
,dkUrfjr ifV~V;k¡
FksjjkbZ@rwjk LFkwy ls e/;e df.kd] /kkjk
cyqvkiRFkj laLrfjr cyqvkiRFkj vkSj
(Therria/Tura e`fŸkdk ds lkFk pwukiRFkj
Sandstone) 'ksy vkSj dks;yk
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&& ykaxikj pwukiRFkj] cyqvkiRFkj] cyqvk fuEu iSfy;kslhu
(Langpar) 'ksy ds lkFk cyqvk pwukiRFkj
mijh fØVs'kl egkfnvks 'kSy lewg
 ykaxikj 'kSy lewg (Langpar Formation)
ykaxikj 'kSy lewg vle vkSj es?kky; esa lhukstksbd vuqØe dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk
gSA ykaxikj 'kSy lewg mifj fØVs'kl vk;q@dky ds egkfnvks (Mahadeo) “kSy
lewg ds mifj'kk;h gS] tks es?kky; ds f'kykSax iBkj esa vPNs ls fodflr gSA ykaxikj
'kSy lewg vkjksgh Øe esa 'ksy ds lkFk pwukiRFkj vkSj e`.e; cyqvkiRFkj] ihys&Hkwjs
v'kq) ¼fefJr½ pwukiRFkj vkSj cyqvk iRFkj rFkk cyqvk 'ksy ds lkFk cyqvk pwukiRFkj
dk cuk gSA ;g fuEu iSfy;kslhu (Palaeocene) vk;q dk ekuk tkrk gSA
 tSfUr;k la?k (Jaintia Group)
tSfUr;k la?k ykaxikj 'kSy lewg ds lefoU;Lr mifj'kk;h gS vkSj rhu 'kSy lewgksas esa
foHkkftr gSa ftuds uke vkjksgh Øe esa rwjk (Tura) cyqvkiRFkj] flygV (Sylhet)
pwukiRFkj vkSj dksfify (Kopili) gS ¼lkj.kh 8-3½A bl la?k ds fy, mijh iSfy;kslhu
(Palaeocene) ls mifj bvkslhu (Eocene) vk;q fu;r gks pqdh gSA
 la?k dk rwjk cyqvkiRFkj 'kSy lewg (Tura Sandstone Formation) LFkwy ls
e/;e df.kd] /kkjk laLrfjr] QsYlikjghu (non-feldspathic)] dks;yk /kkj.k
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djus okyk cyqvkiRFkj vkSj e`fŸkdk ds lkFk pwukiRFkj] /kwlfjr lQsn 'ksy]
dkcZue; 'ksy vkSj dks;yk ls feydj cuk gSA rhu dks;yk laLrj Hkh rwjk
cyqvkiRFkj esa izkIr gksrs gS]a ftuesa ls ,d [kuu ds ;ksX; gSA rwjk 'kSy lewg ds
mijh laLrj ls dqN vd'ks#dh thok'e [kksts tk pqds gSaA egk}hih; izHkko okyk
rV ds ikl dk mFkyk leqnzh i;kZoj.k 'kSy lewg ds fy, izLrkfor fd;k tk pqdk
gSA
 mifj'kk;h flygV pwukiRFkj 'kSy lewg (Sylhet Limestone Formation) ds
lkFk “kdZjkHkh (sugary) cyqvkiRFkj vkSj dks;yk laLrjksa ds ,dkUrfjr ifV~V;ksa ls
s uqeqykbVht+
cuk gSA pwukiRFkj laLrjksa ls QksjfS euhQsjk ds fof'k"V vo'ks"k tSl&
(Nummulites)] fMLdkslkbfDyuk (Discocyclina)] feLlsYysfu;k
(Misscellanea)] vkWfcZVhykbVht+ (Orbitolites) bR;kfn izkIr gq, gSAa lw{eizk.kh
leqPp; bl 'kSy lewg ds fu{ksi.k dk i;kZoj.k mFkyk leqnzh gksus dk ladrs nsrk
gSA
 la?k dk lcls mifj dksfify 'kSy lewg (Kopili Formation) flygV pwukiRFkj
'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gSA ;g eq[;r% 'ksy vkSj pwukiRFkj dh ,dkUrfjr laLrjksa
ds lkFk pwukiRFkj] QkWLQSfVd xzfa Fkdk (phosphatic nodules)] ekyZ vkSj iŸkh
dh Nki;qDr dks;yk ls feydj cuk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds fu{ksi.k i;kZoj.k tSls
mFkys ls [kqys leqnz] xeZ ikuh ls rV ds ikl ds rVh; i;kZoj.k bl 'kSy lewg
ds fy, vuqekfur gSaA 'kSy lewg Åij dh vksj cjkby la?k esa c<+rk gSA
 cjkby la?k (Barail Group)
;g la?k tSfUr;k la?k (Jaintia Group) ds lefoU;Lr vkSj mifj'kk;h gSA ckyqdke;
volknh 'kSyksa dk ;g eksVk vuqØe tks eq[;r% dBksj pwukiRFkj vkSj 'ksy ds
,dkUrfjr ifV~V;ksa ds lkFk dks;yk&laLrj dk cuk gSA ;g la?k Åijh vkSj fupys]
nksuksa vle esa lqfodflr gSA
cjkby la?k mijh vle esa [kuuh; dks;yk laLrj vkSj dbZ mRiknd isVªkfs y;e/kkjh
(Petroliferous) laLrjksa ls ;qDr gSA la?k dh eksVkbZ mRrj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&if'pe
dh rjQ c<+rh gSA fupys vle esa cjkby la?k rhu 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds
uke vkjksgh ¼Åij dh vksj p<+r½s Øe esa ykblkSax (Laisong)] tsue (Jenam) vkSj
jsuft (Renji) ¼lkj.kh 8-3½A
 ykblkSx
a 'kSy lewg (Laisong Formation) bl la?k dh lcls vk/kkj dh bdkbZ
gS tks tSfUr;k la?k ds dksfify “kSy lewg ds Åij fLFkr gSA ;g 'kSYk lewg e/;
vkSj fupys vle esa feyrk gS vkSj eq[;r% cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk dqN 'ksy ls cuk
gSA
 mifj'kk;h tsue 'kSy lewg (Jenam Formation) dkcZue; 'ksy] 'ksy vkSj
cyqvkiRFkj dk cuk gqvk gSA
 jsuft 'kSy lewg (Renji Formation) la?k dk lcls de vk;q dk 'kSy lewg gS
vkSj tsue 'kSy lewg ds Åij vkSj lqjek la?k ds uhps gSA ;g eq[;r% cyqvkiRFkj
ds lkFk dqN laLrjksa dk cuk gqvk gSA
bl ij /;ku nsa fd cjkby la?k mijh vle esa Hkh rhu 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS&
ukvksxk¡o (Naogaon)] ckjkxksyksbZ (Baragoloi) vkSj fVdkd ijcr (Tikak
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Parbat)A la?k ls dsoy dqN gh thok'e feys gSa vkSj ;g vkWfyxkslhu ¼Oligocene½
dky dk ekuk tkrk gSA cjkby la?k ds volkn vuwi (swampy) vkSj dPN
(marshy) i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUnj fu{ksfir gq, FksA
8-3-2 vle ds fu;ksthu vuqØe
fu;ksthu vuqØeksa esa 'kSyksa ds lqjek (Surma) vkSj frie (Tipam) la?k 'kkfey gSaA
vle vkSj mlds vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa fu;ksthu vuqØe f'kykSax&fefdj (Shillong-
Mikir) dh igkfM+;ksa] /kuflfj (Dhansiri)] Åijh vle ?kkVh] ef.kiqj vkSj dksfgek esa
izkIr gksrs gSaA vyx izdkj dh vkf'edh okys lqjek vkSj frie la?k vius eksVkbZ esa
LFkkfud iSekus ij ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA vle dk fu;ksthu vuqØe nks LFkkuh;
fo"k;foU;kl ls ifjc)@f?kjk gqvk gSA ,d vk/kkj ij cjkby la?k ds 'kh"kZ vkSj lqjek
la?k ds ry ds chp gS vkSj nwljk 'kh"kZ ij frie vkSj LraHk frie (Post Tipam)
volknksa dh lhek ds chp gS ¼lkj.kh 8-4½A
lkj.kh 8-4 % vle ds fu;ksthu vuqØeksa dh LrfjdhA
la?k 'kSy lewg 'kSy çdkj vk;q@dky
&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&
frie fx#tu e`fÙkdk jax&fcjaxh e`fŸkdk ds lkFk [kaMe;
(Tipam) (Girujan Clays) ifjorZu'khy ckyw vo;o ;k
dgha&dgha ij cyqvkiRFkj vkSj Hkwjs
dks;ys dh iryh ifV~V;k¡
ek;kslhu ls
frie cyqvkiRFkj LFkwy yksge; cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk Iyk;kslhu
(Tipam 'ksy] e`fŸkdk] laxqfVdk'e vkSj Hkwjs
Sandstone) dks;ys dh dqN iryh ifV~V;k¡
lqjek cksdk fcy (Boka ika'kq 'ksy] 'ksy ds lkFk ika'kq iRFkj e/; ls
(Surma) Bil) vkSj cyqvkiRFkj mifj
Hkwcku (Bhuban) cyqvkiRFkj] iadk'e] laxqfVdk'e ek;kslhu
vkSj 'ksy
&&&&&&&&& fo"kefoU;kl &&&&&&&&&&
vkWfyxkslhu cjkby la?k
 lqjek la?k (Surma Group)
lqjek la?k e/;&mijh ek;kslhu dkyhu [kaMt volknksa dk eksVk vuqØe gS] tks
cyqvkiRFkj] 'ksy vkSj ika'kq iRFkj ds ,dkUrfjr laLrjksa ls cuk gSA ;g Li"V
fo"kefoU;kl ds lkFk vkWfyxkslhu dkyhu cjkby la?k ds mifj'kk;h gS vkSj ek;kslhu
ls Iyk;kslhu vk;q vkSj cyqvkiRFkj dh iz/kkurk okys frie la?k ds v/kks'kk;h gSA lqjek
la?k esa leqnhz vkSj [kkjs ty ds lw{eizk.khtkr lfEefyr gSa] tks MsYVh; ls Tokjuneq[kh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr nzks.kh fu{ksi.k iznf'kZr djrs gSaA la?k dk fupyk Hkkx lqjek
?kkVh esa] [kkldj Hkwcku igkfM+;ksa esa vPNs ls fodflr gSa vkSj mifj Hkkx ekfleiqj
(Masimpur) ds ikl cksdk fcy esa fodflr gSA lqjek la?k fupyk Hkwcku “kSy lewg
vkSj mifj cksdk fcy “kSy lewg esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ¼lkj.kh 8-4½A vkb,] bu 'kSy lewgksa
ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaA
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 Hkwcku “kSy lewg (Bhuban Formation) la?k dk lcls vk/kkj bdkbZ gS tks
cjkby la?k ds jsuft (Renji) 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h gSA 'kSy lewg laLrfjr
cyqvk iRFkj] iadk'e] laxqfVdk'e vkSj 'ksy ds ,dkarfjr vuqØe ls cuk gS vkSj
dopksa ds VwVs vo'ks"k blls izkIr gq, gSaA
 cksdk fcy “kSy lewg (Boka Bil Formation) Hkwcku 'kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h
vkSj frie la?k ds frie cyqvkiRFkj “kSy lewg (Tipam Sandstone Formation)
ds v/kks'kk;h gSA ;g eq[;r% e`.e; vuqØe gSA ;g izeq[kr;k ika'kq 'ksy] 'ksy ds
lkFk ika'kq iRFkj vkSj cyqvkiRFkj ls cuk gSA blus eksyLd fo'ks"kr% f}dikVh
(bivalves) vkSj xSLVªki s ksM@tBjikn (gastropods) ds vo'ks"k feyrs gSaA
 frie la?k (Tipam Group)
frie la?k tks lqjek la?k ds mifj'kk;h gS iz/kkur;k LFkwy cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk xkS .k
ek=k esa e`fŸkdk vkSj 'ksy ls cuk gSA frie la?k ek;kslhu ls Iyk;kslhu dky@vk;q
dk ekuk x;k gS vkSj ;g vle dh frie unh ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd vPNs ls
fodflr gSA ;g nks 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke frie cyqvkiRFkj vkSj
fx#tu e`fÙkdk gSa ¼lkj.kh 8-4½A
 lcls uhps dk frie cyqvk iRFkj 'kSy lewg (Tipam Sandstone Formation)
cksdk fcy “kSy lewg ds mifj'kk;h vkSj fx#tu e`fÙkdk ds v/kks'kk;h gSA ;g
LFkwy yksge; cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk 'ksy] e`fŸkdk] laxfq Vdk'e vkSj Hkwjs dks;ys dh
dqN iryh ifV~V;ksa ls cuk gSA cyqvk iRFkj ,ULVkVkbV ¼enstatite½] dk;ukbV
¼kyanite½] flyhesukbV ¼sillimanite½] ,sUMkywlkbV ¼andalusite½] gkWuZCySUM
¼hornblende½] ,fiMksV ¼apidote½ tSls Hkkjh [kfutksa ls Hkjiwj gSA 'kSy lewg esa
dqN rsy /kkfjr laLrj vkSj thok'e dk"B 'kkfey gSaA
 fx#tu e`fÙkdk “kSy lewg (Girujan Clay Formation) frie cyqvkiRFkj 'kSy
lewg ds Åij gS vkSj dksey@e`nq jax&fcjaxh e`fŸkdk ds lkFk [kaMe;
ifjorZu'khy ckyw vo;o ;k dgha&dgha ij cyqvkiRFkj vkSj Hkwjs dks;ys dh iryh
ifV~V;ksa ls cuk gSA 'kSy lewg esa uhyh&/kwlj fprdcjh e`fŸkdk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
fx#tu e`fÙkdk ls dqN ikni thok'e Hkh feys gSAa
f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa] vkius vle ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa ds ckjs esa lh[kk gSA vc
viuh izxfr dh tkap djus ds fy, dqN feuV fcrk,aA
cks/k ç'u 2
a) mŸkj&iwoZ fgeky; esa iSfy;ksthu 'kSyksa ds eq[; la?k dkSu ls gSa \
b) frie la?k ds 'kSy lewgksa ds uke vkjksgh Øe esa lwphc) dhft,A
i) lqjek la?k a) jsuft 'kSy lewg
ii) cjkby la?k b) mifj iSfy;kslhu ls mifj bvkslhu
iii) tSfUr;k la?k a) fupyk iSfy;kslhu
iv) ykaxikj 'kSy lewg d) cksdk fcy 'kSy lewg
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8-4 fØ;kdyki
fp= 8-2 fgeky; ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa dk [kkdk fn[kk jgk gSA ITSZ vkSj mi&fgeky;
dks <w¡f<, vkSj mudh lhek fu/kkZfjr dhft,A bu {ks=ksa esa izkIr gksus okys la?kksa ds uke
lwphc) dhft,A
fp= 8-2 % fgeky; ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh :ijs[kk dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk ekufp=A
8-5 lkjka'k
vkb,] ge og nksgjk,a] tks geus bl bdkbZ esa lh[kk gSA
 lhukstksbd vuqØe Hkkjr dh fgeky;h {ks= ds mŸkj&if'pe vkSj mŸkj&iwoZ Hkkxksa esa
vPNs ls fodflr gSA mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; esa ;g ITSZ] y?kq fgeky; vkSj mi
fgeky; esa izkIr gksrs gSa] ftlesa tEew vkSj d'ehj] iatkc] fgekpy izn's k vkSj
mRrjk[kaM jkT; lfEefyr gSa] tcfd mRrj&iwohZ Hkkx esa lhukst+kbs d vuqØe vle
vkSj mlls yxs {ks=ksa esa mifLFkr gSA
 rkj la?k dk dky e/; fØVs'kl ls fuEu bvkslhu rd gS vkSj baMl la?k dk dky
e/; bvkslhu ls ek;kslhu rd gS] tks ITSZ ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØeksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA
 lqckFkw] eqjh vkSj /keZ'kkyk mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; ds mi&fgeky; {ks= ds eq[;
iSfy;ksthu la?k gSaA lqckFkw la?k uqeqykbVh pwukiRFkj] dkcZue; 'ksy vkSj cyqvk
iRFkj ds lkFk varjklaLrfjr xgjh gjh vkSj yky 'ksy dk cuk gSA la?k dh vk;q
mifj isfy;kslhu ls bvkslhu gSA
 eqjh la?k] yky] eS:u vkSj cSaxuh cyqvkiRFkj] iadk'e vkSj 'ksy dk cuk gS vkSj e/;
bvkslhu ls fuEu ek;kslhu vk;q dk gSA
 tEew vkSj d'ehj ds eqjh la?k dk fgekpy fgeky; esa ledkyhu /keZ'kkyk la?k gS]
tks nkx'kkb “kSy lewg vkSj dlkSyh “kSy lewg esa foHkkftr gSA
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 f'kokfyd la?k mŸkj&if'pe mi&fgeky; esa fu;ksthu la?k dh 'kSy gSaA ;g rhu
mila?kksa esa foHkkftr gS % fupyk] e/; vkSj mifjA f'kokfyd la?k] iadh; vkSj
dRFkbZ cyqvkiRFkj] 'ksy] ika'kq] e`fŸdk ds ,dkUrfjr laLrjksa ds lkFk dgha&dgha ij
Åij dh vksj lw{edf.kd gksrh gqbZ xqfVdk laxfq Vdk'e ls cuk gS] bldh vk;q
fuEu ek;kslhu ls IyhLVkslhu rd gS vkSj blls fofo/k Lru/kkjh leqPp; izkIr gq,
gSaA
 mŸkj &iwohZ fgeky; ds iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu 'kSykuqØe vle vkSj mlls tqMs+ {ks=ksa
tSls es?kky;] ukxk igkfM+;ksa] f'kykSax igkfM+;ksa vkSj fpV~Vklksax igkfM+;ksa] lqjek
?kkVh bR;kfn esa vPNs ls fodflr gSA
 vle dk iSfy;ksthu vuqØe ykaxikj “kSy lewg vkSj tSfUr;k la?k ,oa cjkby la?k
ls feydj cuk gSA lqjek vkSj frie mŸkj&iwoZ fgeky; esa vle vkSj mlds
vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ds fu;ksthu vuqØe ds eq[; la?k gSaA
8-6 lkf=d ç'u
1- mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; dh iSfy;ksthu Lrfjdh dh ppkZ djsAa
2- f'kokfyd la?k dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- vle ds iSfy;ksthu la?kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
4- lqjek vkSj frie la?kksa ds Lrj&foU;kl vkSj dky dh ppkZ dhft,A
8-7 lUnHkZ

 Mukherjee, P. K. (1997), A Textbook of Geology, The world Press Pvt Ltd,
Calcutta.
Jodhpur.
8-9 mÙkj
cks/k ç'u 1
a) mŸkj&if'pe fgeky; esa iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu 'kSy rhu fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izkIr gksrs
gSa tSls ITSZ] y?kq vkSj mi&fgeky;A ITSZ nks la?kksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke]
rkj la?k] e/; fØVsf'k;l (Cretaceous) ls fuEu bvkslhu (Eocene) vk;q
okyk vkSj baMl la?k] e/; bvkslhu (Eocene) ls ek;kslhu (Miocene) vk;q okyk
200
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..
gSA lqckFkw] eqjh vkSj /keZ'kkyk mi&fgeky; ds eq[; iSfy;ksthu&fu;ksthu vuqØe
gSa] tcfd djsok “kSy lewg y?kq fgeky; ds fu;ksthu vuqØe dk fuekZ.k djrk
gSA
b) fu;ksthu f'kokfyd la?k rhu mila?kksa vkSj lkr 'kSy lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
vkjksgh Øe esa ;g fuEu] eè; vkSj mifj f'kokfyd mila?k gSAa fuEu f'kokfyd esa
nks 'kSy lewg 'kkfey gSa % defyvky vkSj fpath] eè; f'kokfyd esa Hkh nks 'kSy
lewg lfEefyr gSa % ukxjh vkSj <ksd iBku vkSj mifj f'kokfyd rhu 'kSy lewgksa
ls feydj cuk gS tks VkVjksV] fiatkSj vkSj xksyk”eh laaxfq Vdk”e gSaA
i) c)
ii) a)
iii) d)
iv) b)
cks/k iz”u 2
a) mÙkj&if'pe fgeky; ds] vle vkSj mlds vkl ikl ds bykds esa eq[;
iSfy;ksthu vuqØe ykaxikj “kSy lewg vkSj tSfUr;k rFkk cjkby la?k gSA tSfUr;k
la?k ykaxikj “kSy lewg ds lefoU;Lr mifj'kk;h gS vkSj rhu 'kSy lewgksas esa
foHkkftr gSa ftuds uke vkjksgh Øe esa rwjk cyqvkiRFkj] flygV pwukiRFkj vkSj
dksfify gSA mifj'kk;h cjkby la?k dks rhu 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS]
ftuds uke vkjksgh ¼Åij dh vksj p<+r½s Øe esa ykblkSax] tsue vkSj jsuft gSAa
b) frie la?k tks lqjek la?k ds mifj'kk;h gS iz/kkur;k LFkwy cyqvkiRFkj ds lkFk
xkS.k ek=k esa e`fŸkdk vkSj 'ksy ls cuk gSA frie la?k ek;kslhu ls Iyk;kslhu
vk;q@dky dk ekuk x;k gS vkSj ;g vle dh frie unh ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs
Nksj rd vPNs ls fodflr gSA ;g nks 'kSy lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftuds uke
frie pwukiRFkj vkSj fx#tu e`fÙkdk gSaA
i) d)
ii) a)
iii) b)
iv) c)
lkf=d ç'u
201
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
202
“kCn laxzg
vkWfdZ;u (Archaean) % bl dYi esa 4 vjc lky vkSj 2-5 vjc lky ds chp ds le; ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl le; ij fufEkZr egk}hiksa ds
cM+s fgLls lfgr i`Foh dh lcls iqjkuh “kSy gSaA
egkLda/k (Batholith) % ;g i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps xgjkbZ ij ik;k tkus okyk vkXus;
“kSyksa dk ,d cMk varZos/kh fiaM+ gS] ftldk “khryu cgqr èkhjs&èkhjs
gksrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij xzus kbV dk gksrk gSA
iqfyu (Beach) % >hy vFkok leqnz ds eq[; Hkwfe ds fdukjs dh vksj ,df=r volnksa
dk <sjA
laLrj ry % volknh 'kSy ds i`Fkd ijr dks laLrj (bed) dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd
(Bedding Plane) laLrj fudVorhZ laLrj ls ,d ry ds }kjk i`FkDd`r gS] ftls
laLrj ry (bedding plane) dgk tkrk gSA
tSoLrfjd ,dd % ;g 'kSy vuqØe dh c‚Mh vFkok ijr gksrh gS ftls thok'eksa dh
¼Biostratigraphic viuh ek=k }kjk fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA ifjlj {ks=@jsat tksu]
Unit½ varjky {ks=] leqPp; {ks= vkSj izpqjrk@ckgqY; {ks= lkekU;
tSoLrfjd ,dd gSaA
dkcZuh % HkwxÆHkd dky vkSj ç.kkyh dk ,d foHkktu tks fd fMoksfu;u

(Carboniferous) vofèk 358 feyh;u o"kZ ds var ls ysdj ifeZ;u dky dh 'kq#vkr
rd] 298 feyh;u o"kZ rd 60 feyh;u o"kZ rd QSyk gSA
Lakdks.kk”e % xksy] cM+s ¼>2 feeh½ “kSyh; VqdM+kas ls fufeZr ,d volknh “kSyA
(Conglomerate)
ØsV‚u (Craton) % bl uke dh mRifÙk ;wukuh 'kCnkFkZ ÞLVªSFa k@StrengthÞ ls gqÃ gSA
bldk ç;ksx egk}hih; iiM+h ds mu Hkkxksa dk irk yxkus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa 'kSy fuekZ.k ¼mountain building½ ds vusd
pØksa ds ckn LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tks fØLVyh; 'kSyksa ds
cus gksrs gSaA ØsV‚u 'kCn dk ç;ksx mu py csYVksa ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] tks fcYdqy vfLFkj gksrs gSaA 'khYM 'kCn dk ç;ksx çk;%
ØsV‚u vkSj vuq"kaxh eksckby csYVksa ds cus {ks= dks n'kkZus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
fØVs'kl 145 vkSj 65 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZ dky ds eè; ehlkstksbd dYi esa
(Cretaceous) HkwoSKkfud le; dk foHkktuA
MsDdu VSªi (Deccan % MsDdu VSªi Hkkjr esa ,d fo'kky iBkj gS] tks if'peh ?kkVksa vkSj
Trap) iwoÊ ?kkVksa dh ioZr Jà[kykvksa ds eè; fLFkr gSA
fo:i.k % fo:i.k ,d fi.M ds vk—fr] vkdkj vFkok nksuksa esa ifjorZu

lfEefyr gSA HkwoSKkfud v/;;u esa 'kSy esa fo:i.k lkekU;r;k
203
(Deformation) oyu] Hkz'a ku (faulting) vkSj vi:i.k (shearing) ds :Ik esa
voyksfdr gksrk gSA foorZfud Cky }kjk “kSy ds vkd`fr rFkk
vkdkj esa cnyko dks fo:Ik.k dgrs gSA
vlac)rk % ,d çdkj dh vlac)rkA ;g lekukarj j‚d LVªSV ds chp ,d

(Disconformity) foHkktu dh lrg gS] tks volknu ds #dkoV dks n'kkZrk gSA
thok”e (Fossil) % ouLifr ;k tho dk vo”ks’k tks “kSyksa esa fdlh izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls
vkaf”kd :i ls ;k iw.kZ :i esa lajf{kr gksrk gSA
fgeky; (Himalaya) % fgeky; 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk laL—r 'kCn fge&vky; (Him-alaya)

ls gqÃ gSA fge dk vFkZ oQZ ls gksrk gS vkSj vkus dk vFkZ <dh gqÃ
Jà[kyk ls gksrk gS] tks cQZ ls vkPNkfnr ioZr Js.kh dk |ksrd gSA
vfèkdrj if'peh ys[kd bls opu esa Þfgeky;k (Himalayas)Þ ds
:i esa fy[krs gSa tks fd lgh ugÈ gS D;ksafd laL—r 'kCn Lo;a esa
cgqopu okpd gksrk gSA
uokar%”kk;h (Inlier) % uokar%”kk;h dk vFkZ gS ^vUnj esa iqjkus laLrjÂ ;s “kCn iqjkus vkSj
u, “kSyksa ds chp fo”ks’k laca/kksa dks bafxr djrs gSaA {ks= esa ;k
HkwoSKkfud ekufp= ij tc lhfer {ks= esa tc iqjkuk “kSy iw.kZ :i
ls u, “kSyksa ls f?kjs gksrs gSa rc bls uokar%”kk;h dgk tkrk gSA
uokar%”kk;h vijnu] oyu] Hkaz”ku vFkok buesa ls ,d ls vf/kd
izfØ;kvksa ds ,d lkFk ?kVus ls mRiUu gksrs gSA
laf/k (Joint) % laf/k “ksy esa ik;k tkus okyh fcYdqy lkekU; vkSj egRoiw.kZ lajpuk
gSA laf/k okLro esa ,d izdkj dk foHkax gS ftlds vuqfn”k dksbZ
n”kZuh; lapyu ugh gksrk gSA
tqjkfld (Jurassic) % 200 vkSj 145 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZ ds eè; eSlwj ehlkstksbd dYi esa
HkwoSKkfud le; dk foHkktuA
pwuk iRFkj % ;g eq[;r% dSyf'k;e dkcksZuVs ¼CaCO3½ dk cuk ,d volknh

¼Limestone½ 'kSy gksrk gS] tks çk;% leqæh fLFkfr;ksa ds varxZr fu{ksfir gksrk gS]
vkSj blesa jklk;fud :i ls mRiUu pwuk feêh ;k thok'eh dop
vFkok nksuksa gksrs gSaA
LFkyeaMyh; IysVas % i`Foh LFkyeaMy ds vusd VqdM+kas ls feydj cuh gS ftUgs

(Lithospheric LfkyeaMyh; IysVksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bu LfkyeaMyh; IysVksa
Plates) dks foorZfud IysV (tectonic plates) vFkok IysV (plates) ds
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
v'eLrfjd ,dd % blesa laLrj] leqnk;] “kSy lewg] mila?k] la?k vkSj egkla?k gksrs gSa
¼Lithostratigraphic vkSj budk oxÊdj.k vkf'edh vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
Unit½
fpUgd laLrj (Marker % laLrjksa esa dqN vFkok muds lhfer Hkkx esa dqN fof”k’V y{k.k tSls
204
Horizon) “kSydh;] [kfuth;] lajpukRed] xBuh;] jklk;fud vFkok
thokf”ed ik;s tkrs gSA ftuds vk/kkj ij budk lglaca/k fu/kkZj.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds fof”k’V y{k.kksa okys laLrj dks
fpUgd laLrj dgk tkrk gSA
ehlkstksbd % ,d dYi] 251 ,oa 65 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZ ds eè; HkwoSKkfud dky dk
(Mesozoic) foHkktuA
ioZr Js.kh (Mountain % ioZr Js.kh dbZ ioZrksa vkSj igkM+ksa dk js[kh; foU;kl gS ftlesa cgqr
Range) ls daVds]a f”k[kj pksfV;ka vkSj ?kkfV;ka gksrh gSA
vO;kfIr (Offlap) % ;g iqjkus laLrjksa ds foijhr laca/kksa dks iznf”kZr djrk gSA blesa ubZ
Js.kh ds Øe”k% u, laLrj iqjkus vuqØe ds laLrjksa ds de {ks= ij
fu{ksfir gksrs gSA vO;kfIr dh n”kk esa Åij dh Js.kh dk fuEure
laLrj iqjkus Js.kh ds Åij viuh Js.kh ds u, laLrj ls vf/kd
QSyk gksrk gSA ;g ?kVukØe leqnhz i”pxeu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
n`”;k”k (Outcrop) % n`”;k”k “kCn dk vFkZ gS tks ckgj dh vksj fudyk gks vksj fn[kkbZ
ns jgk gksA vr% n`”;ka”k ;g n”kkZrk gS fd og {ks= ftl ij “kSy
lewg ckg fudyk rFkk lrg ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS og HkwoSKkfudksa dks
ewyHkwr lwpukvksa dk lzkrs iznku djrk gSA
iqjkUr%”kk;h (Outlier) % iqjkUr%”kk;h dk vFkZ gS ^ckgj dh vksj iqjkus^ laLrjA ;s “kCn iqjkus
vkSj u, “kSyksa ds chp fo”ks’k laca/kksa dks bafxr djrs gSAa {ks= esa ;k
HkwoSKkfud ekufp= ij tc lhfer {ks= esa u, “kSy iw.kZ :i ls
iqjkus “kSyksa ds }kjk f?kjs gksrs gSa rc ,slh lajpuk dks iqjkUr%”kk;h
dgk tkrk gSA iqjkUr%”kk;h vijnu] oyu] Hkaz”ku vFkok buesa ls ,d
ls vf/kd izfØ;kvksa ds ,d lkFk ?kVus ls mRiUu gksrs gSA
vksfQ;ksykbV % vksfQ;ksykbV egklkxjh; IysVksa ds oks VqdM+s gksrs gSa tks egk}hih;
(Ophiolite) IysVksa ij gksrs gSaA os eSfQd (mafic) vkSj vfreSfQd (ultramafic)
vkSj vf/kforh; “kSyksa dk leqPp; gksrs gSa tks volknh pV~Vkuksa tSls
xzsoSd vkSj pVZ ds lgp;Z esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
vfrO;kiu (Overlap) % vfrO;kiu “kCn ,d fo’kefoU;kl esa laLrjksa ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k ds

fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tgka Åij dh Js.kh ds u, lnL; Øe”k%
iqjkuh Js.kh ds Åij vfrO;kiu ds }kjk iM+s jgrs gSa vkSj budk
foLrkj vius ls Bhd uhps okyh lnL; ds ckgj rd gksrk gSA ;g
leqnzh vfrØe.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
iÆe;u (Permian) % 299 vkSj 251 feyh;u o"kZ iwoZ ds eè; iqjkthoh dky esa HkwoSKkfud
le; dk foHkktuA
Hkwvk—frd foKku % blesa i`Foh dh HkkSfrd çfØ;kvksa vkSj isVuks± dk mYys[k gksrk gSA
¼Physiographic½
205
dsfEcz;uiwoZ ioZru % dsfEcz;uiwoZ ioZru ¼550 fefy;u o’kZ iwoZ ds igys½ ftlesa 3800
(Precambrian
fefy;u o’kZ ls 550 fefy;u o’kZ iwoZ ds vusd ioZru dky “kkfey
Orogeny)
gSa tSls 1100 fefy;u o’kZ iwoZ dk jksfMfu;u (Rodinian) ioZruA
Tokyk[kk.M”eh % “kSy ;k “kSy XkBu tks foLQksVd Tokykeq[kh ls curs gSaA

(Pyroclastic)
cyqvk iRFkj ¼Sand % ;g ,d volknh 'kSy gksrk gS ftlesa [kfut inkFkks± ds ckyw ds
Stone½ vkdkj ds d.k] 'kSy vFkok vU; tSfod lkexzh gksrh gSaA blesa ,d
etcwr djus okyh lkexzh Hkh gksrh gS tks d.kksa dks ijLij tksMr+ h
gSA
'ksy ¼Shale½ % ;g xkn vkdkj ds d.kksa vkSj DokVZt ,oa dSYlkbV tSls vU;
[kfutksa ds lkFk&lkFk xhyh feêh [kfut feJr dhpM+ dk cuk
eghu nkuksa dk DykfLVd volknh 'kSy gksrk gSA
lhou {ks= (Suture % ,d flouh t+ksu xgu fo:i.k dk ,d jSf[kd csYV gS] tgka
Zone) vyx&vyx Vsjal s ] ;k VsDVksfud bdkb;ka vyx&vyx IysV
VsDV‚fud] esVke‚ÆQd vkSj iSfy;ksxkz fQd bfrgkl ds lkFk tqM+rh
gSaA
LFkytkr % volkn tks LFky ij fLFkr “kSyksa ds vijnu ls mRié gksrs gSaA
(Terrigenous)
fo’kefoU;kl % fo’kefoU;kl dks “kSy vuqØe esa vfu{ksi dky ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr
(Unconformity) fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fu{ksi esa izkarjky (hiatus) vFkok :dkoV dks
fpfUgr djrk gSA
206
NOTES
207
NOTES
208
NOTES
209
NOTES
210
NOTES
211

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Stratigraphy of India

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BGYCT - 137

bfUnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; LrjØe foKku ,ao

“kCn laxzg 203

:ikarj.k % MkW- dkdksyh xksxksbZ

[kaM 2 Hkkjr dk LrjØe foKku

[kaM 3 thok”e foKku dk ifjp;

[kaM 4 vd”ks#dh thok”e foKku

Hkkjr ds dsfEcz;u iwoZ “kSykuqØe

4-2 èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu (Dharwar Craton)

;g f'kLV vkSj ukbl ØsVkWu ds nf{k.k Hkkx esa èkhjs&èkhjs df.kdk'e@xzsuwykbV

D;k vki tkurs gSa\

4-2-1 Lrfjd oxÊdj.k (Stratigraphic Classification)

if'peh [kaM iwohZ [kaM

çksVjs kstk+ bs d eSfQ+d fHkfRr;k¡ (dykes)

buxy/ky eSfQ+d&Q+fs Yld Tokykeq[kh 'kSy

ok.khfoykl eSaXuht+ vkSj vk;ju “kSy lewg]

(Vanivilas) ”kSy 'kSoky& fu{ksik'eh dkcksZuVs ]

Lurkosjh esVk&cslkYV] QsfYld Tokykeq[kh 'kSy]

&&&&&&&&&&&fo:fir dks.kh; fo"kefoU;kl&&&&&&&&&&

vYVªkeSfQ+d&eSfQ+d Lrfjr dkWEisyfDll] Fkksfy;fVd

DokV~Ztk+ bV] isykbV] laxejej vkSj dSYd&flfydsV 'kSy

&&&&&&&&&&&&&vUrosZ'kh@foorZfud laLi”kZ &&&&&&&&&&&&

pfy, ge bu f'kLV ifV~V;ksa dh vkf'edh dh la{ksi esa ppkZ djrs gSa&

¼eSfQ+d&QsfYld½ Tokykeq[kh] f'kjks/kkuh cslkYV ¼fp= 4-4a½] xzos d

isykbV] DokV~Zt+kbV vkSj fofo/kkolkn laxqfVdk'e (polymict conglomerates) vkSj

Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) ds foijhr] iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (EDC) dh

 VksusykbV&Vªku;sekbV&xzSuksMkb;ksjkbV (Tonalite Trondhjemite

 jkefxfj&isukdpsjyk csYV&gquxqaM lqijcsYV (Ramgiri - Penakacherla Belt -

gfjrk'e ifV~V;ksa dh lkekU;hÑr vkf'edh esa Toy[kaMk'eh@ikbjksDykLVh “kSy]

çksVjs kst+ksbd eSfQ+d fHkfÙk;k¡ (dyke)

'kSy xzos Sd] isykbV] dkcksZuVs pV~Vkusa vkSj de

lkdjlkukgY DokVZtk+ bV] eSXuhQsjl ekcZYl] 'kSoky

;'koUruxj eSfQ+d&vYVkªeSfQ+d 'kSys]a DokVZ~tk+ bV~] BIF

vk/kkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ¼>3000 Ma½

lkj.kh 4-4 % vkfdZ;u èkkjokM+ ØsVkWu dk LrjfoU;klA ¼lzkrs % Vaidyanadhan vkSj

vk;q@dky if'peh /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu iwohZ /kkjokM+ ØsVkWu (EDC)

2600&2800 Ma fp=nqxZ la?k /kkjokM+ dksykj la?k

4-3 dMIik egkla?k (Cuddapah Supergroup)

 xqyps# DokV~Ztk+ bV (Gulcheru Quartzite)

“kSy lewg DokVZ~t+kbV Q+fs Yld VQ] cSjkbV

cSjus dksaMk cSjus dksaMk DokVZ~tk+ bV% DokVZ~t+kbV]

rkM+i=h@rkni=h 'ksy] QsfYld VQ] {kkjh; flYl vkSj

 fp=koyh la?k (Chitravati Group)% ;g la?k fp=koyh vkSj psf;vkj unh

 Jh”kSye~ DokVZ~t+kbV (Srisailam Quartzite)% bl “kSy lewg dh pV~Vkusa

4-4 foa/;u egkla?k (Vindhyan Supergroup)

pfy, lkj.kh 4-6 esa mYysf[kr la?kksa dh vkf'edh dh ppkZ djsaA

la?k “kSy lewg ifjofrZr uke

xkuwjx<+ 'ksy flejkoy 'ksy

 vk;q (Age) % jsfM;ksefs Vªd dkykuqØe.k ls çkIr vk¡dM+s foa/;u volknu dh

Fkkuk&xkt+h (Thana- dkcZu Q+kbykbV] VQ+e; Q+kbykbV]

lfjLdk (Seriska) ladks.kk'eh; vkSj ykSge; DokVZ~t+kbV] pVZ~]

dq'kyx<+ v'kq) laxejej QkWLQksjkbV ds ysUlksa ds

dudokM+h DokVZ~t+&lsfjlkbV f'kLV] DokVZ~tk+ bV

rsgs yk (Tehla) “kSy ykok izokg] f'kjks/kkuh ykok] laTokyk'e]

thou (Life) % fnYyh egkla?k ls vuqjs[k thok'eksa] rdZq:i lajpukvksa ds rkSj ij

b) foa/;u egkla?k ds la?kksa lwphc) djsaA

c) fnYyh egkla?k ds rhu la?kksa ds uke vkjksgh Øe esa crk,aA

4-10 vkxs@izLrkfor v/;;u

Hkkjr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe

vkb,] vc Lihfr ds isfy;kstksbd “kSykuqØe dh foLrkj esa ppkZ djsaA

 gSeUrk la?k (Haimanta Group) %

5-2-2 d'ehj ds isfy;kstksbd vuqØe (Palaeozoic Succession of

yksykc ika'kqiRFkj] Lrfjr 'ksy vkSj cyqvk

 gkiVukj la?k (Hapatnar Group) :