MHI-10

fo’ofo|ky; Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k

bafnjk xkaèkh
jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB

[kaM

1
uxjh; bfrgkl% ,d ifjp;
bdkbZ 1
uxjhdj.k D;k gS\ 9
bdkbZ 2
izkphu uxjksa ds v/;;u laca/kh fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a 21
bdkbZ 3
e/;dkyhu uxjhdj.k ds v/;;u laca/kh fopkj/kkjk,a 41
bdkbZ 4
vk/kqfud uxjksa ds v/;;u laca/kh fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k 65
fo'ks"kK lfefr
çks- ch-Mh- pêksikè;k; çks- lquhy dqekj izks- ih- ds- clar
iwoZ çksQslj ¼bfrgkl½ bfrgkl foHkkx bfrgkl foHkkx
lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k] ubZ fnYyh
ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh çks- Lojkt cklq çks- vej Qk:dh
çks- tkudh uk;j bfrgkl ladk; bfrgkl foHkkx
lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht bXuw] ubZ fnYyh fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh çks- gjcal eqf[k;k fnYyh
çks- jtr nÙkk iwoZ çksQslj ¼bfrgkl½ MkW- fo'oeksgu >k
lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht vkRekjke lukru èkeZ dkWyst
ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
çks- y{eh lqczge.k;e çks- ;ksxs'k 'kekZ çks- vkHkk flag ¼la;kstd½
lsaVj QkWj LVMht+ bu lks'ky lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht bfrgkl ladk;
lkablst+] dksydkrk ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh bXuw] ubZ fnYyh
MkW- nkmn vyh çks- ik;l ekysd.MkfFky
lkmFk ,f'k;k lsUVj lsUVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht
;wfuoflZVh vkWQ isaflyosfu;k ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh
fQykMsfYQ;k

[kaM laiknd % çks- ch- Mh- pV~Vksikè;k; ¼bdkbZ 1 vkSj 2½

çks- tkudh uk;j ¼bdkbZ 4½
ikB~;Øe la;kstd % çks- vkHkk flag
dk;ZØe la;kstd % çks- Lojkt cklq
[kaM fuekZ.k ny
bdkbZ la- bdkbZ ys[kd bdkbZ la- bdkbZ ys[kd
1 izks- ih-ds- clar 3 izks- ik;l ekysd.MkfFky
bfrgkl foHkkx lSaVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht+
tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k ubZ fnYyh
ubZ fnYyh
4 MkW vuh'k ouk;d
2 MkW lqfiz;k oekZ ftUny Xykscy ykW Ldwy
lsaVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht lksuhir
tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;
ubZ fnYyh
vkHkkj
ge] Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k] fczfV'k yk,czsjh vkWuykbu fjlkslsZl] esVªksikfyVu E;wft;e vkWQ vkVZ] ykbczsjh vkWQ dkaxzsl]
tkWtZfe'kys vkSj tkWu-fÝV~t+ ¼fot;uxj izkWtsDV Vhe½] b;ku dsj] T;wfMFk dsuh esgjnkn 'kqdwgh vkSj urkfY;k 'kqdwgh] ikFkksZ
nÙkk] ,-ds- 'kekZ] mfiUnj flag] pEidy{eh rFkk vU; fofHkUu QksVksxzkQjksa ftuds }kjk [khaps x, QksVks] tks vksiu lkslZ ds :i
esa miyCèk gekjs }kjk bl ikB~;Øe esa lfUufo"V fd, x, gSa] ds izfr rgs fny ls vkHkkjh gSa fd mUgksaus gesa viuh izfo"V;ksa]
QksVksxzkQksa rFkk uD'kksa dks bl ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA
fgUnh la;kstd vuqokn
çks- ,- vkj- [kku lqJh jhrk 'kadj
çks- vkHkk flag ubZ fnYyh
bXuw] ubZ fnYyh

lkexzh fuekZ.k vkoj.k lTtk

Jh eathr flag Jh vfuy dqekj lDlsuk
vuqHkkx vfèkdkjh ¼izd k'ku½ Jh foey xkSjo 'kekZ
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB bZ,eihlh] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh
bXuw] ubZ fnYyh
tuojh] 2018
© bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh ; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] 2018
ISBN :
lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh va'k dks bafnjk xkaè kh jk"Vªh; eqD r fo'ofo|ky; dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds cxSj fdlh
Hkh :i esa fefe;ksxzkQh ¼pØ eqnz.k½ }kjk vFkok fdlh vU; lkèku ls iqu% izLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~; Øeksa ds fo"k; esa vfèkd tkudkjh fo'ofo|ky; ds dk;kZy;] eSnku x<+h ubZ
fnYyh&110068 ls vFkok bXuw dh vkfèkdkfjd osclkbV www.ignou.ac.in ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh vksj ls funs'kd] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB }kjk eqfnzr vkSj izdkf'krA
ystj Vkbi lSV& xzkfQd fçaVlZ] e;wj fogkj Qsl 1] fnYyh & 110091
eqnz.k &
ikB~;Øe ifjp;
vkt xkao dh rqyuk esa igys ls dgha vfèkd yksx uxjksa esa jgrs gSaA bDdhloha lnh ls
iwoZ ;g fLFkfr ugha FkhA bl tcnZLr ifjorZu ls Hkzfer gksus ls cpus ds fy, gesa bfrgkl
esa uxjhdj.k dk vè;;u dqN izkjfEHkd fcUnqvksa dh le> ds lkFk 'kq: djuk pkfg, %
1½ tc ge lekt ds lanHkZ esa uxjh; 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks bldk ;g vFkZ ugha
fudkyuk pkfg, fd lekt esa lHkh yksx uxj] dLcksa ;k ln`'k cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gksaxsA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa mu lektksa esa tgk¡ uxj vkSj dLcs fo|eku Fks] ogka nwljs izdkj dh
ekuoh; clkoVsa Hkh tSls xkao] cLrh] ou {ks= vkSj vU; izdkj ds LFkku Hkh fo|eku
FksA bfrgkl ds mu dkyksa ftuds fy, fyf[kr fjdkMZ miyCèk gSa] ge lkekU;r%
fHkUu izdkj dh clkoVksa dks bafxr djus ds fy, fHkUu-fHkUu 'kCnkoyh ikrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, izkjfEHkd xzaFkksa esa iqj] uxj] egkuxj tSls 'kCnksa ls fofHkUu izdkj
ds uxjksa vkSj dLcksa dk irk pyrk gSA iÙku ls lkekU;r% rVh; okf.kfT;d dsanzksa
dk irk pyrk gS( xzke] cLrh bR;kfn ls xzkeh.k cLkkoVksa vkSj vj.;] vVkoh] ou]
taxy rFkk blh izdkj ds 'kCnksa ls ou {ks=ksa dk irk pyrk gSA eè;dky esa ;|fi
bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx tkjh jgk ¼egkuxj ds viokn dks NksM+dj½ ysfdu dqN u, 'kCn
Hkh bl 'kCnkoyh esa tqM x, – vkckn ¼,d uofufeZr uxj½] dLck Vkmuf'ki ds
fy,] uxj ds fy, 'kgj rFkk iÙku ds fy, canj vkfnA eè;dky ds nkSjku jktèkkuh
uxjksa ds fy, dky fof'k"V 'kCn iz;ksx esa jgsA jktèkkuh uxj fnYyh ds fy,
ledkyhu bfrgkl ys[kdksa ds }kjk fofHkUu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k – 'kgj-,-
uks] gtjr fnYyh] nk:y f[kykQrA dLck ¼Vkmuf'ki½] eokl ¼fonzksgh Hkw-{ks=@xkao½
vkSj egy ¼jktLo Hkqxrku bdkb;ka@xkao½ tSls u, 'kCnksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ( tcfd
xkaoksa vkSj ouksa ds fy, xzke ¼xkao½ vkSj ou tSls 'kCn tkjh jgsA
vusd izdkj dh clkoVksa dh mifLFkfr ;g le>us ds fy, ckè; dj nsrh gS fd
muesa jg jgs yksx ,d-nwljs ls vkSj fo'ks"kdj tks yksx uxjksa esa jgrs Fks muds lkFk
fdl izdkj var%fØ;k djrs FksA
2½ ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd lHkh lektksa vkSj laLÑfr;ksa esa vfuok;Z :i ls uxj-
fuoklh ;k dLck fuoklh ugha jgrs gSaA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd fdlh laLÑfr esa
uxjksa vkSj uxjksa ds vE;qn; dh O;k[;k ,sfrgkfld dkj.kksa dk gokyk nsdj djuk
gksxk – D;ksa fdlh lekt fo'ks"k us uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k vuqHko djuk 'kq: fd;k
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i os LFkku tks igys uxjh; ugha Fks muesa uxjksa vkSj dLcksa dk
vE;qn; gqvkA mnkgj.k ds fy, eè; rhljh lglzkfCn ch lh bZ ds yxHkx rd ml
foLr`r {ks=] ftlesa flaèkq ?kkVh ;k gM+Iik ds cM+s ;k NksVs uxjksa dk vE;qn; gqvk Fkk]
esa fdlh Hkh ekuoh; clkoV ftls uxj ;k dLck dgk tk lds dh igpku ugha dh
tk ldrh gSA bl {ks= esa vusd clkoVsa fc[kjh gqbZ Fkha fdarq dsoy eè; rhljh
lglzkfCn ch lh bZ ds yxHkx gh clkoVsa uxjh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks iznf'kZr djrh
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA lkaLÑfrd n`';koyh esa bl ifjorZu us fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls
iqjkrRofonksa dk è;ku vkÑ"V fd;k gSA Bhd blh izdkj] igyh lglzkfCn ch lh bZ
vkSj ch lh bZ dh vafre nks lfn;ksa ds eè; Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa
uxjksa vkSj dLcksa ds mn; ls lacafèkr uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djus ds
iz;kl esa yxs iqjkrRofonksa rFkk bfrgkldkjksa }kjk vyx-vyx n`f"Vdks.k O;Dr fd,
gSaA
3½ rhljh lglzkfCn ch lh bZ esa dkaL; ;qx esa flaèkq ?kkVh esa vkSj eè; igyh lglzkfCn
ch lh bZ ls xaxk ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k ;g n'kkZ,xk fd uxjhdj.k dh fHkUu-fHkUu
voLFkk,a jgh gksaxh vkSj buesa ls izR;sd ds mRFkku rFkk iru dh n'kkvksa ds lacaèk
esa tkap dh vko';drk gksxhA uxjh; dsanzksa ds mRFkku vkSj iru dk vko';d :i
ls ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd nwljs izdkj dh ekuo clkoVsa foyqIr gks xb±A xzkeh.k
clkoV] pkjkxkg bykds vkSj ou laLÑfr;ka uxjh; dsanzksa ds mRFkku vkSj iru ds
le; Hkh cuh jgh gksaxh gkykafd uxjh; dsanzksa ds vfLrRo us fdl izdkj nwljh
clkoVksa dh laLÑfr;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k mldh tkap dh t:jr gSA
4½ uxjh; clkoVksa vkSj muls fHkUu clkoVksa ds lkFk-lkFk vfLrRo ds ckjs esa okrkZyki
djus dk vFkZ ;g le>uk gS fd D;k uxjh; gS vkSj D;k uxjh; ugha gSA iz'u gS
fd iwoZ-,sfrgkfld lektksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs le; uxj ;k dLcs dh ifjHkk"kk dSls
dh tk ldrh gS\ gesa ;g Lohdkj djrs gq, vkxs c<+uk pkfg, fd ;g dke ljy
ugha gSA lkekU;r%] tc ,d gh laLÑfr esa ,d c`gr~ cls gq, LFkku dh rqyuk nwljh
NksVh clkoVksa ls dh tkrh gS rc mls uxj dgk tk,xkA ;|fi LFky dh fo'kkyrk
vusd n`f"V;ksa ls LFky ds uxjRo dk |ksrd gS ¼D;ksafd ;g ml LFkku esa fuokl
djus okyh tula[;k dh foiqyrk] muds }kjk vuqlj.k fd, x, O;olk; dh
fofoèkrk] bR;kfn dks n'kkZ ldrk gS½] ;g fdlh LFky dh izÑfr ds fuèkkZj.k ds fy,
lnSo gh fo'oluh; ugha gSA ,d uxj oLrqr% fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa ds laxe dk
izfrfufèkRo djrk gS% tula[;k dk mPp ?kuRo] ftldk vFkZ gS Ñf"k vkSj vU;
jkstxkjksa ds fy, Hkwfe dk vis{kkÑr vHkko( tula[;k ds vanj muds O;olk;ksa dh
n`f"V ls foHksnhdj.k( vkuq"Bkfud Hkouksa lfgr Lekjdh; Hkouksa dh mifLFkfr(
jktuhfrd] lkefjd vkSj okf.kfT;d egRo] tks fd LFky dh fdyscanh ls irk pyrk
gS] ftldk vk'k; laHkkfor vkØe.kksa ls bldh j{kk djuk gksrk gSA buesa ls dqN
fo'ks"krkvksa dks] tc os fdlh LFky ij fo|eku ikbZ tkrh gSa] iqjkrRofon~ bls uxjh;
dgus ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSaA fdarq uxjh; dsanzksa dks cM+s-NksVs uxj] dLcs ;k
okf.kfT;d dsanz ds :i esa Js.khÑr djus dh leL;k cuh jgrh gSA fdlh LFky dh
cgq-dk;kZfRedrk ;k vU; n`f"V ls tSls vkdkj rFkk LFky esa fuoklksa ds ?kuRo dk
irk yxkuk lekt esa blds egRo dks tkuus dk rjhdk gks ldrk gS ftldh vfHkUu
fo'ks"krk fofHkUu :iksa esa inkuqØe FkkA
5½ ;g Lej.k j[kuk vko';d gS fd ftu lektksa ;k laLÑfr;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds
uxjh; dsanz fo|eku Fks ogk¡ fotkrh;rk vkSj vlekurk Hkh ekStwn FkhA ,dek=
iqjkrkfRod lk{; ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu tkrh; ;k lkekftd lewg] tks ml le;
fo|eku jgs gksaxs] dh igpku djuk laHko ugha gS] fdarq iqjkrRofon~ fQj Hkh ^'kkunkj*
rFkk ^lkèkkj.k* {ks=ksa ds chp( fo'kky vkSj y?kq vkoklksa ds chp foHksn djus ds iz;kl
ds }kjk uxj dh lkekftd lajpuk dks le>us dk iz;Ru djrs gSa( os fofHkUu izdkj
ds LFkyksa tSls 'kokèkku LFkyksa ;k mRiknu LFkyksa ij f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds laxzg dh Hkh
rqyuk djrs gSaA bl rjg dh rqyukvksa ds ifj.kke lnSo gh Qynk;d ugha fudyrs
gSa( fdUgha fo'ks"k LFkkuksa ij f'kYikÑfr;ksa dh fdLe vkSj xq.koÙkk esa varj ds egRo
dks vyx-vyx n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fu%lansg gSfl;r vkSj lEifÙk esa
varj buesa ls ,d gks ldrk gSA
uxjh; dsanzksa esa fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa dh mifLFkfr muds O;olk; dh fofHkUurk]
 muds vkoklh; fuokl LFkku] mudh lkisf{kd gSfl;r vkSj uSlfxZd vfHko`fÙk dk
fooj.k dHkh-dHkh dqN xzaFkksa esa ltho :i ls fey tkrk gSA ,sls xzaFkh; lk{; dh
izÑfr rFkk vfHkizk; dh mi;qDr lanHkZ esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA
6½ ;g 'kk'or :i ls ekU; gS fd uxj fofHkUu tkrh; lewgksa] fofHkUu leqnk;ksa vkSj
mudh laLÑfr;ksa ds lfEeyu ds fcUnq FksA fHkUu lewgksa vkSj fopkjèkkjkvksa ds bl
izdkj lfEeyu ls ,slh laLÑfr;ksa vkSj fo'on`f"V;ksa dk vH;qn; gqvk tks xzkeh.k
clkoVksa dh laLÑfr;ksa rFkk fo'on`f"V;ksa ls fHkUu FkhaA ^nsgkrh* ls fcYdqy fHkUu
^uxjh;* dks vuqlj.k fd, tkus gsrq vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk Fkk] gkykafd fdlh laLÑfr
esa iqjkruiaFkh rRo uxjksa dks voxq.k ;k lkekftd gzkl dk dsanz Hkh ekurs FksA blh
izdkj gekjs xzaFkksa esa] uxjksa esa thou] blds fofHkUu vkoklh; DokVZjksa] blds
jktuhfrd egRo vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfofèk;ka] tks uxjksa dks fof'k"V cukrh gSa]
ykssxksa ds vfèkdrj oxks± dks ogka jgus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSa] dk ltho fooj.k gSA
bl ikB~;Øe esa fof'k"V vofèk ds nkSjku fo'ks"k {ks=ksa esa uxjokn dh lkekU;
fo'ks"krkvksa( bldh fujarjrk rFkk ifjorZu dh izfØ;kvksa bR;kfn ij izdk'k Mkyus dk
iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd [kaM esa ,d bdkbZ uxj fo'ks"k] tks fdlh fo'ks"k dky
vkSj vofèk ds uxjh; dsanz dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS] dks lefiZr gSA
miegk}hi esa iwoZ ,sfrgkfld vkSj izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyksa ds uxjokn dks le>us
ds fy, gekjk è;ku iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"kksa rFkk clkoV iSVuZ ij vfèkd gSA rFkkfi
eè;dky ds fy, fot;uxj ¼gEih½] Qrsgiqj lhdjh] ykydksV vkSj iqjkuk fdyk
¼fnYyh½ dks NksM+dj O;kid mR[kuu fjiksVsaZ miyCèk ugha gSaA QyLo:i ge xzaFkh;
lanHkks± ¼ftlesa bl vofèk ds fy, gekjs vkadM+s vis{kkÑr izpqj gSa½] vfHkys[kksa
¼f'kykys[k½ vkSj Lekjdksa ij vfèkd fuHkZj gSaA
;g ikB~;Øe ¼[kaM 1½ ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa uxjh; dsanz ds fopkj dh O;k[;k ds
lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSA ,d uxjh; dsanz dh igpku djus esa dkSu ls ekinaM gekjh
lgk;rk djrs gSa\ fdu :iksa esa ;g xzkeh.k clkoVksa ls fHkUu Fkk\ uxjh; dsanz dk
vH;qn; fdu dkj.kksa ls gqvk\ fdl rjg fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld dkyksa esa uxjh;
LFky@dsanz ds y{;kFkZ@le> fHkUu-fHkUu Fkha\ uxjh; dsanz dk blds ifjèkh; {ks=
vkSj vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ls D;k lacaèk Fkk\ fofHkUu dkykofèk;ksa esa uxjksa ds ckj esa
bfrgklys[ku gekjh tkap dk dsanzh; fo"k; gSA rFkkdfFkr vkèkqfud vkSifuosf'kd
uxj izkphu vFkok iwoZ vkSifuosf'kd uxjksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fks\
[kaM 2 miegk}hi ds ^izFke uxjksa* – flaèkq ?kkVh ds uxjksa – ij è;ku dsafnzr djrk
gSA ;g iqjkrRo dks ,d lkèku ds :i esa iz;ksx dj izkjfEHkd uxjokn dks fdl
izdkj le>k tk,] eqís ij fopkj djrk gSA gM+Iik clkoVksa esa fdl izdkj uxjh;
LFkkuksa dks LFkkfud n`f"V ls i`Fkd fd;k x;k Fkk\ lkoZtfud vkSj futh LFkkuksa]
f'kYi mRiknu] fofue; usVodZ] f'kYiksa dk fof'kf"Vdj.k] uxjksa dk vuqØe vkSj
LrjhÑr lektksa dks fpfUgr djus ds ^jSEi* rFkk ^LVsi* mikxe dk iz;ksx izFke
uxjhdj.k* dh ppkZ dk fgLlk gSA
uxjhdj.k dk vxyk pj.k 6Bh lnh ch lh bZ esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS ftls fo}kuksa us
^f}rh; uxjhdj.k* dgk gS ¼[kaM 3½A izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds vH;qn; esa ykSg
izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk vR;fèkd fookniw.kZ gSA bl vofèk dh fo'ks"krk lkezkT;ksa ds
vH;qn; ds lkFk-lkFk r{kf'kyk rFkk ikVyhiq= tSls cM+s uxjksa dk izHkqRo gSA ;g [kaM
uxjh; {ks=ksa esa van:uh rFkk ckgjh LFkkuksa ds iz;ksx] fdyscanh dh izÑfr rFkk iSVuZ
bR;kfn ij fopkj djrk gSA gM~Iikdkyhu uxjksa ls fHkUu izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
jktuhfrd lÙkk ds dsanzksa ls fudV lacaèk j[krs FksA nDdu vkSj izkjafHkd rfeyde~
esa uxjhdj.k ds LFkkfud iSVuZ crkrs gSa fd izk;}hih; Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k dk iSVuZ
mÙkj Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k ds iSVuZ ls fHkUu Fkk( jkseu O;kikj us blds foLrkj esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA rfeyde~ {ks= ds Hkwxksy us uxjh; cukoVksa esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;gka clkoV dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa] tSls xzke] ?kks"k vkSj vj.; ds chp
lacaèk dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA dkO; xzaFkksa ds foijhr izkekf.kd xzaFkksa esa uxjksa
dks cgqèkk vyx <ax ls fu:fir fd;k x;k FkkA
rFkkdfFkr ^r`rh; uxjhdj.k* rFkk fnYyh lYrur ds vèkhu uxjksa dk vH;qn;
[kaM 4 dh fo"k;-oLrq gSA izkjafHkd eè;dkyhu uxjhdj.k dh tkap xzaFkh; vkSj
iqjkrkfRod ifjizs{;ksa esa dh xbZ gSA fnYyh lYrur dh LFkkiuk us u, fpUgksa vkSj
f{kfrt js[kkvksa – efLtnksa vkSj edcjksa – ds }kjk uxj ds ifjn`'; dks iwjh rjg
ls cny fn;kA dsUnzh;Ñr jkT;] eqnzk dk O;kid izlkj] f'kYidkj oxks± dh
xfr'khyrk] ubZ izkS|ksfxdh] lwQh vkanksyu bR;kfn lHkh us eè;dky esa uxjksa ds
fodkl ds isVuZ ij xgjh Nki NksMhA eqxyksa us uxjksa dk vkSj vfèkd foLrkj fd;kA
bl dky esa uxjksa rFkk xkaoksa ds chp ,d izdkj ds lgthoh lacaèk dh fo|ekurk
izrhr gksrh gSA gkykafd fo}kuksa us bldh ijthoh izÑfr dh Hkh nyhy nh gSA
bfrgkldkjksa us ;g Hkh fookn fd;k gS fd D;k eqxy uxj ^f'kfoj uxj* Fks ;k
^fir`lÙkkRed-ukSdj'kkgh* lkezkT; dk izfrfufèkRo djrs Fks ¼[kaM 5½A
gkykafd vBkjgoha lnh esa uxj Qyrs-Qwyrs jgs] ijUrq bl lnh ds var rd fczfV'k
vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;ksa dk uxjksa ij izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxk ¼[kaM 6½A mifuos'kokn
us uxj ds ifjn`'; dks fQj ls cny fn;kA jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa rFkk Js"B
'osr uLy ds fopkj dh vko';drk Fkh fd ns'kt yksxksa dks nwj j[kk tk,A bl
izdkj ^'osr* vkSj ^v'osr* uxjh; dk fopkj izpyu esa vk;kA 1857 ds fonzksg ds
i'pkr~ fczfV'k lkezkT; us uxj ifjn`'; ds fof'k"V y{; ds :i esa ^HkO;rk* ds fopkj
dk vkgoku fd;k ¼ubZ fnYyh½A iwathokn vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k uxjksa vkSj
uxjksa esa Jfed oxZ ds ^?ksV~Vksa* (ghettos) dk mn; gqvk ¼[kaM 7 vkSj 8½A
[kaM 1 uxjh; bfrgkl% ,d ifjp;
fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa uxjh; vè;;uksa ij fo}kuksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku x;k gSA fo}kuksa dh
izHkko'kkyh ijEijk dk ekuuk gS fd tgka iqutkZxj.k ds i'pkr~ if'peh uxj vkfFkZd
fodkl ds dsanz cu x, ogha ,f'k;kbZ uxjksa dh izÑfr eq[; :i ls jktuhfrd rFkk
lkaLÑfrd jghA
izkphu uxjksa dks iqjkRofon~ vkSj bfrgkldkj fHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa rFkk ekinaMksa ls ns[krs gSaA
tgk¡ 20oha lnh ds izkjaHk ls Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k ds rRokèkku esa iqjkrRofonksa }kjk
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ds vè;;u izdkf'kr fd, x, gSa( vkt th vkbZ ,l tSlh ubZ
rduhdksa dk iz;ksx vrhr dh vfèkd O;kid rLohj izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA
izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ls iqjkrRo ds lkFk-lkFk fyf[kr xzaFk gekjh tkudkjh dks
le`) djus esa gekjh lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA fo}kuksa }kjk uxjhdj.k ds LFkkfud iSVuZ dk
Hkh voyksdu fd;k x;k gSA mUgksaus flaèkq@?kX?kj@gkdjk ?kkVh ¼^izFke uxjhdj.k*½ ls
xaxk ds eSanku ¼^f}rh; uxjhdj.k*½ esa LFkkukUrj.k tSls eqíksa dh tkap dh gSA uohu
vè;;uksa us Ñf"k ds izlkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i uxjhdj.k ds vH;qn; ij fopkj fd;k gS
rFkk ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd ;g fdlh Hkh rjg ls uxjh; dsanzksa ds gzkl dk ladsr ugha Fkk
¼bdkbZ 2½A ;wjksi esa eè;dkyhu uxjksa dk vè;;u vkfFkZd fodkl ds dsanz ds :i esa
fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi] miegk}hi esa eè;dkyhu uxjokn u dsoy okf.kfT;d rFkk
jktuhfrd dkjdksa }kjk izHkkfor Fkk vfirq lwQh vkSj HkfDr dh èkkjkvksa ls Hkh izHkkfor FkkA
fo}kuksa }kjk eqxy uxjksa dks ^iksfylØslh* ¼og jkT; ftlesa uxjh; dsUæksa dh çèkkurk
gks vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= iw.kZr% muds vèkhu gksa½ vkSj lksygoha lnh ds iqrZxkyh uxjksa dks
^iksfylxkfdZd* ¼,d uxj vkèkkfjr ç'kklu tks xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls vfèk'ks"k xzg.k djus ds
m)s'; ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k gks½ ds :i Hkh esa ns[kk x;k gS ¼bdkbZ 3½A
19oha lnh ds uxjks a ds vè;;u ds mikxe mifuos ' kokn vkSj iw a t hokn dh
èkkjkvksa ls izHkkfor Fks ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i vkS|ksfxd uxjksa] ugj dkWyksfu;ksa fgy LVs'kuksa
bR;kfn dk vH;qn; gqvkA uxjksa dk vH;qn; HkO;rk ds dsanzksa] jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa ds
LFkyksa] èkkfeZd la?k"kks± vkSj Jfedksa rFkk nfyr oxks± ds vkanksyuksa ds LFkkuksa ds :i esa Hkh
gqvk ¼bdkbZ 4½A

7
8th Blank
bdkbZ 1 uxjhdj.k D;k gS\ *
lajpuk
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 uxjh; dsaUnz D;k gSa\
1-3 vfèk'ks"k D;k gS\
1-4 Ukxjh; bfrgkl D;k gS\
1-5 vUrfoZ"k;d dYiuk ds :i esa uxjokn
1-6 uxjokn vkSj rqyukRed i)fr
1-7 uxjokn dk bfrgklys[ku
1-7-1 uxjokn lacaèkh vkèkqfud vè;;u% gSujh fijsu vkSj eSDl osCkj
1-7-2 vesfjdk esa uxjokn dk vè;;u
1-8 uxjokn vkSj vkèkqfudrk
1-9 uxjh; bfrgkl vkSj ^lkaLÑfrd eukso`fÙk*
1-10 lkjak'k
1-11 vH;kl
1-12 lanHkZ xzaFk

1-1 izLrkouk
vkt vfèkd yksx xakoksa dh rqyuk esa uxjksa esa jgrs gSaA ;g fLFkfr chloha lnh ds vkjEHk
esa ugha FkhA tc ge vkSj ihNs dh vksj ns[krs gSa rks ge ikrs gSa fd iwoZ vkèkqfud fo'o esa
uxjksa esa tula[;k dk cgqr gh de izfr'kr fuokl djrk FkkA fQj ,d le; Fkk] tc
uxjksa dk vfLrRo gh ugha FkkA yksx ou clkoVksa vkSj Ñf"kxr xkaoks esa jgrs FksA yxHkx
iakp gtkj o"kZ igys bjkd] felz vkSj flaèkq ?kkVh esa uxjksa dk vH;qn; gqvkA ekuo ds
bfrgkl esa fodkloknh fpUg ds :i esa uxjksa dk vH;qn; bl vFkZ esa ,d fpjLFkk;h
ifjorZu Fkk fd ;|fi uxjksa dk mRFkku vkSj iru gksrk jgk] ,d clkoV ds :i esa uxjksa
dk vlfrRo ,d {ks= vFkok nwljs {ks= esa fujarj cuk jgkA vkSj vkt ge ml voLFkk
esa igaqp x, gSa tgk¡ uxjksa esa yksxksa dh la[;k xako ds yksxksa ls vfèkd gks xbZ gSA ekuo
bfrgkl esa ,sls ewyHkwr ifjorZu dk vè;;u fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA
izkphu dky ls ysdj vkèkqfud dky rd uxj ekuoh; ladsanzhdj.k vkSj muds lkekftd
lacaèkksa ds lcls cM+s dsUnz jgs gSaA fL=;ksa vkSj iq:"kksa ds ,d vkoklh; LFky dh Bksl
vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa mUgksaus eafnjksa] edcjksa vkSj egyksa esa uxjh; dyk vkSj okLrqdyk
ds xkSjo dks iznf'kZr fd;k gSA lkoZtfud lekjksg] èkkfeZd vkSj lSU; tqywl vkSj nk'kZfud
rdZ-fordZ uxjh; vuqHko dk fgLlk FksA uxj uxjh; tulewg dh fgalk] vijkèk vkSj
'kks"k.k ds izR;{kn'khZ jgs gSa ¼lkmFkgkWy]1998% 89½A uxjokn ls mRiUu ladVksa vkSj nqnZ'kk
*
izks- ih- ds- clUr] bfrgkl foHkkx] tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k] ubZ fnYyh 9
uxjh; bfrgkl% ls NqVdkjk fnykus okys èkeZ vkSj ,sls èkeZ Hkh jgs gSa ftUgksaus uxjh; LFkkuksa dk ifjR;kx
,d ifjp; fd;kA uxj ds ,d ckj vfLrRo esa vkus ds ckn dksbZ Hkh blls fojDr ugha jg ldrkA
okLro esa uxj tSfod mn~Hko dh lajpuk ij gh xgjh iSB j[krs gq, izrhr gksrs gSaA uxjksa
dh xfy;ksa dh fcfYy;ka vkSj dqRrs uxj ds i'kq fuoklh gSa] ftudk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh mruk
ghs uxjh; gksrk gS ftruk fd muds uxjh; led{k euq"; dk ¼ekfVZuMsy] 1966% 10½A

1-2 uxjh; dsanz D;k gSa\

eksgutksnM+ks vkSj U;w;kdZ – le; vkSj LFkku ls i`Fkd ;s nks uxj Li"Vr% fHkUu gSa ysfdu
fQj Hkh ge nksuksa dks dsUnz ds uke ls lacksfèkr djrs gSaA uxjh; dsan dh voèkkj.kk dks
viuh ifjfèk esa vusd :iksa dks lesVus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k clkoVksa dh rqyuk
esa uxjh; dsUnzksa esa vfèkd tula[;k gksrh gS] mPprj tula[;k ?kuRo gksrk gS vkSj
lkekftd fotkrh;rk Hkh cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSA uxjh; leqnk; ds T;knkrj lnL; mu
dk;Zdykiksa esa layXu gksrs gSa tks [kk| mRiknu ls izR;{k :i ls lacafèkr ugha gksrs gSaA
bu dk;Zdykiksa esa lkekftd] lakLd`frd] vkS|kSfxd] okf.kfT;d] èkkfeZd] dykRed]
'kSf{kd] lSU;] jktuhfrd ;k iz'kklfud ÑR; lfEefyr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds fHkUu-fHkUu
dk;Zdykiksa ds fy, vyx-vyx dkS'ky ds yksxksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ifj.kkeLo:i
blls vfèkd fo'ks"kKrk vkrh gSA f'kYidkfjrk vkSj O;kikj vyx-vyx gSa ijUrq ,d nwljs
ij fuHkZj xfrfofèk;ka gSaA Bhd blh izdkj] iz'kklu vkSj jktuhfrd fu;a=.k ds dkfeZd
,d nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA vuqiwjd O;olk;ksa ds yksxksa ds ,d nwljs ds fudV jgus dh
izo`fRr gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g ysu-nsu dks vfèkd izHkkoh cukrk gSA LFkkfud n`f"V ls ;fn bls
:ikUrfjr fd;k tk, rks bl izdkj dk lewgu tula[;k ds ?kuRo dks c<+krk gSA vkfFkZd]
èkkfeZd vkSj jktuhfrd Hkwfedkvksa dk fu"iknu djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks mRrjthoh cus
jgus ds fy, ,d nwljs dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fdarq muds lacaèk ukrsnkjh ls ugha vfirq
ijLij mi;ksfxrk ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSaA O;fDr vkSj lewg] tks fofHkUu fo'ks"khÑr
dk;Zdykiksa esa leUo; djrs gSa] dh izo`fRr 'kfDr dk dsUnzhdj.k djus dh gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, jkT; fofHkUu fgr lewgksa dh fHkUUk-fHkUUk vkSj dHkh-dHkh ijLij fojksèkh
ekaxksa ds chp lcls cM+k leUo;dRrkZ gksrk gSA jktk] ea=h] lsukifr vkSj iqjksfgr] tks
fotkrh; lewgksa dh vko'drkvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gSa] vius gkFkksa esa i;kZIr 'kfDr
dsUnzhd`r djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA bl izdkj leUuo; 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj 'kfDrghu oxks±
ds mèoZ oxhZdj.k dks tUe nsrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i izR;sd uxjh; dsanz dh fo'ks"krk ogk¡
foykflrkiw.kZ thou;kiu dj jgs 'kfDr'kkyh èkuk<+; vkSj vfiz;] fdarq vko';d dk;ks±
tSls 'konkg deZ] lM+dksa dh lQkbZ vkSj dqN ekeyksa esa eyew= dks Hkh lkQ djus okyh
fuèkZu tkfr;ksa] vaR;sT;ksa dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA
uxjh; dsanz ds izkFkfed d`R;] iz'kklfud vuq"Bkfud lsok vkSj O;kikj tSls dk;Zdyki
gSaA uxjh; dsanz èkuh vkSj xjhc] 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr] [kjhnnkj vkSj foØsrk] f'kYidkj
vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds fuokl LFkku gksrs gSa ¼foFkZ] 1938 % 360 -366½A vusd iwoZ-vkèkqfud
uxjksa esa tula[;k dk cM+k vuqikr Ñf"kxr dk;Zdykiksa esa layXu FkkA rFkkfi] uxj dks
blds Ñf"k mRiknksa ds :i esa Lohdkj ;k Lej.k ugha] vfirq jktkvksa ;k eafnjks ;k cktkjksa
dh mifLFfr ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
vk[ksV-laxzkgd leqnk;ksa tks bl i`Foh ds fuoklh Fks] us dHkh Hkh uxjh; dsanzksa dks tUe
10
ugha fn;kA Ñf"kxr leqnk;ksa] ftudk vH;qn; yxHkx nl gtkj o"kZ iwoZ gqvk] us vius
vfLrRo ds igys ikap gtkj o"kks± rd uxjh; dsanzksa dks tUe ugha fn;kA lkekftd laxBu uxjhdj.k D;k gS\
vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa gq, ?kVukØeksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i dqN {ks=ksa esa] tgk¡ Ñf"k leqnk;
ds yksx jgrs Fks] loZizFke uxjh; dsUnzksa dk mn; gqvkA uxjh; dsanzksa dk vH;qn; mu
Ñf"k lektksa esa gqvk tks lkekftd :i ls LrjhÑr vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr FksA
muds leqnk; esa f'kYi fo'ks"kK Hkh FksA cy iz;ksx ij ,dkfèkdkj dk nkok djus okys y?kq
lewgksa }kjk jktuhfrd izHkqRo ij vkèkkfjr lektksa dks jkT; lekt dgk tkrk gSA uxjh;
dsanzksa dk vH;qn; rc gqvk tc 'kkld f'kYi fo'ks"kK] O;kikjh vkSj èkukB~;ksa dk ,d NksVs
HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa bl izdkj ds lektksa esa vfHklj.k gqvkA bu lewgksa ds dk;Zdyki
clkoV dh izÑfr dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA ,d bfrgkldkj ds :i esa] czkWMsy è;ku vkdf"kZr
djrs gSa fd ,d uxj dh lcls Li"V fo'ks"krk og jhfr gS ftlls og ;Fkk laHko lhfer
{ks= esa vius dk;Zdyki dks ladsfUnzr djrk gS] vius fuokfl;ksa dks ,d nwljs ds fcydqy
fudV BlkBl Hkj nsrk gS vkSj mUgsa dHkh-dHkh ;krk;kr ds fy, vR;ar ladh.kZ lM+dksa
ij HkhM+ djus vkSj varr% ÅèoZeq[kh fuekZ.k djus ds fy, ckº; dj nsrk gS ¼czkWMsy] 1989%
180-181½A

1-3 vf/k'ks"k D;k gS\

;fn ge clkoV dh bdkb;ksa ds :i esa uxjh; dsanzks dh tkap djsa rks os foLr`r vkarfjd
Hkw-Hkkx ds lkis{k fo'ks"khÑr ÑR;kssa dk fu"iknu djrs gSa ¼fV~xj] 2003 % 120½A uxjh; dsanz
ds i{k esa ijLij fuHkZjrk dk ;g vuqdwy lacaèk lkekU;r% bldh ykHkizn HkkSxksfyd
vofLFkfr ¼O;kikj ekxs± dh vofLFkfr] izkd`frd lalkèkuksa dk fu;a=.k bR;kfn½ ls mRiUu
gksrk gSA 'kkld] iqjksfgr] f'kYidkj vkSj O;kikjh viuh [kk| t:jrksa gsrq d`"kdksa ij
fuHkZj jgrs gSaA bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd iwo-Z vkèkqfud uxjksa us vius vkl-ikl ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa
dk funZ;rkiwoZd 'kks"k.k fd;k gSA izkS|ksfxdh ds lkèkkj.k gksus ds dkj.k d`"kd vR;Ur
de ek=k esa [kk|ku mitk ikrs Fks tks dsoy mRikndksa dh vko';drkvksa dks gh iwjk dj
ikrk FkkA bl mit dk dqN fgLlk uxjksa esa pyk tkrk FkkA tks [kk|kUu uxjksa dks tkrk
Fkk mls ^vfèk'ks"k* dgk tkrk gSA vfèk'ks"k dk vFkZ [ksrhgj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds
ckn cph gqbZ mit ughsa FkkA vfirq ;g og mit gS tks xk¡o ls uxj ykbZ xbZA ;g laHko
gS fd xk¡ookfl;kas dks ml [kk| dh vko';drk jgh gksA uxjh; dsanz xk¡oks ls [kk|
fudklh ds fy, vusd izdkj ds laLFkkxr ra=ks dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bl izdkj ^vfèk'ks"k*
tqVkuk ,d uxjh; nsoh ds uke ij HksaV 'kqYd ds :i esa gks ldrk gS ftls Hkw-Lokfeuh
gksus dk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gksxk] leLr mRiknksa dk lzksr ;g jktk }kjk vfèkjksfir djksa
dk Lo:i èkkj.k dj ldrk gS ;k uxj ls f'kYidkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa }kjk vkiwfrZ dh xbZ
oLRkqvksa ds cnys esa fn, x, fofue; dk :i èkkj.k dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj] dkuwukssa]
ijEijkvksa vkSj vkLFkk dh iz.kkfy;ka] ftuds ihNs lSU; 'kfDr gksrhs Fkh] dk iz;ksx d`f"k
mit ds uxjksa dks gLrkarj.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA eè;dkyhu Ýkal ds uxjksa ij
fVIi.kh djrs gq, bfrgkldkj czkWMsy us dgk] ^lqLi"V :i ls uxjh; ntsZ dk dksbZ Hkh
'kgj NksVs uxjksa ls f?kjk gksxk] muesa ls izR;sd xk¡oksa dh NksVh nqfu;k ls tksM+sxk--- izR;sd
uxj] NksVk ;k cM+k] dh ,d vkiwfrZ tksu gksxh ftl ij og fuHkZj FkkA uxj ,d c`gr~
mnj dh Hkkafr Fkk tks u flQZ ,d] vfirq vusd mRrjorhZ izHkkoh {ks=ksa vkSj tksuksa dks viuh
vksj [khaprk Fkk* ¼czkWMsy] 1989% 182-185½A bl rF; ds n`f"Vxr fd vyx-vyx
O;olk;ksa ds yksx cM+h la[;k esa uxj esa jgrs gSa] blds fuokfl;ksa ds eè; lacaèk vkerkSj
ij vkSipkfjd gksrs gSaA bl izdkj dh clkoVksa ds fuoklh viuh nSfud vko';Drkvksa dk
vkfFkZd :i ls cM+k fgLlk LFkkuh; cktkjksa ls gh iwjk djrs gSaA 11
uxjh; bfrgkl% vusd lekt'kkL=h uxjokn dks fo'oluh; dkjd ekurs gSaA muds vuqlkj uxjh; dsanz
,d ifjp; fdlh lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ds O;kid {ks= ds vkfFkZd igyw dks izfrfcfEcr djrs gSa
¼fQ'kj] 1975% 367-373½A vU; fo}ku vuqHko djrs gSa fd uxj ,d ^ik=* ds :i esa dke
djrs gSa vFkkZr~ ,d y?kq HkkSxksfyd {ks+= esa 'kkldksa vkSj 'kkflrksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj [kjhnnkjksa]
iqjksfgrksa vkSj HkDrksa dk dsUnzhdj.k uxjh; LFkku esa xq.kkRed ifjoZru ykrk gSA blds
ifj.kkeLo:i ,d u, Hkw-n`'; dk l`tu gksrk gSA uxjksa essa uoksUes"k vkSj ifjoRkZu] tks ,d
cM+s lekt esa gksrs gSa] dk dsUnzhdj.k gksrk gSA bl ij cy nsus dh vko';drk gS fd
dsUnzhdj.k dh èkkj.kk dk foLrkj tula[;k ds leqP; ek= ls dgha vkxs rd gksrk gS
ftlls blds vfèkd xaHkhj lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj jktuhfrd-vkfFkZd fufgrkFkks± dks
'kkfey dj ldsa D;ksafd ;s dgha vkSj vfèkd dsUnzhd`r gksrs gSa ¼lkmFkky 1998 % 8-10½A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa uxj 'kfDr dk dsanz vkSj fu;a=.k dk LFky gSA tSlk fd czkWMsy us dgk gS]
'kgj izHkqRo ds fy, loksZifj gksrk gSA tc ge bls ifjHkkf"kr djus ;k blds jSad dh
ifjHkk"kk djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks fu;a=.k djus dh bldh {kerk vkSj fu;a=.k dk {ks=
vkèkkj gksrk gS ¼czkWMsy 1989 % 181½A ;g voyksdu uxjh; dsUnzksa ds xBu esa 'kfDr dh
dsUnzh;rk dk egRo de djrk gSA
uxj dk mn; ekuo vkSj izd`fr ds chp lacaèkks esa ifroRkZu dh vis{kk ekuo-ekuo ds chp
lacaèkksa esa ifjoRkZu dk izrhd gSA ekuoksa ds chp lacaèkksa esa bl ifjorZu dks jkT; dk
vH;qn; dgk tkrk gSA tks ekuo lewg igys fo|eku Fks mUgs ukrsnkjh ij vkèkkfjr
lekt dgk tkrk FkkA ukrsnkjh vkèkkfjr lekt dks lkekU;r% ^tutkrh; lekt* dgk
tkrk gSA tutkrh; lekt bl fl)kUr ij laxfBr gksrs gSa fd leqnk; ds lHkh lnL;
,d-nwljs ls lacafèkr gksrs gSaA ml {ks= esa miyCèk izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ij lkewfgd LokfeRo
gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i tutkrh; lekt ,d ,slh lajpuk dk l`tu ugha djrs gSa tgk¡
lEink ;k lalkèku dqN ifjokjksa esa dsUnzhd`r gksrs gSaA jkT; lektksa esa ukrsnkjh iz.kkfy;ksa
dk tky bl izdkj ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g dqN ifjokjksa dks lEifr ,d=
djus rFkk ekuo vkSj izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ds Åij fo'ks"k fu;a=.k dk;kZfUor djus dk
volj iznku djrk gSA tutkfr;ksa ls fHkUu jkT; jktkvksa] iqjksfgrksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds
gkFkksa esa 'kfDr vkSj lEifr ds dsUnzh;dj.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA LFkkuh; ukrsnkjh usVoZd ls
mUeqDr jktk vkSj O;kikjh lqnwj Hkwfe ds jktkvksa] lkearksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa ds lkFk fofue;
ds usVoZd dk l`tu djrs gSaA jkT; lektksa ds 'kfDr'kkyh lnL; fofHkUu f'kYi mRiknksa
ds fy, ykykf;r jgrs gSa D;ksafd lqnwjorhZ LFkkuksa dh oLrq,a muds lEEkku vkSj 'kfDr dks
c<+krh gSaA blfy,] jkT; lektksa ds 'kfDr'kkyh lnL; [kk| vkSj [kfutksa dks tqVkus ds
mn~s'; ls clkoVksa ds chp cyiwoZd laokn lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA os mRiknu ;k ;q) ds
iz;kstu ds fy, tula[;k dh xfr'khyrk pkgrs gSaA HkkSfrd LFkku tgk¡ jkT; lektksa dk
vH;qn; gqvk dHkh-dHkh uxjksa esa fodflr gq,A ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo}ku ekurs gSa fd
uxjksa dk mn; lkekftd laxBu ds {ks= esa :ikUrj.k ls lacafèkr FkkA uxjksa ls jfgr
jkT; gks ldrs gSa fdarq jkT; jfgr dksbZ Hkh uxj ugha FkkA
,d bfrgkldkj ds fy, uxjokn dk vè;;u djus dh U;k;laxrrk dh oS|rk ;g gS
fd uxjh; dsanz izdk'kLrEHk dh Hkkafr Fks tks gesa vrhr dh ?kVukvksa esa ys tkrs gSaA jkT;
vkSj oxZ ds vH;qn; tSlh egRoiw.kZ izfØz;kvksa ds izkjEHk dk gekjk Kku vfèkd csgrj gks
ldrk gS ;fn ge uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dk vè;;u djrs gSaA lkFk gh uxjh;dj.k dk
fo"k; gesa ml izfØ;k ds vè;;u ls tksM+ nsrk gS tks nqfu;k ds vusd Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu
12 le; vkSj LFkkuksa ij gqvkA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ge bfrgkl dh lhekvksa ls ckgj
fudyrs gSa rFkk vFkZ'kkL=] lekt'kkL=] ekuo'kkL=] tulkaf[;dh vkSj lkfgR; tSlh uxjhdj.k D;k gS\
vU; foèkkvksa ls izHkkoh :i ls lh[krs gSAa dksbZ Hkh lekt ftlesa uxj gSa ,d uxjh;
lekt gSA
uxjksa ds laxBu dk ,sls Lo:i ls lacaèk gksrk gS ftldh fo'ks"krk vkSipkfjd laidZ gksrs
gSaA bl izdkj ds laidZ rFkk ysu-nsu dks O;fDrxr Le`fr ds ekè;e ls cuk, j[kuk dfBu
gSA jktk ds vkns'k ;k O;kikjh dh fofue; dh Hkk"kk lqLi"V gksuh pkfg,A ekSf[kd vkns'k
esa NksVh lh =qfV Hkh phuh [ksy dh rjg QqlQqlkgV cu ldrh gSA vr% vkiSpkfjd ysu-
nsuksa esa Hkh fyf[kr fjdkWMZ egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxsA vr,o izkphu uxjokn ds vusd
mnkgj.k ys[ku ds vkfo"dkj ls lac) gSaA fyf[kr vkns'k 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld ;k O;fDr
ds vkns'kksa dks mu LFkkuksa rd ys tk ldrs Fks tgk¡ os Lo;a mifLFkr ughsa gksrs FksA ,d
fuj{kj lanHkZ esa izR;sd vuqns'k vius dFku ds fof'k"V lanHkZ ls caèkk FkkA ys[ku ckrphr
dk lPpk lkoZHkkSfed :i Fkk ftlesa oDrk vkSj Jksrk ,d nwljs ds lkeus ugha cSBs gksrs
FksA ;g Le`fr vkSj foLe`fr dh lhekvksa dks yka?k ldrk FkkA jktkvksa] èkeZxq:vksa vkSj
O;kikfj;ksa ds vuqns'k lqnwj Hkwfe rd ;k=k dj ldrs FksA ys[ku us Kku ds HkaMkj.k]
fLFkfjdj.k vkSj izlkj dks laHko cuk;kA bldk iz;ksx O;kikfj;ksa ds chp le>kSrksa] fdlh
jktk ds viuh iztk ds fy, vkns'kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djus] rFkk èkkfeZd mins'kksa dks fo'kq)
:i esa ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl izdkj ys[ku us jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd
vkSj èkkfeZd lajpukvksa ds laxBu ds u, Lo:iksa dh laHkkouk dks [kksy fn;kA

1-4 uxjh; bfrgkl D;k gS \

vkt uxjhdj.k xzkeh.k ls uxjh; {ks=ksa esa tula[;k ds iyk;u dks n'kkZrk gSA
,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa] uxjhdj.k ml izfØ;k dk Hkh mYys[k djrk gS ftlds }kjk xzkeh.k
txr us ,d u, izdkj dh clkoV] ftls uxj dgk x;k] dks tUe fn;kA uxjh; bfrgkl
dk vè;;u nksuksa izfØ;kvksa ds vè;;u dk iz;kl gSA uxjh; vkSj xzkeh.k i`Fkd vkSj
fHkUUk izfØ;kvksa dk gokyk ugha nsrsA ,d ckj tc uxj dk vkfo"dkj gks x;k rks ^xzkeh.k*
us ek= ,d izdkj ds fof'k"Vhdj.k dk izfrfufèkRo fd;kA uxjksa dks muds xzkeh.k vkarfjd
Hkw-Hkkx ds fcuk ugha le>k tk ldrk] tcfd xzkeh.k [ksrhgj leqnk; dks uxj ds lkFk
mlds lacaèk dk irk yxk, fcuk ughsa le>k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj uxjh; bfrgkl
dk vè;;u Lor% ghs U;kf;d-laLFkkxr] tulkaf[;dh; vkSj lkaLd`frd izfØ;kvksa esa
ifjorZu dk vè;;u cu tkrk gSA uxjh; bfrgkl ml vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj LFkkfud iz.kkfy;ksa] ftlus clkoV ds bl :i dks l`ftr fd;k gS] dh [kkst gSA ,d
uxj dks blds {ks+=h;] jk"Vªh; vkSj ijk-jk"Vªh; lanHkZ esa j[kus dh vko';drk gSA

1-5 vUrfoZ"k;d dYiuk ds :i esa uxjokn

uxjokn ds vè;;u gsrq vè;;u ds rqyukRed vkSj vUrfoZ"k;d i)fr dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA uxjh; bfrgkl dk vè;;u djus ds fy, vUrfoZ"k;drk blfy, vko';d gS
D;ksafd fiNys lkS o"kks± esa bl {ks= dk fodkl fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls Kku xzg.k djus ds ckn
gqvk gSA uxjh; vè;;uksa us ckj-ckj fo"k;ksa dh lhekvksa dks rksM+k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
,d ljy eqn~nk tSls fnYyh uxj dks tykiwfrZ ;g n'kkZ ldrk gS fd fdl izdkj bl
uxj us u flQZ ;equk unh ls vfirq nwjorhZ xaxk vkSj C;kl ufn;ksa ls Hkh ikuh [khapk gSA
tykiwfrZ iz.kkyh dks le>us ds fy, gesa ;g le>uk gksxk fd dSls fnYyh fofHkUu {ks=ksa 13
uxjh; bfrgkl% dh LFkkuh; tula[;k dh I;kl cq>kus ds fy, bldh ikuh dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
,d ifjp; djrh gSA blds fy, fnYYkh ds gh vanj fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ikuh ds vleku caVokjs dk
vè;;u djus dh Hkh t:jr gksxhA bl vè;;u ds fy, u flQZ ouksa] ioZrksa vkSj ufn;ksa
ls ty izokg dks le>us dh vko';drk gksxh vfirq lRrk ds vfèkØe vkSj vfHk;kaf=dh
ds dkS'kyksa dks Hkh le>uk vko';d gksxkA Bhd blh izdkj dk vè;;u mRrj Hkkjr
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls fnYyh dks fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ds ckjs esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA gesa ;g
Hkh le>uk gksxk dh fnYyh ftu lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS mlds cnys ;g D;k
okil nsrk gSA vr% fnYyh esa vkèkqfud uxjokn ds vè;;u ds fy, bl {ks= dh lRrk
lajpuk] vfHk;kaf=dh dh i)fr;ksa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh dks le>us dh vko';drk gksxhA
lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= vkSj jktuhfrd foKku tSls lekt foKku ds fo"k; fnYyh vkSj
vU; {ks=ksa ds chp rFkk fnYyh ds fuokfl;ksa ds chp lRRkk vkSj lEink ds forj.k ij è;ku
dsafnzr djds gekjh le> dks c<+k ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh bl izdkj dk vè;;u fnYyh ds
vuqHkotU; vkSj lakLd`frd Hkwn`'; dk vè;;u fd, fcuk iwjk ugha gksxkA bl izdkj ds
vè;;u ds fy, lkfgR;] dyk] QksVksxzkQh vkSj fQYe dks le>us dh t:jr gksxhA bl
izdkj uxjh; vè;;uksa dh le`) lajpuk foLr`r vkSj lkjxfHkZr lzksr ds ladyu dk
ifj.kke gSA

1-6 uxjokn vkSj rqyukRed i)fr

fofHkUu lektksa] jk"Vªksa vkSj egk}hiksa ds chp lekurk rFkk fHkUUkrkvksa dh igpku djus
mudk fo'ys"k.k djus] rFkk mudh O;k[;k djus ds iz;kl dks rqyukRed 'kksèk i)fr dgk
tkrk gSA blesa rqyukRed vkdM+ksa dk l`tu rFkk voèkkj.kkRed vkSj dk;kZRed lkE;rk
dh [kkst 'kkfey gSA
bl izdkj dh i)fr ls uxjokn dk xgu cksèk gks ldrk gSA fofHkUu le; vkSj LFkku
dh rqyuk gekjs Kku dh lhek dks O;kid djrh gS rFkk gesa vrhr ds ckjs esa xgu
ifjis{; miyCèk djkrh gSA ;g i)fr vuqHkotU; vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k ij è;ku dsafnzr
djus dh vksj ys tkrh gSA ;g lHkh uxjksa esa tks leku rRo gSa vkSj tks fof'k"Vrk,a mUgsa
,d-nwljs ls vyx djrh gSa dks le>us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA bl izdkj dk vè;;u
uxjh; izfØ;kvksa esa fujarjrk rFkk ifjorZu dk izs{k.k djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA
nh?kZ dkykofèk vkSj fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh rqyuk bfrgkldkjksa dks nh?kZdkyhu iSVuZ rFkk
ifjorZuksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA nh?kZdkyhu fuarjrk dks ^nSfud thou dh
lajpuk* dgk x;k gSA muesa Hkkstu dh vknrsa] lqcg mBus ls ysdj dke vkSj 'k;u dh
fuR;fØ;k] ?kjksa dh vkd`fr rFkk os'kHkw"kk 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA rqyukRed i)fr c`gr~
HkweaMyh; vkSj LFkkuh; izfØ;kvksa ds chp ijLij fdz;k dh varnZ̀f"V Hkh gesa iznku djrh
gSA uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa us ;g ik;k fd lHkh uxjksa dks [kk|] dPps ekyksa vkSj tu'kfDr
tSls lalkèkuksa dh vko';Drk gksrh gS tks i;kZIr ek=k esa mUgsa LFkkuh; :i ls miyCèk ughsa
gksrs gSaA uxjksa dks ,d O;kogkfjd vkfFkZd dk;Ziz.kkyh] O;kid okf.kfT;d usVodZ rd
ig¡qp] laxBukRed fLFkjrk vkSj jktuhfrd lÙkk }kjk iznÙk lqj{kk dh Hkh vko';drk
gksrh gSA rqyuk n'kZkrh gS fd fdl izdkj oSf'od :i ls uxjh; cuuk fo'o bfrgkl esa
,d u;k igyw gSA os ;g Hkh n'kkZrs gSa fd fdl izdkj uxjh; thou us uohu leL;kvksa
dks tUe fn;k gS tks u dsoy laLFkkxr laxBu vfirq thou dh O;kogkfjdrk ds eqn~nksa
ls Hkh lacafèkr gSaA
14
le`) vkSj fuèkZu ds chp foHkktu uxjh; dsanzks dh ,d fpjLFkk;h fo'ks"krk gSA ;g uxjhdj.k D;k gS\
lEifRr ds fo"ke foHkktu] LFkkfud i`FkDdj.k vkSj lkekftd-lkaLd`frd foHkktu dh
fujarjrk esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud le; esa ;|fi rhoz uxjhdj.k vkSj o`f) dh nj esa
mrkj-p<+ko le`)-fuèkZu fo"kerk dks ukVdh; cuk nsrk gSA rqyukRed i)fr ;g n'kkZrh
gS fd Hkwfe] Je vkSj iwath dh izfrLièkkZ uxjokn esa varHkZwr gSA lkFk gh ;g fuèkZu ds izfr
HksnHkko dks izsfjr djrk gSA uxj u dsoy fuèkZuksa ds izfr Hksn-Hkko djrs gSa] vfirq efgykvksa
èkkfeZd lewgksa vkSj lkekftd vYila[;dksa dks gkf'k, ij Hkh j[krs gSaA rFkkfi] fofHkUu
uxjksa ds LFkkuh; vuqHko crkrs gSa fd mUgksaus HksnHkko rFkk gkf'k, ij èkdsys tkus ds fo#)
la?k"kZ fd;k] gkykafd blesa lQyrk dh nj vyx-vyx jgh gSA vr% vkèkqfud le; esa
fodflr uxjokn ds Hkwn`'; esa gkf'k, ij èkdsyuk vafre 'kCn ughsa gSA

1-7 uxjokn dk bfrgklys[ku

uxjokn dk vkèkqfud vè;;u 19oha lnh esa dyk] ekufodh vkSj lekt foKku ds lafèk-
LFky ds :i esa 'kq: gqvkA ;g uxj dh vuqHkokRed izd`fr rFkk fufeZr ifjos'k dks
le>us dk ,d iz;kl FkkA izR;sd uxj dk ,d Lora= pfj= Fkk lkFk gh ;g uxjokn
dh c`gr~ iz.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk FkkA bfrgkldkj gkWClckWe us uxjh; bfrgkl dh rqyuk
,d ^osjkbVh LVksj* ls dh gS ftlesa gj pht 'kkfey dh tk ldrh FkhA vusd
bfrgkldkj ekurs Fks fd uxjh; bfrgkl dk viuk vuU; {ks= ugha Fkk vkSj ;g c`gr~
,sfrgkfld izfØ;kvksa ds fy, ,d eap ek= FkkA fQj Hkh uxjh; bfrgkl cqfu;knh rkSj
ij ,d rjg ls lkekftd ;k vkfFkZd bfrgkl ls fHkUu gS – ;g uxj dks bldh laiw.kZrk
esa ns[krk gS – ftl izdkj ls uxj dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ] bls fMtkbu fd;k x;k] bls
clk;k] viuk;k rFkk fo[;kr fd;k x;k] ywVk vkSj NksM+ fn;k x;k ¼gsMsu] 1996 % 15½A
uxj ,d iznÙk ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr esa bu lHkh ifjorhZ dkjdksa dk ØhMkLFky gSA bldk
Hkwn`';] dkYifud ;k okLrfod] blds fuokfl;ksa }kjk l`ftr gSA bl izdkj uxj ds
fuokfl;ksa dh viuh ,d fof'k"V Hkwfedk gksrh gSA uxjokn dk vè;;u jktkvksa vkSj
fotsrkvksa ij ls viuk è;ku gVkdj vke vkneh vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys yksxksa tSls
os';kvksa] vLi`';ksa vkSj Vªkal-tsaMlZ ij Hkh dsafnzr djrk gSA
1-7-1 uxjokn laca/kh vk/kqfud v/;;u % gsujh fijsu vkSj eSDl
oscj
uxjokn ds O;ofLFkr vè;;uksa dk vkjEHk ml vofèk ls tqM+k Fkk tks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds
ifj.kkeLo:i uxjh; dsanzksa ds vlkèkkj.k fodkl dk lk{kh FkkA bl :fp dk lcls cM+k
dkj.k vR;fèkd HkhM+-HkkM+] fuèkZurk vkSj xanxh dh n'kkvksa rFkk vfèkd fu;ksftr lekt
ds l`tu ds iz;kl ls tfur uxjh; leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa fpUrkvksa ls lacafèkr Fkk ¼'ksu]
2016 % 13½A ;s ys[ku dHkh-dHkh vrhr dh Hkwyh-fcljh je.kh; nqfu;k dh yyd ls jaftr
FksA uxj dks uSfrd vkSj HkkSfrd {k; dk ewy dkj.k ekuk x;kA chloha lnh ds vkjEHk
ls] gsujh fijsu tSls bfrgkldkjksa us ;wjksi esa uxjh; Økafr ds fof'k"V y{k.k ds :i esa
ifjorZu ds nh?kZdkyhu iSVuZ dk irk yxk;k gSA fijsu us mu laLFkkxr izfØ;kvksa ds
vè;;u ij è;ku dsfUnzr fd;k ftUgksaus ;wjksi vkSj ,f'k;k dks tksM+kA muds vuqlkj
nloha lnh ds ckn ftu ;wjksih; uxjksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvk os ,f'k;k ds lkFk O;kikj ekXkZ
[kqyus ds ifj.kke FksA mUgksaus èkeZ;q)ksa dh O;k[;k O;kikj ekxZ [kksyus ds fy, izPNUUk ;q)
ds :i esa dh gSA muds vuqlkj ;wjksi esa lkearokn dk iru izR;{k :i ls laxBu ds u, 15
uxjh; bfrgkl% :iksa] ftudk izknqHkkZo eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa gqvk Fkk] ls lacafèkr FkkA fijsu us ;wjksih; uxj
,d ifjp; dh ifjHkk"kk foLr`r dYiuk ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa dh Fkh ftlesa èkeZ vkSj lkearokn ds
bfrgklksa dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;kA
EkSDl oscj us ^,dkdh HkhM+ dk thou* ‘life of lonely crowd’ dh O;k[;k ds :i esa
vkèkqfud vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj lkekftd lacaèkksa dh ysu-nsu okyh O;kogkfjd vkSj fuoSZ;fDrd
izd`fr dh ns[kkA oscj us ;g crkdj] fd iqutkZxj.k ds ;wjksih; uxj laxBu ds ,d
vuks[ks Lo:i dk izfrfufèkRo djrs Fks ftldk bfrgkl esa dksbZ iwoZ mnkgj.k ugha Fkk] phu]
Hkkjr ;k vjc dh nqfu;k esa Hkh bldk dksbZ lekUrj ugha Fkk] uxjokn dk ,d xgu
bfrgkl lkeus j[kkA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd iwjh nqfu;k esa iwo-Z vkèkqfud fo'o esa uxjksa us
laLFkkvksa dh ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dk izfrfufèkRo fd;k ftlesa jktuhfrd lRrk dk izHkqRo
FkkA uxjh; leqnk; ds vfrfjDr uxjksa esa fdyscanh] cktkj] U;k;ky; vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh
is'ksoj lewg] tks dfri; ek=k esa Lok;Rrk dk Hkh mi;ksx djrk Fkk] 'kkfey FksA
iqutkZxj.k ds uxjksa ds lacaèk esa tks fof'k"V Fkk og ;g Fkk fd bl ij jktkvksa ;k iqjksfgrksa
dh vis{kk O;kikfj;ksa dk fu;a=.k FkkA bu uxjksa esa jktuhfrd lEHkzkUrksa ls lRrk Nhuus
ds ckn iwathokn dh uhao j[kh xbZA iwoZ-vkèkqfud uxjksa dh izd`fr ds ckjs esa fofHkUu
fopkjèkjk,a jgh gSa( vkSj izeq[k fo}kuksa dk er ;g lq>ko nsrk izrhr gksrk gS fd iwoZ-
vkèkqfud uxjksa ij jktuhfrd lEHkzkUrksa dh izHkqrk Fkh vkSj uxj dh vFkZO;oLFkk jktuhfr
ds vèkhu FkhA ;g èkkj.kk bl rF; ls vkSj n`<+ gksrh gS fd iwo-Z vkèkqfud fo'o ds vfèkdrj
egRoiw.kZ uxj tSls jkse] dLrqurqfu;k] cxnkn] fnYyh ;k chftax loZizFke jktuhfrd
jktèkkfu;ka FkhaA nwljh vksj] U;w;kdZ] tks laHkor% fiNys lkS o"kks± dk lcls egRoiw.kZ uxj
gS] jktuhfrd jktèkkuh ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo}ku iwo-Z vkèkqfud uxjksa dh izd`fr
^ijthoh* crkrs gSa] tcfd vkèkqfud uxjksa dks fodkl dk mRizsjd ekurs gSSaA iwo-Z vkèkqfud
uxjksa ds uSfrd ewY;u ukrsnkjh] jktRo] ifjokj vkSj èkeZ ls 'kkflr gksrs FksA vkèkqfud
uxjksa esa rdZlaxr vkSj lkèku ewY; vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gks tkrs gSa vkSj oxZ vkèkkj ij
lajs[k.k rFkk la?k"kZ vfèkd Li"V gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh ppkZ,a lgt :i ls
vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj fovkS|ksxhdj.k ds ckjs esa fookn dh fn'kk esa c<+
ldrh gSaA
1-7-2 vesfjdk esa uxjokn dk v/;;u
vesfjdk esa f'kdkxks Ldwy us uxjokn dks le>us ds u, rjhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus
f'kdkxks uxj dks vius isz{k.k dk {ks= cuk;k rFkk oSKkfud ekiu] ifjek.ku vkSj rqyuk
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA uxjh; thou dks blds O;kid HkkSxksfyd vkSj HkkSfrd ifjos'k esa
tfM+r ekuk x;kA yqbZ foFkZ tSls fo}kuksa us uxjokn dk vè;;u lkekftd-euksoSKkfud
vkSj ,frgkfld-lajpukRed n`f"V;ksa ls fd;kA ;g n'kkZ;k x;k fd vkS|ksfxdrk ds
fofHkUu iSVuks± rFkk lkekftd lajPkuk esa ifjorZuksa ds lkFk Hkwfe ds iz;ksx esa fdl izdkj
ds cnyko vk,A
^lkaLd`frd ikfjfLFkfrdh* dh ijEijk] ftldk izknqHkkZo 1950 ds n'kd esa gqvk Fkk] us
uxjokn dks ekuo] i;kZoj.k] izkS|ksfxdh rFkk lkekftd lajpuk dh xfr'khy varfØZ;k ds
ifj.kke ds :i esa le>us dk iz;kl fd;kA lqesj] felz ;k flaèkq ?kkVh tSls LFkkuksa esa
uxjokn dh izfØ;k dks le>us dk iz;kl dj jgs fo}kuksa us i;kZoj.k rFkk laLd`fr dh
vUrfØZ;k dk O;ofLFkr :i ls foLr`r vè;;u fd;kA tyok;q ifjoZru dh fpUrkvksa us
16
i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls uxjksa dh fouk'kdkjh Hkwfedk ds izfr bfrgkldkjksa dks tkx:d uxjhdj.k D;k gS\
fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd TkSdclu vkSj ,MEl tSls fo}kuksa us lqesfj;kbZ uxjksa ds iru
dh O;k[;k flapkbZ pSuyksa ls ty ds vR;fèkd iz;ksx ds ifj.kke ds :i esa dh gSA bu
flapkbZ pSuyksa us mitkÅ d`f"k [ksrksa dks yo.kh; nyny es cny fn;k ¼tSdclu vkSj
,MEl] 1958 ½A gM+Iik lH;rk ds iru ds ckjs esa ;g rdZ fn, x, gSa fd blds iru dk
dkj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh; vlarqyu FkkA
,d uxj dh ikuh] fctyh vkSj vif'k"V ds fuLrkj.k dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,
bls ftrus LFkku dh vko';drk gS mlesa fiNys lkS o"kksZa esa Hkkjh o`f) gqbZ gSA fufeZr vkSj
izkd`frd i;kZoj.k esa lacaèk izkd`frd ty Lkzksrksa dh vfHk;kaf=dh esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
jkseuokfl;ksa us ikuh vkSj LoPNrk dh viuh t:jrksa dk è;ku j[kus ds fy, d`f=e ugjksa
rFkk tyekxksZa dk foLr`r usVodZ cuk;kA blds fy, lehiorhZ {ks=ksa ds tyk'k;ksa ij
fu;a=.k rFkk vfHk;kaf=dh; lekèkkuksa dh t:jr FkhA blds fy, Hkwfe vkSj ty fudk;ksa
ds LokfeRo ls lacafèkr fofèkd vkSj jktuhfrd eqíksa ds lekèkku dh Hkh vko';drk FkhA
cqf)thoh ppkZvksa esa izkd`frd lalkèkuksa rd vleku ig¡qp vkSj lkekftd U;k; ds eqn~nksa
dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA vkèkqfud uxjksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ds
laj{k.k ds izfr vR;fèkd {kqèkk us bls i;kZoj.kh; bfrgkl rFkk ^vlqfoèkktud lR;* dh
[kkst dk fo"k; cuk fn;k gSA

1-8 uxjokn vkSj vk/kqfudrk

vkèkqfudrk ds dk;ZLFky ds :i esa uxjokn dk vè;;u djus dh fof'k"V ijEijk jgh
gSA ;kstuk fuekZrkvksa }kjk ;Fkk ifjdfYir vkèkqfud uxj esa Hkouksa dh ;kstukiw.kZ drkjsa]
;krk;kr ds fy, fofu;fer ekXkZ vkSj ekfir nwfj;ksa dk Åij ls vkjksfir (top down
approach) fu;kstu dk n`f"Vdks.k FkkA vkèkqfudrk dks O;fDrokn vkSj fnu-izfrfnu ds
O;ogkj esa lekathdj.k dh èkkj.kk ds lkFk vkS|ksfxd iawthokn ds lakLd`frd lgorhZ ds
:i esa le>k tkrk gSA ;wjksi esa fo'kky Vkmu gky] ftlesa HkO; ?kaVk ?kj cuk gksrk Fkk]
ds fuekZ.k dks u, le; vuq'kklu dks ykxw djus ds :i esa le>k tkrk gSA Vkmu gWky
ppZ tSlh ijEijkxr laLFkkvksa ls lRrk dk gLrkarj.k yksdrkaf=r :i ls fuokZfpr Vkmu
dkSafly esa tkus dk Hkh izrhd gSA
c`f)thfo;ksa dh ,d vU; èkkjk us uxjksa esa fufeZr LFkku ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;kA bUgksaus
lM+dksa vkSj QqVikFkksa ds yqIr gks tkus dh ppkZ dh vkSj bls uxjh; leqnk; ds fo[kaMu
ls tksM+k gSA bu fo}kuksa us lqij Cykdksa ds l`tu rFkk catj Hkwfe ds vHkko] tks gkbZos
¼Ýhost+½ vkSj vaMjikl }kjk Li"V :i ls foHkkftr Fks] esa 'kkfey O;kid eqÌksa dh tkap
dhA miuxjksa vkSj efyu cfLr;ksa esa lekukUrj thou dk l`tu ,d gh izfØ;k dk fgLlk
FkkA lM+dksa] xfy;ksa vkSj Hkouksa ds Hkw-n`'; ds lkFk-lkFk ekufldrk ds iVyn`'; dks Hkh
le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

1-9 uxjh; bfrgkl vkSj ^lakLd`frd eukso`fÙk*

uxjh; bfrgkl ds vè;;u us ^lkaLd`frd eukso`fÙk* dks Hkh ns[kk gSA ^lkaLd`frd eukso`fÙk*
uxjokn ds vuqHkotU; igyw ds vè;;u dh vksj iz;kl dh egÙkk crkrk gSA fo}kuksa us
O;kid fl)kUrksa vkSj O;k[;kvksa LFkkuh; Kku vkSj ifjoZru dh LFkkuh;d`r O;k[;kvksa dh
vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA bu vè;;uksa us vFkZO;oLFkk ;k jktuhfr tSlh HkweaMyh; 17
uxjh; bfrgkl% Jsf.k;ksa dh n`f"V ls lajpukRed O;k[;kvksa] dh èkkj.kk ij iz'u mBk;kA cfLr;ksa] fyax
,d ifjp; lacafèkr eqÌksa] ySafxdrk] O;fDrijdrk] iztkrh;rk vkSj tkfr dk lw{e bfrgkl cM+h la[;k
esa bfrgkldkjksa esa fookn ds izeq[k fo"k; cu x,A uxj dks ,d vifjorZuh; LFky ftlds
vanj uxjh; thou dk ukVd vfHkeafpr gqvk] ds :i esa ns[kus dh vis{kk fo}kuksa us oxZ]
iztkfr] fyax vkSj ySafxdrk ij vkèkkfjr igpkuksa ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk vè;;u
fd;kA HkkSfrd vkSj izrhdkRed LFkku yksxksa ds thou dky esa gh fujarj fo?kfVr rFkk iqu%
l`ftr gksrs jgsA mUgksaus n'kkZ;k fd yksx uxjksa esa LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa jgrs gSa] tks fuR;-
izfrfnu ds izpyuksa rFkk O;fDrxr vkSj vO;fDrxr usVoZd dh J`a[kyk ls l`ftr gq,A
Qslcqd vkSj fV~oVj dh ijLij fØ;k ml usVoZd dk fgLlk gSaA rFkkfi] bl usVodZ dk
vfèkdka'k Hkkx izkfèkdkfj;ksa] tks bu LFkkuksa dks vkns'k nsuk rFkk fu;af=r djuk pkgrs gSa]
ds izHkko ds ckgj jgrs gSaA uxjksa us gkf'k;s ij fLFkr lewgksa dks eq[;èkkjk dks pqukSrh nsus
dk volj iznku fd;k gSA izfrjksèk dh ;s xgjh èkkjk,a Hkzkafrtud gSa vkSj ;s f>jf>jh
lhekvksa ds ikj ;k=k djrh gSaA
igys fyax lacaèkh eqÌs uxjh; vè;;u dk fgLlk ugha FksA 1970 ds n'kd ds vkjEHk ls
uxjh; LFkyksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj izcUèku esa ikS:"k ds bfrgkl ds izfr tkx:drk vkbZA
fo}kuksa us n'kkZ;k fd lkoZtfud LFkyksa vkSj ?kjsyw LFky ds ckjs esa fopkj iq:"k dsfUnzr
fopkjèkkjk ls izHkkfor gSaA ;g fl) lR; gS fd ?kjksa ds fMtkbu esa iq:"k vkSj fL=;ksa ds
LFkyksa dk Li"V foHkktu FkkA vkèkqfud ;kstuk us ml iSVuZ dks cM+s iSekus ij nksgjk;k
gSA tSaMj ¼fyax½ vè;;uksa us uxjh; LFkkuksa dh okLrq rFkk ;kstuk dks le>us ds u;s
n`f"Vdks.k dk l`tu fd;k gSA uxj dks iq:"k izèkku LFkku ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;kA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] chloha lnh ds iwokZ)Z rd vfèkdrj uxjksa esa efgykvksa ds fy,
lkoZtfud 'kkSpky;ksa dh yxHkx 'kk'or~ vuqifLFkfr esa iq:"k izèkku oSpkfjdh dh
n`f"Vghurk dks le>k tk ldrk gSA ukjhoknh ys[ku ds vuqlkj uxjh; LFky dks ,dkdh
HkhM+ rFkk {kf.kd eqykdkr ds iq:"k LFky ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
uxjokn ds bfrgkldkjksa us 'kkldh;rk ds eqÌs ij Hkh ppkZ dh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fdlh
uxj ds fuokfl;ksa dks vuq'kkflr rFkk fu;af=r djus ds fy, lkèkuksa dk l`tuA ;s lkèku
,d ra= dh jpuk djrs gSa] tks ifjokj dh Lo-ljdkj dh èkkj.kk rFkk jkT; }kjk ljdkj
dh Lohdk;Zrk dk Hkko eu esa fcBkrs gSaA fo}kuksa us ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd lkaf[;dh; losZ{k.kksa
vkSj uxjh; tula[;k ds ekufp=hdj.k ds izpyuksa us uxjh; tula[;k dks bfUnz;xzkº;
cuk;k gSA tuLokLF; ds izkfèkdkj lacaèkh eqÌksa dh n`f"V ls] ftlds fy, voty izcaèku
ds izkoèkku dh vko';drk Fkh] fu;a=.k dk <kapk [kMk gqvkA Bhd blh izdkj] lM+dksa ds
fuekZ.k us tula[;k ds lapj.k ij fu;a=.k lqfuf'pr fd;kA

1-10 lkjka'k
uxjh; bfrgkl us vusd fo"k;ksa ls lh[kk gSA uxjksa dh Le`fr ds laf{kIr fooj.k ls vkjEHk
djds ;g ,d izeq[k fo"k; ds :i esa mHkjk ftlus izeq[k ,sfrgkfld ifjorZuksa ds lacaèk
esa varnZ̀f"V iznku dhA ;g Hkwxksy] lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL+=] bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; fo"k;ksa
ls xzg.k djrk gSA fdarq ,d fo"k; ds :i esa bldh lhek,a Li"V ugha gSa] vkSj bldh
ifjorZu'khy ifjfèk ds lkFk okrkZyki tkjh gSA uxjh; vè;;u dks tks lokZfèkd
pqukSrhiw.kZ cukrk gS og ;g gS fd ;g ek= vUrfoZ"k;d ugha gS vfirq bldh lhek,a
18
fo?kfVr gksrh jgrh gSa vkSj u, rFkk vizR;kf'kr mRrjksa ds fy, ,d la;qDr iz;kl vkjEHk
gks tkrk gSA ;g oSf'od vkSj LFkkuh; dh izfrPNsn js[kk dks le>us ds fy, izfrc) gSA uxjhdj.k D;k gS\
uxjokn lacaèkh orZeku ppkZvksa esa i;kZoj.k vkSj laoguh;rk ds eqÌs vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gks
x, gSaA ;g rF; fd uxjh; vè;;u fpUru dh fofHkUUk èkkjkvksa ls lacaèk j[krk gS] bls
thoUr ckSf)d miØe cuk nsrk gSA uxjokn ds bfrgkldkj fo"k;ksa }kjk l`ftr lhekvksa
dks ikj djrs jgrs gSaA os okLrfod rFkk dfYir LFkyksa dk turk ds vius izokg rFkk
LFkkuksa dh [kkst }kjk vUos"k.k tkjh j[krs gSaA U;w;kdZ vkSj eksgutksnMks+ esa vuqHkotU; ;k
dkYifud txr esa 'kk;n ghs dksbZ lkE; gks fQj Hkh fu;a=.k dk iSVuZ vkSj u, O;olk;ksa
dh [kkst djus dh {kerk mUgsa uxj dh Js.kh esa ykrh gSA

1-11 vH;kl
1½ uxjh; dsanz ds eq[; y{k.kksa ds ckjs esa crkb,A
2½ vfèk'ks"k ds l`tu esa dkSu lh izfØ;k,a 'kkfey gSa \ uxj ds vH;qn; vkSj laiks"k.k
esa bldh Hkwfedk rFkk egRo dh ppkZ dhft,A
3½ uxjh; bfrgkl D;k gS \ gesa uxjh; bfrgkl dk vè;;u vusd fo"k;ksa ds p'esa
ls djus dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS \
4½ uxjokn ds vè;;u ds fy, rqyukRed i)fr ds egRo dh ppkZ dhft,\
5½ uxjh; bfrgkl dh ,d vè;;u {ks= ds :i esa vH;qn; dh izfØ;k dh ppkZ blds
bfrgklys[ku dk o.kZu djrs gq, dhft,A
6½ gsujh fijsu vkSj eSDl oscj ds uxjokn lacaèkh fopkj D;k gSa\
7½ uxjokn ds vè;;u esa f'kdkxks Ldwy }kjk dkSu ls uoksUes"k fd, x, Fks\

1-12 lanHkZ xazFk

,MEl] vkj- eSDd] ¼1966½ fn bokWY;w'ku vkWQ vcZu lkslkbVh % vyhZ eslksiksVkfe;k ,aM
fizfgLiSfud eSfDldks ¼f'kdkxks % ,YMkbu½-
czkWMsy] QukZUM] ¼1989½ fn vkbMsfUVVh vkWQ Ýkal ¼yanu % QksUVkuk izsl½-
dksgsu] vkj- ¼1979½ ^LVsV vkWfjftUl % , jh,izst+y* Dyklsu] ,p] ts- ,e- vkSj ihVj
Ldkyfud] ¼laik½ fn vyhZ LVsV ¼gsx% ekmVu½-
fQuys] ,e-] ¼1977½ fn ,fUl,UV flVh% ÝkWe QLVsy Ms dwykUtsl Vq eSDl oscj ,aM
fc;kWUM* dkWEiSjsfVo LVMht bu lkslkbVh ,aM fgLVªh] Hkkx 19-
fQ'kj] DykmM ,l-] ¼1975½ VqoMZl , lcdYpjy F;ksjh vkWQ vcZfuT+e] ts- ts-
esflvksful ,ao csuksØSfVl] ¼laik½ ¼iqu% eqf)Zr½ ¼1989½ lhbZax vkWoj lSYol ¼U;wtlhZ%
izsfUVl gkWy ,axyoqM fDy¶l½ i`- 367 - 373-
gsMsu] Mksyksjsl] ¼1996½ fn ikWoj vkWWQ Iysl% vcZu YkSaMLdsIl ,st ifCyd fgLVªh ¼dSfEczt%
,e , % ,e vkbZ Vh izsl½-
tSdclsu Vh-] vkSj ,MEl vkj- ,e-] ¼1958½ ^lkYV ,aM flYV bu ,fUl,UV eslksiksVkfe;u
,xzhdYpj] lkbUl] Hkkx 128] i`- 1251-58- 19
uxjh; bfrgkl% ÝhM] ekWVZu ¼1967½ fn bokWY;q'ku vkWQ ikWfyfVdy lkslkbVh ¼U;w;kWdZ % jSaMe gkml½-
,d ifjp;
ekfVZuMsy Mh-] ¼1958½ *fn F;ksjh vkWQ fn flVh] oscj] eSDl*] fn flVh] ekfVZuMsy }kjk
vuwfnr vkSj laikfnr ¼U;w;kdZ % MkWu vkSj U;wfoFkZ] th- Ýhizsl½-
eEQksMZ ,y-] ¼1961½ fn flVh bu fgLVªh ¼U;;kWdZ% gdksZVZ] czsl ,aM oYMZ½-
vksjkUl] ekfVZu] ¼1966½ ^ljIyl*] º;weu vkWxsZukbts'ku] Hkkx 25] i`- 24-32-
fijsu] gsujh] ¼1969½ fefMoy flVht nsvj vkWfjftUl ,aM fn fjokboy vkWQ VªsM ¼fizalVu%
fizalVu ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-
'ksu] bokWu] ¼2016½ OgkV bt vcZu fgLVªh\ ¼dSfEczt% ikWfyVh izsl½-
lkmFkgky] ,sMu] ¼1998½ fn flVh bu Vkbe ,aM Lisl ¼dSfEczt% dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-
LVhoMZ] ts- ¼1968½ ^dYpjy bdksykWth* fn baVjus'kuy ,ulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ lks'ky
lkbUlst] Hkkx 3-
Vksfdl] Ýku] ¼2009½ Lisl] fn flVh ,aM lks'ky F;ksjh ¼dSfEczt% ikWfyVh izsl½-
fVªxj] ch] ¼1972½ ^fMVjfeukUV~l vkWQ vcZu xzksFk bu izh baMfLVª;y lkslkbVht* mdks ih-
ts- fVªa?kae vkj- vkSj fMacyck;] th-MCY;w- ¼laik-½ eSu] lSVyesaV ,aM vcZfuTe ¼yanu MDoFkZ
ifCy'klZ½
oscj] eSDl ¼1958½ fn flVh] ekfVZuMsy MkWu ,aM U;wfoFkZ }kjk vuwfnr vkSj laikfnr
¼U;;kWdZ Ýhisl½-
foFkZ] yqbZ ¼1938½ ^vcsZfuTe ,t+ , os vkWQ ykbQ*] iqu% eqfær] ts ts% esflvksful ,aM ,u
csuksØsfVl ¼laik-½ ¼1989½ lhbax vkojlsYOl ¼U;wtlhZ % izsfUVl gkWy] ,atyowM fDy¶l½] i`-
360-366-

20
bdkbZ 2 çkphu uxjksa ds vè;;u lacaèkh fofHkUu
fopkjèkkjk,a *
lajpuk
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 gM+Iikdkyhu uxj
2-2-1 gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk izkjafHkd iqjkrRo
2-2-2 uohu vkadM+s rFkk ubZ O;k[;k,a

2-3 gM+Iik vkSj izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds eè; dk dky % uxjksa dh vuqifLFkfr\

2-4 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
2-4-1 xzaFkksa esa izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
2-4-2 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k dh le>
2-4-3 izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsanzksa dh [kkst vkSj mR[kuu

2-5 lkjka'k
2-6 vH;kl
2-7 lanHkZ xzaFk

2-1 izLrkouk
izkphure uxj tks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls esa yxHkx 2600 ch lh bZ
esa vfLrRo esa vk, yxHkx 700 o"kks± rd cus jgsA ;s uxj gM+Iik ;k flaèkq dky ls lac)
gSaA 1900 ch lh bZ ds yxHkx bu clkoVksa esa ls vfèkdrj dk ifjR;kx uxjokn ds igys
pj.k dh lekfIr dk ?kksrd FkkA uxjh; dsanzksa dk vxyk pj.k ftls izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
dky dgk x;k yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ esa vkjaHk gqvk rFkk yxHkx 1000 o"kks± rd tkjh jgkA
gM+Iik vkSj izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds chp uxjh; dsanzksa esa varjky dh Hkkafr] ,slk ijorhZ iwoZ
eè;dkyhu] eè;dkyhu ¼NBh-iUnzjgoha lnh lh bZ½] iwoZ vkèkqfud ¼lksygoha-vBkjgoha
lnh lh bZ½ vkSj vkèkqfud ¼mUuhloha-chloh lnh lh bZ½ dkyksa dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA
rFkkfi tks ifjofrZr gqvk og ;g Fkk fd vusd izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk iru gqvk
vkSj blds cnys esa iwoZ eè;dky] eè;dky rFkk ckn ds pj.kksa ds izR;sd pj.k esa u,
uxjh; dsanzksa dk vH;qn; gqvkA
tgk¡ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vè;;u iw.kZr% iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gS] izkjfEHkd
,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk vè;;u vusd lzksrksa] xzaFkksa ls ysdj vfHkys[kksa vkSj flDdksa rFkk n`';
vkSj iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd le; ds Lo:i
ds lkFk uxjksa ds Lo:i esa fujarj ifjorZu gksrk jgkA bl izdkj gM+Iikdkyhu uxj
izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dh rqyuk esa fcYdqy fHkUu jgs gksaxsA u gh ,d gh dky esa lHkh
uxj ,d nwljs ds ln`'; FksA gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vkarfjd dkyØe fuèkkZj.k vHkh Hkh
Hkyh-Hkkafr ugha fd;k x;k gS ftlls fd iwoZ pj.kksa esa LFkkfir uxjksa dk mu uxjkssa ds lkFk]
*MkW- lqfiz;k oekZ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; ¼ts-,u-;w-½] ubZ fnYyh- 21
uxjh; bfrgkl% ftudh LFkkiuk dqN ckn esa gqbZ gks] dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k tk ldsA rFkkfi]
,d ifjp; izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ds nkSjku fo'ks"kdj Hkhj Vhyk] fljdi vkSj r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa
fljlq[k ds mÙkjorhZ uxjksa ds lanHkZ esa varjksa dks uksV fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh è;ku
nsus dh vko';drk gS fd bu nks fHkUu-fHkUu vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa ds vè;;u dk dsanz
vleku jgk gS] bldk dkj.k va'kr% lzksrksa dh izÑfr rFkk va'kr% miyCèk vkadM+s jgs gSaA
bl bdkbZ] ftldh fo"k;oLrq izkphu dky rd lhfer gS] esa rhu Hkkx gSa] igyk
gM+Iikdkyhu uxj] nwljk gM+Iikdkyhu uxj ls izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld ds eè; uxjksa dk
vHkko rFkk rhljk izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjA

2-2 gM+Iikdkyhu uxj

gM+Iikdkyhu uxj mu vusd izkphu uxjksa esa ls ,d jgs gSa tks fo'kky Vhys ds :i esa
[kM+s Fks] ftls LFkkuh; yksxksa us izkphu LFky dgk gSA bUgha izkphu LFkkuksa esa ls ,d us
pkYlZ eSlu dks iatkc esa mlds lka;ksfxd vUos"k.k ds fy, viuh vksj vkÑ"V fd;k tgk¡
mlus LFky dk vkdkj uksV fd;kA ;g vysDtsaMj dfua?ke Fks] ftUgksaus miegk}hi ds
mÙkjh fgLls esa iqjkrkfRod lk{; dh [kkst djrs gq, viuh izkjfEHkd ;k=kvksa esa ls ,d
ds nkSjku gM+Iik dk nkSjk fd;k( ysfdu fQj Hkh og fof'k"V eqgj] ftldh fy[kkoV ml
le; rd iwjh rjg ls vifjfpr Fkh] dks ns[kus ds ckotwn Hkh bldh izkphurk dks ugha
le> lds FksA ,d fof'k"V f'kYiÑfr ds :i esa gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks tSls nwjLFk
LFkyksa ij ikbZ xbZ eqgj rFkk ckn esa eslksiksVkfe;k LFkyksa ls blh izdkj dh [kkstksa ds
dkj.k tkWu ek'kZy us varr% nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL; ;qx ds lk{; dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjh; dsanzksa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa rhljh lglzkfCn ch lh bZ esa uxjokn
ds lacaèk esa dkQh dqN fy[kk tk pqdk gSA ;gk¡ ge gM+Iik dky ds lacaèk esa izdkf'kr dqN
vè;;uksa ij laf{kIr n`f"Vikr djsaxsA ;g ppkZ nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS ,d izkjfEHkd ys[ku
vkSj nwljk ckn ds vè;;u tks fo'ks"k igyqvksa ds lacaèk esa fof'k"V vè;;u gSaA nksuksa gh
voLFkkvksa esa dqN vè;;u gSa ftUgksaus lk{; dk la'ys"k.k izLrqr djus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke
fd;k gSA lkFk gh tgka gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo ds lacaèk esa cM+h la[;k esa ys[k vkSj 'kksèk
i= fy[ks x, gSa] ;g bfrgklys[ku izkFkfed :i ls mu fofucaèkksa] ftudk lacaèk
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ds lkFk jgk gS] ds losZ{k.k rd lhfer gSA [kaM
2 ¼bdkbZ 5-9½ Hkh vusd vè;;uksa ds lacaèk esa crkrk gS ftuds ekè;e ls gM++Iikdkyhu
igyqvksa dk vkSj vfèkd vUos"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-2-1 gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk izkjafHkd iqjkrRo
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh [kkst ds le; ds izdk'ku gesa mu dkjdksa dk ladsr nsrs gSa
ftUgksaus izkphu mR[kuuksa vkSj vUos"k.kksa dks izsfjr fd;kA fu%lUnsg ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
dfri; f'kYiÑfr;k¡ tks gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks esa ikbZ xb±] izkFkfed :i ls LVh,sVkbV
¼lsy[kM+h½ eqgjsa] dks fof'k"V vkSj yk{kf.kd ekuk x;kA vU; f'kYiÑfr;ka tSls fo'ks"k
vkÑfr;ksa ds yky fLyIM HkkaM ftu ij dkys jax ls fp=.k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj vn~Hkqr
:i ls ln`'; Øhe jax ds pdedh (chert) iRFkj dh yach ik"kk.k [kqjpuh Hkh lkFk gh lkFk
fof'k"V :i ls lac) FkhaA bUgsa eq[;r% flaèkq unh dh ?kkVh esa ik;k x;k FkkA fdarq vU;
vUos"k.kksa tSls jktLFkku esa ,y-ih- VsLlhVksjh ¼1918-19½] 1930 ds n'kd ds izkjEHk esa flaèk
ds ioZrh; {ks= esa ,u-th- etwenkj ¼1934½] ;k 1940 ds n'kd ds izkjaHk esa vkWjy LVkbu
22 ¼LVkbu] 1942( xqIrk] 1989½ us pksfyLrku esa vusd LFkyksa dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu fd;k] ftuesa
ls dqN esa ln`'k iqjkrkfRod lkexzh Fkh vkSj dqN esa fHkUu izdkjksa ds fljkfed FksA bl çkphu uxjksa ds
izdkj] miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh Hkkx esa fufeZr fljkfed ij vkèkkfjr iqjkrkfRod v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
laLÑfr;ksa dk iqjkrkfRod Øe rS;kj fd;k x;kA
eksgutksnM+ks ¼ek'kZy] 1931] eSds] 1938½ vkSj gM+Iik ¼oRl] 1940½ ds lrr~ vUos"k.kksa us
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL;dkyhu uxjh; dsanzksa dh izFke Nfo iznku dhA 1940 ds n'kd rd
flaèk ds ioZrh; {ks=ksa vkSj flaèkq ?kkVh esa vusd y?kq clkoVksa dk mR[kuu fd;k x;kA fdarq
;s nks uxj Fks ftudk vkdkj yxHkx lekuq:i Fkk vkSj ftudh vk'p;Ztud :i ls
ln`'k HkkSfrd laLÑfr Fkh ftlus fo}kuksa dh dYiuk dks vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj mUgksaus
miyCèk lk{;ksa dk la'ys"k.k djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA fo}kuksa }kjk ;g nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds
vanj vkSj ckgj Hkh fd;k x;kA fixV ¼1952%136½ us nksuksa uxjksa dks ,d jkT; dh tqMoka
jktèkkuh ekuk ftldh ^,d:i HkkSfrd laLÑfr dks mRiknu vkSj forj.k ij fu;a=.k
djus okyh dsUnzhÑr ljdkj dh fdlh lqn`<+ iz.kkyh vkSj fu%lansg blds 'kklu ds vèkhu
iwjs Hkw-{ks= ij Vksy rFkk lhek'kqYd olwyus dh iz.kkyh ds vèkhu vR;fèkd laxfBr leqnk;
dh uhjl fu;ec)rk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk x;k gS*A gM+Iik ds uxjksa dks eslksiksVkfe;k esa
uxjksa ds ckjs esa] tks igys ls gh Kkr Fkk] ds lkaps esa Hkh j[kk x;k FkkA eslksiksVkfe;k esa
èkkfeZd vkSj èkeZfujis{k 'kfDr;ksa ds chp lacaèk us nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa l`n'k laxBukRed
lÙkkvksa ds vkjksi.k dks izsfjr fd;kA blfy, tc eksgutksnM+ksa esa iq:"k dh ,d izLrj ewfrZ
dk èkM+ feyk rks bls ^iqjksfgr jktk* dgk x;k] tks vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA
2-2-2 uohu vkadM+s rFkk ubZ O;k[;k,a
izkjafHkd izHkkooknh ekU;rkvksa ij vkt xaHkhj iz'u fd, tk jgs gSaA eksgutksnM+ks vkSj
gM+Iik ds fcYdqy ln`'k gksus rFkk ,d uhjl HkkSfrd laLÑfr dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu djus dh
èkkj.kk dks vc lgh ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ;g Hkh fd nksuksa LFkyksa ij cM+s ifjek.k esa
iqjkrkfRod dk;Z fd, x, gSa ijUrq blds ckotwn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dkaL;dky ds fy,
HkkSfrd ;k lajpukvksa dk èkeZ ds lkFk ldkjkRed rknkRE; vfuf'pr gh ut+j vkrk gSA
mi;qZDr nks jhfr;ka ftlesa gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo ij iqu% fopkj fd;k tk jgk gS og vusd
LFkyksa dh J`a[kyk dh tkap esa fd, x, lrr~ dk;Z dk ifj.kke gSA 1947 esa miegk}hi
ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls dk foHkktu vkSj nks i`Fkd jk"Vªh; jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k dk gM+Iikdkyhu
iqjkrRo ij lhèkk izHkko iM+kA gMIik lH;rk dh nks izeq[k clkoVksa] eksgutksnM+ks vkSj
gM+Iik ds ikfdLrku ds Hkw-{ks= esa pys tkus ls Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; jkT; ds vanj vU;
gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa dh [kkst ds fy, iqjkrkfRod fØ;kdykiksa esa o`f) gqbZA xqtjkr]
jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh mÙkj izns'k ds cM+s fgLlksa dk l?ku
losZ{k.k fd;k x;k ftlds QyLo:i uohu gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa ds lkFk-lkFk vU;
iqjkrkfRod laLÑfr;ksa vkSj lkefxz;ksa] tks vc rd vKkr Fkha] mudh [kkst Hkh gqbZA vusd
xSj-gM+Iikdkyhu LFky] tks dkyØekuqlkj gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ds iwoZorhZ] lgorhZ ;k
mÙkjorhZ Fks] dh igpku iwoZ rkezik"kk.k ;k iwoZ ykSg;qxhu clkoVksa ds :i esa fpfUgr dh
xbZ tks gM+Iik vkSj izkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld dkyksa ds chp ds dkyØeh; varjky dks ikVrh
gSaA
gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa ds mR[kuu vkSj vUos"k.k blfy, mi;ksxh jgs gSa fd mUgksaus
vofLFkfr;ksa] lkefxz;ksa vkSj fufeZr LFkkuksa dh n`f"V ls igys ls izkIr Kku dh J`a[kyk esa
vkSj vfèkd btkQk fd;kA Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k ds }kjk 1950 vkSj 1960 ds n'kdksa 23
uxjh; bfrgkl% ¼yksFky vkSj dkyhcaxu½ vkSj 1990 ds n'kd ¼èkkSyhohjk] jk[khx<+h½ esa vusd LFkyksa ij
,d ifjp; mR[kuu fd, x,A bu cM+s vkSj NksVs LFkyksa tSls gM+Iik ¼ehMks] la- 1991½] yksFky ¼jko]
1979] 1985½] lqjdksVMk ¼tks'kh] 1990½] dkyhcaxu ¼yky bR;kfn] 2003] 2015( 'kekZ] 1999
'kokèkku ds fy,½] cukoyh ¼fc"V] 1982] 1984½ vkSj èkkSykohjk ¼fc"V] 1991½ dks fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij fjiksVks± esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa tSls MsDdu dkWyst]
iq.ks] ,e-,l- ;wfuoflZVh] cM+kSnk vkSj baLVhV~;wV vkWQ jktLFkku LVMht ds }kjk y?kq LFkyksa
dk mR[kuu vkSj dfri; {ks=ksa ¼tSls xqtjkr½ dk Hkyh-Hkkafr vUos"k.k fd;k x;kA tSls
xqtjkr esa dqUrklh ¼èkkoyhdj bR;kfn 1996½] ukxokMk ¼gsxM+s bR;kfn] 1988½] ukxs'oj
¼gsxM+s bR;kfn] 1990½] cxkljk ¼lksukous bR;kfn( 2003( Hkku bR;kfn] 2005½] f'kdkjiqj
¼Hkku vkSj vthFkizlkn] dksbZ frfFk ugha½ vkSj dkuesj ¼[kjdoky bR;fkn] 2007( [kjdoky
bR;kfn] 2008½ vUos"k.k fjiksVZ] izkjafHkd vkSj foLr`r nksuksa] izdkf'kr dh xbZaA gM+Iik {ks=ksa
ds lhekUr esa vofLFkr bu LFkyksa dh vofLFkfr muds ÑR;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ds
lkFk vUrfØZ;k] tks fd Dykfld gM+Iikdkyhu vkÑfr;ksa ds lkFk LFkkuh; fljkfed ds
vo'ks"kksa esa izfrfcfEcr gS] ds vkSfpR; ds lacaèk esa mi;ksxh tkudkjh miyCèk djkrh gSA
lhekUr {ks= ij fLFkr ,d vU; {ks= flaèk dksfgLrku gS tgka etwenkj }kjk fd;s x,
losZ{k.k dbZ n'kdksa ds i'pkr~ ¶yke ¼1988½ }kjk foLr`r losZ{k.k fd, x, ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i vkSj vfèkd gM+Iikdkyhu LFkyksa dh [kkst gqbZA ,d vU; LFkku pksfyLrku
gS tgka losZ{k.k ¼eqxy] 1997½ ds ifj.kkeLo:i iwoZorhZ vkSj mÙkjorhZ gM+Iikdkyhu vusd
LFkyksa dh [kkst gqbZA
ubZ rduhdksa dk iz;ksx djds iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dk l`tu vkSj fo|eku lkexzh dh ubZ
O;k[;kvksa ds ekè;e ls izeq[k vè;;u dk;Z iwjk djus esa lQyrk izkIr gqbZA bl lanHkZ
esa eksgutksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik tSls LFkyksa ij vUos"k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa dks u, iz'uksa rFkk ubZ
rduhfd;ksa ds lkFk uksV fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, eksgutksnM+ks esa vkxs
mR[kuu ij jksd us fo}kuksa dks izsfjr fd;k bl LFky ij okLrfod :i ls dksbZ gLrs{ki
fd, fcuk bl LFky ij vkxs dke djus ds fy,A eksgutksnM+ks ij fd, x, egRoiw.kZ
lrgh losZ{k.k us fo}kuksa dks f'kYi fØ;kdykiksa ds lw{e lk{; [kkstus esa lQyrk iznku
dh rFkk ;g n'kkZus esa enn dh fd laHkor% f'kYi dh fof'k"V izfØ;k,a dgka gksrh Fkha
¼cksaMhvksyh] rkslh vkSj foMky] 1984½A blls Hkh vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd blus lpsr
vkSj O;ofLFkr lrg losZ{k.k ds ekè;e ls egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh tqVkus dh mi;ksxh j.kuhfr
dks n'kkZ;kA iqjkus QhYM fjdkWMks± ds lrr~ vè;;u vkSj f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds lacaèk esa vkadM+ksa
dks 'kkfey djus ls] tks eksgutksnM+ksa dh mR[kuu fjiksVZ esa igys mYys[k ugha fd, x,
Fks] uxj ds fofHkUu mR[kfur lsDVjksa dk iqu% fo'ys"k.k laHko gqvkA bl izdkj] ,p vkj
{ks= esa f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds iqu% fo'ys"k.k dk izdk'ku gqvk gS ¼tkulsu ,oa vcZu] 1985½] tks]
tgka ls f'kYiÑfr;ka feyh gSa] mlds lanHkZ dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa lgk;rk djrk
gSA ,d tkikuh ny ¼Vsjkewjk bR;kfn] 2008½ ds }kjk lw{e ls ysdj LFkwy vusd Lrjksa ij
LFkkfud Hkw-n`';ksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh ¼th-vkbZ-,l-½ tSlh
rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls ubZ varnZ̀f"V Hkh vkbZ gSA
gM+Iikdkyhu iqjkrRo us tks è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS vkSj tks vkadM+s l`ftr fd, x, gSa
mldk ;g ifj.kke gqvk fd fo}ku fof'k"V igyqvksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr dj ldsA bl izdkj
ge dfri; fo"k;ksa tSls O;kikj] jktuhfrd laxBu] izkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj f'kYiksa] HkwxHkhZ;
mn~xe vè;;u] gM+Iik laLÑfr dh [kkst( vkSj gM+Iik uxjh; dsUnzksa ds var@iru dks
24 lefiZr fof'k"V iqLrdsa@ys[k ikrs gSaA tgka O;kikj tSls fo"k;ksa dks iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ds
ekè;e ls vis{kkÑr ljyrk ls le>k tkrk gS] vU; igyw tSls jktuhfrd laxBu çkphu uxjksa ds
vis{kkÑr vfèkd fooknkRed gSa vkSj muds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa rFkk v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
ekuo'kkL=h; varnZ̀f"V;ksa ds uoksUes"kh iz;ksxksa dh vko';drk gSA vU; igyw tSls
gM+Iikdkyhu lekt dks iqjkrkfRod lk{; ds ekè;e ls le>uk vis{kkÑr dfBu gS vkSj
blfy, bu ij cgqr gh de dke gqvk gSA
gM+Iikokfl;ksa ds yach nwjh ds O;kikj usVodZ] tks dkaL;dkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr dks
tkuus ds fy, vR;ko';d gS] ds vè;;u ds fy, 'ksjhu jRukxj us iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa dk
rkuk-ckuk cqukA tgka eslksiksVkfe;kbZ xzaFkksa us {ks= ds leqnzh O;kikj esa lk>snkjksa dh igpku
djus esa lgk;rk dh] ogha Hkwfe ij laidks± lacaèkh vfèkdrj rdZ fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fof'k"V
iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dh izkfIr ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA bl izdkj gM+Iikdkyhu ckaV] eqgj] dkys
fLyIM erZcku vkSj dkusZfy;u euds mrus gh y{k.kkRed gSa ftrus fd bZjku ds rjk'ks x,
DyksjkbV ik=] eslksiksVkfe;k dh csyukdkj eqgjsa ;k cgjhu ls çkIr Qkjl dh [kkM+h dh
eqgjsaA jRukxj us dkaL;dkyhu txr dh yach nwjh ds O;kikfjd usVodks± ds O;kid
fufgrkFkks± dks Hkh le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
gM+Iikokfl;ksa dh jktuhfrd lajpuk yacs le; ls cgl dk fo"k; jgh gS vkSj jkT; ds
ugha gksus] ,d dsUnzhÑr jkT; ds gksus ;k vusd jkT;ksa ds gksus ds fo"k; esa vusd vyx-
vyx n`f"Vdks.k jgs gSaA igys dk izfriknu dkQh igys okWYVj Qs;jlfoZl ¼1961] 1971½
}kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] fdarq ckn dh nks fLFkfr;ka T;knk izpfyr gSaA xzsxjh ikslsgy
¼2002 % 6½ us gkykafd lkekftd-lkaLÑfrd tfVyrk ds Lrj ds fopkj ls lgefr çdV
dh ysfdu 'kkldksa dh ewfrZ;ksa] egyksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jktdh; èkeZ dh ekStwnxh ds
vHkko esa mudk rdZ gS fd jkT; dh vuqifLFkfr FkhA rFkkfi] ;g mudh iwoZ fopkjèkkjk
esa ifjorZu Fkk tgk¡ mUgksaus ifjiDo gM+Iik dks jkT; ds :i esa ns[kk] ftldk var gks x;k]
gkykafd dfri; ijEijk,a ckn dh vofèk;ksa esa tkjh jgha ¼ikslsgy] 1977½A cgq-jkT;ksa
lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k tksukFku dsuks;j ¼1997½ ds bl fopkj ij fuHkZj gS fd gM+Iik dh fLFkfr
us mÙkjorhZ xaxk ds eSnku ds uxj-jkT; dks çfrfcfEcr fd;kA mlus ¼dsuks;j] 1997%69½
us lq>ko fn;k fd u rks eksgutksnM+ks vkSj u gh gM+Iik esa fdlh ,d Hkou ;k Hkouksa ds
lewg ds fof'k"V izHkqRo ds çek.k feyus ls oa'kkuqxr jktra= ds vHkko dk irk pyrk gS]
blds foijhr nksuksa uxjksa esa pgkjnhokjh ds Hkhrjh {ks= esa fo'kky Hkou vkSj lkoZtfud
{ks= Fks tks nksuksa uxjksa vkSj çR;sd uxj ds vanj i`Fkd lEHkzkUr leqnk;ksa ds lk{; dh vksj
bafxr djrs gSaA
nwljh vksj] jRukxj ¼1991% 166-167½ us Hkh eslksiksVkfe;k esa çkjfEHkd jktoa'kh; dky esa
uxj-jkT;ksa ds mnkgj.k dk ç;ksx bl nyhy ds fy, fd;k gS fd ogka leku ys[ku
ç.kkyh] ln`'k èkkfeZd LFkkiR;] èkkrq deZ vkSj eqgj mRdh.kZu 'kSyh gksus ds ckotwn fHkUu
ckV ç.kkyh] vyx-vyx LFkyksa ij cM+s egy ifjljksa rFkk vusd LFkyksa ij Lekjdh;
dyk dk feyuk cgq jktuhfrd dsUnzksa ds vfLrRo dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA ysfdu gMIik
lH;rk esa ,d dsUnzh; jkT; ds oSdfYid ekWMy dh dYiuk dks cy çnku djrs gq, og
¼jRukxj] 1991% 1669-70½ edjku] dPN] dkfB;kokM+ vkSj vkWDll esa laHkkfor dkWyksfu;ksa(
gM+Iikdkyhu ^b±Vksa] pVZ Qydksa] èkkrq ds ;a=ksa vkSj xkfM+;ksa esa lekurk*( gM+Iikdkyhu
eqgjksa ij fdlh i'kq eksfVQ ds {ks=h; ladsUnz.k dk vHkko( vkSj oLrqr( ,d lhax okys i'kq
eksfVQ dh loZO;kidrk( eksgutksnM+ksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh vU; LFky ij fo'kky
Lukukxkj ;k LrEHk okys gkWy tSls fdlh Hkh Hkou dk vHkko( vkSj fd ,dek= eksgutksnM+ksa 25
uxjh; bfrgkl% esa gh iq:"kksa dh ik"kk.k ewfrZ;ksa dh izkfIr dk rdZ nsrh gSaA jRukxj ¼1991% 184-90½ dk rdZ
,d ifjp; gS fd gM+Iik ukrsnkjh rFkk oxZ ij vkèkkfjr laØe.kdkyhu lekt esa iqjkru jkT; dk
çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA eqæk] cktkj ç.kkyh vkSj lalkèkuksa ds futh LokfeRo ds vHkko ds
lanHkZ esa gMIikdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk us Je dh ykecanh ds vkèkkj ij dke fd;k gksxkA
eslksiksVkfe;k esa fodflr mj III jkT; ls fHkUu çkphu jkT; ds bl Lo:i us fodflr
ukSdj'kkgh ds fcuk dke fd;k gksxk ftlesa jkT; inkfèkdkfj;ksa ds eè; ;teku ;k
O;fDrxr ;k ukrsnkjh lacaèk jgs gksaxs] nwljs 'kCnksa esa og ,d ,slh ç.kkyh Fkh ftlesa vHkh
Hkh ukrsnkjh vkèkkfjr lektksa ds vusd rRo 'kkfey FksA
f'kYi çkS|ksfxfd;ksa lacaèkh 'kksèk us foLr`r lk{;ksa] ftls gM+Iik ds iqjkrRofon~ mtkxj djus
esa l{ke jgs] ds egRo ij Hkh è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA dfri; LFkyksa tSls eksgutksnM+ks
¼cksfUMvksyh bR;kfn] 1984½ vkSj pUgwnM+ks ¼'kkj vkSj fonky] 1985½ ds O;ofLFkr lrg
losZ{k.kks1a (surface surveys) us LFkyksa dk mR[kuu fd, fcuk mudk vè;;u djus dh
mi;ksxh j.kuhfr dk jkLrk fn[kyk;k gSA vU; i)fr;ksa tSls ekuotkrh; iqjkrÙo
foKku2(ethnoarchaeology) vkSj ç;ksxkRed iqjkrÙo foKku3(experimental archaeology)
dk ç;ksx f'kYi mRiknu ds igyqvksa tSls mRiknu ds LFkkfud iSVuZ] çfØ;kvksa] fo'ks"kKrk
vkSj laxBu dks le>us ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA [kEHkkr esa rRdkyhu çLrj eudk fuekZ.k
ds ekuofoKkuh; vè;;u ¼dsuks;j vkfn] 1991] 1994½ dk ç;ksx ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fdl
rjg çkphu eudk fuekZ.k rduhfd;ksa vkSj laxBu dks le>k tk ldrk gSA e`fÙkdk
çlaLdj.k çfØ;kvksa rFkk pwfM+;ksa dks ifjf"Ñr :i nsus dh i)fr;ksa rFkk muesa ls dqN
dks vip;u Toyu rduhd ds ekè;e ls ';kei.khZ cukus dh i)fr;ksa ds iqufuZekZ.k ds
fy, iRFkj dh pwfM+;ksa ij ç;ksxkRed dk;Z ds Hkh ç;Ru fd, x,4(reduction firing
technique)
¼gyhe vkSj fonky] 1984% dsuks;j] 1994½A ;g rF; fd gM+Iik f'kYiksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
ds lacaèk esa nks foLr`r xzaFk fy[ks x, gSa ¼fonky] 2000] feyj] 2009½] l`ftr vkadM+ksa ds
ifjek.k dks n'kkZrk gSA ,d lac) xzaFk gM+Iikdkyhu LFkkiR; vkSj volajpukRed
O;oLFkkvksa ds lacaèk esa lkj laxzg gks ldrk gS ¼tks'kh] 2008½A jsUMky ykW ¼2011½ us gky
ds vè;;u esa gM+Iik ls mR[kfur çLrj vkSj èkkrq f'kYiÑfr;ksa ds Hkw-xHkZ'kkL=h; lzksrksa dh
igpku djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
gM+Iik dh [kkst vius vki esa ,d jkspd dgkuh gS ftldk u;utksr ykfgjh ¼2005½ us
vfHkys[kkxkjksa esa çpqjrk ds lkFk izkIr fooj.kksa dk HkyhHkk¡fr fp=.k fd;k gSA ;g ys[ku
dh ml 'kSyh dk fgLlk gS ftlus Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo ds bfrgkl] lfEefyr O;fDr;ksa vkSj
mUgksaus tks dkjZokbZ dh ij è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA fdl çdkj LFkyksa dk mR[kuu fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj fdl çdkj mlds ckjs esa crk;k tkrk gS ds lacaèk esa ;g dgkuh mi;ksxh
fVIi.kh gSA gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk var ;k iru fdl dkj.k gqvk] tks fd gM+Iikdkyhu
1½ lrg losZ{k.k esa fdlh LFky ;k Hkwn`'; dh lrg ij n`';eku f'kYiÑfr;ksa vkSj okLrq vo'ks"kksa dh
fjdkfM±x 'kkfey gSA
2½ ekuotkrh; iqjkrRo foKku vrhr ds iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, iqjkrRofon~ksa }kjk
ml le; dh HkkSfrd laLÑfr dk vkèkqfud vè;;u
3½ ç;ksxkRed iqjkrÙo esa vrhr dh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj fofuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa iqjkrRofon~ksa ds
}kjk ç;ksx'kkyk ;k QhYM esa fd, x, vkèkqfud ç;ksxkRed vè;;u vkrs gSaA
4½ vip;u Toyu rduhd ,d i)fr gS ftlesa ,d can HkV~Bh rkfd blesa ok;q ços'k u dj lds
26
çTtofyr dh tkrh gSA
iqjkrRo esa lokZfèkd fookfnr eqík gS] ds lacaèk esa ykfgjh ¼2000½ dh laikfnr iqLrd çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrRofonksa rFkk mudh ifjdYiukvksa dk laxzg gSA blh fo"k; ij] blh o"kZ izdkf'kr ,d v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
iqLrd jRukxj ¼2000½ }kjk fy[kh xbZ mUgksaus eksgutksnM+ks tSls LFky ds Åijh Lrjksa esa
ncko ds fpUgksa dk fp=.k djus rFkk ;g O;k[;k djus ds fy, fd nwljh lgL=kfcn ch
lh bZ ds var ds yxHkx dkSu lh ?kVuk,a gqbZ gksaxh tSls eqíksa ij iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa dh
lokZfèkd uoksUes"kh rjhds ls tkap dh gSA
bl dky ds vè;;u us fo}kuksa vkSj xSj-fo'ks"kKksa dh :fp dks cuk, j[kk gS tSlk fd
vusd iqLrdksa] ftlesa dkQh ek=k esa n`';-fooj.k fn, x, gSa vkSj ftudk y{; vke
ikBd vfèkd gS] ds çdk'ku ls Li"V gS ¼Oghyj] 1953( yky] 1997( dsuks;j] 1998( jRukxj]
2001( ikslsg~y] 2002( gchc] 2002( ,jksuksoLdh vkSj xksihukFk] 2004( dsuks;j vkSj áwLVu]
2005( eSdbUVkW'k] 2008( jkbV] 2010½A bu lcdk ,d fuf'pr çk:i gS] gM+Iik Hkw-n`';
dks çLrqr djuk] ml Hkw-n`'; esa LFkyksa ds forj.k dk fooj.k nsuk vkSj fQj uxjksa dk
[kkdk cukuk] O;kikj vkSj f'kYiksa ds lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk uxjh; laLÑfr ds var dh
ppkZ djukA ikslsg~y ¼2002½ us tsaMj ¼fyax lacaèkh½ lacaèkh igyqvksa esa tkus dk ç;Ru fd;k
fdarq ;g ,d lhfer iz;ksx jgkA gM+Iik ,d ,slh dkaL;dkyhu laLÑfr gS ftldh fo'ks"k
:i ls Hkyh-Hkkafr tkap blfy, dh xbZ gS D;ksafd ;g ,dek= ,slk çkFkfed lkèku gS
ftlds }kjk ge ml lekt dks fo'kq)r% iqjkrkfRod ifjçs{; esa le> ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh
gM+Iik ds ckjs esa ftruk dqN igys fy[kk tk pqdk gS mlds ckotwn Hkh dkQh dqN vkSj
vfèkd 'kksèk fd, tkus dh laHkkouk,a gSaA

2-3 gM+Iik vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds e/; dk dky %

uxjksa dh vuqifLFkfr\
vfèkdrj iqjkrRofonksa ds chp vkerkSj ij ;g lgefr gS fd gM+Iik ds var vkSj çkjafHkd
,sfrgkfld dky ¼1900-500 chlhbZ½ ds çkjEHk ds eè; dh vofèk esa uxjh; dsaæksa dk vHkko
FkkA ,slk ugha gS fd miegk}hi ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa dksbZ clkoV ugha Fkh] vfirq bu
clkoVksa dh çÑfr izeq[kr% xzkeh.k FkhA rFkkfi] ,d iqjkrRofon~ ¼'ksQj] 1993½] ,sls gSa
ftUgksaus bl vofèk ds nkSjku orZeku ikfdLrku ds pksfyLrku rFkk iwohZ iatkc] ftlesa
mUgksaus ledkyhu Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ds iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkjh jktLFkku rFkk if'peh mÙkj
çns'k ds if'peh Hkkx 'kkfey fd, gSa] esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds vfLrRo dk rdZ çLrqr fd;k
gSA fte 'ksQj ds }kjk fn;s x;s lk{;ksa esa bu nks {ks=ksa esa mÙkj gM+Iik vkSj gMIikdky
ds i'pkr~ dh vofèk;ksa esa Hkh vfèkokl tkjh jguk rFkk pksfyLrku esa dqN c`gr~ LFkyksa ¼10-
1-20 gsDVsvj dh Js.kh esa Ng vkSj 38-1 gsDVsvj dk ,d½ vkSj iwohZ iatkc esa ,d LFky
¼9-6 gsDVsvj½ ds vfLrRo dk gksuk 'kkfey gSA bu vkdkjksa dh ,sls vusd ifjiDo
gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa ls drbZ rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrh] tks 200 gsDVs;j ls vfèkd ds FksA
'ksQj }kjk mBk, x, vU; vusd ç'uksa dh esuu vkSj oekZ ¼2005½ }kjk foLrkjiwoZd
vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
gM+Iik vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds chp dksbZ lacaèk Fkk ;g Hkh fookn dk fo"k; jgk
gSA ;gk¡ fQj 'ksQj ¼1993½ dks NksM+dj cM+h la[;k esa iqjkrRofonksa us bu nks vofèk;ksa ds
uxjh; dsaæksa ds chp 'kk;n gh dksbZ ln`';rk ns[kh gS ¼?kks"k] 1973( vkyfpu] 1982( yky]
1982( yky] 1997( tkulsu] 1997( esuu vkSj oekZ] 2005½A bu nks vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa dh
lw{e tk¡p us clkoV ds iSVuZ esa vR;Ur lekukUrjksa dks n'kkZ;k gS tks fdyscanh] uxj 27
uxjh; bfrgkl% ;kstukvksa] tyfudklh ç.kkyh] lkoZtfud Hkouksa vkSj ?kjsyw LFkkiR; esa vusd fHkUurkvksa
,d ifjp; ds vè;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2005½A ;g è;ku j[kus dh vko';drk gS
fd gM+Iik vkSj çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds chp HkkSfrd vlekurk,a eq[;r% bu nks
vofèk;ksa dh jkT; O;oLFkkvksa] vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj lektksa esa egRoiw.kZ varjksa dk çfrfcEc
gSa] ;|fi buesa ls dqN igyqvksa esa Hkh fojksèkkHkkl gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dsuks;j ¼1997]
1998½ dk fopkj gS fd nksuksa vofèk;ksa esa jkT; vkSj lkekftd lajpuk,a ln`'; Fkha gkykafd
muds }kjk dksbZ lk{; blds leFkZu esa ugha fn, x, gSaA
vHkh rd miyCèk lk{;ksa ds n`f"Vxr bl miegk}hi esa uxjhdj.k dh igyh vkSj nwljh
voLFkkvksa ds chp yxHkx 1400 o"kks± dk varjky çrhr gksrk gSA bruk gh ugha bu nks
vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa ds Lo:i esa Hkh dkQh fHkUurk FkhA ,d vU; fojksèkkHkklh igyw bu nks
vofèk;ksa esa uxjksa vkSj uxjksa dh HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr esa gS] tks fd [kaM 2 vkSj 3
¼bdkb;ka 5-11 vkSj 14½ esa ppkZ ls Li"V gksxkA

2-4 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj

çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjokn lacaèkh vè;;u dks eksVsrkSj ij rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyh Js.kh esa og vkrs gSa tks çkFkfed :i ls xazFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa]
tks funsZ'kkRed ;k o.kZukRed ço`fÙk ds gSaA bUgsa lh-ih- oh- v¸;j dh Vkmu Iykfuax bu
,fUl,UV MsDdu ¼1916½ vkSj ch-ch- nÙk dh Vkmu Iykfuax bu ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼1925½
ds xzaFkksa esa yxHkx ,d lnh iwoZ ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftldk vuqdj.k dbZ vU; ds }kjk
Hkh fd;k x;k vkSj blesa c`tnqyky pêksikè;k; ¼2003½ vkSj 'kksukfydk dkSy ¼2010½ ds
gky ds vè;;uksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh Js.kh esa iqjkrRofonksa ¼?kks"k] 1973(
vkyfpu] 1989( vkyfpu 1990( vkyfpu] 1995( pØorhZ] 1995( >k] 1998½ vkSj bfrgkldkjksa
¼Bkdqj] 1981( çlkn] 1984( clUr] 2012½ }kjk izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjhdj.k
vkSj uxjokn ds voyksdu 'kkfey gSaA rhljh Js.kh esa izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k vkSj
uxjokn ds çèkkur% QhYM losZ{k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa ds ekè;e ls tkap ds fo'k"V ç;kstu
ds lkFk fd;k x;k iqjkrkfRod 'kksèk 'kkfey gSA ;|fi fo'ks"k :i ls uxjhdj.k ;k
uxjokn dh tk¡p ds fy, fd, x, O;ofLFkr losZ{k.k miegk}hi esa vis{kkÑr foyEc ls
vkjEHk gq, ¼,MksZlh] 1988( fLeFk] 2001( fLeFk] 2002½] çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds
mR[kuu ds lacaèk esa ,slk ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dk
yack vrhr gS tks iwoZorhZ uxjksa tSls bykgkckn ds lehi HkhVk ¼ek'kZy] 1915½] vkSj
ikfdLrku esa r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa fljdi ¼1913 ls 1934 rd½ esa gky ds dk;Z ¼ek'kZy
1991½] mM+hlk esa fllqikyx<+ ¼eksgUrh vkSj fLeFk] 2008½ vkSj Åijh xaxk ds eSnku esa
vuwi'kgj ds lehi bUnksj [ksM+k ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2010( oekZ vkSj esuu 2015½ vkSj eè;
nDdu esa ,Me ¼ukFk] 2016½ ds iqjkrkfRod mR[kuuksa ds lkFk vkjEHk gqvkA
2-4-1 xzaFkksa esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxj
bl Hkkx esa çkphu Hkkjr esa uxj ds lacaèk esa xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gky ds vè;;uksa
¼pêksikè;k;] 2003( dkSy 2010] 2016½ dh ppkZ dh tk,xhA pêksikè;k; }kjk vusd
egRoiw.kZ ç'u mBk, x, Fks] ftldk ckn esa dkSy us vfèkd foLrkjiwoZd vuqlj.k fd;kA
pêksikè;k; ds fy, xzaFk uxjksa ds ckjs esa lkfgfR;d Nfo vkSj ekudh; funsZ'ku miyCèk
djkrs gSaA fu%lansg lkfgfR;d o`ÙkkUr uxj fuokfl;ksa dh thoUr okLrfodrk ls fy, x,
28 gksaxs] fQj Hkh pêksikè;k; ¼2003( 128½ gesa lpsr djrs gSa fd ^lkfgR; ls ekufp=.kh;
lw{erk ds lkFk fooj.k miyCèk djkus dh vk'kk djuk dfBu gSA* bruk gh ugha] og çkphu uxjksa ds
¼pêksikè;k;] 2003% 106½ ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd ^uxjhdj.k] uxjh; Hkw-lajpuk,a vkSj v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
tulkaf[;dh] uxjh; HkkSfrd laLÑfr rFkk uxj ds ,sls vU; i{k] ftlls lkfgR; dk
okLro esa dksbZ ysuk-nsuk ugha gS] ds ckjs esa lkfgR;] 'kksèk ds ifjçs{; dk LFkku ugha ys
ldrkA lkfgR; dsoy vU; fyf[kr lzksrksa tSls vfHkys[kksa ls dgha vfèkd okd~iqVrk ls
uxj dh HkkSfrd lajpuk ds ckgj bldh ^uxjh;rk* ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa] bl çdkj xzaFkksa
dh 'kfDr ;g gS fd os gesa ;g le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSa fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
dky esa fdl çdkj uxjksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ vkSj bUgsa fdl rjg voèkkfjr fd;k
x;kA mUgksaus ;g Hkh cryk;k fd fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa }kjk uxj dks vyx-vyx
:i esa ns[kk x;k gksxk] ysfdu ;g çèkkur% funsZ'kkRed n`f"Vdks.k gS tks xzaFkksa esa fn[kyk;k
x;k gksxkA fo'ks"k:i ls og nks ifjçs{;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSa] ;Fkk] jk"Vª dk n`f"Vdks.k
tks vFkZ'kkL= tSls funsZ'kkRed xzaFk esa fu:fir Fkk vkSj flykiíhdkje] tks ,d o.kZukRed
xzaFk gS] esa uxj dk vfèkd lkalkfjd fooj.kA vFkZ'kkL= esa uxj dks inkuqØe ij vkèkkfjr
LFky ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS tks izk;% jktk dsafær gSA nwljh vksj oSdfYid ifjçs{; us
uxj dh ckr ,d ,sls LFkku ds :i esa dh ftlesa fHkUu-fHkUu lkekftd vkSj O;olkf;d
lewgksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds tqM+us ls ogk¡ vusd çdkj ds dk;Zdyki gksrs Fks ftlesa vusd
fodYiksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
dkSy ¼2010½ dk vè;;u laLÑr dkO;ksa] tks igyh lgL=kfCn lh bZ ds gtkj o"kks± esa
dkyØekuqlkj QSys gq, gSa] ij vkèkkfjr uxjokn ds dYiukRed fu:i.k ls lacafèkr gSA
uxj dh lkekU;hÑr Nfo;ka gSa ftUgsa fdlh fof'k"V uxjh; dsaæ esa vofLFkr ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bruk gh ugha muds vè;;u dk dkyØfed <k¡pk çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld ds
lkFk-lkFk iwoZ eè;dky dks Hkh 'kkfey djrk gSA bl çdkj ;g le>uk dfBu gks tkrk
gS fd D;k nks Øfed vofèk;ksa esa uxjokn ds ifjçs{; fHkUu FksA dkSy ¼2016½ pêksikè;k;
ds dqN rdks± dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g Hkh rdZ nsrh gSa fd funsZ'kkRed vkSj o.kZukRed
xzaFkksa ds chp u dsoy ifjçs{; esa fHkUurk gS] vfirq bu nks Jsf.k;ksa dh çR;sd Js.kh ds vanj
Hkh fHkUurk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, rhu funsZ'kkRed xzaFkksa vFkZ'kkL=] èkeZlw= vkSj dkelw=
esa uxjokn ds vyx-vyx laLdj.k fu:fir fd, x, gSaA Bhd blh çdkj o.kZukRed
xzaFkksa tSls jkek;.k vkSj ikMkrnhfrdk esa Hkh uxjksa dks fHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
dkSy ¼2016½ us czkge.koknh laLÑr xzaFkksa tSls èkeZlw= vkSj ckS) ikyh xzaFkksa ds chp uxjksa
ds fopkj esa Hkh fHkUurk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA czkge.koknh èkeZlw= uxjksa ds cgqr vfèkd
i{kèkj ugha Fks D;ksafd os mUgsa vfo'okl ls ns[krs Fks rFkk ,slk LFkku ekurs Fks tgk¡ oSfnd
;K vuq"Bku ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA nwljh vksj] ckS) ikyh xzaFk uxjokn ds çfr
vfrmRlkfgr FksA
fu%lansg lkfgfR;d xzaFk gesa uxjokn dh fofHkUu dYiukvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku
djrs gSa( rFkkfi dsoy iqjkrRo ds ekè;e ls gh çkjafHkd uxjksa ds HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa dks
okLro esa vuko`Ùk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-4-2 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k dh le>
jke 'kj.k 'kekZ ¼1974½ us nkeksnj èkekZuan dkslkEch ¼1952 [iqueqZfær 2006]½ ds fopkjksa dks
vkxs c<+krs gq, igyh ckj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa ykSg çkSèkksfxdh rFkk jkT;ksa vkSj
uxjksa dh mRifÙk ds chp dkj.kkRed lacaèk LFkkfir fd;kA rFkkfi] veykuan ?kks"k ¼1973½
29
us u flQZ vH;qn; ls lacafèkr vusd egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dks mBk;k vfirq ikfjHkkf"kd
uxjh; bfrgkl% fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk xzkeh.k dks uxjh; ls fHkUu djus okys rRoksa ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;kA ?kks"k
,d ifjp; ds vuqlkj ykSg çkS|ksfxdh dh vis{kk uxjksa dh LFkkiuk esa jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
dkjdksa us dgha vfèkd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA mudk o`ÙkkUr xzaFkksa vkSj iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+ksa nksuksa ds vkykspukRed vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA cgqr gn rd ?kks"k igys fo}ku
Fks ftUgksaus çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dks iwjh rjg ls le>us ds fy, iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+ksa dh çklafxdrk ij cy fn;kA bls fot; dqekj Bkdqj ¼1981%25½ us nksgjk;k
ftudk ;g rdZ gS fd iqjkrRo dh lhekvksa ds ckotwn ^^;g lH;rk ds HkkSfrd igyqvksa
dk vè;;u djus ds fy, loksZÙke lzksr gS**A
dkslkEch vkSj 'kekZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, Bkdqj us Hkh çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld voLFkk esa
uxjhdj.k dk dkj.k ykSg çkS|ksfxdh ds O;kid ç;ksx vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f) dks
crk;k gSA mudh iqLrd esa eq[;r% lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa vkSj n`'; lk{;ksa ij vkèkkfjr uxjh;
vFkZO;oLFkk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds fo"k; esa foLr`r vè;k; FksA rFkkfi fo'ks"kdj LFkkiR;
;kstukvksa] ?kjksa vkSj f'kYi mRiknu ds lanHkks± esa tks fof'kf"V;ka iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa }kjk
miyCèk djkbZ tk ldrh gSa dk vHkko gSA bruk gh ugha çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds
iru ds lacaèk esa mudk fo'ys"k.k O;kid :i ls yxHkx 300 ls 1000 lh bZ ds chp dh
vofèk esa uxjh; iru ds 'kekZ ¼1972½ ds fopkj ls çsfjr gSA
tgk¡ Bkdqj ds vè;;u us çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa esa ykSfdd vFkok LFkkfud
dksbZ foHksn ugha fd;k] dkes'oj çlkn ¼1984½ us vius dk;Z esa eq[; :i ls dq"kk.k uxjksa
ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ ls uxjokn ds iqu% çknqHkkZo ds lkFk uxjksa
vkSj uxjksa ds fodkl esa lrr~ o`f) gqbZ vkSj uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k dq"kk.kdky esa pje
fcanq ij igq¡p xbZA muds dk;Z esa dq"kk.k dky ds nkSjku vofLFkfr] uxj lajpuk] f'kYi]
O;kikj vkSj O;kikj ekxks± ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;k gSA çlkn us vius o`ÙkkUr dks eq[;
:i ls iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;k gS gkykafd dHkh-dHkh xzaFkh; lk{; ds
mnkgj.k Hkh fn, x, gSaA ;fn tkWu ek'kZy us vfèkd O;kid :i ls r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa
fljlq[k ds dq"kk.k uxj dk mR[kuu fd;k gksrk rks çlkn ds ikl vc rd tks QqVdj
tkudkjh miyCèk gS mlls gVdj dgha T;knk vkadM+s ekStwn gksrsA ge dsoy ;g vk'kk
dj ldrs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa bl çdkj dk mR[kuu fd;k tk,xkA 'kekZ vkSj Bkdqj dh Hkkafr
çlkn us Hkh mÙkj dq"kk.k dky esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds iru dk rdZ çLrqr fd;k gSA
ÝSad jse.M vkyfpu ¼1989] 1990] 1995½ us rdZ fn;k gS fd uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn dks
miegk}hi esa le:i çfØ;k ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa uxj fuekZ.k ds {ks=h; iSVuZ dk fp=.k djus dk ç;kl djrs gq, mUgksaus
vyx-vyx ç{ksi-iFkksa ds lkFk Ng fHkUu {ks=ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k ftlesa xaxk csflu]
mÙkjif'pe ¼ftlesa orZeku ikfdLrku vkSj v¶xkfuLrku 'kkfey Fkk½] eè; Hkkjr] nDdu]
izk;}hi ls yxh if'peh vkSj iwohZ rVh; iêh rFkk Jhyadk }hi 'kkfey FkkA vkdkj ds
vkèkkj ij mUgksaus uxjksa dh Ng Jsf.k;ka cukb±A vius rdZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, mlus rdZ
fn;k fd fo'kkyre uxj eè; xaxk ?kkVh esa Fks vkSj nwljs {ks=ksa esa tSls mÙkjif'pe] eè;
Hkkjr] nDdu ;k iwohZ Hkkjr esa mudk vkdkj vkis{kkÑr NksVk FkkA dkyØe dh n`f"V ls
tks uxj lcls igys çdV gq, os eè; xaxk ?kkVh] xaxk-;equk nksvkc vkSj mÙkjif'pe esa
vofLFkr FksA mUgksaus ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k fd miegk}hi ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa uxjksa ds
vH;qn; ds vyx-vyx dkj.k jgs gksaxs vkSj budh iqjkrkfRod n`f"V ls tk¡p fd, tkus
30 dh vko';drk gSA vius ls iwoZ ds fo}kuksa dh gh Hkkafr mUgksaus Hkh Bksl nyhy nh] rFkkfi
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds lacaèk esa O;ofLFkr vkSj leL;k mUeq[kh çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrkfRod 'kksèk ij eksVsrkSj ij vHkh rd è;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
fnyhi ds- pØcrhZ ¼1995½ dh iqLrd çkjafHkd Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh ,d lwph gSA mudh
jpuk eq[; :i ls gM+Iikdkyhu vkSj çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dh mR[kuu fjiksVks± ls
fy, x, iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dk ladyu gSA mUgksaus gM+Iikdkyhu vkSj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxjh; dsaæksa lacaèkh iqjkrkfRod tkudkjh dk tks ladyu fd;k gS og o.kZukRed çÑfr
dk gSA tgk¡ uxjokn ds lacaèk esa vR;Yi fo'ys"k.k gSa] ogha og dqN dkjdksa ds ckjs esa
crkrs gSa ftUgksaus bu nks fHkUu voLFkkvksa esa uxjksa ds vH;qn; esa Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gksxhA
mudk ekuuk gS fd gM+Iik dky esa uxjhdj.k ds fy, flapkbZ vkSj f'kYi fo'ks"kKrk
egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgs gksaxsA çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjksa ds iqu% çdV gksus ds fy,
mUgksaus yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ ds {ks=h; jkT;ksa ds xBu dks egRoiw.kZ rRo ekuk gSA
lR;sUæ dqekj >k ¼1998½ xkaxs; ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k ds çknqHkkZo dks le:i fodkl ds :i
esa ugha ns[kus dk vkxzg djrs gSa] blds ctk, mUgksaus LFkkfud vkSj lkalkfjd nksuksa varjksa
dh laHkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa lpsr fd;k gSA rFkkfi xkaxs; ?kkVh {ks= ds vanj Hkh çR;sd uxj
vkSj uxj ds çknqHkkZo vkSj fof'k"V y{k.kksa nksuksa gh ds fofHkUu ç{ksi-iFkksa dk iwjh rjg ls
vè;;u djus ds Øe esa gesa rn~uq:ih foLr`r iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk gksxh
tks nqHkkZX;o'k vHkh rd miyCèk ugha gSA
ih- ds- clUr ¼2012½ us Hkh eè; Hkkjr esa ekyok {ks= esa uxjhdj.k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA
mudk vè;;u fofoèk lzksrksa] iqjkrkfRod vkSj n`'; vkadM+ksa ls ysdj vfHkys[kksa rFkk xzaFkksa
ij vkèkkfjr gSA vU; vusd bfrgkldkjksa dh Hkkafr og Hkh jkT; vkSj uxjh; dsaæksa ds
vH;qn; ds chp lacaèk ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA uxjh; dsaæksa dks muds }kjk ,d ,sls LFkku
ds :i esa ns[kk x;k tgk¡ fHkUu lkekftd vkSj èkkfeZd leqnk; jgrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk]
mUgksaus ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k gS fd uxj dks i`FkdRo esa ugha ns[kk tk ldrk fdarq bls c`gr
Hkw-n`'; esa vofLFkr djuk vko';d gSA bl çdkj uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kvksa dks dsoy
uxj vkSj blds vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds chp lgyXurk dh n`f"V ls gh le>k tk ldrk gSA
,d ckj fQj dsoy iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s gh iwoZ ,sfrgkfld dky esa ekyok esa uxjhdj.k
rFkk uxjh; dsaæksa ds LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h; usVodks± ls lacafèkr ç'u dks csgrj <ax ls
le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
bl çdkj ge ikrs gSa fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn lacaèkh vfèkdrj
vè;;u iqjkrkfRod vkadM+ksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k vius fo'ys"k.k esa lhfer jgrs gSaA bl
leL;k dk lekèkku miegk}hi ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa vkSj uxjksa
dh tk¡p ds fof'k"V mís'; ds lkFk Hkfo"; esa vkSj vfèkd iqjkrkfRod QhYM dk;Z dks
çksRlkfgr djds fudkyuk gksxkA
2-4-3 çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dh [kkst vkSj mR[kuu
Hkkjr esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa uxjhdj.k ;k uxjh; dsaæksa dks le>us ds fof'k"V
mís'; ds lkFk Hkkjr esa fd, x, iqjkrkfRod losZ{k.kksa ds mnkgj.k vR;Ur gh de gSaA
laHkor% tkWtZ ,MksZlh ¼1988½ us mÙkj izns'k ds bykgkckn ftys dh nksvkc rglhyksa pSy]
ea>kiqj vkSj fljFkw esa vius losZ{k.kks± ds ekè;e ls bl çdkj dk igyk ç;kl fd;k FkkA
muds vè;;u us çkphu ,sfrgkfld mÙkj Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k dh leL;k dks csgrj <+ax
ls le>us ds fy, QhYM losZ{k.k ds egRo ij çdk'k MkykA 31
uxjh; bfrgkl% eksfudk fLeFk ¼2001½ }kjk eè; Hkkjr esa dkSfUMU;kiqj ds çphu ,sfrgkfld uxj esa
,d ifjp; ç.kkyhc) çfrn'khZ j.kuhfr (systematic sampling strategy) dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ,d
QhYM losZ{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA dkSfUMU;kiqj vkSj blds lehiLFk vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds chp
lacaèk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, bl LFky ds lehi 10 fdyksehVj dh ifjfèk esa Hkh
losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA bl ckgjh losZ{k.k tksu ds vanj dkSfUMU;kiqj ls 4 fd-eh- ij ,d
NksVs Vhys èkekU=h dk Hkh losZ{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA muds vè;;u us ;g n'kkZ;k fd
çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa yach nwjh ds lacaèkksa dh rqyuk esa LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h;
lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd usVodZ dgha vfèkd egRoiw.kZ jgs gksaxsA
dkSfUMU;kiqj dk losZ{k.k djus ds i'pkr~ fLeFk ¼2002%121½ mM+hlk esa çkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxj fllqikyx< ds ç.kkyhc) QhYM losZ{k.k dk dke djus xb±A muds vè;;u us ^,d
vkuq"Bkfud ;k ç'kklfud dsaæ* ds ctk, iwjs fdyscan {ks= esa clkoV ds lk{; dks
mn~?kkfVr fd;kA blds vfrfjDr LFkkiR; lacaèkh [kaMksa esa fHkUurk,a fHkUu lkefxz;ksa dh
lqyHkrk dh n`f"V ls vyx-vyx iM+kslh {ks=ksa dh fo|ekurk n'kkZrh gSaA mUgksaus ;g Hkh
rdZ fn;k gS fd vkerkSj ij ekuh tkus okyh eq[; fo'ks"krk fd çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky
esa fu;fer :i ls yach nwjh ds lacaèk Fks ds er dh iqf"V bl LFky ls çkIr iqjkrkfRod
lk{; }kjk ugha gksrh gSA muds losZ{k.k ls ckgj dh f'kYiÑfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa LFkkuh;
:i ls fufeZr enksa ds mPp vuqikr dk irk pyk gSA bruk gh ugha mRiknu ds lwpdksa
tSls iFkjhyk eyck ;k èkkrqvksa dh drjuksa ds nqyZHk lk{;ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd mRiknu
dk dsUnz uxj dh lhekvksa ds ckgj jgk gksxkA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa ds vusd mR[kuuksa esa ls lcls vfèkd
lwpukçn mR[kuu bykgkckn ds lehi HkhVk ¼ek'kZy] 1915½] ifdLrku esa r{kf'kyk ?kkVh
esa fljdi ¼ek'kZy] 1951½] eFkqjk ds lehi lksa[k ¼gkVsZy] 1993½] iqMqpsjh ds lehi vfjdesMq
¼csxys bR;kfn] 1996] 2004½] Jhyadk esa vuqjkèkiqjk ¼dfua?ke] 1999] 2006½] ckaXykns'k esa
egkLFkkux<+ ¼vkye vkSj lkysl] 2001½] iwohZ nDdu esa ukxktqZudksaMk ¼lqanj jktu]
2006½] mM+hlk esa fllqikyx<+ ¼fLeFk vkSj eksgarh] 2008½ vkSj vuwi'kgj ds lehi bankSj
[ksM+k ¼esuu vkSj oekZ] 2010] oekZ vkSj esuu] 2015½ vkSj eè; nDdu esa ,Me ¼ukFk] 2016½
gSaA bu mR[kuuksa us çkphu ,sfrgkfld uxjksa vkSj uxjksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esa ckjs esa
lk{;ksa dh lEink miyCèk djkbZ gSA bu lk{;ksa esa vkdkj] fdyscanh] lajpuk vkSj uxjh;
dsaæksa ds ckgjh LFkku 'kkfey gSaA blds vfrfjDr fljdi esa ,d egy lfgr lkoZtfud
rFkk èkkfeZd Hkouksa rFkk ?kjksa dh foLr`r ;kstuk,a miyCèk gSaA çkS|ksfxdh; çfØ;kvksa]
LFkkfud lanHkks± vkSj laxBu lfgr f'kYi mRiknu lacaèkh dqN iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s Hkh
miyCèk gSaA
rFkkfi] ;g è;ku esa j[kus dh vko';drk gS fd iqjkrkfRod QhYM çFkkvksa dk fujarj
fodkl gks jgk gS] bldk dkj.k flQZ vfèkd ifj"Ñr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh miyCèkrk gh ugha
gS vfirq bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd foxr le; esa u, fo"k;ksa vkSj ç'uksa ij Hkh yxkrkj
è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA bl çdkj] orZeku losZ{k.k vkSj vUos"k.k i)fr;ka
fiNyh lnh esa çpfyr i)fr;ksa ls dkQh fHkUu gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vc ekud çpyu
;g gS fd mR[kuu ls iwoZ] LFky dk O;ofLFkr losZ{k.k igys fd;k tk, tSlk fd
fllqikyx<+ vkSj banksj [ksM+k nksuksa ds mR[kuu ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;kA blds foijhr Hkhj
Vhyk] fljdi ;k fljlq[k esa mR[kuu ls iwoZ] r{kf'kyk ?kkVh esa dksbZ O;ofLFkr l?ku
32 losZ{k.k ugha fd;k x;kA
nwljh fHkUurk [kqnkbZ vkSj laxzg.k i)fr;ksa ds lkFk-lkFk fjdkWMZ djus dh çFkk esa Hkh gSA çkphu uxjksa ds
igys cM+h ek=k esa feêh dks tYn gVkus ds fy, dqnkyksa (pick axes) ls [kqnkbZ dh tkrh v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
FkhA lkekU;r% igys vfèkdrj laiw.kZ f'kYiÑfr;ksa dks u fd VwVh gqbZ ;k viw.kZ oLrqvksa dks
,d= djus dh çFkk FkhA fjdkWMZ djus esa Hkh tgk¡ ls f'kYiÑfr feyh gS mlds lVhd
LFkku dks 'kk;n gh ntZ fd;k tkrk Fkk] Qyr% çkjafHkd mR[kuu fjiksVks± esa cgqr ls
çklafxd vk¡dM+s vuqiyCèk FksA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd vusd mR[kuu tks foxr esa fd,
x, muesa iqjkrRofonksa us vif'k"Vksa ¼debitage½ ds ¼f'kYi oLrqvksa ds cukus esa cps-[kqps
VqdM+s] drjus vkfn½ ds ladyu ij 'kk;n gh dHkh è;ku fn;k Fkk tks f'kYi mRiknu ds
ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ lk{; miyCèk djk ldrk gSA tgk¡ f'kYi mRiknu fd;k x;k gksxk mu
{ks=ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gekjs ikl dksbZ lwpuk ugha gSA
mR[kuu esa orZeku çpyu vR;Ur gh lkoèkkuhiwoZd [kqnkbZ djus dk gS ftlesa NksVs
vkStkj tSls dUuh ¼[kqjih½ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk lHkh f'kYiÑfr;ksa] tSfod
vo'ks"kksa rFkk vif'k"V dk lw{erkiwoZd fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk gSA ikbZ xbZ lHkh phtksa dk
fjdkMZ j[kuk rFkk os dgk¡ ikbZ xbZ gSa mudk mYys[k djuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ bl çdkj
dk lkoèkkuhiwoZd fjdkMZ j[kus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd dsoy ;gh tkudkjh iqjkrRofon~ dks
;g le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gS fd çkphu uxjksa dh xfrfofèk;ka D;k FkhaA blds leku
çpqj iqjkrkfRod vkadM+s uxj fuokfl;ksa ds nSfud thou rFkk foxr esa nSfud dk;Zdykiksa
dh iqujZpuk dh laHkkouk mRiUu djrs gSaA

2-5 lkjka'k
eksgutksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik çkphure uxjksa esa Fks tks 2600 vkSj 1900 ch lh bZ ds chp
miegk}hi ds mÙkjif'peh fgLls esa vfLrRo esa vk,A cM+h la[;k eas gM+Iik dkyhu LFkyksa]
cM+s vkSj NksVs nksuksa] dk mR[kuu fd;k x;k gS ftlds dkj.k çpqj ek=k esa iqjkrkfRod
vkadM+s izkIr gq, gSaA bu çpqj vkadM+ksa us vusd fo"k;ksa tSls O;kikj] jktuhfrd laxBu]
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj f'kYiksa] HkwxHkhZ; mn~xe LFky vè;;uksa vkSj gM+Iikdkyhu uxjh; dsaæksa
ds iru ds lacaèk esa foLr`r vè;;u dks laHko cuk;k gSA yxHkx 1400 o"kks± ds varjky
ds i'pkr~ uxjh; dsaæksa dh vxyh voLFkk yxHkx 500 ch lh bZ esa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA
gM+Iikdky ls fHkUu] tc uxjksa dk foLrkj eq[;r% mÙkjif'peh Hkkx esa lhfer Fkk] çkphu
,sfrgkfld uxjh; dsaæksa dk vH;qn; miegk}hi ds fHkUu {ks=ksa esa gqvkA çkjafHkd
,sfrgkfld uxjksa lacaèkh vè;;uksa dks rhu lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% izFke
tks xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gS( nwljk uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjokn dk la'ys"k.k gS( vkSj rhljs esa
uxjh; dsaæksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dh fo'ks"k:i ls tk¡p ds fy, fd, x, losZ{k.k rFkk
mR[kuu vkrs gSaA xzaFkksa ds vè;;u ds ekè;e ls gesa bl ckr dh >yd feyrh gS fd fdl
çdkj çkjafHkd uxjksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ vkSj ;kstuk cukbZ xbZA çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld
uxjksa lacaèkh fofucaèkksa vkSj xzaFkksa us vofLFkfr] lajpuk] f'kYiksa] O;kikj vkSj O;kikj ekxks± ij
è;ku dsafær fd;k gSA gM+Iik lH;rk dh rqyuk esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds ckjs esa
dkQh de tkudkjh miyCèk gS D;ksafd bu nksuksa vofèk;ksa ds iqjkrkfRod 'kksèkksa esa dkQh
vlekurk gSA gM+Iik vkSj çkphu ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds lacaèk esa tks dqN igys fy[kk tk
pqdk gS mlds ckotwn fo'ks"kdj vfèkd O;ofLFkr losZ{k.kksa rFkk foLr`r lanHkhZ; çys[khdj.k
ds lkFk ltx mR[kuuksa ds ekè;e ls Hkfo"; esa dkQh dqN tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSA

33
uxjh; bfrgkl%
,d ifjp;
2-6 vH;kl
1½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh loZizFke [kkst ds le; ls gq, vè;;uksa ds fodkl dks
fpfUgr dhft,A
2½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, iqjkrRofonksa }kjk ç;qDr ubZ çfofèk;k¡
D;k gSa\
3½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dks iqjkrRofonksa us fdl çdkj ns[kk rFkk mldk vè;;u fd;k\
4½ D;k vki ts-th- 'ksQj ds bl fopkj ls lger gSa fd uxjh; dsaæ 1900 vkSj 500
ch lh bZ ds chp dh vofèk esa fo|eku Fks\
5½ xzaFk fdl izdkj uxjksa dh fHkUu-fHkUu Nfo;ka miyCèk djkrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr
vius rdZ dh iqf"V dhft,A
6½ vusd bfrgkldkjksa us ykSg çkS|ksfxdh ds vH;qn; rFkk jkT; lajpukvksa vkSj uxjksa
ds vH;qn; ds chp lacaèk n'kkZ;k gS\ bl dkj.kkRed lacaèk ds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd
crkb;sA
7½ çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds çeq[k losZ{k.kksa rFkk mR[kuuksa dh ppkZ dhft,A mudh
D;k lhek,a gSa\
8½ gM+Iikdkyhu uxjksa dh rqyuk esa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
vis{kkÑr de D;ksa gSa\

2-7 lanHkZ xazFk

vkye] ,e- Mh-] vkSj ts- ,Q- lkysl] laik-] ¼2001½ QLVZ barfje fjiksVZ 1993-1999% Ýkal]
caxykns'k tkWbaV osUpj ,DldSos'kUl ,sV egkLFkkux<+ ¼<kdk% fMikVZesaV vkWQ vkdhZvkyth½A
vkyfpu] ,Q-vkj-] ¼1982½ ^fn yhxSlh vkWQ bUMl flfoykbts'ku*] th-,y- ikslsgy]
laik-] gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijsjh ilZisfDVo] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izsl ,aM vkbZ ch ,p½ i`- 325-33-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1989½ ^flVh ,aM LVsV QkWesZ'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk ,f'k;k*]
lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMht] Hkkx 5] i`- 1-16-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1990½ ^iSVuZ~l vkWQ flVh QkWesZ'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk
,f'k;k* lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMht] Hkkx 6] i`- 163-173-
vkyfpu] ,Q- vkj-] ¼1993½ fn vkdhZvkyth vkWQ vyhZ fgLVkWfjd lkmFk ,f'k;k
¼dSfEczt% dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
,jksuksoLdh] vkbZ- vkSj ,l- xksihukFk] ¼2004½ fn bUMl oSyh ¼vkWDlQksMZ% gkbuheSu
ykbczsjh½-
clUr] ih- ds-] ¼2012½ fn flVh ,aM fn daVªh bu vyhZ bafM;k % , LVMh vkWQ ekyok
¼fnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-
34
cSxys] oh-] bR;kfn] ¼1996 vkSj 2004½ fn ,fUl,UV iksVZ vkWQ vfjdesMq % U;w ,DldSos'kUl çkphu uxjksa ds
,aM fjlpsZt] 1989-1992] Hkkx I vkSj II] ¼ikafMpsjh % lsaVj M* fgLVªkW;j ,V Mh] v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
vkdhZvkyth½-
Hkku] ds- ds-] oh- ,p- lksuo.ks] ih- vftFkçlkn vkSj ,l- çrkipUæu] ¼2005½ ^, gM+Iiu
VªsfMax ,aM Øk¶V çksMD'ku lsaVj ,sV xksykaèkksjks ¼cxkljk½*] ,UVhfDoVh] Hkkx 79 ¼304½] i`-
1-7-
Hkku] ds- ds- vkSj ih- vftFkçlkn] ¼,u-Mh-½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV f'kdkjiqj 2007-2008 % ,
dksLVy iksVZ ,aM , Øk¶V çksMD'ku lsaVj vkWQ fn baMl flfoykbts'ku bu dPN] bafM;k*
¼vçdkf'kr ikaMqfyfi½-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1982½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV cukoyh*] th- ,y- ikslsg~y] laik-] gM+Iiu
flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijsjh ilZisfDVo % 1974-1977* ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ,aM vkbZ ch
,p½] i`- 113-124-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1984½ ^LVªDpjy fjesUl ,aM Vkmu Iykfuax vkWQ cukoyh*] ch-ch- yky
vkSj ,l- ih- xqIrk] laik-] ÝafV;lZ vkWQ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% bafM;u
vkdhZvkyftdy lkslkbVh ,aM cqDl ,aM cqDl½] i`- 89-97-
fc"V] vkj- ,l-] ¼1991½ ^èkkSykohjk % , U;w gksjkbtu vkWQ fn baM~l flfoykbts'ku*]
iqjkrRo] Hkkx 20] i`- 71-82-
CySdeSu] ts- ,e-] vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1992½ ^fn çksMD'ku ,aM fMfLVªC;w'ku vkWQ LVksuos;j
cSaxYl ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ,aM gM+Iik ,st ekWfuVMZ ck; dsfedy dSjsDVjkbts'ku LVMht*]
lh- tSfjt] laik-] lkmFk ,f'k;u vkdsZykWth 1989 ¼eSfMlu% fçfgLVªh çsl½] i`- 37-44-
ckWfUMvksyh] ,y] ,e- rkslh vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1984½ ^Øk¶V ,sfDVfoVh ,fj;kt ,aM ljQsl
losZ ,sV eksgutksnM+ks % dEIyhesaVjh izkslhtlZ QkWj fn boSY;q'ku vkWQ , jsfLVªDVsM lkbV*]
,e- tkulsu vkSj th- vcZu ¼laik-½ fjiksVZl vkWu QhYM ,sV eksgutksnM+ks % barfje fjiksVZl]
Hkkx I¼vkpsu vkSj jkse% vkj MCY;w Vh ,p vkSj baLVhV~;wVks bVkfy;kuksa isj fby esfMvks ,M
,LVªheks vksfj,UVs½] i`- 9-37-
pØcrhZ] Mh- ds-] ¼1995½ fn vkdhZvkyth vkWQ ,fUl,UV bafM;u flVht ¼fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
pêksikè;k;] ch-] ¼2003½ ^fn flVh bu vyhZ bafM;k % ilZisfDVOl ÝkWe VsDLV~l*] ch-
pêksikè;k;] LVMhbax vyhZ bafM;k % vkdhZvkyth] VsDLV~l] ,aM fgLVkWfjdy b';wt
¼fnYyh% iekZusaV CySd½] i`- 105-134
dksfua?ke] vkj-] ¼1999½ vuqjkèkiqjk % fn fczfV'k] Jhyadu ,DldSos'kUl ,sV vuqjkèkiqjk
lYxkgk oÙkk 2] Hkkx I ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj bUVjus'kuy lhjht 824½-
dksfua?ke] vkj-] ¼2006½ vuqjkèkiqjk% fn fczfV'k] Jhyadu ,DldSos'kUl ,sV vuqjkèkiqjk
lYxkgk oÙkk 2] Hkkx II ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj baVjus'kuy lhjht 1508½-
èkoyhdj] ,e- ds-] vkSj ,e-,p- jkoy] ¼1996½ dqUrklh% , gM+Iiu ,Eiksfj;e vkWu osLV
dksLV ¼iq.ks % MsDdu dkWyst½-
35
uxjh; bfrgkl% ,MksZlh] th-] ¼1998½ vcZukbts'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd bafM;k ¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj
,d ifjp; baVjus'kuy fljht½-
Qs;jlfoZl] MCY;w- ,-] ¼1961 [iqueqZfær 1979] ^fn gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku % U;w ,foMsUl
,aM eksj F;ksjh*] th-,y% ikslsg~y] laik-] ,fUl,UV flVht vkWQ fn bUMl ¼ubZ fnYyh %
fodkl½] i`- 49-65-
Qs;jlfoZl] MCY;w- ,-] ¼1971½ fn :V~l vkWQ ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼yanu% tkWtZ ,ysu vkSj
vufou½-
¶yke] ,y-] ¼1988½ fn iSfy;ksT;ksxzQh ,aM çh-fgLVkWfjd lsVyesaV iSVu~Zl bu flaèk
ikfdLrku ¼ca.] 4000-2000 ch- lh-½ ¼,sUu vcksj% ;wfuoflZVh ekbØksfQYe~l baVjus'kuy½A
?kks"k] ,-] ¼1973½ fn flVh bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjdy bafM;k ¼f'keyk% bafM;u baLVhV~;qV vkWQ
,MokULM LVMh½-
xqIrk] ,l-ih-] laik-] ¼1989½ ,su vkdhZvkykftdy Vwvj ,ykax fn ?kX?kj-gkdjk fjoj ckbZ
ekdZ vkWjsy LVkbu ¼esjB% dqlqekatyh çdk'ku½-
gchc] vkbZ-] ¼2002½ fn baMl flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% rwfydk½-
gyhe] ,e- ,- vkSj ,e- fonky] ¼1984½ ^fdYUl] cSaxYl ,aM dksfVM oslsYl% fljkfed
çksMD'ku bu DyksTM dUVsulZ ,sV eksgutksnM+ks*] ,e- tkulsu vkSj th- vcZu] ¼laik-½]
barfje fjiksVZl] Hkkx I] fjiksVZl vkWu QhYM odZ dSjhM vkmV ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ¼vkpsu
,aM jksek % vkj MCY;w Vh ,p vkSj vkbZ ,l ,e bZ vks½] i`- 63-97-
gkVZsy] ,p] ¼1993½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV lksa[k ¼cfyZu% MkbzfVªp jkSej oykZx½
gsxM+s ds- Vh- ,e-] oh- ,p- lksuko.ks] Mh- vkj] 'kkg] ds- ds- Hkku] ih- vftFkçlkn] ds-
Ñ".ku vkSj ,l- çrkipUæ] ¼1988½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV uxokMk* ¼1986 ,aM 1987% ,
fçfyeujh fjiksVZ*] eSu ,aM ,Uok;jUesaV] [kaM XII i`- 55-66-
gsxM+s] ds-Vh-,e-] ch- ,p- lksukous] ds- Ñ".ku] Mh-vkj- 'kkg] ¼1990½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV
ukxs'oj] xqtjkr% , gM+Iiu 'ksy ofd±x lkbV vkWu fn xYQ vkWQ dPN ¼cM+ksnjk% ,e-
,l- ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ cM+kSnk½-
tkulsu] ,e-] ¼1997½ ^flVh Iykfuax bu fn gM+Iik dYpj] ,Q- vkj- vkyfpu vkSj Mh-
ds- pØorhZ] laik-] , lksl-Z cqd vkWQ baqfM;u vkfdZvkWyth] [kaM II ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke
euksgjyky½] i`- 217-28
tkulsu] ,e- vkSj th- vcZu] ¼1985½ eksgutksnM+ks MkVk dysD'ku [kaM 1% dSVsykWx ,aM
dkUdkWMUl vkWQ fn QhYM jftLVlZ] Hkkx ,d% ,p vkj-,fj;k QhYM jftLVj 1925-1927
¼ykbMsu] fczya½-
tks'kh] ts- ih-] ¼1990½ ,DldSos'ku ,sV lqjdksVMk 1971-72 ,aM ,DlIyksjs'ku bu dPN
¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½A
tks'kh] ts- ih-] ¼2008½ gM+Iiu vkfdZVsDpj ,aM flfoy bathfu;fjax ¼ubZ fnYyh% :ik ,aM
dEiuh vkSj bfUQfuVh QkmUMs'ku½-
36
>k] ,l- ds-] ¼1998½ fcfxfuaXl vkWQ vcZukbts'ku bu vyhZ fgLVkWfjd bafM;k% , LVMh çkphu uxjksa ds
vkWQ fn xSaxfs Vd IysUl ¼iVuk% uksoYs Vh ,aM dEiuh½- v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
dkSy] ,l-] ¼2016½ ^flVht bu VsDlV~~l*] vcZukbts'ku bu bafM;k] [kaM 3] bdkbZ 13 ¼ubZ
fnYyh% bfrgkl foHkkx] lekftd foKku fo|kihB] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;½
i`- 67-77-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1984½ 'ksy ofd±x bUMLVªht vkWQ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku% ,su
vkfdZvkWyftdy ,aM ,FkuksxzkfQd ilZisfDVo¼,su vcksZj% ;w fuoflZVh ekbØksfQYEl ba Vjus'kuy½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1994½ ^,DlisjhesaVy LVMht vkWQ baMl oSyh VsDuksykWth ,aV gM+Iik*]
,- ikiksZyk vkSj ih- dksfLddkfyvks] laik-] lkmFk ,f'k;u vkfdZvkWyth 1993] Hkkx I]
¼gsfYladh% lqvksekykbusu VhfMvkdjsfevk½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e-] ¼1997½ ^vyhZ flVh-LVsV~l bu lkmFk ,f'k;k% dEis;fjax fn gM+Iiu Qst
,aM vyhZ fgLVkWfjd ihfj;M*] Mh- ,y-] fudksyl vkSj Vh- ,p- pkyZVu] ¼laik-½] n
vkdsZykWth vkWQ flVh-LVsV~l% ØkWl-dYpjy ,çkspst ¼okf'kaxVu% fLeFklksfu;u baLVhV~;qV
çsl½ i`- 51-70-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e- ¼1998½ ,fUl,UV flVht vkWQ fn bUMl oSyh flfoykbts'ku ¼djkph%
vkWDlQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh çsl½-
dsuks;j] ts- ,e- vkSj ds- áwLVu] ¼2005½ fn ,fUl,UV lkmFk ,f'k;u oYMZ ¼vkWDlQksMZ%
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
dsuks;j] ts-,e-] ,e- foMky vkSj ds- ds- Hkku] ¼1991½ ^dUVsEijjh LVksu chMesfdax bu
[kEHkkr] bafM;k% iSVu~Zl vkWQ Øk¶V Lisf'k;ykbts'ku ,aM vkWxsZukbts'ku vkWQ çksMD'ku
,st fj¶ysDVsM bu fn vkWdsZykWftd fjdkWMZ*] oYMZ vkdsWykWth] Hkkx 23] 1- i`- 44-63-
[kjdoky] ts- ,l-] okbZ- ,p- jkor vkSj Vh- ,lo- vkslkMk- ¼2007½ ^dkUesj% , gM+Iiu
lkbV bu dPN] xqtjkr] bafM;k*] ik-Vh- vkslkMk] laik-] fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM
fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij ua- 2 ¼D;ksrks% vkj vkbZ ,p ,u½ i`- 21-46-
[kjdoky] ts- ,l-] okbZ- ,p- jkor vkSj Vh- vkslkMk] ¼2008½ ^çhfyeujh vkWCtosZ'ku
dkUesj% , gM+Iiu lkbV bu dPN] xqtjkr] bafM;k*] Vh- vkslkMk vkSj ,- m,Rlqxh] laik-
fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij ua- 5 ¼D;ksrks% vkj vkbZ
,p ,u½ i`- 5-24-
dkslkEch] Mh-Mh-] ¼1952 [iqueZqfær 2006] ^,fUl,UV dksly ,aM exèk*] ch- ih- lkgw laik-
vk;ju ,aM lks'ky psUt bu vyhZ bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½] i`- 35-
41-
th-,y- ikslsg~y] laik- gM+Iiu flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijjh ilZisfDVo ¼ubZ fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl vkSj vkbZ ch ,p½ yky] ch- ch- ¼1982½ ^osLV okt osLV ,aM bZLV
okl bZLV] cV Ogsu ,aM gkm fMM fn fV~ou ehV\ fn jksy vkWQ Hkxokuiqj ,st , fczt
fcVohu lVsZu LVstst vkWQ fn baMl ,aM xSaxst flfoykbts'ku*] i`- 335-8-

37
uxjh; bfrgkl% yky] ch- ch-] ¼1997½ fn vfyZ,LV flfoykbts'ku vkWQ lkmFk ,f'k;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vk;Zu½-
,d ifjp;
yky] ch- ch-] ch- ds Fkkij] ts- ih- tks'kh vkSj eèkq ckyk] ,DldSos'kUl ,sV dkfycaxu% fn
vyhZ gM+IiUl ¼1961-1969½ ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
yky] ch- ch-] ts-ih- tks'kh] eèkq ckyk] ,-ds- 'kekZ vkSj ds-,l- jkepaæu] ¼2015½ ,DldSos'kUl
,sV dkfycaxu% fn gM+IiUl ¼1960-1969½ Hkkx I ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
ykW] vkj- MCY;w-] ¼2011½ baVjjhtuy baVj,sD'ku ,aM vcZfuTe bu fn ,fUl,UV bUMj oSyh%
, ftvksykWftdy çksosfu,Ul LVMh vkWQ gM+Iikt jkWd ,aM feujy vlsEcyst ¼ubZ fnYyh%
euksgj½-
eSds] bZ- ts- ,p-] ¼1938½ QnZj ,DldSos'kUl ,sV eksgutksnM+ks ¼fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo
losZ{k.k½-
eSds] bZ- ts- ,p-] ¼1943½ pUgwnM+ks ,DldSos'kUl 1935-36 ¼U;w gsosu] lhVh% vesfjdu
vksfj,UVy lkslkbVh½-
etwenkj] ,u-th-] ¼1934½ ,DlIyksjs'kUl bu flaèk ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
ek'kZy] ts-,p-] ¼laik-½¼1931½ eksgutksnM+ksa ,aM fn baMl flfoykbt+s'ku] Hkkx I-III ¼yanu%
vkFkZj çkWClFksu½-
ek'kZy] ts-,p-] ¼1915 [iqueqZfær 2002] ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV HkhVk*] Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ 1911-12 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½] i`- 29-94-
ek'kZy] ts- ,p-] ¼1951 [iqueqZfær 2013]½ r{kf'kyk% ,su byLVªsVsM ,dkmUV vkWQ
vkfdZvkWyftdy ,DldSos'kUl 1913-1934] Hkkx I-III ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
eSDbUVkW'k] ts-] ¼2008½ fn ,fUl,UV bUMl oSyh% U;w ilZisfDVOl ¼lkUrk ckjckjk] dSfyQksfuZ;k%
,chlh-lh,yvkbZvks½-
ehMks] vkj-,p-] laik-] ¼1991½ gM+Iik ,DldSos'kUl 1986-1990% , eYVhfMflIyhujh ,çksp
Vw FkMZ feysfu;e vcZfuTe ¼esfMlu% çhfgLVªh çsl½-
esuu ts- vkSj ,l-oekZ] ¼2009½ ^fMQkbfuax VªsfM'ku% ,su vkfdZvkWyftdy ilZisfDVo*] ,l-
lcjoky vkSj ,l- oekZ] laik- VªsfM'kUl bu eks'ku% fjyhtu ,aM lkslkbVh bu fgLVªh
¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh½] i`- 23-49-
esuu] ts- vkSj ,l- oekZ] ¼2010½ ^jhfMax vkfdZvkWyftdy ,foMsUl% fljSfed ,aM VsjkdksVk
çksMD'ku ,sV bUnksj [ksM+k] mÙkj çns'k ¼200 ch lh bZ-500 lh bZ½*] bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy
fjO;q] Hkkx 37] ua- 2 i`- 187-216-
feyj] ,p- ,e- ,y-] ¼2007½ vkfdZvkWyftdy ,çkspst Vw VsDuksykWth ¼,ElVMZe% ,Ylfo;j½A
eksgUrh] vkj- ds- vkSj ,e- ,y- fLeFk] ¼2008½% ,DlDsos'kUl ,sV fllqikyx<+ ¼ubZ fnYyh%
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
eqxy] ,e-vkj-] ¼1997½ ,fUl,UV pksfyLrku% vkfdsZvkWyth ,aM vkfdZVsDpj ¼jkoyfiaMh%
fQjkstlUl½-
38
ukFk] ,-] ¼2016½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV ,Me ¼1988-1992½] Hkkx I-II ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; çkphu uxjksa ds
iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½- v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu fopkj/kkjk,a
fixV] ,l-] ¼1952½ çhfgLVkWfjd bafM;k ¼gkeZUM~loFkZ% isafX;qbu½-
ikslsg~y] th- ,p-] ¼1977½ ^fn ,UM vkWQ , LVsV ,aM dUVhU;qVh vkWQ , VªsfM'ku% ,
fMLd'ku vkWQ fn ysV gM+Iiu*] vkj- QkWDl] laik-] jhYe ,aM jhtu bu VªsfM'kuy bafM;k
¼fnYyh% fodkl½] i`- 234-254-
ikslsg~y] th-,y-] ¼2002½ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku% , dUVsEijjh ilZisfDVo ¼ubZ fnYyh%
foLrkj½-
çlkn] ds- ¼1984½ flVht] Øk¶V~l ,aM dkWelZ vaMj fn dq"kk.k~l ¼fnYyh% vxe dyk
çdk'ku½-
jko] ,l- vkj-] ¼1879] 1985½ yksFky% , gM+Iiu iksVZ Vkmu 1955-1962 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh;
iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼1981½ ,udkmUVlZ% fn osLVyhZ VªsM vkWQ fn gM+Iik flfoykbts'ku ¼ubZ
fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼1981½ bUDok;jht bUVw fn ikWfyfVdy vkWxsZukbts'ku vkWQ gM+Iiu
lkslkbVh ¼iq.ks% joh'k½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2000½ fn ,.M vkWQ fn xzsV gM+Iiu VªsfM'ku ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2001½ vaMjLVSafMax gM+Ii flfoykbts'ku bu fn xzsVj bUMl oSyh ¼ubZ
fnYyh % rwfydk½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2004½ VªsfMax ,UdkmUVlZ ÝkWe fn QqjsV~l Vw fn bUMl bu fn czksUt ,st
¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jRukxj] ,l-] ¼2016½ gM+Iiu vkfdZvkWyth% vyhZ LVsV ilZisfDVo ¼fnYyh% çkbel½-
'ksQj] ts-th-] ¼1993½ ^jh vcZukbts'ku% n bZLVuZ iatkc ,aM fc;ksUM*] ,p- LisMsd vkSj Mh-
,e- Jhfuoklu] laik-] vcZu QkWeZ ,aM ehfuax bu lkmFk ,f'k;k% fn 'ksfiax vkWQ flVht
ÝkWe çhfgLVkWfjd Vw çhdksyksfu;y VkbEl ¼okf'kaxVu% us'kuy xSyjh vkWQ vkVZ½ i`- 53-
67-
'kkj th- ,e- vkSj ,e- foMky] ¼1985½ ^lQZsl ,foMsUl vkWQ Øk¶V ,sfDVfoVht ,sV
pUgwnM+ks] ekpZ 1984*] ,ukfyMsy ^bULVhV~;wVks ;wfuoflZVkfjvks vksfj,UVsy 45] i`- 585-98-
'kekZ] ,- ds- ¼1999½ fn fMikfVZM gM+IiUl vkWQ dkfycaxt ¼ubZ fnYyh% lanhi çdk'ku½-
'kekZ] vkj- ,l-] ¼1974½ ^vk;ju ,aM vcZukbts'ku bu fn xaxk csflu*] bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy
fjO;q] Hkkx 1] ua- 1 i`- 98-103-
fLeFk] ,e-,y- ¼2001½ fn vkdsZykWth vkWQ ,su vyhZ fgLVkWfjd Vkmu bu lsaVªy bafM;k
¼vkWDlQksMZ% ch , vkj baVjus'kuy lhjht 1002½-

39
uxjh; bfrgkl% fLeFk] ,e- ,y-] ¼2002½ ^flLVeSfVd losZ ,sV fn vyhZ vcZu lkbV vkWQ fllqikyx<+]
,d ifjp; mM+hlk] th- lsuxqIr vkSj ,l- ikatk] laik- vkfdZvkWyth vkWQ bZLVuZ bafM;k% U;w
ilZisfDVOl ¼dksydkrk% lsaVj Qksj vkfdZvkWyftdy LVMht ,aM Vªsfuax] bZLVuZ bafM;k½]
i`- 111-25-
lksuous] ch- ,p-] ih- vftrçlkn ds- ds- Hkku] ds- Ñ".ku] ,l- çrkipUæu] ,- etwenkj]
,-ds- iVsy vkSj ts- esuu] ¼2003½ ^,DldSos'kUl ,sV cxkljk 1996-2003*] eSu ,UM
,Uok;juesaV] Hkkx XXVIII ¼2½ i`- 21-50-
lqanjjktu- ds- oh-] ¼2006½ ukxktqZudksaMk 1954-60] Hkkx II ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo
losZ{k.k½-
LVkbu] ,-] ¼1942½ ^, losZ vkWQ ,fUl,UV lkbV~l ,ykax fn ^ykWLV* ljLorh fjoj*]
T;kWxzfQdy tuZy 99] i`- 173-182-
Vsjkeqjk] ,p-] okbZ- dksUMks- Vh- muks] ,- dkUrks] Vh- fdflUMk vkSj ,p- ldkbZ] ¼2008½
^vkfdZvkWyth fon th vkbZ ,l bu fn bUMl çkstsDV* Vh- vkslMk vkSj ,- m,lqxh] laik-
fyafXofLVDl] vkfdZvkWyth ,aM fn áweu ikLV] vksdstuy isij u- 5 ¼D;ksVks% vkj vkbZ
,p ,u½] i`- 45-101-
,sflVksjh] ,y- ih-] ¼1918-19½ ^,DlIyksjs'ku chdkusj*] ,uqvyfjiksVZ vkWQ fn vkfdZvkWyftdy
losZ vkWQ bafM;k 1918-19 ¼ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½] i`- 22-23-
Bkdqj] oh- ds- ¼1981½] vcZukbts'ku bu ,fUl,UV bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vfHku çdk'ku½-
oekZ] ,l- vkSj ts- esuu ¼2015½ ^eSfiax fgLVªht ,aM çSfDVlst vkWQ ikWVlZ* gkmlgksYM bu
,fUl,UV bUnksj [ksM+k ¼200 ch lh bZ- 500 lh bZ½] ds- jkW;] laik- yqfdax fonhu] yqfdax
fonkmV] ,DlIyksfjax gkmlgksYM~l bu fn lcdkSfUVusaV Fkzw Vkbe ¼ubZ fnYyh% çkbel
cqDl½ i`- 19-45-
oRl] ,e- ,l- ¼1940½ ,DldSos'kUl ,sV gM+Iik ¼fnYyh% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k½-
foMky] ,e-] ¼2000½ fn vkfdZvkWyth vkWQ bUMl Øk¶V~l ¼jkse% vkb ,l vkbZ , vks½-
Oghyj] vkj- bZ- ,e-] ¼1953 [iqueqZfær 2010]½ fn bUMl flfoykbts'ku ¼dsfEczt% ØsfEczt
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
jkbV] vkj- ih-] ¼2010½ fn ,fUl,UV bUMl% vcZfuTe] bdksukseh ,aM lkslkbVh ¼U;w;kdZ%
dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

40
bdkbZ 3 eè;dkyhu uxjhdj.k ds vè;;u
lacaèkh fopkjèkkjk,a *
lajpuk
3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 ;wjksi esa eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh èkkj.kk
3-3 eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k
3-4 eè;dkyhu uxjokn dh èkkj.kk
3-4-1 okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls vfHkizsfjr uxjokn
3-4-2 uxjokn vkSj lwQh rFkk HkfDr dk çlkj
3-4-3 iksfylØslh
3-4-4 iqrZxkyh uxj% iksfylxkfdZd

3-5 ^uxj-jkT;*
3-6 lkjka'k
3-7 vH;kl
3-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

3-1 çLrkouk
vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ds lwpd ds :i esa uxjksa dk vFkZ fofHkUu
,sfrgkfld vofèk;ksa vkSj {ks=h; lanHkks± esa vyx-vyx gksrk gS ¼'kqYV~l] 1979% 15½A ;|fi
^uxj* vkSj ^uxj* 'kCnkofy;ksa dk ç;ksx le;-okj foHksn ds fcuk vusd yksxksa }kjk lHkh
,sfrgkfld vofèk;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] bfrgkldkj fuf'pr :i ls ;g tkurs gSa fd
^uxj* vkSj ^uxj* ds lkj rRo le; ds lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa uxjh; dsaæ
xfrghu ugha gSa] nwljh vksj os cnyrh gqbZ c`gr~ lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa] ftlds vanj
os viuh lajpuk vkSj Lo:i èkkj.k djrs gSa] ds vkèkkj ij le; chrus ds lkFk viuk vFkZ
Hkh cnyrs jgrs gSaA ml Hkko esa os lw{e txr gSa tks c`gr~ txr dks çfrfcfEcr djrk gSA
bl rjg ds cksèk ds dkj.k dqN yksxksa us uxj ;k uxj dks ,d lkekftd :i esa ns[kk
ftlesa lkekftd lacaèkksa dh c`gr~ ç.kkfy;ksa ds vfuok;Z xq.k Li"V :i ls ladsfUær vkSj
xgu Fks ¼vczkEl] 1978 % 9-10½A ;g cksèk fd uxj c`gr lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa ds
ijkorZd gSa cgqr ls yksxksa dks eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks çkphu dkyhu uxjksa vkSj vkèkqfud
dkyhu uxjksa ls Hkh dqN vR;fèkd fHkUu :i esa ns[kus ds fy, mRçsfjr djrs gSa tgk¡ iwjh
rjg ls fHkUu lkekftd lacaèk fØ;k'khy FksA

* izks- ik;l ekysdk.MkfFky] lsVj QkWj fgLVkWfjdy LVMht] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ
fnYyhA ;g ;ksxs'k 'kekZ vkSj ik;l ekysdk.MkfFky ¼2014½ }kjk laikfnr iqLrd] flVht bu fefMoy
bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh % izkbel cqDl½ dh izLrkouk dk la'kksfèkr laLdj.k gSA mi;qZDr iqLrd ls izLrkouk
dk iz;ksx djus nsus ds fy, gesa izkbel cqDl ds vkHkkjh gSaA 41
uxjh; bfrgkl%
,d ifjp;
3-2 ;wjksi esa eè; dkyhu uxjksa dh èkkj.kk
;g rdZ nsrs gq, fd uxj le; chrus ds lkFk gq, vkfFkZd fodkl ds lwpd gSa]
bfrgkldkj vkSj lekt'kkL=h; rn~uq:ih uxjh; çfØ;kvksa dh lw{e ço`fÙk dks Hkh tkuus
dk ç;kl djrs jgs gSaA eSDl oscj us çkphu xzhd ;k jkseu uxjkas] tks eq[;r% miHkksx ds
dsaæ Fks] ds foijhr ik'pkR; eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks mRiknu ds dsaæ ds :i esa ns[kkA ;g
dgk tkrk gS fd ;s eè;dkyhu uxj if'pe esa iwathokn ds fodkl ds fy, ç{ksi LFky
cu x,A bl çfØ;k esa mUgksaus mRiknu dh çfØ;kvksa dks fofue; dh çfØ;kvksa ls tksM+
fn;k vkSj lkFk gh ^miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa] tks if'pe esa çkphudky ds nkSjku fLFkfr Fkh]
ds Åij ^mRikndksa* rFkk ^O;kikfj;ksa* ds fgrksa dks ^jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLÑfrd* çkFkfedrk
Hkh çnku dhA eSDl oscj bu ^mRikndksa* vkSj ^O;kikfj;ksa* dh vksj ls if'pe ds
eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa ?kfVr gks jgs lÙkk ds dqN Lo:iksa ds la?kVu vFkok :ikUrj.k vkfn
lkekftd dk;Zdykiksa ds çdkjksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrk gSA eè;dkyhu if'pe ds uxj
fuokfl;ksa dh jpuk ^mRikndksa* rFkk ^O;kikfj;ksa* ls feydj gqbZ Fkh] mUgksaus vius pkjksa
vksj QSys oSèk lkearh çkfèkdkfj;ksa ij viuh fuHkZjrk dks rksM+ Mkyk vkSj dkjhxjksa rFkk
Ñ"kdksa] ftUgsa mu ij fuHkZj jgus dh t:jr Fkh] ij Lo;a dks voSèk :i ls Åij j[k dj
^voSèk çHkqRo* LFkkfir djus ds fy, lÙkk gM+i yhA ;g rdZlaxr ,lksfl,'kuksa vkSj cxZjksa
¼burghers½ ds HkkbZpkjksa ds lkStU; ls] ftUgksaus ckn esa lÙkk gM+i yh vkSj ,sls Hkh lanHkZ
Fks ftuesa le`) ukxfjdksa ds futh Dycksa us ukxfjdrk çnku djus ds vius vfèkdkj ds
fy, nkok fd;kA rdZ vkèkkfjr vkfFkZd fØ;k] O;kikj dk Lora= lapkyu vkSj ykHk dh
ryk'k dks LohÑr djus okys uxj dh Lok;Ùkrk dk okrkoj.k] ftlus vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj
lÙkk ds ç;ksx nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa ^mRikndksa* ds fgrksa dks lajf{kr fd;k] eè;dkyhu if'peh
uxjksa esa ^dk;Z vkpkj* ds fodkl dk lkèkd Fkk ¼oscj] 1966( oscj] 1968 % 1212-1367( oqM]
2007 % 158-173( vczkEl] 1978 % 28-30½A eSDl oscj us nyhy nh fd ftls ,d vkn'kZ]
iw.kZ uxjh; leqnk; le>k tkrk gS og ,d ,slh clkoV Fkh ftlesa O;kikj-okf.kfT;d
lacaèkksa ds lkisf{kd iwo-Z çHkqRo rFkk bldh fdyscanh] cktkj] blds vius U;k;ky; rFkk de
ls de va'kr% Lok;Ùk dkuwu Fks] blesa ,lksfl,'ku dk ,d lacafèkr Lo:i vkSj Lok;Ùkrk
rFkk Lora=rk dh visf{kr ek=k Hkh Fkh ftlus cxZjksa ds fuokfl;ksa ¼ukxfjdksa½ dks mu
çkfèkdkfj;ksa ds fuokZpu] ftlus mUgsa 'kkflr fd;k] dks LohÑfr nsus dks çnf'kZr fd;k
¼oscj] 1966 % 80-1( oscj] 1968 % 1215-1231½A ;g vkn'kZ yk{kf.kd lajpuk Fkh tks cgqr
gh vfèkd ;wjksi dsafær FkhA
eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh lkearokn ls iwathokn dh vksj laØe.k dh çfØ;k esa Hkwfedk rFkk
Bhd blh çdkj lkekftd mn~Hko ds vfuok;Z ?kVd ds :i esa uxjksa esa dkexkj oxZ dh
jpuk dk fo"k; Hkh yacs le; rd thoUr vdknfed okn-fookn dk fo"k; jgk gSA gsujh
fijsu eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh çèkkurk vkSj yach-nwjh ds O;kikj dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds
lkèku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa rFkk mudk fopkj gS fd X;kjgoha lnh ds ckn ls if'peh ;wjksi
esa okf.kfT;d iqu:)kj ds lkFk ;wjksih; uxjksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksus yxs ¼fijsu 1956 %
81-110½A ekWfjl MkWc us vkjfEHkd rdZ fn;k Fkk fd eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds mRFkku vkSj
cktkjksa ds fodkl us lkearokn dh lajpuk ij fo?kVudkjh çHkko Mkyk Fkk vkSj ^mu
'kfDr;ksa dks etcwr fd;k ftlus bls fucZy fd;k rFkk m[kkM+ Qsadk* ¼MkWc] 2007 % 70-
1½A MkWc us vius bl fopkj dks ikWy Loht+h] ftlus lkearokn ds lkFk uxjksa dh ckárk
42
ij ç'u mBk;k] ls fookn ds i'pkr~ la'kksfèkr fd;kA blds çR;qÙkj esa ekSfjl MkWc us rdZ
fn;k fd eè;dkyhu uxjksa dk mRFkku lkear O;oLFkk dh vkarfjd çfØ;k Fkh vkSj mUgksaus e/;dkyhu
bl ckr dks mtkxj fd;k fd lkearoknh lkekftd lacaèk ^y?kq mRiknu rFkk fofue;] uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
ftls Lo;a lkearokn us l`ftr fd;k Fkk] dh çfØ;k dks jksdus* esa v{ke FkkA mUgksaus
fopkj/kkjk,a
n'kkZ;k fd ^;g y?kq mRiknu ij çHkqRo LFkkfir djus vkSj O;kikj ds ykHkksa dks gLrxr*
djus ds fy, lkearh O;oLFkk ds vanj fofHkUu lewgksa ds chp la?k"kZ dh çfØ;k Fkh* ¼Lohth]
2006 % 40( MkWc] 2007 % 59-61½A mlus eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks ijra= lekt ds chp ,d
u[kfyLrku ds :i esa ns[kk ftlus nfer vkSj 'kksf"kr xzkeh.k tula[;k ds fy, Lora=rk
ds pqEcd ds :i esa dke fd;k vkSj mUgsa uxjksa dh vksj çokl ds fy, izsfjr fd;k ¼MkWc]
2007% 70½A
bfrgkldkjks a us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd if'pe es a fofHkUu çdkj ds
eè;dkyhu uxjksa dk mn; gqvk vkSj ;g fd lkearokn ls laØe.k dks dk;kZfUor djus
esa mudk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd egRo leku ugha FkkA eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks ,d Js.kh
esa j[kuk =qfViw.kZ lkfcr gqvk gSA gsujh fijsu us eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh nks vyx Jsf.k;ka
fpfUgr dh gS% ¼d½ lkear ds vèkhu uxj ¼Leige type½ vkSj ¼[k½ ¶ysfe'k uxj ¼Flemish½
çdkj dsA lkear ds vèkhu çdkj ds uxj eq[;r% jktuhfrd lÙkk ;k fc'ki dk vkokl
¼èkkfeZd lÙkk½ ;k mldh vnkyr dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk dsUnz Fks tgk¡ dh eq[; tula[;k
ppZ ls lacafèkr Hkæ tuksa] ç'kkldksa vkSj dqN dkjhxjksa rFkk lsodksa dh Fkh tks mUgsa rS;kj
eky miyCèk djkrs FksA ¶ysfe'k çdkj dk uxj eq[;r% vkfFkZd bdkbZ Fkh ftl ij le`)
dqyhura=] ftlesa èkuh O;kikjh vkSj foÙkh; ifjokj lfEefyr Fks] dk 'kklu FkkA bu uxjksa
dk mn~xe yach-nwjh dh O;kikj pSuyksa ds lekukUrj gqvk vkSj os iqjkuh jkseu clkoVksa
rFkk ppZ lacaèkh Vkmuf'kiksa rFkk lkearh fdyscafn;ksa ds ckgj vofLFkr FksA bu uxjksa ds
fuokfl;ksa ds thou;kiu dh eq[; èkkjk O;kikj Fkk vkSj blds QyLo:i mUgksaus ,d u,
lkearokn-fojksèkh 'kkld oxZ ds fy, vkèkkj rS;kj fd;k ¼fijsu] 1956 % 55-100] 124-144]
160½A
QukZUM czkWMy dk fopkj gS fd uxjksa ds fodkl ds Øe esa rhu cqfu;knh çdkj ds uxj
Fks% ¼d½ eqDr uxj tks vius vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ls fHkUu ugha Fks vkSj dHkh-dHkh blesa fefJr
Hkh gksrs Fks] tSlk fd çkphu xzhl vkSj jkse esa ns[kk x;k FkkA eqDr uxjksa esa lÙkk dk cM+k
fgLlk Ñ"kd txr dh lajpukvksa ds ikl FkkA ¼[k½ nwljs çdkj esa vkjf{kr uxj Fks tks
vkRefuHkZj bdkb;ksa Fkha vkSj ^çR;sd n`f"V esa vius vki esa jf{kr Fkha* vkSj ^bu uxjksa dh
nhokjsa ,d Hkw-Hkkx dh vis{kk ,d O;fDrxr thou 'kSyh dh lhekvksa dk ifjpk;d Fkha*]
tSlk fd ge eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSaA ,d fdlku us lkearh nklrk ls
Hkkxus ds fy, ftl {k.k eè;dkyhu uxj dh çkphjksa dks ikj dj uxj dh pgkjnhokjh
okys LFkku esa ços'k fd;k] mls viuh nklrk ls eqfDr feyh vkSj og Lora= gks x;kA vc
lkear mls Nw rd ugha ldrk FkkA bu uxjksa esa ml uxj ds vanj jgus okys yksxksa }kjk
lÙkk dks lkisf{kd :i ls gLrxr dj fy;k x;k FkkA ¼x½ rhljs çdkj esa vèkhuLFk uxj
'kkfey Fks tks jktkvksa vkSj jkT; ds ijkèkhu Fks tSlk fd ¶yksjsal tSls iwoZ vkèkqfud uxjksa
ds lanHkZ esa gS ftls eSfMfll us vèkhu fd;k Fkk ;k isfjl ftls cwjckWu ¼Bourbon½ 'kkldksa
us viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA lajf{kr uxjksa ;k O;kikfjd uxjksa dks bl :i esa ns[kk x;k
ekuksa mUgksaus gh ik'pkR; ;wjksi dks vkfFkZd n`f"V esa çxfr ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k;k ¼czkWMsy]
1973% 401-6] vczkEl] 1978% 24-5½A
,d egRoiw.kZ y{k.k ftlds }kjk fdlh uxj dks xkao ls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS] og 43
uxjh; bfrgkl% Je foHkktu dh çÑfr gS] bfrgkldkjksa us eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa Hkh Je çfØ;kvksa ij è;ku
,d ifjp; dsfUnzr fd;k gSA ;|fi fl)kUr% QukZUM czkWMsy lger gS fd O;kikjh] jktuhfrd] èkkfeZd
vkSj vkfFkZd fu;a=.k lacaèkh çdk;Z vkSj f'kYi fØ;kdyki uxjksa ds izeq[k y{; gSa ysfdu
mudk fopkj Fkk fd bu fØ;kdykiksa dk lEiw.kZ foLrkj dsoy cM+s uxjksa esa gh fn[kkbZ
nsrk Fkk u fd NksVs uxjksa esa tgk¡ tula[;k lhfer Fkh ¼vczkEl] 1978% 376½A okLro esa
eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa Je çfØ;k mruh l?ku vkSj tfVy ugha Fkh ftruh fd ge vkèkqfud
uxjksa esa ikrs gSa ftudk mRFkku vkS|ksfxd iwathokn ds lkFk gqvkA bruk gh ugha]
eè;dkyhu uxjksa ls fHkUu vkS|ksfxd iwathokn esa ftl çdkj dh lkekftd ço`fÙk dk
çdkj çdV gqvk mlus iqfyl O;oLFkk] lM+d ;kstukvksa] nqdkuksa ds fy, fuèkkZfjr LFkku]
ifjogu ds tky] ukekafdr vkSj i`Fkd iM+ksl] jktuhfrd lÙkk dh lafLFkfr] LoPNrk vkSj
LokLF;p;kZ bR;kfn ds }kjk vkèkqfud IykUM uxjksa ds vH;qn; dks vko';d cuk fn;kA
fu;a=.k ds fofHkUu Lo:i tks vkS|ksfxd iwathokn ds i'pkr~ uxjh; LFkyksa ij Åij ykxw
fd, x, vkSj ftl rjg ls vkt vkèkqfud uxjksa esa ik, tkrs gSa] eè;dkyhu uxjksa esa ugha
ns[ks tk ldrsA
gky gh esa eè;dkyhu uxjksa dks lkaLÑfrd lajpuk ds :i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k
gS vkSj lkaLÑfrd fuekZ.kksa ds :i esa uxjh; igpkuksa rFkk uxj-Lo:iksa dh 'kq:vkr dh
xbZ tks yxkrkj uohuhd`r vkSj la'kksfèkr gksrs jgsA uxjh; leqnk;ksa dk mudh lkeqnkf;d
Hkkxhnkjh] fons'kh laLÑfr;ksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ] cgqyoknh lektksa dh lajpuk] f} ;k cgq fu"Bk
rFkk cgq lac)rk ds dkj.k muds lkaLÑfrd fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
vusd bfrgkl ls lacafèkr Hkwxksfyfon~ vkSj bfrgkldkj rdZ nsrs gSa fd uxjh; bdkb;ksa
ds fuekZ.k esa lfEefyr LFkkfud çfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj vè;;u muls ekuoh;
fuekZrkvksa ¼,tsaVksa½ ds mís'; rFkk mudh iwfrZ dh lhek dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fe'ksy Qwdks] gsujh ysQscz] ,MoMZ lkstk us bu ^LFkkuksa ds fuekZ.k* ls lacafèkr
vè;;uksa }kjk budh vksj i;kZIr è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS ¼Qwdks] fLçax] 1986% 22-27( Qwdks]
jkbV vkSj jsucks] 1982% 14-20( ysQscz] 1991% lkstk] 1989½A bfrgkl ls lacafèkr Hkwxksyfon~
rdZ nsrs gSa fd LFkkfud çfØ;k dqN ,slh gSa] tks la;ksxo'k ugha gksrh gS] ^vfirq fuf'pr
ç;kstu ls vkSj rdZ ds lkFk gksrh gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd ßLFkyÞ] fo'ks"kdj uxjh; LFky]
vfHkçk;iw.kZ vFkZ ls vkosf"kr gksrk gS vkSj n'kkZrk gS fd fdl çdkj lÙkk vkSj çHkqRo
uxjh; LFky esa fpfUgr gSa ¼gkohZ] 2001( xzsxjh] 2000 % 644-646( gkohZ] 1973( gkohZ] 1985(
gkohZ 2007½A LFkkfudhdj.k ewyHkwr ifjorhZdkjd ds :i esa ^LFky* ij è;ku dsafær djrk
gS tks lekt ds laxBu rFkk xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj lkFk gh blds O;fDrxr lnL;ksa ds O;ogkj
nksuksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS ¼dkWDl] 1976% 187-207½A bl çdkj dk vè;;u bl ekU;rk
ls mRiUu gksrk gS fd euq"; Hkw-n`'; esa ckj-ckj ifjorZu djds vfLrRo dh HkkSfrd çfØ;k
esa HkkSxksfyd lajpuk ij Nki NksM+rk gS vkSj fd Hkw-n`'; ds ,sfrgkfld vè;;u }kjk dksbZ
ekuoh; dk;Zdykiksa ds lanHkZ dks i<+ ldrk gS rFkk blds ihNs ds ekuoh; fparu dk irk
yxk ldrk gSA fe'ksy Qwdks] ftUgksaus lÙkk dks LFky esa mRdh.kZ ik;k] dk n`<+ fo'okl
Fkk fd lekt esa lÙkk dk fo'ys"k.k LFky ds Åij fu;a=.k ds fo'ys"k.k ds ekè;e ls çkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼Qwdks] 1980 % 76-77( csdj] 2003 % 65½A bfrgkl ls lacafèkr
HkwxksyosÙkk vkSj bfrgkldkj vc futh vkSj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] ifo= vkSj ykSfdd LFkkuksa]
okf.kfT;d vkSj vkuq"Bkfud LFkkuksa] lk>k vkSj foHkkftr LFkkuksa] iq:"k vkSj L=h LFkkuksa
rFkk O;fDrxr vkSj laLFkkxr LFkkuksa ds chp foHksn djrs gSa rFkk os Lohdkj djrs gSa fd
44 LFkku çfrLièkhZ lalkèku gSa ftu ij O;fDr vkSj lewg viuh 'kfDr ds çn'kZu ds :i esa
fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa ¼Iykst+kLdk] 1994 % 413-429( ekysdUMkfFky] 2009 % 13- e/;dkyhu
38½A uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
lekt'kkfL=;ksa vkSj uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa dk n`<+ fopkj gS fd uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k ds fopkj/kkjk,a
vè;;u dks tula[;k] lkekftd laxBu] HkkSfrd ifjos'k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij è;ku dsafær
djuk pkfg,A uxjh; ifjorZu dh çfØ;k rc vkjEHk gksrh gS tc cnyrs gq, lkekftd
laxBu rFkk çkS|ksfxdh; uoksUes"k uxjh; LFky esa bl rjg ls ?kfVr gksrs gSa fd tula[;k
vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp larqyu cny tkrk gSA blls mRiUu lkekftd çfØ;k ds dkj.k
uxjh; LFkku esa fofHkUu çdkj dh lajpuk,a çdV gksrh gSa ¼'kqYV~t] 1979% 15½A LVSuyh
ds- 'kqYV~t dk ekuuk gS fd uxjh; çfØ;k dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>us ds fy, tula[;k
ds ?kuRo dk vkdkj] xzkeh.k-uxjh; xzkeh.k çolu iSVuZ] çtuu-e`R;q nj vuqikr]
lk{kjrk-nj bR;kfn vkSj clkoV ds fy, p;fur HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds çdkj tSls igyqvksa
ds fo'ys"k.k dks le>uk pkfg,A bl lc ds lkFk gh lkFk HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds varxZr
HkkSfrd varjky rFkk leqnk;ksa dh nwjh dh tkap-iM+rky Hkh uxjh; ifjn`'; dh ml
rLohj dks ns[kus ds fy, djuh pkfg, ftlesa uxj fuoklh ijLij vknu-çnku djrs gSaA
uxjh; LFkyksa esa çkS|ksfxdh dh eè;LFkrk dh çÑfr dks le>us ds Øe esa lapkj ekè;eksa]
ifjogu ds lkèkuksa rFkk lwpukRed usVodZ dk fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg,A lkekftd laxBu
dh çÑfr dks csgrj <a+x ls dsoy rHkh le>k tk ldrk gS tc xSj-Ñf"kxr m|eksa esa
'kkfey tu'kfDr dh çfr'krrk] O;olk; lacaèkh lajpuk dh fofoèkrk] jkstxkj ds fy,
HkrhZ dh i)fr rFkk vkfFkZd fofue; dh çÑfr vkSj lkèkuksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkfn ds
vfrfjDr uxjh; leqnk;ksa ds vanj gSfl;r dh çÑfr rFkk lÙkk lewgksa dh tk¡p dh tk,
¼'kqYV~t] 1979% 14-16½A

3-3 eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k

eksgEen gchc us eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa ds ckjs esa thoUr vdknfed okn-fookn dk
'kqHkkjEHk fd;k A mudk fopkj Fkk fd eksgEen xkSjh dh fot; ds i'pkr~ mÙkj Hkkjr esa
Je çfØ;k esa vpkud o`f) gqbZ] QyLo:i ^uxjh; Økafr* dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA mUgksaus bl
Je çfØ;k ds vkjEHk dk dkj.k cká dkjd vFkkZr eksgEen xkSjh dh fot; dks crk;kA
mudk dguk Fkk fd fuEu tkfr ds Hkkjrh; deZdkj] tks ml le; rd uxjksa dh nhokjksa
ds ckgj rFkk ifjfèk ij jgrs Fks mUgksaus eksgEen xkSjh dh lsuk ds lkFk uxjksa esa ços'k fd;k
vkSj yM+kdw lSfud ds :i esa vkSj fufeZr mRiknksa ds mRiknu ds fy, vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa
viuh lsok,a ljdkj dks nhaA ubZ jktO;oLFkk us uxj-Jfedksa ds çfr lHkh çdkj ds Hksn-
Hkkoksa dks lekIr dj fn;k] ftUgksaus 500 o"kks± ls Hkh vfèkd bls lrr~ cuk, j[kus esa
;ksxnku fd;kA bLyke us uxj-Jfedksa tSls egkorksa] dlkb;ksa] cqudjksa bR;kfn dks
vkdf"kZr djus rFkk muds èkek±Urj.k ds fy, pqEcd dh rjg dke fd;k D;ksafd blus mUgsa
,d çdkj ls mèoZxkeh lkekftd xfr'khyrk çnku dhA jktiwrksa ds le; esa tc lSU;
oxZ oa'kkuqxr Fkk vkSj Hkw-lEifÙk ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk Fkk ls fHkUu ubZ jktO;oLFkk us uxjksa
ds Jfed oxZ ls yM+kdw ;ks)kvksa dks HkrhZ fd;kA lÙkk ds rqdhZ fgLlsnkjksa us viuh lsuk
ds lSfud] dkj[kkuksa ds fy, deZdkj] f'kYidkj] futh lsod] laxhrdkj] urZfd;ka bR;kfn
uxjksa esa cM+h la[;k esa miyCèk Je 'kfDr esa ls çkIr fd,A eksgEen gchc bl izdkj
eksgEen xkSjh ds }kjk Hkkjr fot; dks Hkkjrh; uxjh; Je dh Økafr ds :i esa ns[krs gSa
ftldk usr`Ro xkSjh rqdks± us fd;k ¼gchc] 1952 % 55-78½A
45
uxjh; bfrgkl% eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa uxjh; dsaæksa ds vH;qn; dh çÑfr dk vè;;u djus ds fy,
,d ifjp; eksgEen gchc }kjk ftl çdkj dh Je çfØ;k dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gS mldh bjQku
gchc us vkykspuk dh gSA ;|fi bjQku gchc rsjgoha vkSj pkSngoha 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku
uxjksa dh la[;k vkSj vkdkj esa o`f)] f'kYi mRiknu vkSj okf.kT; esa o`f) ds lkFk uxjh;
vFkZO;oLFkk ds foLrkj dks Lohdkjrs gSaA mudk rdZ gS fd ,slk eq[;r% dkxt] oL= vkSj
Hkou cukus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh esa vk, ifjorZuksa ;k uoksUes"k.kksa( O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, flDdksa dh <+ykbZ gsrq lksus vkSj pk¡nh dk çokg rFkk ,d u, 'kkld oxZ dh jpuk]
ftlus ubZ Hkw-jktLo ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k vfèk'ks"k ds cM+s fgLls dks gLrxr fd;k
rFkk bls uxjksa] tgk¡ os jgrs Fks] esa O;; djus dk ifj.kke FkkA rFkkfi] og nyhy nsrs gSa
fd ;s ifjorZu lekt ds fdlh oxZ ds ^foeqDrhdj.k* ds dkj.k ugha gqvk FkkA mudk
ekuuk gS fd bl vofèk ds Hkkjrh; uxjksa esa nkl Jfed ;k ijra= Jfed] mRiknu ds
yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ Fks ¼gchc] 1978 % 289-98½A
ch-Mh- pêksikè;k; vkSj vkj- pEidy{eh us eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa dk mn~Hko ukSoha
lnh ds ckn ds dky dks ekuk gSA ch-Mh- pêksikè;k; us mÙkj-if'peh Hkkjr ij è;ku
dsafær djrs gq, flaèkq-xaxk nksvkc] Åijh xaxk csflu vkSj ekyok {ks= esa uxjksa ds vH;qn;
ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bldk izeq[k dkj.k O;kikj ls mRlftZr 'kfDr;ka
FkhaA mUgksaus bu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa ds vkfFkZd dsUæh; fcUnqvksa dk ijh{k.k dj ;g n'kkZ;k
gS fd xqtZj-çfrgkjksa ds dky ls iwoZ Hkh uxjh; dsaæ ds :i esa mudk vH;qn; gks pqdk
Fkk rFkk os LFkkuh; O;kikj ds èkqjh fcanq FksA og X;kjgoha lnh ds nkSjku xqtjkr esa 20]
jktLFkku esa 131] dukZVd esa 78 vkSj 1000 rFkk 1336 dh vofèk ds nkSjku vkaèkz esa 70
uxjksa ds mn; dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa ¼pêksikè;k;] 1997 % 132-181½ ;|fi buesa ls vusd
uxjksa dk mn~xe O;kikj ds dkj.k gqvk Fkk] muesa ls cgqr ls {ks=h; 'kkldksa ds lÙkk ds
dsUnz FksA
blds foijhr vkj- pEidy{eh] ftUgkasus nf{k.k Hkkjr ij è;ku dsafær fd;k gS] mudk
ekuuk gS fd ukSoha rFkk rsjgoha lfn;ksa ds chp dh vofèk esa fons'kh O;kikj ls çsfjr gksdj
pksy jkT; {ks= esa fofHkUu vkdkjksa vkSj çÑfr ds vusd uxjksa dk fodkl gqvkA vius lw{e
fo'ys"k.k ls og n'kkZrh gSa fd lHkh eè;dkyhu nf{k.k Hkkjrh; uxj ,d tSls ugha Fks(
blds foijhr og pksyksa ds O;kikfjd uxjksa] 'kkgh uxjksa] vkuq"Bkfud-lg-èkkfeZd uxjksa
vkSj fot;uxj jkT; ds lSU;hÑr rFkk fdyscan uxjksa ds eè; fn[kus okys Li"V varjksa
dh ckr djrh gSaA pksy lkezkT;] ftldk vkaèkz ls ysdj nf{k.kh dukZVd rd foLrkj Fkk]
esa nloha lnh esa yach nwjh ds O;kikj ds iqu:)kj rFkk varr% fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds }kjk
okf.kT; ds laxBu ds dkj.k vusd uxjksa dh mRifÙk fo'ks"k:i ls leqnzrVh; {ks= esa gqbZA
lkFk gh lkFk] ukSoha lnh esa czãns;ksa vkSj eafnjksa ls vfèk'ks"k ds vfHklj.k vkSj eafnjksa esa
jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds vfèkdkfèkd dsafær gksus ds dkj.k Hkh vusd uxjh;
dsaæksa dk fodkl gqvkA ratkSj tSls jktdh; uxjksa] tgk¡ lEHkzkUrksa vkSj 'kfDr lewgksa us
eafnj ds ^vkuq"Bkkfud dsaæ* ds prqfnZd dsaUæh; LFky dks vius fu;a=.k esa ys j[kk Fkk
tcfd f'kYidkj vkSj lsok lewg ckgjh ifjfèk esa jgrs FksA ;s eafnj bu jktlh uxjksa ds
vkfFkZd dk;Zdykiksa dh çeq[k laxzg.k laLFkk cu x,A ohjnye vkSj lqjnye tSlh uohu
uxjh; izfØ;kvksa dk fodkl rsjgoha lnh esa lSU; :i ls lajf{kr uxjksa ds :i esa gqvkA
;g bl dky esa O;kikfjd fudk;ksa }kjk gkfly lÙkk ds fu;a=.k dk lwpd FkkA og
fdyscan uxjh; dsaæksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrh gSa ftls lSU;hÑr fot;uxj jkT; ds uk;dksa
46
us pkSngoha lnh ls ifo= ifjlj ls fHkUu uxjksa ds :i esa vius fu;a=.k {ks=ksa ds :i esa e/;dkyhu
LFkkfir fd;k ¼pEidy{eh] 1996 % 25-72½A uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dh lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa dh tk¡p djus okys vusd bfrgkldkjksa fopkj/kkjk,a
ds fy, uxj vkSj xkao ds chp ds vUrjlacaèkksa dk vè;;u fo'ys"k.k dk ,d lkèku jgk
gSSA mÙkj Hkkjr esa eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh jpuk dSls gqbZ ;g ds-,e- v'kjQ] ,p-
ds- udoh vkSj MCY;w-,p- eksjySaM ¼v'kjQ] 1970( eksjySaM] 1962( eksjySaM] 1979( udoh]
1968( udoh] 1972½ tSls fo}kuksa ds fy, fo'ys"k.k dk dsaæ jgk gSA mudk vè;;u eq[;
:i ls mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k uxjksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk vkfFkZd çxfr ds lkFk muds
lacaèkksa dh tk¡p ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerk gSA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa uxjksa ds mn;
ij cM+h la[;k esa dk;Zjr fo}kuksa tSls ,l-lh- feJk] 'khjhu ewloh] vkj- bZ- ÝkbducxZ]
LVhQsu Cysd] 'kek fe= fpukW;] lrh'k paæ] ds- ,l- eSF;w] vfu:) js] flUuIikg
vjklkjRue~] ds- ds- f=osnh] vkbZ- ih- xqIrk] ts- ,l- xzsoky vkSj bUnq caxk ds vdknfed
ç;klksa us Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld vè;;u dh i`Fkd 'kk[kk ds :i esa uxjh; bfrgkl ds
çknqHkkZo esa lgk;rk dh ¼ewloh] 2008] 1987] feJk] 1985] 1964( fpukW;] 1998( ÝkbducxZ]
1993( Cysd] 1993( pUæ] 1997] glu] 2008( Bkdqj] 1994( xqIrk] 1986( eSF;q vkSj vgen]
1990( f=osnh] 1998( xzsoky vkSj caxk] 1985( caxk] 1992] 1991( vjklkjRue~ vkSj js] 1994(
flag] 1985½A
'khjhu ewloh mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k f'kYi mRiknd uxjksa] ftUgksaus ml le; l?ku Je
çfØ;k,a vuqHko dha] ij vfèkd è;ku dsafær djrh gSa ¼ewloh] 1987% 300-320½A vius gky
ds vè;;u esa mUgksaus eqxy Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k ds foLrkj dh tk¡p djus ds fy, fofHkUu
lwcksa vkSj uxjksa ls uxjh; dj-vk; ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA mudk rdZ
gS fd xqtjkr lwck] ftldh yach-nwjh ds O;kikj rFkk f'kYi mRiknu eas foLr`r Hkkxhnkjh
Fkh] dk lokZfèkd uxjh; djkèkku ¼tek dk 18-654%½ Fkk vkSj ;g lkezkT; esa lcls
vfèkd uxjhÑr {ks= Fkk] blds ckn vkxjk lwck dk LFkku Fkk tgk¡ uxjh; djkèkku tek
dk 15-712% FkkA vkbus vdcjh ds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus uxjh; tula[;k ds j[k-j[kko
ij [kpZ dh tk jgh èkujkf'k rFkk xkaoksa esa thou fuokZg gsrq cp xbZ èkujkf'k dk vuqeku
yxk;k gSA og dgrh gSa fd eqxy Hkkjr esa yxHkx 17-42% tula[;k uxjh; dsaæksa esa
jgrh Fkh tcfd 82-58% tula[;k xkaoksa esa jgrh Fkh ¼ewloh] 2008% 119-134½A LVhQsu
Cysd ,d ^lEçHkq uxj* ds :i esa 'kkgtgk¡ukckn dk vè;;u djrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd
;g O;fDrxr rFkk ikfjokfjd çÑfr dk uxj Fkk vkSj bldh fn'kk fir`lÙkkRed-
ukSdj'kkg ckn'kkgksa dh bPNkvksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh FkhA mlds fy, lEçHkq uxj y?kq Lrj
ij Lo;a ckn'kkg dk foLrkfjr fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj FkkA fdarq o`gr~ ifjçs{; ls ;g y?kq
lkezkT; FkkA ;g ¼'kkgtgkaukckn½ fir`lÙkkRed-ukSdj'kkgh lkezkT; dh jktèkkuh Fkh
ftldh jkT; fuekZ.k çfØ;k esa ckn'kkg ukSdj'kkghs O;oLFkk ds ekè;e ls jkT;-{ks= ds
Åij O;fDrxr fir`lÙkkRed fu;a=.k dk foLrkj fd;k djrk FkkA ;gk¡ vR;Ur gh lw{e
lSU;] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ra=ksa rFkk O;oLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls ukSdj'kkgh dks ckn'kkg
ds çfr LokfeHkDr cuk;k tkrk FkkA ^lEçHkq uxj* ,d LFkku ds :i esa jktuhfrd
çkfèkdkj dh uxjh; vfHkO;fDr Fkk vkSj uxj esa egy ckn'kkg dh mifLFkfr }kjk fufeZr
rFkk oSèk BgjkbZ xbZ czãk.Mh; O;oLFkk dk çrhd Fkk ¼LVhQsu Cysd] 'kkgtgk¡ukckn%
lkWojsu flVh bu eqxy bafM;k] 1639-1739] fnYyh] 1993½A lrh'kpaæ eè;dkyhu Hkkjr
esa vfHktkR; oxZ dks ewy:i ls uxjh; laLÑfr ls tksM+rs gSaA ;|fi ;wjksi ls fHkUu Hkkjr
esa vfHktkR; oxZ dh dksbZ oSèk Js.kh ugha Fkh] ysfdu mPprj Lrj ij ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa 47
uxjh; bfrgkl% vfHktkR; oxZ ds yksxksa ds 'kkfey gksus ls dfri; Lrj ij laLÑfr rFkk ukxfjdrk
,d ifjp; çfrfcfEcr gqbZ ¼lrh'kpaæ] fefMoy bafM;k% ÝkWe lqYrur Vw fn eqxYl] eqxy vEik;j]
1525-1748] Hkkx-II] ubZ fnYyh] 1999] i`- 379½A og vBkjgoha lnh ds Hkkjr esa v'kkar
uxjksa dh la?k"kZiw.kZ n'kkvksa dk Hkh gokyk nsrs gSa ftlesa vxz.kh vehj ;k njckjh oxZ Hkk"kk]
laLÑfr] laj{k.k vkSj {ks=h; ewy ds vkèkkj ij fufeZr ?kVdksa }kjk çsfjr Fks ¼lrh'kpaæ]
ikVhZt ,aM ikWfyfVDl ,sV fn eqxy dksVZ] 1773-1740] ubZ fnYyh] 2002% 280-300½A
banq caxk dh fofHkUu laikfnr Ñfr;ksa us Hkkjr esa uxjokn ds lw{e vFkks± dh tk¡p ds fy,
uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa dks ,d txg bdV~Bk fd;kA mudh laikfnr Ñfr iksVZ~l ,aM ns;j
fgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k us fo}kuksa ds lEeq[k fofHkUu ¼voèkkj.kkRed vkSj i)frewyd½ eqíksa
dks iÙku uxjksa ds uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k ds vè;;u gsrq fopkj ds fy, j[kk ¼banq caxk]
iksVZl ,aM ns;j fgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k] 1700-1950] fnYyh] 1992½A ds- ,l- eSF;w vkSj
vQt+y vgen ^ewy dksphu* ls fHkUu viuh uxjikfydk ç.kkyh ls ç'kkflr gks jgs ,d
i`Fkd~ uxjh; ,UDyso ds :i esa 1527 esa iqrZxkyh uxj dksphu ds vH;qn; dks ns[krs gSaA
bldk uxjh; Lianu fofHkUu ;wjksih; cktkjksa ds lkFk blds elkys ds O;kikj ls izkIr
foiqy lEink ij vkèkkfjr Fkk ¼eSF;w vkSj vgen] 1990½A flUukIikg vjklkjRue vkSj
vfu:) js elwyhiêue vkSj dSEcs ds uxjh; dsaæksa ds fodkl esa ns'kt cSafdax] f'kYiksa ds
mRiknu rFkk O;kikj dh Hkwfedk dks n'kkZrs gSaA ;+|fi nksuksa uxj çeq[k ijk-egk}hih;
O;kikj usVodZ ds çeq[k dsaæ Fks] varrksxRok vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx dh jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk rFkk
;wjksih; leqæh-;k=k dh pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k os cqjh rjg çHkkfor gq,A fofHkUu O;kikfjd
leqnk;] tks ckgjh nckoksa ls vR;fèkd çHkkfor gksus yxs] varrksxRok lrr~ :i ls
ifjorZu'khy n'kkvksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa lkèkuksa ds vHkko esa fLFkj :i ls viuk O;kikj ugha
pyk lds vkSj os ih<+h nj ih<+h viuh O;kikfjd lEink rFkk ijEijkvksa dks fuckZèk :i
ls vkxs ugha c<+k lds ¼vjklkjRue vkSj js] 1994½A
vc uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa esa uxjksa dk fooj.kkRed Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa vè;;u djus dh
ijEijk ls gVdj eè;dkyhu uxjksa ls lac) ewY;ksa dh tk¡p djus dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh gSA
gj O;fDr tkurk gS fd ;g ftruk ljy çrhr gksrk gS mruk gS ughaA eè;dkyhu uxjksa
ds çknqHkkZo rFkk laiks"k.k ds fy, dkj.kkRed dkjd le;-le; ij fHkUu-fHkUu jgs gSa
ftUgksaus mudh dk;kZRed Hkwfedkvksa esa ifjorZuksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA dbZ ifjfLFkfr;kas
esa tc vkxjk tSls uxjksa dk çknqHkkZo eq[;r% jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk vkSj ogk¡ le;
chrus ds lkFk çpqj vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;k¡ lafpr gks xb±A ifj.kkeLo:i ckn esa Hkh eqxyksa
dh lÙkk ds fnYyh ;k vU;= pys tkus ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;g mÙkj Hkkjr ds çeq[k Qyrs-
Qwyrs okf.kfT;d dsaæksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa cuk jgkA cukjl tSlk dfri; uxj tks
gkyk¡fd eq[; :i ls èkkfeZd vkSj rhFkZ dkj.kksa ls fodflr gqvk cSafdax vkSj O;kikfjd
dk;Zdykiksa dk çeq[k dsaæ cu x;k ftlus uxj dh vkfFkZd fo"k;oLrq dks gh vkewy :i
ls cny fn;kA xksok tSls uxj] tks çkjEHk esa O;kikj dh izsjd 'kfDr ds dkj.k vfLrRo
esa vk,] us varrksxRok iqrZxkyh jkT; ds vfr'k; gLr{ksi rFkk fu;a=.k ds dkj.k viuh
çeq[k O;kikfjd çÑfr dks [kks fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu O;kikfjd lewg Hkkx dj fgan
egklkxkj esa okf.kfT;d n`f"V ls vis{kkÑr fØ;k'khy rFkk vfèkd Lora=k izkIr LFkkuksa ij
pys x, ftlls xksok iqrZxkyh lÙkk dk 'kq"d vklu ek= cudj jg x;k tgk¡ u rks dksbZ
egRoiw.kZ O;kikj gksrk Fkk u gh lÙkk dk okLrfod Lrj FkkA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds
vfèkdrj uxj vkewy-pwy ifjorZu dh bl çfØ;k ls gksdj xqtjs ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
48 uxjksa] ftudk çkjEHk esa mn; dfri; fuf'pr çdkj ds dkj.kksa ls gqvk Fkk] dks le;
chrus ds lkFk u, dk;Z vkSj ubZ Hkwfedk,a fey xb±A ;g ifjorZu uxjh; LFkkuksa esa u, e/;dkyhu
lÙkk lewgksa vkSj gSfl;r lewgksa ds vH;qn; ds dkj.k gqvkA ;g oxZ uxjksa ds HkkSfrd uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
Lo:i esa viuh Hkwfedk rFkk gSfl;r ds vfHkçk; dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh O;xzrk esa bruk
fopkj/kkjk,a
vfèkd Fkk fd mlus iqjkus lÙkk lewgksa rFkk muds lHkh dk;Z rFkk fuokl LFkku dk;kZRed
:i ls i`"BHkwfe esa <dsy fn, tks bu lewgksa dh lÙkk dk irk yxkus ds fy,] vfuok;Z
'krZ ds :i esa] le; ds lkFk lqfoèkktud :i ls fodflr gq, FksA le; ds vyx-vyx
fcUnqvksa ij uxjh; ÑR;ksa dh vfrO;kfIr vkSj fofHkUu lÙkk lewgksa ds }kjk fojksèkh nkos
LFkkfud çfØ;kvksa esa çfrfcfEcr gksrs jgrs gSa rFkk uxj LFkku esa vfHkfyf[kr ewY;ksa rFkk
rdZ ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds dkykuqØe dk irk uxjh; HkkSxksfyd Lrjksa ds jgL;ksn~?kkVu ls
gh py ik;sxk ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2009% 13-38½A

3-4 eè;dkyhu uxjokn dh èkkj.kk

vc ge eè;dkyhu uxjokn] tks jktuhfr] O;kikj vkSj lekt ls vR;fèkd funsZf'kr Fkk]
dh çÑfr ij fopkj djsaxsA
3-4-1 okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls vfHkizsfjr uxjokn
ewy:i ls eè;dky vkSj iwoZ vkèkqfud dky esa Hkkjr esa nks çdkj ds uxjokn dk vkfoHkkZo
gqvkA ,d vksj ^okf.kfT;d :i ls vkosf'kr uxjokn* Fkk tks f'kYidkjksa }kjk fufeZr
oLrqvksa rFkk O;kikfjd mRiknd-lg-fofue; dsaæksa }kjk mRlftZr vkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa ds
dkj.k bu LFkkuksa ij vfLrRo esa vk;k vkSj nwljh vksj jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vkosf'kr
uxjokn* Fkk tgk¡ uxjhdj.k ds fy, visf{kr 'kfDr;ksa dk mRltZu okLrfod lÙkk
vkèkkfjr xfrfofèk;ksa ls gqvkA jktuhfrd :i ls vkosf'kr uxjh; dsaæksa esa fnYyh lcls
çeq[k Fkk tcfd nkSyrkckn] xqycxkZ] xkSM]+ vkxjk] ykgkSj] chtkiqj] xksydq.Mk vkfn vU;
egRoiw.kZ ^jktuhfrd uxjksa* ds :i esa mHkjs ¼v'kjQ] 1970% 100-210½A okf.kfT;d :i
ls vkosf'kr uxjh; dsaæksa dk fodkl ns'k dh fofHkUu fn'kkvksa dh vksj tkus okys çeq[k
O;kikfjd ekxks± ds lafèk-fcUnqvksa ij gqvkA tkSuiqj] cqjgkuiqj] eqYrku] iVuk] vgenkckn]
mTtSu] vtesj vkSj bykgkckn eq[; :i ls okf.kfT;d n`f"V ls vkosf'kr uxjksa ds :i
esa fodflr gq, ¼eksjySaM] 1962% 145-172( udoh] 1968% 12-130½A gkykafd ckn esa bu
uxjh; dsaæksa esa çkUrh; jktèkkfu;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk mudh uxjh; çÑfr esa ,d
vyx eksM+ vk x;kA pw¡fd bl vofèk ds nkSjku okf.kT; rFkk jktuhfr ijLij xqaFks gq,
Fks cgqèkk uxjksa dh ;s nks fHkUu Jsf.k;ka i`Fkd vko`Ùk bdkb;ksa esa ekStwn ugha Fkh vfirq Hkw-
vkfFkZd bdkb;ksa ds :i esa nksuksa dh gh fo'ks"krk,a vfHkUu :i ls ekStwn FkhaA bu {ks=ksa esa
vusd feyu fcanq FksA oLrqr] 10oha vkSj 11oha lfn;ksa esa O;kikj ds iqu:)kj us Hkkjr ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa uxjh; çlkj dh çfØ;k dks çsfjr fd;k( rFkkfi bZjkuh lkezkT; dh
uxjh; laLÑfr dh ijEijk ds rRoksa ds lkFk bLyke ds ços'k us bl çfØ;k dks vkSj rst
dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofue;ksa ds dsaæksa ds :i esa vusd uxjksa
rFkk vèkZuxjksa dk mn; gqvkA
fopkjèkkjk ds :i esa bLyke us dfri; çFkkvksa dks tUe fn;k ftlus mudh èkkfeZd vkLFkk
lacaèkh vko';drkvksa dks iwjh djus ds fy, dfri; fof'k"V çdkj dh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu
rFkk miHkksx dks rhozrk iznku dhA bLykeh rkSj-rjhdksa ds vuqlkj iq:"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa
gh ds }kjk viuk iwjk 'kjhj oL= ls <adus dh vko';drk us fofHkUu çdkj ds oL=ksa rFkk
ifjèkkuksa dh ekax esa vpkud çpqj ek=k esa o`f) dh ftlus vHkwriwoZ :i ls oL= mRiknu 49
uxjh; bfrgkl% dk;Zdykiksa dks cgqr rst dj fn;kA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk jkspd gksxk fd ml le;
,d ifjp; bLyke rFkk eqlyeku cqudjksa ds lkFk oL= mRiknu dk tks varHkwZr lacaèk Fkk ds dkj.k
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa xSj eqfLye cqudjksa }kjk Hkh dbZ eqfLye mRloksa] tSls eqgjZe]
ftls vkaèkzçns'k esa fcYdqy gh fHkUu uke ls dqN fgUnq cqudjksa }kjk euk;k tkrk gS] dks
eukuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA bl çfØ;k us yacs varjky esa diM+k mRiknu ds dk;Zdykiksa esa
lfEefyr yksxksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa dks fodkl dj jgs bLykeh ,UDyso dh vksj ,d pqEcd
dh rjg vkÑ"V fd;k tks 'khèkz gh f'kYidkjksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, vfHklj.k fcanq cu
x;kA eqYrku] vgenkckn] cM+kSnk] lwjr bR;kfn tSls vfèkdrj u, mHkjrs gq, uxjksa esa
cqudj lewg çHkqRo'kkyh Fkk ftls fofHkUu çdkj ds oL= mRiknu esa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly Fkh
¼eksjySaM] 1962% 160-172½A bDrsnkjh ç.kkyh ls mRlftZr vkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa us miHkksDrkvksa
dk ,d cM+k oxZ mRiUu fd;k ftlds ikl çpqj Ø; {kerk FkhA blus uxjh; çlkj dh
çfØ;k dks vR;fèkd rst dj fn;kA bDrsnkjksa us Ñf"k vfèk'ks"k dks vius vkoklh; {ks=ksa
esa [khapdj vusd ,UDysoksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k çkjEHk dhA
3-4-2 uxjokn vkSj lwQh rFkk HkfDr dk çlkj
vusd NksVs uxjksa vkSj uxjksa esa cqudjksa rFkk f'kYidkjksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa dks xzkeh.k
lekt }kjk iznÙk ^fuÑ"V rFkk frjLÑr gSfl;r* ds dkj.k Lo;a dks ml lekt ls vyx
dj bu uxjksa ds mnh;eku eè; oxZ esa Lo;a dks lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z rFkk xzká
cukus ds fy, ;g oxZ lwQh rFkk HkfDr ijEijk ls Lo;a dks tksM+rk x;kA lwQh vkSj HkfDr
vkanksyu esa nksuksa dk gh Hkkjr ds vusd fgLlksa esa uxjokn dh lkaLÑfrd 'kfDr ds :i
esa fodkl gqvk vkSj vius cgq eapksa] vkuq"Bkfud çFkkvksa rFkk fopkjèkkjkvksa ds ekè;e ls
mUgksaus fc[kjh gq, f'kYidkjksa dh Jsf.k;ksa ds dfri; lewg dks vkil esa tksM+k] mUgsa ,d
u;k lanHkZ vkSj ubZ çdkj dh igpku çnku dh ftlus muds vkRe xkSjo dks c<+k;kA ;g
ml le; ds larksa }kjk ç;qDr :idksa vkSj miekvksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA dchj us vius
inksa esa diM+k cqukbZ ls lacafèkr :idksa vkSj miekvksa dk vfèkdkfèkd ç;ksx fd;k ¼flag]
1993% 48½A ysfdu lwQh vkSj HkfDr vkanksyuksa us fofHkUu f'kYidkj lewgksa esa viuh
fopkjèkkjk dks Lohdk;Z cukus ds ç;kl esa Je dh laLÑfr dks oSèk crk;k] ifj.kkeLo:i
ftlus f}rh;d {ks= esa mRiknu vkSj uxjh; lajpuk dh çfØ;k dks Hkh mRçsfjr fd;kA
bldk fuf'pr ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xkao dh lhek ds vanj Jfedksa dks fu;af=r djus
dh xzkeh.k vfHktkrksa rFkk dqyhuksa dh 'kfDr esa deh gksrh xbZ vkSj blds ckn u, fodflr
gksrs uxjh; {ks=ksa esa Je cy dk vR;fèkd çokg gqvk tgka mUgsa dk;Z feyus ds volj
izkIr FksA edlwn vgen [kku uxjhdj.k ij lwQhokn ds çHkko ds ckjs esa ,d fHkUu
ifjçs{; nsrs gSaA muds vuqlkj lwQh lar tks vius ihj-iSxEcjksa ds erksa dk çpkj djus
ds fy, nwjLFk LFkkuksa vkSj vkarfjd Hkw-çns'kksa esa x, os mu LFkkuksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k
ds lkèkd cusA le; chrus ds lkFk bu nwjLFk LFkkuksa us lwQh larksa ds lkFk viuh lac)rk
ds dkj.k çflf) çkIr dj yh vkSj yksdfç; gks x,] ftlds dkj.k muds bnZ-fxnZ vusd
rhFkZ;k=h rFkk HkDrtu vkus yxs vkSj os uxjh; dsaæksa ds :i esa fodflr gksrs x,A bl
çfØ;k esa flygV ¼<kdk ds lehi½ tSlk LFkku] ftldk mn~xe vkSj fodkl lwQh ihj
'kkg tykyqíhu ls lacafèkr gS] uxjh; dsaæ cu x;k ¼[kku] 2004% 103-5½A
iUægoh vkSj lksygoha lfn;ksa rd dchjiafFk;ksa vkSj nknw iafFk;ksa lesr lwQh vkSj HkfDr
vkanksyu uxjksa ds èkkfeZd vkanksyuksa ds :i esa Øfed :i ls fodflr gksrs x,] vkSj
50 bUgksaus] eq[; :i ls] uxj fuokfl;ksa ds vkè;kfRed lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud ,sls eqíksa]
ftudk fd eq[;èkkjk ds :f<+oknh èkkfeZd oxks± us lekèkku ugha fd;k] dks lkèkkA1 bjQku e/;dkyhu
gchc ¼1969 % 6-13½ Hkh mÙkj Hkkjr esa vyx ifjçs{; ls HkfDr vkanksyuksa esa f'kYidkjksa dh uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
Hkkxhnkjh ds eqíksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA ¼lrh'kpaæ dh èkkj.kkvksa ds dqN igyqvksa dks igys
fopkj/kkjk,a
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ge bl fcanq dks ;gk¡ NksM+dj vkxs c<+rs gSa½A dqN iaFkksa
ftudk geus Åij mYys[k fd;k gS] ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k vkt ds ifjçs{; esa ekewyh
çrhr gks ldrh gS] fdarq HkfDr rFkk lwQh vkanksyuksa us mÙkj Hkkjr ds f'kYidkj lewgksa dks
ftl çdkj ykecan fd;k vkSj fodkl dj jgs uxjksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkZd la?kVuksa ij tks nh?kZdkfyd çHkko Mkyk mldh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa] tks laxBukRed :i ls fLFkj Fks] ds foijhr fodkl dj jgs uxj ,d
rjg ds vjktd LFkku Fks tgka le`) O;kikfj;ksa rFkk fuèkZu fuokfl;ksa ds chp dkQh nwjh
Fkh] tgk¡ vfr jkstxkj vkSj vYi jkstxkj dh leL;k,a Fkh ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu
f'kYidkjksa us lekt ds dqN gh yksxksa ds gkFk esa vR;fèkd lEink ds lap; dh i`"BHkwfe
ds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy, u, èkkfeZd vkanksyuksa dks viuk;kA Hkze.k'khy cqudj vkSj
f'kYidkj] vius lkFk bu u, èkkfeZd ewY;ksa dks ,d uxj ls nwljs uxj esa ys x, bl izdkj
;g yksx Hkh ubZ mn~Hko gksrh uxjh; laLÑfr ds okgd cusA2 ;g tkSuiqj] Xokfy;j] ekaMq]
cqjgkuiqj] okjk.klh] yqfèk;kuk] ikuhir] vgenkckn bR;kfn esa i;kZIr va'k esa ns[kk tk
ldrk gS tks bl le; rd egRoiw.kZ xkS.k uxjksa ds :i esa fodflr gks pqds FksA ;g uxj
eky ds vkokxeu vFkok èkkfeZd er-lacaèkh ;k=kvksa }kjk fuokfl;ksa rFkk laLFkkvksa ls
vR;ar gh l{ke :i esa ,d usVodZ }kjk tqM+s Fks ¼xzsoky] 2006% 325-6( bjkdh] 2009% 56-
74( fjtoh] 1978( ykWjsUt+u] 1987% 287-303( ykWjsUt+u] 1981½A dchj] ftudk eq[; is'kk
cqukbZ Fkk] us cqudjksa ds uxj cukjl esa dkQh le; O;rhr fd;kA mUgksaus viuh
dkO;kRed Hkk"kk'kSyh ds ekè;e ls uxj-fuokfl;ksa ds vkè;kfRed rFkk lkekftd eqíksa dks
mBk;kA nknw] ftudk tUe 1544 esa vgenkckn esa èkqfu;k ifjokj esa gqvk Fkk] us viuh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk eq[; dsaæ dY;k.kiqj] dsoyiqj bR;kfn tSls NksVs uxjksa dks cuk;k Fkk
¼dkysorZ] 1988% 33-6( 67-72½A
3-4-3 iksfylØslh
lksygoha lnh ls vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa ls lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus rFkk nwj-njkt ds {ks=ksa dks lÙkk
ds çeq[k dsaæ ls tksM+us nksuksa gh ds fy, uxjksa dh J`a[kyk dh LFkkiuk dh j.kuhfr dks
eqxyksa rFkk iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa ds vfuok;Z vo;o ds :i esa ykxw
fd;k x;kA eqxyksa vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa dh lkezkT;oknh uhao esa dkQh gn rd uxjksa dh

1- ;gk¡ ÝkaflLdu ÝkbvlZ ¼fn esafUMdSUV~l½] fn Mksfefudu ÝkbvlZ ¼fn çsfMdSUV~l½] vysyqb,UV~l]
¶ySxsySUV~l] okYMsufl;Ul] iSVsjkbUl] vkuksZfYMLV~l] iqvj yksECkkM~Zl] tksvkfdekbV~l] Myflfu;Ul]
vYchtsfUl;Ul vkSj áwfefy;kfVl ds /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa esa ge foy{k.k lekurk ns[k ldrs gSa] ftudk
e/;dkyhu ;wjksih; uxjksa ds fodkl ds lkFk /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa ds :i esa çlkj gqvk] ftUgksaus uxj
fuokfl;ksa ds fofHkUu eqíksa rFkk laosnu'khyrk dk lek/kku fd;kA foLr`r fooj.k ds fy, MksukYM ,Q-
yksxu] , fgLVªh vkWQ fn ppZ bu fn feMy ,tst] yanu] 2002] i`- 203-14( lh- ok;ksykUVse] ßbjslh
vcsZu , bjslh :jkyh bu bVkfy;k nky XI vy XIII lsdksyksÞ] vks- dSfiVkuh ¼laik-½] esfM;vksboks
bjsfVdsy] cksyksXuk] 1977 nsf[k,A

2- ;wjksih; bfrgkl esa bldh foy{k.k lekurk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA foLr`r fooj.k ds fy, nsf[k, vkj-
MCY;w- lkmnuZ] ¼1970½ osLVuZ lkslkbVh ,aM fn ppZ bu feMy ,st ¼feMylsDl% geksZUM~loFkZ½] i`- 273-
86( MksukYM ,Q- yksxku] ¼2002½ , fgLVªh vkWQ fn ppZ ¼yanu% jkmVyst½] i`- 275-93½- 51
uxjh; bfrgkl% J`a[kyk] ftls 'kkldksa ;k muds fofHkUu lÙkk-lk>hnkjksa us ;k muds çfrfufèk;ksa us xkaoksa
,d ifjp; rd vius çkfèkdkj dk foLrkj djus rFkk blds vfèk'ks"k ds nksgu djus dh çfØ;k esa
vius lkezkT; dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] 'kkfey FkhA bl vFkZ esa eqxyksa ds
'kklu dks ßiksfylØslh* dgk tk ldrk gS ftldh mRifÙk xzhd 'kCn ^ikWfyl* ¼uxj½ ls
gqbZ gS tks uxjksa vkSj uxj fuokfl;ksa ds ekè;e ls Js"B çkfèkdkj ds 'kklu dk lwpd gS]
ftlus xkao dks vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls vius vèkhuLFk cuk, j[kkA rFkkfi] ;g
fopkj bl rF; dks vLohdkj ugha djrk fd xkao esa Hkh uxjh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds foLrkj
;k ladqpu ds cht fufgr FksA ;g lR; gS fd xzkeh.k-uxjh; uSjUr;Z dks nksuksa ifjçs{;
ls ns[kk tkuk gSA okLro esa jkT; ds ^ikWfylØSfVd* Lo:i dh izfØ;k vusd ^jktuhfrd
:i ls vkosf'kr uxjksa* ds l`tu vkSj igys ls gh ekStwn okf.kfT;d uxjksa dks jktuSfrd
vFkZ nsus ls Hkh gqvkA
eqxy 'kkldksa esa loZizFke vdcj }kjk vius mHkjrs gq, lkezkT; dks laoguh; cukus ds
fy, LrEHkksa ds :i esa çeq[k lalkèku-mRiUu djus okys LFkkuksa esa uxjksa dh J`a[kyk ds
fuekZ.k ds lkFk 'kklu dk ^iksfylØSfVd* Lo:i vkjEHk fd;k x;kA vdcj us vkxjk ¼tks
1565-1571( 1598-1606 ds nkSjku eqxyksa dh jktèkkuh cuk½] Qrsgiqj lhdjh ¼1571-1585½]
ykgkSj ¼1585-1598½ tSls lkezkT;oknh jktèkkuh uxjksa lfgr vusd uxjksa dh uhao j[kh]
vkSj dqN dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;k ;k mu ij fot; gkfly dh ;k muesa Qsjcny fd;k
¼glu] 2008% 225-31½A ,d uxj ls nwljs uxj esa jktèkkuh dk if'pe dh fn'kk esa
LFkkukUrj.k mlds }kjk if'pe fn'kk esa fd, x, HkkSxksfyd fot; vfHk;ku ds vuq:i
FkkA ,slk mlds }kjk u,-u, foftr Hkw-Hkkxksa rFkk laHkkfor foæksgh ,UDyso ij lalkèku
tqVkus ds vfrfjDr viuh jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k x;kA ,sls
uxjksa esa mlus lÙkk ds vius lk>hnkjksa dks clk fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] ,d uxj ls nwljs
uxj esa lÙkk ds vkèkkj ds LFkkukUrj.k us jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lkezkT; ds lhekorhZ {ks=ksa
esa mldh fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ vkSj LFkk;h djuk lqfuf'pr fd;k] rFkk blls bu uxjksa ds
vklikl ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls vkfFkZd lalkèku rFkk oLrqvksa ds çokg rFkk vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa]
ftUgsa mlus igys gh vius jktdks"kh; vkSj vkfFkZd igyksa ds ekè;e ls mRçsfjr dj fn;k
Fkk] ds fy, ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA eqt¶Qj'kkg dks ijkftr dj xqtjkr dh fot; ¼1572-
3½ us vdcj dks lwjr] HkMk+Sp rFkk dSEcs ds O;kolkf;d Lianu'khy cUnjxkg uxjksa dk
Lokeh cuk fn;k] tcfd caxky ij vkfèkiR; ¼1574-6½ us caxky esa mHkjrs gq, uxjksa]
pVxkao] lrxkao vkSj cqV~Vksj ¼csVksj-gkoM+k½] mlds fu;a=.k dks vklku dj fn;kA pVxkao
vkSj larxkao iqrZxkyh futh O;kikfj;ksa vkSj muds HkxksM+s O;kikfj;ksa ds O;kikfjd çfr"Bkuksa
dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk uxjksa ds :i esa mHkjs FksA ¼dkEiksl] 1979% 66-99½A iqrZxkfy;ksa us
cqV~Vksj] ¼csVksj-gkoM+k½ esa unh ds fdukjs-fdukjs >ksifM+;ksa vkSj ckal dh lajpukvksa dh
J`a[kyk LFkkfir dh tks muds vLFkk;h vkokl rFkk okf.kfT;d çfr"Bku Fks ftls os ogk¡
ls tkrs le; mlesa vkx yxkdj u"V dj nsrs Fks tSlk fd 1565 esa lhtj ÝsMfjd ¼1969%
411] 439½ of.kZr djrk gSA 1583 esa vdcj us LFky ekxZ rFkk xaxk vkSj ;equk ds ty
ekxks± ds vfHklj.k fcanq ij ,d fo'kky fdys ds lkFk bykgkckn ¼iqjkus ç;kx ds LFky ij½
u, uxj dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks varrksxRok iwohZ xkaxs; ?kVh ls lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus ds
vkfFkZd lkèku ds :i esa fodflr gqvk ¼fjpM~Zl] 1993% 27-30] 62½A eqxyksa dh
^iksfylØSfVd* uhfr;ksa dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk QSyrh gqbZ jktuhfrd lhekvksa ds lkFk vkSj
ubZ jktuhfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, u, uxjksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj u, uxjksa
52
esa lÙkk ds vkèkkj dks ckj-ckj LFkkukUrfjr djuk FkkA bl çdkj] ;|fi tgk¡xhj us
vkxjk dks 1607 ls 1612 rd viuh lÙkk dk vkèkkj dsanz cuk, j[kk vkSj cgqèkk bldh e/;dkyhu
;k=k dh] lkFk gh og vtesj] d'ehj vkSj ykgkSj viuh jktèkkuh LFkkukUrfjr djrk jgk uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
¼glu] 2008% 226½A 'kkgtgk¡ us vkxjk esa vius vkjfEHkd 'kklu ds i'pkr~ vius lÙkk
fopkj/kkjk,a
ds vkèkkj dks fnYyh esa uofufeZr 'kkgtgk¡ukckn uxj ¼1639½ esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k ¼Cysd]
1993½] tcfd vkSjaxtsc us viuh jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn ls vkxjk ¼1669-1671½ ¼glu]
2008% 226½ vkSj varr% nDdu esa mlds vius uke ij fufeZr vkSjaxkcn ¼1683½
¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2013% 140-159½ uxj esa LFkkukUrfjr dhA ;|fi vkxjk dks lkezkT; dk
jktèkkuh uxj ekuk x;k] lÙkk dh çeq[k laLFkkvksa rFkk lkèkuksa ds lkFk njckj lrr~ :i
ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij LFkkukUrfjr gksrk jgk] blls fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds eè;orhZ
dLcksa dk l`tu gqvk vkSj blus lkezkT; dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kvksa
dks cM+h ek=k rFkk Lo:i esa lfØ; dj fn;k tks jkT; ds ^iksfylØSfVd* Lo:i ds fy,
visf{kr FkkA
buesa ls vfèkdrj uxjksa esa 'kkld oxZ y?kq jgk gksxk] rFkkfi mudh cgqfoèk vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, ds fofHkUu eè;orhZ Lrjksa ds lgorhZ l`tu us bu mnh;eku uxjksa
esa ml tfVy Je çfØ;k dks Rofjr dj fn;k ftlus uxjhdj.k dh 'kfDr'kkyh rjaxksa
dk mRltZu fd;kA ckj-ckj jktèkkuh LFkkukUrj.k dh bl çfØ;k esa u, uxjksa dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZ rFkk fo|eku uxjksa dh ubZ vko';drk,a iwjh djus ds fy, mRçsfjr rFkk
foLrkfjr fd;k x;k( rFkkfi lcls foy{k.k ?kVukØe ;g Fkk fd bu cM+s uxjksa ds chp
eè;orhZ vkSj f}rh;d uxjh; dsaæksa ds :i esa vusd miuxj vkSj uxj clk;s x,A xkaoksa
dh lEink dks vfèkdkfèkd bu uxjksa esa dsfUær fd;k x;k tgk¡ cgqèkk Js"B lkezkT;oknh
cM+s uxjksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, mRiknu rFkk fofue; dk;Zdyki gqvk
djrs FksA ,d laiwjd uxj ds :i esa uxj ,d vkfFkZd lkèku cu x;k ftldh lgk;rk
ls lkezkT;oknh cM+s uxjksa ds vkèkkj LrEHk xzkeh.k fo'kky {ks= esa QSys gq, c`gr~ çdkj ds
eky vkSj mRikn vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx ds ân; esa ços'k djrs FksA uxjksa ds bu Js.khÑr
inkuqØe ds ekè;e ls] tks le; chrus ds lkFk ogk¡ gksus okys Je l?ku dk;Zdykiksa ds
va'k ds vkèkkj ij gqvk vkSj dM+h esa euds dh Hkkafr xaqFkk gqvk jgk] xkaoksa ls lkezkT;oknh
c`gr uxjksa dh vksj bl rjhds ls lalkèkuksa dk fuckZèk çokg gqvk fd ;g vuqØfed
lÙkkèkkjh oxks±] muds vusd eè;ofrZ;ksa] lg;ksfx;ksa rFkk vèkhuLFkksa dh miHkksDrkoknh ekaxksa
dks iwjk djus ds vfrfjDr lkezkT; ds eagxs <+kaps dk laogu dj ldkA
bl çdkj] fofHkUu uxjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj cukoV dk lgorhZ lÙkk ds lk>hnkj ds :i esa
eulcnkjh ç.kkyh ds varxZr vfHktkR;ksa dk yack inkuqØe Fkk ftUgksaus mnh;eku uxjksa
esa jgdj buesa xkaoksa ls viuh tkxhjksa dh lEink ykuk 'kq: fd;kA lÙkk ds ;s lk>hnkj
l'kDr miHkksDrk oxZ cu x, ftuds ikl [kpZ djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk Fkh ftlus rS;kj
eky ds mRiknu rFkk mudh fofue; çfØ;kvksa nksuksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks mRçsfjr fd;kA
bu vfHktkR;ksa ds fy, uxj çeq[k vkokl LFky cu x, rFkk vdcj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ
eulcnkjh ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr mUgsa tks tkxhjsa feyk djrh Fkha mlus mUgsa [kpZ djus ds
fy, çpqj lEink iznku dhA ,d lkèkkj.k eqxy ?kqM+lokj ftlds ikl rhu ?kksM+s gksrs Fks
ds fy, 25 :- çfrekg dk osru vkSj mPp 5000 tkr- ¼O;fDrxr osru½ ds vehj dk osru
30]000 :- çfrekg Fkk ¼pUæk] 2006% 160-1½] tks Li"Vr% çR;sd dLcs@uxj esa fofHkUu
{kerk rFkk lkeF;Ziw.kZ inkuqØe dks n'kkZrk gS] tks cktkj esa Hkkjh ek=k esa lEink dh
vkiwfrZ dj ldrs Fks] tks miHkksDrk oxZ dh la[;kRed 'kfDr rFkk Ø; 'kfDr c<+kus esa
lgk;d Fkh] Qyr% oL=] js'keh oL=] js'ke ds dkyhu] csycwVsnkj oL= bR;kfn tSlh 53
uxjh; bfrgkl% foykflrkiw.kZ enksa dh fofHkUu fdLeksa dh ekax esa o`f) gqbZA vcqy Qty o.kZu djrk gS
,d ifjp; fd vdcj us ;g vkns'k fn;k Fkk fd dfri; gSfl;r ds yksx dsoy dfri; ifjèkku gh
èkkj.k djsaxs] Li"Vr% og miHkksx dh vknr dks lkekftd gSfl;r ds lkFk lekurk ij
ykuk pkgrk Fkk ¼vkbu-, vdcjh] 1977] Hkkx I] vkbu 32%94½A vfHktkR; yksxksa rFkk
èkuoku O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk cs'kqekj [kpZ vkSj vkMEcjiw.kZ miHkksDrkoknh
O;ogkj mudh lkekftd gSfl;r ds lwpdkad ds :i esa ns[ks tkrs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i]
mHkjrs gq, miHkksDrk oxZ dh fofoèk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fofHkUu çÑfr
ds mRiknd lacaèkh dk;Zdykiksa dk uxjksa rFkk mlds vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa O;kid :i ls
çlkj gqvk ftlls f}rh;d mRiknu cgqr gh rhoz gks x;k vkSj fons'kh cktkjksa dh vksj
mUeq[k O;kikj esa rsth vkbZA
uxj-mUeq[kh dk;Zdykiksa] ftlesa lcls çeq[k çkS|ksfxdh; uoksUes"k Fkk vkSj tks vdcj ds
le; ls vkSj rhoz gks x;k] esa o`f) djds ^iksfylØSfVd* 'kklu dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA
vdcj tks f'kYi mRiknu rFkk O;kikj dh çfØ;k dks mRçsfjr djus ds fy, vR;fèkd
mRlqd Fkk] us oL= ds mRiknu esa ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks 'kq: fd;kA mlus Hkkjr esa js'ke
ds oL=ksa] tjhnkj oL=] csycwVsnkj oL= vkSj js'ke ds dkyhu ds dke esa dkjhxjksa dks
çf'k{k.k fnyk;k ftlls Hkkjrh; oLrq,a bZjkuh rFkk ;wjksi dh oLrqvksa ls mRÑ"V gks ldsa
¼gchc] 2005% 132½A vdcj }kjk Hkkjr yk, x, n{k mLrknksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa us oL=
mRiknu esa f'k{kk nh ftUgksaus dHkh-dHkh Hkkjrh; iSVuks± ds lkFk bZjkuh] ;wjksih; rFkk phuh
iSVuks± ds feJ.k dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;kA vkxjk] Qrsgiqj lhdjh] ykgkSj vkSj vgenkckn tSls
uxj ç;ksx'kkyk,a cu x, tgk¡ ;s çkS|ksfxdh; ç;ksx ckj-ckj fd, x, vkSj ;s uxj tYn
gh f'kYi-mRiknu ds çeq[k dsaæ cu x, ¼gchc] 2005% 132-133½A js'keh vkSj lwrh oL=ksa
dk çpqj ek=k esa mRiknu rFkk eqxy {ks= esa mudk O;kikj vkbus vdcjh ls vfHkçekf.kr
gksrk gS] ftlesa lwrh oL=ksa dh yEch lwph nh xbZ gS] tSls [kklk ¼ftldh dher çfr ihl
3 :- ls 15 eqgj ds chp Fkh½] pkSrkj ¼3 :- ls 9 eqgj rd½] eyey ¼4 :i;s½] rulq[k]
xaxkty ¼pkj :i;s ls ikap eqgj rd½ vkSj HkSjkSa ¼pkj :i;s ls pkj eqgj rd½A lwrh oL=ksa
dh vusd fdLesa tSls lkyw fegjdqy] fljh lkQ] lgu] >ksuk] vVu] vlkoyh] ck¶rk]
egenh] iaprksfy;k] >ksyk bR;kfn Hkh O;kikj ds fy, eqxy uxjh; cktkjksa esa ys tk, x,
¼vkbus vdcjh] 1977] Hkkx I] vkbu 32% 100-101½A mRiknu esa o`f) ls LFkkuh; ekax ds
vfrfjDr] vfèk'ks"k oL= mRiknu caxky vkSj xqtjkr ds leqæh iÙkuksa ds ekè;e ls fons'kh
fofue; ds fy, vfèkdkfèkd ek=k esa ys tk, x,A lwjr- cqjgku-vkxjk ekxZ ¼VSofuZ;j]
1925% 40-53( eUMh] 1914% 9-65] ekWUljsV] 1922% 5-27½ vkSj lwjr-vgenkckn-vkxjk ekxZ
dk bu uxjksa ds mRiknu dsaæksa dks iÙku uxjksa rFkk rVorhZ Hkkjr ds fofue; dasæksa ls
tksM+us ds fy, ckj-ckj ç;ksx fd;k x;k ¼VSofuZ;j] 1925% 54-72( eUMh] 1914% 231-72½A
fofHkUu mÙkj Hkkjrh; uxjksa ls rS;kj mRikn NksVh ukSdkvksa ls unh; ekxZ ¼gchc] 1999%
70½ vkSj xzkaV Vªad jksM] ftls 'ksj'kkg us vkjEHk esa vVd ls fnYyh rd cuok;k Fkk
¼Qk:d] 1977% 11½ ftldk ckn esa vkxjk ls iwohZ caxky esa lksukjxkao rd foLrkj fd;k
x;k ¼dkuwuxks] 1965% 315^-6½] }kjk caxky ds iÙkuksa rd igq¡pk, x,A
3-4-4 iqrZxkyh uxj% iksfylxkfdZd
iqrZxkfy;ksa us Hkh viuh lkezkT;oknh bekjr dks [kM+k j[kus ds fy, uxjksa ds ekè;e dks
viuk;k] fdarq eqxyksa us ftl rjg ls mudk mi;ksx fd;k mlls iqrZxkfy;ksa dk rjhdk
54 fcYdqy gh fHkUu FkkA iqrZxkfy;ksa us uxjksa dk ç;ksx xkaoksa ds vfèk'ks"k dks fu"dkflr djus
rFkk ykHk dekus ds fy, vkfFkZd lkèkuksa] dh rjg fd;k ftls os varr% ;wjksi ysdj x,A e/;dkyhu
eqxyksa us iqrZxkfy;ksa ds foijhr Hkkjr ds vanj gh lEink dk ifjlapj.k gksus fn;k vkSj uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
uxjksa dks cktkj dh t:jrksa rFkk mudh jktuhfrd vis{kkvksa ds çR;qÙkj ds vkèkkj ij
fopkj/kkjk,a
fodflr gksus fn;kA iqrZxkfy;ksa us Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij Dohyksu] dksphu] ØSaxkUuksj]
dSUukuksj] eSaxyksj] gksukoj] cklsZyksj] xksok] rkuk] clhu] neu vkSj nho tSls uxjksa dh
J`a[kyk dh LFkkiuk dh ¼flYosfj;k] 1991% 80-90( ekysdUMkfFky] 2001% 74-5] 148-50]
177-8½A iqrZxkfy;ksa ds ikl igys ls gh dqN fu;r-lajpuk,a ekStwn Fkha ftudk mUgksaus
vius uxjh; ,UDysoksa dh çÑfr rFkk Lo:i dks vkÑfr çnku djus ds fy, bl <ax ls
lqfoèkkiwoZd ç;ksx fd;k ftlls fd vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa ls jktLo dh fudklh vfèkdre gks
tk, ¼jkslk] 1997½A iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk uxj vkèkkfjr iz'kklu ds bl fo'ks"k :i dks] ftls
Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij 'kq: fd;k x;k] dks ^iksfylxkfdZd* dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g
gkykafd mlh 'kCn ^iksfyl* ¼uxj½ ls mRiUu gqvk gS] ijUrq bldk ç;ksx vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa
ls vfèk'ks"k dh fudklh ds ç;kstu ds fy, vkSj ns'kh lalkèkuksa rFkk dkS'kyksa ds Åij
fofHkUu çÑfr ds fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus ds mís'; ls uxjksa dks ekè;e cukdj fons'kh
'kfDr;ksa ds ^'kklu* dks bafxr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkjEHk esa dksphu vkSj ckn
esa xksok dk fodkl Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh 'kklu ds fu;r izeq[k dsaæksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k]
tcfd rVorhZ Hkkjr esa vU; iqrZxkyh fu;af=r iÙku-uxjksa dh vfèk'ks"k fudklh dh
O;kid ifj;kstuk esa iwjd rFkk vuqiwjd Hkwfedk,a Fkha ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2010% 301-328½A
1505 ls dksphu ,Lrknks nk bafM;k ¼Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh fu;af=r {ks=½ dh jktèkkuh Fkh]
ysfdu 1530 esa ,Lrknks nk bafM;k dh jktèkkuh dksphu ls xksok LFkkukUrfjr dj nh xbZ
¼xksfMUgks] 1982% 34½A
iqrZxkyh Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij vofLFkr vius fofHkUu uxjh; dsaæksa ds O;kikfjd
dk;Zdykiksa ls ftruh lEink lap; djrs Fks og vikj FkhA lu~ 1610 ds yxHkx dksphu
ds iqrZxkyh uxj esa gksus okys futh O;kikj dh okf"kZd èkujkf'k 22]80]000 ikjMkvksl3 Fkk
tcfd xksok esa blh vofèk esa ;g 46]66]000 ikjMkvksl FkkA xksok uxj dh lhek 'kqYd
pkSdh ls okf"kZd vk; 2]10]000 ikjMkvksl Fkh ¼dqUgk] 1995% 256% 7½A 1610 esa nho ds
O;kikj dk okf"kZd ewY; 54]27]900 tsjkfQUl vkSj clhu ds O;kikj dk okf"kZd ewY;
31]96]800 tsjkfQUl Fkk tcfd neu dk 1225440 tsjkfQUl rFkk pkSy dk 6]92]640
tsjkfQUl FkkA4 bl çdkj bu uxjksa esa lafpr lEink dk ,d cM+k fgLlk lhek 'kqYd ds
:i esa ¼3-5% ls 6% rd ds chp½ iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk gLrxr fd;k x;k vkSj fofHkUu :iksa
esa ;wjksi dks gLrkarfjr fd;k x;kA
xksok] tks fd lÙkk dk eq[; dsaæ gqvk djrk Fkk] us èkeZ dh loZlkekU;rk] vius fuokfl;ksa
ds fy, [kk| lafgrk] os'kHkw"kk lafgrk vkSj Hkk"kk lafgrk ds ekè;e ls lkaLÑfrd

3- ;g tkudkjh ch ,u ,y] dksM 11410] i`- 116 oh] vksdkZesUVks Ms 1612 dksphu esa ml lwpuk ij vkèkkfjr
gS ftlesa crk;k x;k gS fd dksphu ds jktk }kjk 1612 esa 80]000 ikjMkvksl lhek 'kqYd ¼tks 3-5%
dh nj ls olwyk tkrk Fkk½ ds :i esa ,d= fd;k x;k FkkA bl lwpuk dh iqf"V dksphu uxj ds j[kj[kko
ds fy, çR;sd O;kikjh ls ,d çfr'kr 'kqYd fy, tkus ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA 1587 ls 1598 dh vofèk
esa okf"kZd vkSlr vk;kr 7]34]900 ikjMkvksl FkkA ch ,u ,y] QUMks tsjky] dksfMl la- 1980 ßfyozks nkl
fMLikstkl n ge ikslsZUVks]Þ rkcksvknk lsD'ku] i`- 5-16] ik;l ekysdUMkfFky] eSfjVkbe bafM;k] i`- 192-

4- bldk ewY;kadu blh vof/k ds fy, nho ¼2]44]500 tsjkfQUl½] clhu 1]44]000 tsjkfQUl½ neu ¼55]200
tsjkfQUl½] vkSj pkSy ls ¼31]200 tsjkfQUl½] laxzfgr lhek 'kqYd ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼dqUgk] 1995% 215½A
55
uxjh; bfrgkl% ltkrh;rk rFkk ekudhdj.k dks ykxw fd, tkus ls og fof'k"Vrk ¼exclusivity½ ds
,d ifjp; mPpre Lrj rd igq¡p x;k] tcfd vU; uxjksa esa xksok ds lÙkk dsaæ ls uxj fo'ks"k dh
nwjh ds vkèkkj ij O;kidrk rFkk lkaLÑfrd fotkrh;rk ds vyx-vyx va'k Fks ftlesa
cgq-lkaLÑfrd fuokfl;ksa dks fHkUu-fHkUu dk;kZRed Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus ds fy, nh xbZ FkhaA
xksok uxj esa çR;sd fuoklh dks iqrZxkyh èkeZ dk ikyu djuk Fkk rFkk ywflVsfu;u
lkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa dks ekuuk Fkk ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2009% 25-7½] tcfd vU; iqrZxkyh uxjksa
esa xSj-iqrZxkyh fuokfl;ksa dh la[;k lÙkk ds dsaæ ls mudh nwjh ds lekuqikfrd c<+rh
xbZA lkekU; nLrwj ,slk Fkk fd dksbZ uxj xksvk ds lÙkk ds dsaæ ls ftruk nwj Fkk] mldk
uxjh; LFkku okf.kfT;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd n`f"V ls mruk gh T;knk lekos'kh; Fkk tSlk
fd nho ds iqrZxkyh uxj esa Fkk tgka dsoy dqN iqrZxkyh gh jgrs Fks] tcfd blds
fuokfl;ksa esa cfu;ksa dh la[;k dgha T;knk Fkh ¼ih;lZu] 1971% 67-72½A
iqrZxkyh ljdkj dh ^iksfylxkfdZd* ;kstuk esa vkjEHk esa dsoy Hkkjr ds if'peh rV ij
fLFkr muds uxj 'kkfey Fks( rFkkfi iqrZxkyh futh O;kikfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds iwohZ rV ij ftu
,UDysoksa dks fodflr fd;k muesa dkosjh ds eq[k ij ukxiV~Vue] eækl ds fudV
ek;ykiqj vkSj iwyhdV] ikafMpsjh ds lehi nsoukeiV~Vue] caxky esa gqxyh bR;kfn dk
fodkl O;kikfjd uxjksa ds :i esa gqvk vkSj mUgksaus if'peh rV ds iqrZxkyh uxjksa ls
lalkèkuksa dh olwyh djus okyh rFkk fu;a=d laLFkkvksa ds gLr{ksi dk çfrjksèk fd;k
¼FkkWet] 1994( lqczã.;e] 1990( lqczã.;e] 1990( LVhQu] 1997( LVhQu] 2008% 11-21(
ekysdUMkfFky] 2010% 68-71½A iqrZxkyh futh O;kikjh pkgrs Fks fd muds uxj iqrZxkyh
,LVknks nk bafM;k ls Lora= jgdj dk;Z djsaA rFkkfi] iqrZxkyh vfèkdkjh bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls çlUu ugha FksA iqrZxkyh vfèkdkfj;ksa ds }kjk 1547 rFkk 1568 esa nks ckj bu rfey
rVorhZ futh uxjh; clkoVksa dks u"V djus vkSj bu fuokfl;ksa dks Hkkjr ds if'peh
rVorhZ ljdkjh iqrZxkyh ,UDysoksa ds vèkhu ykus ds fy, lSU; rS;kfj;ka dh xb± Fkha
¼FkkWet+] 2005 % 10-11½A fdarq çLrkfor lSU; vfHk;ku ugha fd;k x;k rFkk futh iqrZxkyh
O;kikfj;ksa dh O;kikfjd uxjh; clkoVksa dks èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa tSls 1606 esa LFkkfir
ek;ykiqj ds Mk;kslsl vkSj fofHkUu èkkfeZd la?kksa fo'ks"kdj dksjkseaMy uxjksa ds ÝkaflLdu
dkiqfpUl vkSj caxky esa vkWxfLVhfu;Ul dh lgk;rk ls mudks fu;af=r djus dh çfØ;k
ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds if'peh rV dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu dh ^iksfylxkfdZd* ç.kkyh ds lkFk
vUrrksxRok ,dhÑr dj fy;k x;k ¼ehlZeSu] 1982% 61-70( ekysdUMkfFky] 2013% 185-
204½A

3-5 ^uxj-jkT;*
eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds ,d vU; lewg] ftls ge Hkkjr esa ikrs gSa] dks uxj jkT;ksa dh Js.kh
ds varxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS tSlk fd bl vofèk ds nkSjku lqnwj nf{k.k esa dkyhdV rFkk
dksphu ds :i esa çdV gq, uxj blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ;s y?kq jkT; ;k vèkZ jkT; Fks tks
Øe'k% dkyhdV vkSj dksphu ds iÙku uxjksa ds lehi leqæh O;kikj ls jktuhfrd
çfØ;kvksa ds fy, ÅtkZ çkIr dj Bhd mlh rjg çdV gq, ftl rjg bVyh esa osful
vkSj ¶yksjsUl esa uxjksa ds lehi uxj-jkT; çdV gq, ¼iksyfuV~t] 1949( yqTtkVks] 1961(
ysu] 1973½( teZuh esa czseu] Y;wcsd] gSEcxZ vkSj MsfUtax ¼MsfUtax vc iksySaM gS½ ds
gSfUl,fVd uxj ¼iksyfuV~l] 1953( gsysucsUt] 1956% 28-49( ekysdUMkfFky] 1999% 3-22½
vkSj iwohZ vÝhdk esa eksxkfn'kq] cjkok] ikVs] esfyUMs] eksEcklk] isEck] tfUtckj] fdYok]
56 lksQkyk vkSj bugSEcsu dsLokfgyh uxj-jkT; çdV gq, ¼flUDys;j vkSj gdkUlu] 2000%
63-78] fi;lZu] 1998½A vius iÙku-uxjksa ls leqæh O;kikj ds çfrykHkksa ds lkFk dkyhdV e/;dkyhu
vkSj dksphu ds uxjh; dsaæ ds 'kkldksa us jkT; fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa ,d vkarfjd Hkw- uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
Hkkx dk l`tu fd;k( ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd Hkkjr ds ;s uxj jkT; viuh jktuhfrd
fopkj/kkjk,a
lajpuk rFkk ftl jhfr ls os viuh lÙkk çfØ;kvksa ds LFkkf;Ro gsrq mRiknu rFkk fofue;ksa
dks vk;ksftr djrs Fks gSufl,fVd vkSj bVyh ds uxj jkT;ksa ls dkQh fHkUu gSa ¼dksphu
ds uxj-jkT; dk vè;;u djus ds fy, nsf[k, ekysdUMkfFky] 2001½A vR;Ur xgu
leqæh O;kikj ds dkj.k fodflr gq, iÙku uxj Hkkjr ds uxj-jkT;ksa ds fy, lÙkk ds
ç;ksx gsrq eq[; {ks= cu x, tcfd vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx esa fc[kjs gq, mRiknu dsaæ jktuhfrd
fot;ksa }kjk lÙkk ds dsUnz rFkk iÙkuksa dh O;kikfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ls tksM+ fn, x,A uxj-
jkT; ds :i esa dkyhdV ds vH;qn; dks dkyhdV ds ewy 'kkld iksykfFkjh dks ijkftr
djus ds i'pkr~ rsjgoha lnh esa mHkjrs gq, leqæh O;kikj dh i`"BHkwfe esa usfMf;jIiq Lo:ie
ds çeq[k ds jktfuokl dks ,ukZM ¼eYyiqje ftyk½ esa usfMf;jIiq ds vkarfjd Ñf"k {ks=
ls dkyhdV ds leqæ O;kikj dsaæ dks LFkkukUrj.k ds lkFk tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ckn esa
dkyhdV ds O;kikj ls vftZr lEifÙk vkSj eqfLye O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ls
usfMf;jIiq Lo:ie ds çeq[k us varrksxRok lewfFkjh ;k teksfju dh mikfèk èkkj.k dh vkSj
vklikl ds Hkw-Hkkxksa ij vkfèkiR; tek fy;k vkSj mUgsa dkyhdV esa leqæh O;kikj ds fy,
dkyhfepZ mRiknu dk vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx cuk fy;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 1999% 9½A Bhd blh
çdkj is:EiMIiq Lo:ie ds çeq[k] ftldk eq[;ky; oUusjh ds Ñf"k {ks= esa Fkk] us Hkh
nf{k.k dh vksj c<+uk 'kq: fd;k] vkSj igys egksn;iqje ¼Øsaxkuwj½ vkSj fQj dksphu dh
ubZ mnh;eku clkoV rd igq¡pk tgk¡ mlus 1405 ds vklikl vius jktfuokl dh
LFkkiuk dhA 'kh?kz gh ;g uxjh; bdkbZ ds :i esa fodflr gks x;k vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa ds
vkxeu ds i'pkr~ leqæh O;kikj dh xfr rhoz gksus ds lkFk dksphu Hkkjr ds if'peh rV
ij ,d çeq[k uxj cudj mHkjk tgk¡ çpqj O;kikfjd lEifÙk Fkh vkSj blds 'kkldksa us
dkyhfepZ ds mRiknu dh çfØ;k dks dksphu esa O;kikfjd dk;Zdykiksa ds lkFk tksM+us ds
mís'; ls dkyhfepZ mRiknu ds vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx esa viuh fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djuk 'kq:
fd;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky] 2001% 30-33½] ;wjksi esa vfèkdrj uxj-jkT;ksa esa tSls gSfUl,fVd
uxjksa esa lÙkk O;kikfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa Fkh vkSj mRiknd uxjksa esa jgrs Fks tcfd dkyhdV
vkSj dksphu ds uxj-jkT;ksa esa okLrfod lÙkk jktuhfrd 'kkldksa ds gkFkksa esa jgh( fdarq
lÙkk ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks muds çeq[k O;kikjh lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk lk>k fd;k x;kA
lÙkk dh lk>snkjh dh bl çfØ;k esa ,d fons'kh eqfLye O;kikjh dks dkyhdV ds fons'k
O;kikj dk 'kklu laHkkyus dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZ Fkh] tcfd ?kjsyw O;kikj dh ftEesnkjh
LFkkuh; ekfiYyk eqfLye O;kikjh dks lkSaih xbZ FkhA ;g ekfiYyk eqfLye varr% dkyhdV
ds dks;k ds :i esa tkuk x;k tks dkyhdV esa ç'kklfud n`f"V ls vR;Ur gh 'kfDr'kkyh
in cu x;kA dksphu esa dksad.kh vkSj iV~Vkjksa ds vfrfjDr ;gwnh O;kikjh rFkk iqrZxkyh
futh O;kikjh dksphu ds jktk ds çeq[k O;kikfjd lg;ksxh FksA dksphu ds jktk ds ik"kZnksa
vkSj eaf=;ksa ds :i esa mUgksaus vR;fèkd 'kfDr rFkk çHkko dk ç;ksx fd;k ¼ekysdUMkfFky]
2007% 260-285½A rFkkfi muds lÙkk lacaèkksa rFkk lehdj.kksa esa ckj-ckj ifjorZu gksrs jgs
ftlus uxj dh vkarfjd xfr'khyrk esa lw{e fo'ks"krkvksa dk ;ksx fd;kA

3-6 lkjka'k
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ;g Li"V djrk gS fd eè;dkyhu uxj dh ,dy foospuk lacaèkh
èkkj.kk es a Hkkjr dh ,sf rgkfld çfØ;kvks a esa uxjks a dks ftu vus d vFkks± es a 57
uxjh; bfrgkl% vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk mlds [kks tkus dk Hk; gSA eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds uxjksa dks
,d ifjp; le>us dh vusd laHkkouk,a rFkk rjhds gSaA ;g Li"V gS fd ,sfrgkfld :i ls bu uxjksa
us lkekftd-vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa ds nks fHkUu lewgksa] ,d çkphudky ls vkSj nwljk vkèkqfud
le; dk] ds chp ds cMs+ le;kUrj dks ikVus dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA nks dkyksa ds chp
;kstd gksus ds vfrfjDr eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh dfri; vUrHkwZr fo'ks"krk,a Fkha] ;g mu
O;kid lkekftd-vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa] ftuds vanj mudk fodkl gqvk]
dsUæhÑr rFkk xgu :i dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA

3-7 vH;kl
1½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds vè;;u ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k dkSu ls gSa\
2½ fo}ku eè;dkyhu ;wjksih; uxjksa dks fdl rjg ns[krs gSa\
3½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh çHkqrk ds lacaèk esa gsujh fijsu ds fopkj ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
4½ 13oha-14oha lfn;ksa esa ^uxjh; Økafr* ds eksgEen gchc ds fopkj dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
5½ fo}kuksa us miegk}hi ds eè;dkyhu uxjksa dh fdl izdkj foospuk dh gS\
6½ ^okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd n`f"V ls iksf"kr uxjokn* dk fopkj D;k gS\
7½ ^iksfylØslh* D;k gS vkSj ;g fdl rjg ls ^iksfylxkfdZd* uxjksa ls fHkUu gS\
8½ eè;dkyhu uxjksa ds bfrgklys[ku dh ppkZ dhft,A

3-8 lanHkZ xazFk

vcqy Qty vYykeh] ¼1977½ fn vkbus vdcjh] vuq- ,p- CykWdeSu] Hkkx-I ¼ubZ fnYyh%
vksfj,aVy cqDl fjfçaV dkiksZjs'ku½-
vczkEl] fQfyi] ¼1978½ ßVkmUl ,aM bdkWukWfed xzksFk% le F;ksjht ,aM çkWCyElÞ] fQfyi
vczkEl vkSj bZ- ,- fjXys ¼laik-½] VkmUl bu lkslkbVht% ,lst bu bdkWukWfed fgLVªh ,aM
fgLVkWfjdy lksf'k;ksykWth ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
vjklkjRue] flUukIikg vkSj vfu:) js] ¼1994½ elwyhiV~Vue ,aM dSEcs % , fgLVªh vkWQ
Vw iksVZ VkmUl] 1500-1800 ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke euksgjyky ifCy'klZ çk- fy-½-
v'kjQ] ds-,e-] ¼1970½ ykbQ ,aM dUMh'kUl vkWQ fn ihiqy vkWQ fgUnqLrku] nwljk
laLdj.k ¼ubZ fnYyh% eq'khjke euksgjyky½-
csdj] ,yu] vkj-,p-] ¼2003½ T;kWxzQh ,aM fgLVªh% fczftax fn fMokbM ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
caxk] banq ¼laik-½] ¼1991½ flVh bu bafM;u fgLVªh% vcZu MseksxzkQh] lkslkbVh ,aM
ikWfyfVDl ¼fnYyh% euksgj½-
caxk] banq ¼laik-½] ¼1992½ iksV~Zl ,aM nsvj fgaVjySaM~l bu bafM;k] 1700-1950] ¼fnYyh%
euksgj½-
58
Cysd] LVhQu] ¼1993½ 'kkgtgk¡ukckn% fn lksojsu flVh bu eqxy bafM;k] 1639-1739 ¼ubZ e/;dkyhu
fnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½- uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
czkWMsy] QukZUM] ¼1973½ dSfiVfyTe ,aM eVhfj;y ykbQ] 1400-1800] vuq- fefj;e dkspu fopkj/kkjk,a
¼U;w;kWdZ% gkiZj ,aM jks½-
dkWysorZ] foukUn ,e-] ¼1988½ ßnknw ,aM nknw-iaFk % fn lkslsZtÞ] dsjhu 'kksej vkSj MCY;w ,p-
eSfDyvM ¼laik-½ fn lsaV~l % LVMht bu , fMoks'kuy VªsfM'ku vkWQ bafM;k] ¼fnYyh%
eksrhyky cukjlh nkl½-
dSEiksl] ts-ts-,-] ¼1979½ fgLVªh vkWQ fn iksrqZxht bu csaxky ¼iVuk% tkudh çdk'ku½-
pEidy{eh] vkj-] ¼1996½ VªsM vkbfM;ksykWth ,aM vcZukbts'ku % lkmFk bafM;k] 300 ch-
lh ,aM 1300 , Mh ¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
paæk] lrh'k] ¼2009½ ,lst+ vkWu esfM,oy bafM;u fgLVhª ¼ubZ fnYyh% gj-vkuan ifCyds'kUl½-
paæk] lrh'k ¼2006½ fefMoy bafM;k] Hkkx II ¼ubZ fnYyh % gj-vkuan çdk'ku½-
paæk] lrh'k ¼1997½ fefMoy bafM;k% fnYyh lYrur ¼1206-1526½] Hkkx I ¼ubZ fnYyh% gj-
vkuan ifCyds'ku½-
pêksikè;k;] ch-Mh-] ¼1997½ fn esfdax vkWQ vyhZ fefMoy bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
fpukW;] 'kek fe=] ¼1998½ 'kkgtgk¡ukckn% , flVh vkWQ nsYgh] 1638-1857 ¼ubZ fnYyh%
eqa'khjke euksgjyky ifCy'klZ½-
dkWDl] ds- vkj-] ¼1976½ ßvesfjdu T;kWxzQh% lks'ky lkbUl betsZUV]Þ lks'ky lkbUl
DokVZjyh] Hkkx 57] i`- 182-207-
dqUgk] tksvkvks eSuq,y Mh vYehnk Vsysl b] ¼1995½ bdksuksfe;k Mh ve bEihfj;ks %
bdksuksfe;k ikWfyfVdk Mks ,LVkMks Mks bafM;k ,e VkWuksZ Mks ekj vjSfcdks b xksYQks iflZdks%
,yhesUVkst dkWUtqUVwjkbl% 1595-1635] esLVªkMks fMtVsZ'ku] QSdqykMsMs Mh fl,ufl;kl
lksf'k;kbl b áweUl] ;wfuoflZMsM uksok Mh fyLcksvk-
MsfoM ,u- ykWjsUt+u] ¼1981½ ßfn dchj iaFk% gsjsfVDl Vw fgUnwt**] MsfoM ,u- ykWjsUtu]
¼laik-½] fjyhft;l psUt ,aM dYpjy Mksfeus'ku ¼eSfDldks % dkWysftvks fM eSfDldks½-
MkWc] ekWfjl] ¼2006½ ß, fjIykbZÞ] jksMuh fgYVu] ¼laik-½ Vªkaft'ku ÝkWe ¶;wMfyTe Vw
dSfiVfyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkdkj cqDl½] i`- 59-61-
MkWc] ekWfjl] ¼2007½ MsosyiesaV vkWQ dSfiVfyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% jkmVyst@vkdkj cqDl½-
Qk:d] ,-ds- ,e-] ¼1997½ jksM~l ,aM dE;qfuds'kUl bu eqxy bafM;k ¼fnYyh% bnkjkg-,-
vnfc;kr-, fnYyh½-
Qwdks] fe'ksy] ¼1986½ ßvkWQ vnj LislstÞ] Mk;fØfVDl] Hkkx 16 la- 1] fLçax] i`- 22-27-
Qwdks] fe'ksy] XosuMksfyu jkbV vkSj ikWy jsucks] ¼1982½ ßLisf'k;ykbts'ku vkWQ ikWoj % ,
fMLd'ku vkWQ fn odZ vkWQ fe'ksy QwdksÞ] Ldkbykbu] i`- 14-20- 59
uxjh; bfrgkl% Qwdks] fe'ksy] ¼1980½ ikWoj@ukWyst% lsysDVsM bUVjO;wt ,aM vnj jkbfVaXl] 1972-77
,d ifjp; ¼yanu% iSfUFkvkWu cqDl½-
ÝsMfjd] lhtj ¼1969½] fjpMZ gSDY;qV] fn fçafliy usfoxs'kUl] oks;stst] VªSfQDl ,aM
fMLdojht vkWQ fn bafXy'k us'ku esM ckbZ lh vkWj vksojySaM Vw fn fjeksV ,aM QknZsLV
fMLVSaV DokVZlZ vkWQ fn vFkZ ,V ,uhVkbe fofnu fn dEikl vkWQ nht 1600 bZ;lZ] Hkkx
V U;w;kWdZ-

ÝkbducxZ] vkj- bZ- ¼1986½ fnYyh Fkwz fn ,tst % lsysDVsM ,lst bu vcZu fgLVªh] dYpj
,aM lkslkbVh] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQkMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
QUMks tsjky] ch-,u-,y-] dksfMl la- 1980 ßfyozksnkl fMListkl Ms ve vkWlsZUVksÞ] VScksvkMk
lsD'ku-
xksfMUgks] foVksfjuksa exkygst] ¼1982½ vks,l MsLdksfczesUVkst bZ v bdksuksfe;k eqafM;ky]
Hkkx III] fyLcksvk-
xzsxjh] Msjsd] ¼2007½ ßfn çksMD'ku vkWQ LislÞ vkj- ts- gkohZ] MsfoM] fn fyfeV~l Vw
dsfiVy ¼yanu½-
xzsoky] ts-,l- vkSj banq caxk] ¼1985½ LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh ¼ve`rlj% xq: ukud nso
;wfuoflZVh½-
xzsoky] ts-,l-] ¼2006½ ßlwfQTe bu fefMoy bafM;kÞ] ts-,l- xzsoky] ¼laik-½ fjyhft;l
ewoesaV~l ,aM baLVhV~;q'kUl bu fefMoy bafM;k ¼fgLVªh vkWQ lkbUl] fQykWlksQh ,aM
dYpj bu bafM;u flfoykbts'ku½] Hkkx VII: 2 ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
gchc] bjQku] ¼2005½ ßvdcj ,aM VsDuksykWthÞ] bjQku gchc ¼laik-½ vdcj ,aM fgt
bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
gchc] bjQku] ¼1978½ ßbdkWukWfed fgLVªh vkWQ fn MsYgh lYrur% ,su ,ls bu bUVjçsVs'kuÞ]
bafM;u fgLVkWfjdy fjO;w] Hkkx IV, la- 2] i`- 289-98-
gchc bjQku] ¼1969½ ßfn fgLVkWfjdy cSdxzkmUM vkWQ fn ikWiqyj eksuksFkhfLVd ewoesaV~l
vkWQ fn 15oha-17oha lsapqjhtÞ] fc'ks'oj çlkn ¼laik-½] vkbfM;kt bu fgLVªh ¼ckWEcs% ,f'k;k
ifCyf'kax gkml½] i`- 6-13-
gchc] bjQku] ¼1999½ ,xzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ eqxy bafM;k] 1556-1707] ¼ubZ fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
gchc] eksgEen] ¼1952½ ßbUVªksMD'kuÞ] ,p- ,e- bfy;V vkSj tkWu Mkmlu ¼laik-½] fgLVªh
vkWQ bafM;k ,st VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj,Ul ¼vyhx<+½] i`- 55-78-
gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼1973½ lks'ky tfLVl ,aM fn flVh] ¼ckfYVeksj% tkWu gkWfifdUl ;wfuoflZVh
çsl½-
gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼2001½ Lislst vkWQ dSfiVy % VqoZM~l , fØfVdy T;kWxzQh ¼U;w;kWdZ%
jkmVyst½-

60
gkohZ] MsfoM] ¼1985½ fn vcZukbts'ku vkWQ dSfiVy % LVMht bu fn fgLVªh ,aM F;ksjh e/;dkyhu
vkWQ dSfiVfyLV vcZukbts'ku ¼ckYVheksj% tkWu gkWfifdUl ;wfuoflZVh çsl½- uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
glu] ,l- uq:y] ¼2008½ fjyhtu] LVsV ,aM lkslkbVh bu fefMoy bafM;k] lrh'k paæ fopkj/kkjk,a
}kjk laikfnr ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
xqIrk] vkbZ- ih-] ¼1986½ vcZu fXyEilst vkWQ eqxy bafM;k % vkxjk fn bEihfj;y dsfiVy]
16oha ,aM 17oha lsapqjht ¼vkxjk% fMLdojh ifCyf'kax gkml½-
bjkdh] 'kgkcqíhu] ¼2009½ HkfDr ewoesaV bu fefMoy bafM;k% lks'ky ,aM ikWfyfVdy
ilZisfDVOl ¼fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªO;wVlZ½-
tkWulu] bR;kfn] ¼laik-½ ¼2000½ fn fMD'kujh vkWQ áweu T;kWxzQh ¼vkWDlQksMZ %
CySdosy½-
dsysucsUt] geZu] ¼1956½ ßMsj QsQjekDVZ ve 1600 vUM Mh gULVkVsÞ] gSufl'ks
tslf'kLV~lCykVj LXXIV, i`-28-49-
[kku] edlwn vgen] ¼2004½ ßlwQht ,aM nsvj daVªhC;w'ku bu fn çkslsl vkWQ vcZukbts'kuÞ]
uh: feJ] ¼laik-½ lwQht ,aM lwQhTe % le fjQysD'kUl ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ
,aM fMfLVªO;wVlZ½-
ysu] ,Q- lh-] ¼1973½ osful% , esfjVkbe fjifCyd] ¼ckfYVeksj% tkWu gkWifdUl ;wfuoflZVh
çsl½-
ysQscz] gsujh] ¼1991½ fn çksMD'ku vkWQ Lisl] vuq- MksukYM fudksYlu-fLeFk] a¼ynu%
CySdosy½-
yksxku] MksukYM ,Q-] ¼2002½ , fgLVªh vkWQ ppZ bu fn fefMy ,tst ¼yanu % jkmVyst½-
ykWjsUtsu] MsfoM ,u-] ¼1987½ ßfn dchj iaFk ,aM lks'ky çksVsLVÞ] dsjhu 'kkWej vkSj MCY;w-
,p- eSfDyvksM ¼laik-½] fn lsaV~l% LVMht bu , fMoks'kuy VªsfM'ku vkWQ bafM;k] ¼fnYyh%
eksrhyky cukjlhnkl½-
yqTtkrks] th-] ¼1960½ LVksfjvk bdkWukWfedk Mh osusft;k MkWy*XI vYl XVI lsdksyks
¼osusft;k½-
ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2009½ ß, flVh bu Lisl ,aM esVkQj% , LVMh vkWu fn iksV-Z flVh
vkWQ xksok] 1510-1700Þ] LVMht bu fgLVªh] Hkkx 25] la- 1] i`- 13-38-
ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2010½ ßLisf'k;ykbts'ku ,aM lks'ky bathfu;fjax % jksy vkWQ
flVht vkWQ dksphu ,aM xksok bu 'ksfiax fn ,LVkMks Mk bafM;k] 1500-1663] tksvkvks
ikmyks vksfyosfj;k , dksLVk vkSj foVksj yqbl xksLikj jksfMªXl ¼laik-½] vks ,LVkMks Mk
bafM;k , vksl MslkfQvksl ;wjksfi;l % ,DV~l Mks XII lsfeukfjvks baVjusflvksuk Mh
fgLVksfj;k bUMks-iksrqZxhft;k] fyLcksvk] i`- 301-328-
ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼2010½ eSjhVkbe bafM;k % VªsM] fjyhtu ,aM ikWfyVh bu fn bafM;u
vks'ku] ¼ubZ fnYyh % izkbel cqDl½-

61
uxjh; bfrgkl% ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2013½ fn eqxYl] fn iksrqZxht ,aM bafM;u vks'ku% psfUtax
,d ifjp; bestjht vkWQ esjhVkbe bafM;k ¼ubZ fnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-
ekysdUMfFky] ik;l] ¼2001½ iksrqZxht dksphu ,aM fn eSjhVkbe VªsM vkWQ bafM;k] 1500-
1663] ¼, okWY;qe bu fn lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMh fljht vkWQ gkbMsy cxZ ;wfuoflZVh] teZuh½
¼ubZ fnYyh % euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfDVªC;wVlZ½-
ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼1999½ fn teZUl] fn iksrqZxht ,aM bafM;k ¼eqaLVj % ,y vkbZ Vh
osykZx½-
ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l] ¼2007½ ßfoUMl vkWQ psUt ,aM fyaDl vkWQ dUVhU;qVh % , LVMh
vkWu fn epsZUV xqzIl vkWQ dsjy ,aM fn pSusYl vkWQ nsvj VªsM] 1000-1800 , Mh]Þ tuZy
vkWQ fn bekWukWfed ,aM lks'ky fgLVªh vkWQ fn vksfj,UV] Hkkx 50% 2-3 i`- 259-286-
eSF;w] ds-,l- vkSj vQty vgen ¼laik-½] ¼1990½ betsZUl vkWQ dksphu bu fn çh
bUMfLVª;y ,jk% , LVMh vkWQ iksrqZxht dksphu ¼ikafMpsjh% ikafMpsjh ;wfuoflZVh½-
ehlZeSu] ,-] ¼1962½ fn ÝkaflLdUl bu rfeyukMq ¼'kksusd-csdsujhM½-
feJk] ,l-lh-] ¼1985½ ßle vkisDV~l vkWQ fn lSYQ ,MfefufLVªax baLVhV~;q'kUl bu
fefMoy bafM;u VkmUlÞ] ts-,l- xzsoky vkSj banq ckaxk] LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh] ¼ve`rlj%
xq: ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;½-
feJk] ,l-lh-] ¼1964½ eqfLye dE;qfuVht bu xqtjkr ¼ckWEcs % ,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml½-
ekUljsV] ,UVksfuvks ¼2003½ fn desaVªh vkWu fgt tuhZ Vw fn dksVZ vkWQ vdcj ¼ubZ fnYyh%
,f'k;u ,tqds'kuy lfoZlst½-
ewloh] f'kjhu] ¼2008½ ihiqy] VSDls'ku ,aM VªsM bu eqxy bafM;k] ¼ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
ewloh] f'kjhu] ¼1987½ fn bdkWukWeh vkWQ eqxy vEik;j lh- 1595 % , LVSfVfLVdy LVMh]
¼ubZ fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
eksjySaM] MCY;w- ,p-] ¼1979½ ÝkWe vdcj Vw vkSjaxtsc % LVMh bu bafM;u bdkWukWfed
fgLVªh ¼ubZ fnYyh% vksfj,aVy cqDl fjfçaV½-
eksjySaM] MCY;q- ,p-] ¼1962½ bafM;k ,sV fn MsFk vkWQ vdcj % ,su bdkWukWfed fgLVªh
¼fnYyh% vkRekjke ,aM lUl½-
eUMh] ihVj] ¼1914½ fn VªSosYl vkWQ ihVj eUMh bu ;wjksi ,aM ,f'k;k] 1608-67] vkj-
VsEiy }kjk laikfnr] Hkkx II ¼yanu½-
udoh] ,p-ds-] ¼1972½ vcZukbts'ku ,aM vcZu lsaVlZ vaMj fn xzsV eqxy] 1556-1707% ,su
,ls bu baVjçsVs'ku ¼f'keyk% bafM;u baLVhV~;qV vkWQ ,MokULM LVMh½-
udoh] ,p-ds-] ¼1968½ vcZu lsaVlZ ,aM baMLVªht bu vij bafM;k] 1556-1803 ¼ckWEcs%
,f'k;k ifCyf'kax gkml½-
fi;jlu] ,e-,u-] ¼1972½ ßbaMhftul MksfeuSUl bu dksyksfu;y bdkWukWeh – fn xksok
62 jsUMl ¼1600-1670½Þ] ekjs ywlks baMhde] Hkkx 2] i`- 67-72-
fi;lZu] ,e-,u] ¼1998½ iksVZ flVht ,aM bUVªwMlZ % fn Lokfgyh dksLV] bafM;k ,aM e/;dkyhu
iksrqZxky bu fn vyhZ ekWMuZ ,jk ¼ckYVheksj% tkWu gkWifdUl ;wfuoflZVh çsl½- uxjhdj.k ds
v/;;u laca/kh
fijsu] gsujh] ¼1956½ fefMoy flVht % nsvj vkWfjftUl ,aM fjokboy vkWQ VªsM] vuq- ÝSad fopkj/kkjk,a
Mh- gSYth ¼U;w;kWdZ½-
IyksLtkLdk] Vsjslk] ¼1994½ ßeksjy ySaMLdsIl ,aM eSfuiqysVsM Lislt% tsaMj] Dykl ,aM
Lisl bu foDVksfj;u fjQkWeZsVjh LdwYlÞ tuZy vkWQ fgLVkWfjdy T;kWxzQh] Hkkx 20] i`-
413-429-
iksfYuRt] xksRt Ýhgj okWu] ¼1953½ Qqxj vUM gsUl ¼rqfcUtsu % ts-lh-ch- eksgj½-
iksfYuRt] xksRt Ýhgj okWu] ¼1949½ osusfMx ¼vkWXLcxZ½-
dkuwuxks] ds-] ¼1965½ 'ksj'kkg ,aM fgt VkbEl ¼dydÙkk% vksfj,UV ykaxeSu½-
fjpMZ] tkWu ,Q-] ¼1993½ fn eqxy vEik;j ¼ubZ fnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
fjtoh] ,l-,-,-] ¼1978½ , fgLVªh vkWQ lwfQTe bu bafM;k] Hkkx 1 ¼fnYyh % eqa'khjke
euksgjyky ifCy'kslZ izkbosV fy-½- jksLlk] okYVj] ¼1997½ baMks-iksVZ~;wxht flVht % ,
daVªhC;q'ku Vw fn LVMh vkWQ iksrqZxht vcZfuTe bu fn osLVuZ fgUnqLrku ¼fyLcu½-
'kqYV~t] LVSuyh ds-] ¼1985½ ß,su ,çksp Vw , F;ksjh vkWQ vcZukbts'ku**] ts- ,l- xzsoky vkSj
banq caxk ¼laik-½] LVMht bu vcZu fgLVªh ¼ve`rlj% xq:ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;½A
'kekZ] ;ksxs'k vkSj ekysdUMkfFky] ik;l ¼laik-½ ¼2014½ flVht bu fefMoy bafM;k] ¼ubZ
fnYyh% çkbel cqDl½-
flYosfj;k] yqbZ ¼laik-½] ¼1991½ fyozks Mkl IykaVkl Mkl QksVkZystkl] flMkMsl bZ
iksoksvkdks,l Mks ,LVkMks Mk bafM;k vksfj,aVy dkWe ,t fMfLØDdkst Mks eSfjfVeks Mksl
jhuksl , çksfofUlvkl vkWUMs ,LVkMks flVqvkMkl , vkmVjksl iksVksZl fçaflikbl Mkdsykt
ikVsZl ¼fyLcksvk½-
flUDys;j] ikWy] ts-ts- vkSj FkkWel gSdUlu] ¼2000½ ßfn Lokfgyh flVh LVsV dYpjÞ]
ekstsUl geZu gkUlsu ¼laik-½] ,- dSEisjsfVo LVMh vkWQ FkVhZ flVh-LVsV dYplZ% ,su
bUosLVhxs'ku ¼dkscsugkWu½-
flag] HkkbZ tksèk ¼laik-½] ¼1993½ ck.kh Hkxr dchj th fLrhd ¼ifV;kyk½-
flag] ,e-ih-] ¼1985½ Vkmu] ekdsZV] feaV ,aM iksVZ bu fn eqxy vEik;j 1556-1707 ¼ubZ
fnYyh% ,Me ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ½-
lkstk] ,MoMZ MCY;w-] ¼1989½ iksLVekWMuZ T;kWxzQht% fn jh,t'kZu vkWQ Lisl bu fØfVdy
lks'ky F;ksjh ¼yanu% olksZ½-
lkmnuZ] vkj- MCY;w-] ¼1970½ osLVuZ lkslkbVh ,aM fn ppZ bu feMy ,t ¼feMylsDl%
gkeksZUM~loFkZ½-
LVhQu] ,l- tslhyk] ¼1997½ fn dksjkseaMy dksLV ,aM bV~l fgaVjySaM% bdkWukWeh] lkslkbVh
,aM ikWfyfVdy flLVe] 1500-1600 ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ½-
63
uxjh; bfrgkl% lqczge.;e] lat;] ¼1990,½ bEizwokbftax vEik;j % iksrqZaxht VsªM ,aM lsVyesaV~l bu fn
,d ifjp; cs vkWQ csaxkWy] 1500-1700 ¼fnYyh % vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-
lqczge.;e] lat;] ¼1990ch½ fn ikWfyfVdy bdkWukWeh vkWQ dkWelZ lkmnuZ bafM;k
¼dSfEct% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl½-
Lohth] ikWy] ¼2006½ ^^, fØfVd**] jksMuh fgYVu] ¼laik-½ fn Vªkaft'ku ÝkWe ¶;wMfyTe Vw
dSfiVfyTe ¼fnYyh % vkdkj cqDl½-
VSofuZ;j] thu cSfIVLVs] ¼1925½ VªSosYl bu bafM;k] vuqokn ch- cky nwljk la'kksfèkr
laLdj.k MCY;w Øqd] Hkkx 1 ¼yanu½-
Bkdqj] fot; dqekj ¼laik-½] ¼1994½ VkmUl bu izh ekWMuZ bafM;k ¼iVuk % tkudh izdk'ku½-
FkkWekt] yqbl fQfyi ,Q-vkj-]¼1994½ Ms fl;qVk , freksj ¼fyLcksvk½-
FkkWekt] yqbZ fQfyi ,Q- vkj-] ¼2005½ ^^dh uksV ,Mªsl % 25 b;lZ vkWQ fjlpZ vkWu bUMks-
iksrqZxht fgLVªh**] Qkfrek Mk flYok xzsfl;l] lsYlk fiaVks vkSj pkYlZ ckWtsZl] bUMks
iksrqZxht fgLVªh % Xykscy VªsUM~l ¼iafte@xksok½-
f=osnh] ds-ds-] ¼1998½ vkxjk % bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy izksQkby vkWQ , eqxy lwck]
1580-1707 ¼iq.ks % joh'k ifCy'klZ½-
oh;ksySUVse] lh-] ¼1977½ ßbZjsth vcZsu b bZjsth :jkyh bu bVkfy;k Mky XI vy XIII
lsdksyksÞ] vks- dSfirkuh ¼laik-½] esfMvksboks bjsfVdsy ¼cksyksXuk½-
oscj] eSDl] ¼1968½ bdkWukWeh ,aM lkslkbVh] xqUFksj jksFk vkSj DykWl fofVp }kjk laikfnr]
vuqokn% ,Qjkbe fQ'kdkWQ bR;kfn ¼U;w;kWdZ% csMfefuLVj çsl½-
oscj] eSDl] ¼1996½ fn flVh] MkWu ekfVZuMsy vkSj tsjVªqM U;wfoFkZ }kjk vuqokn vkSj laiknu
¼yanu½-
fodh] tkslsQ] ¼1969½ MkWD;qesaVk bafMdk] Hkkx XI ¼fyLcksvk½-
oqM] ,ysu ehDlhUl] ¼2007½ MseksØslh vxsULV dSfiVfyTe % fjU;wfbax fgLVkWfjdy
eVhfj;fyTe ¼ubZ fnYyh% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-

64
bdkbZ 4 vk/kqfud uxjksa ds v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k *
lajpuk
4-1 çLrkouk
4-2 LFkku vkSj uxjh; fl)kUr
4-3 ikfFkZork
4-4 Kkucksèk% foKku] ;kstuk vkSj fo'ks"kKrk
4-5 laidZ vkSj çokg
4-6 lajpuk% vkèkqfud uxjksa esa jktuhfr vkSj nSfud thou
4-7 Hkkjr esa uxjh; bfrgkl% çeq[k fo"k;-oLrq
4-8 lkjka'k
4-9 vH;kl
4-10 lanHkZ xzaFk

4-1 çLrkouk
ge ,d NksVs ls ç;ksx ds lkFk vkjEHk djrs gSaA vki ftu 'kCnksa] Nfo;ksa vkSj fopkjksa dks
^vkèkqfud* le>rs gSa mUgsa fy[ksaA vc mUgsa ,d ckj fQj ns[ksa rFkk fopkj djsa fd muesa
ls fdruksa dks vki uxj ds lkFk lac) dj ldrs gSaA vki laHkor% ik,axs fd ^vkèkqfud*
vkSj ^uxjh;* ds ckjs esa gekjs tks fopkj gSa muds chp fudV lacaèk gSA bl [kaM esa ge
dqN çeq[k rkSj-rjhdksa dks ns[ksaxs ftuds }kjk vyx-vyx èkkjkvksa ds fo}kuksa] bfrgkldkjksa]
HkwxksyosÙkkvksa] nk'kZfudksa vkSj lekt'kkfL=;ksa }kjk vkèkqfud rFkk uxjh;] bu nks 'kCnksa ds
eè; lacaèkksa dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA

4-2 LFkku vkSj uxjh; fl)kUr

vkèkqfud uxj ds bfrgkl ds vkids vè;;u esa ,d 'kCn ckj-ckj vk,xk og gS ^LFkku*(
fo}ku dHkh-dHkh lekt fl)kUr esa ^Likf'k;y VuZ* ¼LFkkfud ?kqeko½ dk Hkh mYys[k djrs
gSaA uxj lacaèkh gky ds fl)kUrksa dk LFkku vkSj lekt ds chp lacaèkksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B
tqM+ko jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k vkxs Li"V gksrs pys tk,axsA
fdarq bl lanHkZ esa ^LFkku dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ekDlZoknh nk'kZfud gsujh ysQscz dh çeq[k
iqLrd ^fn çksMD'ku vkWQ Lisl * esa mu mikxeksa ds fo:) rdZ fn;k x;k gS ftUgksaus ,d
vksj LFkku dks ,d ljy O;oLFkk ;k i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k tgk¡ dk;Z gqvk ¼pkgs
;g yksxksa dk vkokxeu gks ;k Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k½A nwljh vksj mUgksaus LFkku dks] blds
HkkSfrd igyw dk drbZ mYys[k fd, fcuk] iwjh rjg ls ,d :id ds :i esa ekus tkus
*
MkW vuh'k ouk;d] ftUny Xykscy ykW Ldwy] lksuhir 65
uxjh; bfrgkl% ij Hkh vkifÙk dhA bldh ctk,] mudk dguk gS fd çR;sd ,sfrgkfld lekt }kjk rhu
,d ifjp; ijLij lac) rjhdksa ls LFkku dk ^fuekZ.k* fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa vuqHko fd, x,] fopkj
fd, x, vkSj thoar LFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ¼vkSj os LFkkfud çFkk] LFkku dk
çfrfufèkRo rFkk çfrfufèkRo ds LFkku ds vuq:i Fks½A dksbZ Hkh fo'ys"k.k tks buesa ls fdlh
,d rÙo rd Lo;a dks lhfer dj ysrk gS og dsoy vkaf'kd gh gks ldrk gSA
vuqHko fd;k x;k LFkku ysQscz ds- vuqlkj mu rRoksa dk gokyk nsrk gS tSlk fd mUgsa
'kjhj ls vuqHko fd;k x;k] gkFk ls bèkj-mèkj fd;k x;k vkSj ^ckgjh nqfu;k ds vuqHko
ds O;kogkfjd vkèkkj ls xqtjrk gks ¼ySQscz] 1998% 66-71½A ;g LFkkfud çFkk ds mlds
fopkj ls fudV lacaèk j[krk gSA blds foijhr vfHkO;Dr LFkku LFkku dk og fopkj gS
tks LFkku ds ckjs esa fpUru ls mRiUu fof'k"V Kku ls tfur gksrk gSA ;g Hkwxksy] HkkSfrdh]
uxjh; ;kstuk ;k ;gk¡ rd fd èkkfeZd O;oLFkk ls mRiUu gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g lhek
js[kkvksa dks [khapus] uxjksa ds ekufp=hdj.k] nwjh vkSj {ks= dks ekius dh gekjh bdkb;ksa]
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lalkj dh dYiuk djus ds rjhdksa rd dks 'kkfey djrk gSA ysQscz us
bl çfØ;k dk mYys[k djus ds fy, ^LFkku ds fu:i.k* 'kCnkoyh dk cgqèkk ç;ksx fd;k
gSA rFkkfi] thoar LFkku vuqHko fd, x, vkSj vfHkO;Dr fd, x, LFkku nksuksa ls fHkUu
gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g bu nksuksa igyqvksa esa ls çR;sd dk foLrkj.k ;k y?kqdj.k dj ldrk
gS- ¼ysQscz] 1998% 40½A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ysQscz ds vuqlkj lkekftd lacaèk LFkku ds tfj, dke djrs gSa rFkk LFkku
lkekftd lacaèk Hkh mRiUu djrk gS ,oa HkkSfrd vkSj xSj-HkkSfrd nksuksa dks tksM+rk gSA bl
n`f"Vdks.k ls LFkku ij fopkj djus ls ml ifjçs{; ls ns[kus dh laHkkouk cu tkrh gS
ftlesa oxZ] fyax ;k tkfr ds lacaèkksa dk fuekZ.k] LFkku ls gksrk gS rFkk os blds jpukdkj
Hkh gksrs gSaA
tSlk fd ,d HkwxksyosÙkk ,MoMZ lkstk us crk;k gS fd vfèkdka'k lkekftd fl)karksa dh
lkekU; ekU;rk ;g jgh gS fd le; ,d xfr'khy rRo gS tcfd LFkku vfuok;Z :i ls
fLFkj rFkk vifjorZu'khy gS ¼lkstk] 1989½A blfy, mlus bl fLFkfr dks myVus dk
ç;kl fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] fofHkUu fopkjèkkjkvksa & ekDlZoknh] oscsfj;u] ukjhoknh vkSj
mÙkj-lajpukoknh] tks uxj dh le> dks fodflr djus ds fy, LFkku dh bl foLrkfjr
le> dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] dks fpfUgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ysQscz ls Hkh igys 20oha lnh ds çkjEHk esa lkekftd vkSj LFkkfud xfr'khyrk ds leUo;
ds :i esa ftUgksaus uxj dks le>k os f'kdkxks Ldwy ds lnL; FksA muds n`f"Vdks.k dks
ekuo-ikfjfLFkfrdh dgk x;k D;ksafd blus MkfoZu ds fodkl lacaèkh fopkjksa ls dkQh
'kCnkofy;ksa dk vuqdj.k fd;k gSA blds lcls çHkko'kkyh lnL;ksa esa ls ,d vusZLV cxsZl
us lq>ko fn;k fd uxj dk fodkl blds ç;ksxdrkZvksa ds chp çfrLièkkZ ds vkèkkj ij
ladsafær o`Ùk dh J`a[kyk ds :i esa gqvkA bl çdkj ds ekWMy esa uxj dk dsaæ fctusl
fMfLVªDV ¼O;kikj ftyk½ ls fufeZr Fkk] tks fdlh Hkh vU; laHkkfor ç;ksDrkvksa dh vis{kk
vfèkd fdjk;ksa dk Hkqxrku djrk FkkA bl dsaæ ds pkjksa vksj lekt ds vU; oxZ tSls
Jfed oxZ gksrs Fks tks vius dke ds LFkku ds lehi jguk pkgrs Fks] mPp Js.kh vikVZesaV
- muds fy, tks HkhM-+HkkM+ okys uxj dsaæ ls nwj jguk pkgrs Fks & vkSj varr% miuxjh;
fuoklh lkekU;r% os ftuds ikl dkj ¼vejhdh lanHkZ esa½ FkhA ,d ckj bl vkjfEHkd
clkoV ds cktkj dh 'kfDr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij fLFkj gks tkus ds i'pkr~ çR;sd {ks= ,d
66 fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd pfj= dk fodkl djrk gSA
bl çdkj ds n`f"Vdks.k us mu jhfr;ksa ij cy fn;k ftlesa uxj dh vFkZO;oLFkk] laLÑfr vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
rFkk LFkkfud lajpuk ijLij xqaFkh gqbZ FkhA vkykspuk ds ckotwn] ikfjfLFkfrdh; n`f"Vdks.k v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
dk cqfu;knh fopkj cuk gqvk gS] fo'ks"kdj laifÙk ds ewY;ksa vkSj xfr'khyrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i
tula[;k ds forj.k dks fu:fir djrs gq, ladsafær o`Ùkksa dh J`a[kyk ds :i esa uxj dk
fopkj cuk gqvk gSA
rFkkfi] uxjh; bfrgkl ds lacaèk esa lHkh fopkjèkkjk,a bl ij lger ugha fd uxj ds
vè;;u ds fy, LFkku dks lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ fo'ys"k.kkRed lkèku gksuk pkfg,A 20oha
lnh ds çkjEHk ds lekt'kkL=h tkWtZ flesy us mu i)fr;ksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k ftlesa
lewgksa ds vkdkj us mudh vUrfØZ;kvksa dh çÑfr dks xq.kkRed :i ls vkÑfr çnku dh
¼lkWUMlZ] 1993% 88-97½A vius fucaèk ^fn esVªksiksfyl ,aM esaVy ykbQ* esa flesy us rdZ
fn;k gS fd uxj esa ekuo ds chp vUrfØZ;k dh deh ;k vfèkdrk gh uxjksa dh çÑfr
dk :i fuèkkZj.k djrh gSA uxjh; thou dk vkSipkfjd vkpj.k] xqeukeh ls ysdj
uohure QS'ku dks viukdj Js"B cus jgus dh vko';drk] nksuksa gh lkFk-lkFk pyrs
jgrs gSaA
oscsfj;u Js.kh ds uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa dh ;g n'kkZus dh çÑfr jgh gS fd tgk¡ iwoZ-
vkèkqfud dkyksa esa uxj dks vkRefuHkZj lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS]
vkèkqfud dky ds fy, ,slk djuk dfBu gS ¼vczkEl vkSj fjXys] 1978½A uxjh; loky
ij fofHkUu fopkjdksa dh lekykspuk esa ihVj lkWUMlZ rdZ nsrs gSa fd LFkku dksbZ Js.kh fo'ks"k
ugha Fkk ftlds pkjksa vksj vkèkqfud uxj dh fof'k"V lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks fpfUgr
fd;k tk ldsA blds foijhr] vfèkdrj fo}kuksa us ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd uxj og LFkku gS
ftlesa lkekU; lkekftd çfØ;kvksa dk vfèkd xgu :i ls vuqlj.k fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
LFkku mu jhfr;ksa esa ,d vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ Js.kh jgk gS ftlesa uxjh; bfrgkl ¼lkFk
gh lkFk lkekU;r% uxjh; vè;;u½ ds çfr gky ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA blds
lapkyuksa ds çfr laosnu'khyrk us vfèkd jkspd vuqHkotU; dk;ks± dk l`tu fd;k gS ftls
ge vkxs ns[ksaxsA rFkkfi ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd mu rjhdksa dks xkSj ls ns[kk tk, ftuesa bl
Js.kh dk çR;sd lanHkZ esa lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj fd;k tk, – LFkku dks ek= ?kVukvksa ds
laxzkgd ds :i esa ;k fo'kq) :id ds :i esa ;k mRiknu vkSj iqu:Riknu ds lkekftd
lacaèkksa dh tfVy vfHkO;fDr ds fy, LFkku ds :i esa ;k vius Lo;a Lora= xfr'khyrk ds
mRiknd ds :i esa ns[kk tk,A

4-3 ikfFkZork
laiw.kZ ekuo bfrgkl esa uxj] LFkku esa lkefxz;ksa dks lqO;ofLFkr djus dh fof'k"V 'kSfy;ksa
ds dkj.k igpkus tkrs Fks – ;s 'kSfy;ka xkaoksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrh FkhaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vkèkqfud uxj yksxksa rFkk vksVkseksckby ds lkFk-lkFk daØhV] bLikr] dk¡p vkSj Mkej
(asphalt) ds Hkh l?ku lewg ds :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa tks fd de ?kuRo okys xkao ls
vkSj eè;dkyhu fdyscan NksVs uxjksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu FksA
nks èkqfj;ka gSa ftuds vkèkkj ij vkèkqfud uxj ds bfrgkl dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
igyk] uxjksa dk oxhZdj.k budh HkkSfrd laLÑfr ds vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k gS – ç;ksx dh
tk jgh ÅtkZ dk Lo:i] ifjogu ds lkèku vkSj Je dh cpr djus okyh e'khujh dk 67
uxjh; bfrgkl% ç;ksxA bl çdkj] iwo-Z vkS|ksfxd uxj rFkk mÙkj-vkS|ksfxd uxj ds chp cgqèkk gh foHksn
,d ifjp; fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ lkekU; foHkktd fcanq iwo-Z vkS|ksfxd uxj dks vkS|ksfxd uxj ls
foHkkftr djus okyh fofHkUu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh igpku ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS ¼fdax] 1976(
tkscxZ] 1966½A rhljh nqfu;k ds vusd uxjksa esa bls cgqèkk uxj ds vkS|ksfxd rFkk iwo-Z
vkS|ksfxd Hkkxksa ds chp foHkktu ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ;g ,d ,slk ç'u gS
ftlds ckjs esa ifjppkZ vkSifuosf'kd uxjksa dh ppkZ djrs le; djsaxsA
;g gesa nwljs çeq[k fo"k; dh vksj ykrk gS% iwathokn vkSj m|ksx ds LFkku ds :i esa
vkèkqfud uxjA fo'ks"kdj 19oha lnh esa m|ksxksa us u, uxjksa dks tUe fn;k rFkk vusd
fo|eku uxjh; dsaæksa dks u;k :i çnku fd;kA dkj[kkuksa ds lkFk tula[;k dk
dsaæhdj.k gqvk% QSDVjh esa dke djus okyk ;k ugha djus okyk nfjnz uxjh; oxZ fuèkZu
cfLr;ksa esa jgrs FksA vU; eqís Hkh Fks ftUgsa fof'k"V :i ls uxjh; leL;kvksa ds :i esa
le>k tkrk Fkk% LoPNrk] ikuh dh O;oLFkk] lkoZtfud ifjogu vkSj vkoklA bu
leL;kvksa ij çfrfØ;k us rhu rRoksa }kjk viuk vkdkj xzg.k fd;k% yksxksa ds }kjk la?k"kZ
¼mnkgj.k ds fy, dk;Z LFky ij] vfHk;kuksa ds ekè;e ls] gM+rkyksa ;k naxksa ds ekè;e ls½]
laokn ds ekè;e ls ¼LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk ds ckjs esa½ vkSj ;kstukvksa ds }kjkA vkus okyh
bdkb;ksa esa buesa ls çR;sd ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA ÝsMfjd ,UxsYl dks 1844 dh Ñfr ^fn
daMh'ku vkWQ fn ofd±x Dykl bu baXyS.M* dks cgqèkk uxjh; vè;;uksa dk ewykèkkj ikB
ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd blus bu vusd vUrl±cafèkr fo"k;ksa ij è;ku dsfUær fd;k gSA
;+|fi iwoZ vkèkqfud ;wjksi esa uxjksa dks mu çeq[k LFkyksa tgk¡ ls iawthokn dk mn~Hko gqvk
ds :i esa ekuus dh yach ijEijk jgh gS] ysfdu nksuksa ds chp lacaèk fooknkLin jgk gSA
bfrgkldkj gsujh fijsu dk lq>ko gS fd uxj ls QSyus okys O;kikj rFkk eqæk vFkZO;oLFkk
dk foLrkj lkearokn ds fo[kaMhdj.k dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk vkSj blus iwathokn ds vH;qn;
dks laHko cuk;kA ;g ,d ,slk nkok gS ftldk [kaMu fd;k x;k D;ksafd dqN fo}ku ;g
rdZ nsrs gSa fd iwathokn ds ewy dks xkaoksa esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA
rFkkfi MsfoM gkosZ us uxj vkSj ledkyhu iwathokn ds chp xgjs lacaèkksa dh :ijs[kk çLrqr
djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS ¼gkosZ] 1989½A gkoksZ mRiknu ds ifjiFk (circuit) esa iwath ds vkorhZ
vfrlap; ds ekDlZoknh fl)kUr ls gh fopkj xzg.k djrs gSa ftlls iwath] çkFfed {ks=
¼circuit; tks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu gS½ ls fudydj iwath ds f}rh;d {ks= ¼tks fd lM+d
vkSj jsyekxZ tSls en gSa½ esa tkrh gS tgk¡ çfrykHk lkekU; mRikn ls vyx fcYdqy gh
fHkUu ykSfdd lajpuk dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA gkosZ bl ifjiFk ds c`gr~ ?kVd dk fufeZr
ifjos'k ¼fo'ks"kdj uxjksa esa½ esa gksus dk tksjnkj nkok djrk gS% nwljs 'kCnksa esa gkosZ ds
vuqlkj ¼uxjh;½ LFkku dk fuekZ.k lEink dh o`f) ds xkS.k çHkko ls dgha vfèkd gS] cfYd
;g Lo;a iwath ds çlkj esa egRoiw.kZ gSA
ukjhoknh Hkwxksyfon~ksa us ,d ,slh iw.kZ O;oLFkk] ftlesa lkekftd iqu:Riknu] ?kj vkSj
ikfjokfjd thou ds ç'u dks ukeek= dk ;k fcYdqy gh dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gS]
çLrqr djus ds fy, gkosZ ds bu fopkjksa dh vkykspuk dh gSA gkosZ ds dk;ks± dh ç'kalk
djrs gq, flUMh dkV~t ;g crkus ls ugha pwdrha fd og bl :i esa lkekftd jpuk ds
vanj xw<+ ifjorZuksa rFkk ?kVukØeksa ls mRiUu vlqfoèkktud ç'uksa ij fopkj ugha djuk
pkgrk Fkk ¼dkLVªh vkSj xzsxjh esa mn~èk`r dkV~t] 2006% 234-46½A

68 uxj esa HkkSfrdRo ds vU; jkspd mikxe Hkh gSaA yhQ tsjZe us ;g rdZ nsus ds fy, okbej
dky ds teZuh esa jlksb ?kjksa ds uD'kksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS fd jlksbZ dks jgus okys dejs vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
ls vyx djus okyh nhokj ¼ÝSadQVZ esa gSa fdarq E;wfu[k esa ugha gS½ ls efgykvksa ds ?kjsyw v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
Je ds lacaèk esa fcYdqy gh fHkUu çdkj dk vuqHko mRiUu gqvk ¼tsjZe] 2006½A ohc
fctdj vkSj dsfju fctLVjosYM Hkh ;q) i'pkr~ vofèk esa Mp efgykvksa] ftUgsa ß;kstuk
LFkyksa ij tkdjÞ lkoZtfud vkokl ;kstukvksa ij fVIi.kh djus ds fy, dgk x;k] }kjk
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ lwpukvksa ¼QhMcSd½ ls blh çdkj dk fu"d"kZ fudkyus dk iz;Ru fd;k
ysfdu os ?kjsyw LFkku ds ç;ksxksa vkSj fMtkbu ds fcYdqy vyx ifjçs{; rd igq¡psA ;s
nksuksa vè;;u ;g crkrs gSa fd ;kstuk ls vkxs c<+dj le>us dk fdruk egRo gS fd
fdl çdkj LFkku dk okLrfod HkkSfrdRo dfri; çdkj dh fØ;kvksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS
rFkk muls x<+k tkrk gSA

4-4 Kkucks/k% foKku] ;kstuk vkSj fo'ks"kKrk

vkS|ksfxd uxj dh ppkZ esa tSlk fd geus ns[kk] ;g ^uxjh; leL;kvksa* dk lekèkku
djus ds fy, vusd fo'ks"kKksa ds gLr{ksi dk LFky cu x;kA Kku ds u, :iksa dk çknqHkkZo
vkSj uxj ds lkFk muds lacaèk ,d vU; igyw gS ftlus iwo-Z vkèkqfud uxj ls vkèkqfud
uxj dks vyx fd;k gSA uxjh; ;kstuk vkèkqfud uxjksa ds vè;;u dk fo'ks"k:i ls
egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSA
vkèkqfud uxjh; ;kstuk,a Kku ds u, :iksa ls lac) Fkha ftlds oLrqfu"B lR; ij
vkèkkfjr gksus dk nkok fd;k x;kA bl Hkkx esa] ge buesa ls Kku ds ,d u, :i tu
LokLF; – ij fopkj djsaxs fdarq uD'kkuohlh] vfHk;kaf=dh] tulkaf[;dh vkSj vFkZ'kkL=]
tSls Kku ds vusd u, :i Fks ftlds vius-vius fo'ks"kK gSa vkSj ftUgsa vkèkqfud uxj
ds lapkyu esa egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud ;kstuk,a c`gr~ lkoZtfud ekxks± ls
O;fDrxr ?kjksa rd dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa uxjh; LFkku dh lajpuk rS;kj djus ds
ç;kl esa O;kid :i ls leLr rRoksa dks viuh ifjfèk esa lesVrh gSaA fQj Hkh iqjkuh uxj
;kstuk,a] ftudh ,d vkn'kZ lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ifjdYiuk dh xbZ Fkh] dk dHkh
Hkh iwjh rjg ls ifjR;kx ugha fd;k x;k] vfirq ;kstuk esa xzg.k fd, x, :iksa esa mUgsa
,dhÑr fd;k x;kA 1850 ds n'kd ds i'pkr~ vkSj cSju tkWtZ gkWleSu ds ç;klksa ls isfjl
esa tks ifjorZu gqvk og vkèkqfud uxj dh ;kstuk dk çrhd cuk ¼gkosZ] 2003½A 1853 esa
usiksfy;u III ds }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkus ds i'pkr~ vius cgqpfpZr ÑR; }kjk mlus pkSM+h
lM+dksa rFkk Hkwfexr lhojksa ds lkFk ,d u, isfjl ds fuekZ.k ds fy, iqjkus uxj ds cM+s
fgLlksa dks èoLr dj fn;kA bl ckr ij dqN fookn gS fd D;k mlds ç;kl dks Li"V
:i ls ^vkèkqfud* uxj ds iqu% la:i.k dk u;k ;k fof'k"V rjhdk ekuk tk, ¼nsf[k, gkosZ]
2003½A mnkgj.k ds fy,] eSF;w xSaMh us gkWleSu ds vèkhu fufeZr lhojksa dks ns[kdj dgk
fd os ewy:i ls dk;kZRed gksus dh vis{kk lkSan;kZRed ç;ksx ds Fks D;ksafd bldk okLrq
fuf'pr :i ls xSj-vkèkqfud :>ku dk Fkk ¼xSaMh] 1999½A bruk gksus ij Hkh] gkWleSu dh
vusd i)fr;ksa rFkk mlds ifj.kkeksa us u dsoy mu jk"Vª jkT;ksa] tks uxjksa dk fuekZ.k dj
jgs Fks] ds usrkvksa dks vfirq mudh ifjdYiuk djus okys ;kstukdkjksa rFkk mldk o.kZu
djus okys bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, vkèkqfud uxjh; ç'kklu dk ,d ekWMy izLrqr fd;kA
gkWleSu ds vèkhu isfjl ds fgLlksa dks èoLr djus ds ihNs dqN vkSfpR; ;g Fkk fd ladh.kZ
lM+dsa fo'ks"k :i ls uxjh; miæoksa ds vuqdwy Fkha tSlk fd isfjl esa 1830 vkSj 1848 esa
gqvk FkkA miæoh vklkuh ls ladh.kZ xfy;ksa esa vojksèk [kM+s dj ldrs Fks rFkk ?kqekonkj 69
uxjh; bfrgkl% xfy;ksa esa yM+ ldrs FksA blds foijhr foæksg dks dqpyus ds fy, vkus okyh lsuk,a bu
,d ifjp; tzxgksa ij vklkuh ls vk-tk ugha ldrh FkhaA isfjl dh ubZ Nk;knkj pkSM+h lM+dksa us ,d
gh lkFk lSU; VqdfM+;ksa ds vkus-tkus rFkk vklikl ds {ks= esa xjhcksa dh fo|ekurk dh
leL;k dk gy dj fn;kA mUgksaus isfjl ds vanj yksxksa vkSj eky ds çokg dks lqxe cuk
fn;k] bl çdkj iw¡th] tks uxj ij çHkqRo LFkkfir djuk 'kq: dj jgh Fkh] izokg ds ekxZ
dks lqxe cuk fn;kA varr% os lkezkT;oknh 'kklu ds çn'kZu ds fy, Hkh vfèkd mi;qDr
LFkku cu x;kA gkWleSu dh ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k esa ftu rduhdh vknkuksa dk ç;ksx gqvk
muesa uxj dk =qfVjfgr ^dSMLVªy* ekufp= 'kkfey Fkk tks viuh çdkj dk igyk Fkk
¼gkosZ] 2003% 107½A gkWleSu us ftl isfjl dh ifjdYiuk dh vkSj fuekZ.k fd;k mldk
vè;;u vkèkqfud ;kstukvksa ds eq[; fo"k;ksa vkSj lÙkk] rduhdh Kku rFkk iw¡thoknh
:fp;ksa ds chp fof'k"V lacaèkksa dks le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA
tu LokLF; Kku dk ,d ,slk :i Fkk tks 19oha lnh ds eè; ds ;wjksih; uxjksa esa vR;Ur
HkhM-HkkM+ rFkk jksxksa ds ckjs esa vuqHkoksa ls mRiUu gqvk FkkA ;wjksi esa çkjfEHkd uxjh;
;kstuk yanu vkSj mÙkjh baXySaM tSls uxjksa esa efyu cfLr;ksa ds ckjs esa eè; oxhZ;
lqèkkjdksa }kjk eglwl fd, x, [krjksa ls vkaf'kd :i ls çsfjr FkhA losZ fd, x, çkjfEHkd
lkaf[;dh; vkadM+ksa ls efyu cfLr;ksa esa vR;Ur HkhM+-HkkM+ dk ;gk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa dh
thou çR;k'kk ij iM+us okys çHkko dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu gqvkA uxjksa esa ;kstuk dks Lo:i
çnku djus okys fofHkUu çdkj ds fl)kUr vk,A bl çdkj laM+kl ;qDr ok;q ls jksx gksus
lacaèkh fl)kaUr – ;g fopkj fd jksxksa dk çlkj fo"kkDr ok"i ls gksrk gS – us uxjksa vkSj
mu {ks=ksa tgk¡ xjhc jgrs Fks] dh tksjnkj lQkbZ dk leFkZu fd;kA blds foijhr os
fl)kUr Fks ftuds vuqlkj ;g le>k x;k fd jksx-jksxk.kq ¼cSfDVfj;k½ ds çlkj ls gksrs
gSaA ,sls esa mu uxjh; ifjorZuksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;k ftlesa uxj ds mu fgLlksa
dks ,dkUr esa NksM+k tk ldrk Fkk tgk¡ jksx gksus dh laHkkouk gks] c'krsZ fd jksx ugha QSyk
gksA rFkkfi] lkekU;r% uxjh; ;kstuk ds lHkh mikxeksa esa [kqys] çdkf'kr vkSj ok;q ds
lapj.k ds fopkj dks csgrj tu LokLF; ds fy, vko';d rF; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k
x;kA
bu fofoèk ljksdkjksa rFkk fo'ks"kKrk ds LFkkuksa ds lkFk ;kstuk] uxj ds lHkh fgLlksa dks
viuh ifjfèk esa ys jgh FkhA Ýkalhlh nk'kZfud fe'kys Qwdks us vuq'kklu vkSj 'kkldh;Ro
ds ckjs esa ppkZ ds ekè;e ls vkèkqfud lÙkk ds nks lkèkuksa ds ifjpkyu dh :ijs[kk ij
ppkZ djus dk ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd fdlh fudk; ds Åij lÙkk ds
ifjpkyu esa ç;ksx gksus okyk vuq'kklu – fuxjkuh ds LFkkuksa ds çlkj ds ekè;e ls
O;ogkj rFkk vkpj.k ds u, rjhdksa dks ço`Ùk djrk gS ¼Qwdks] 1995½A Qwdks ds fy,
'kkldh;Ro tula[;k ij lw{e :i ls O;kid ifjorZu ykus ds fy, vusd fdLe ds ra=ksa
dks ykxw djuk gS ¼cq'kZsy bR;kfn] 1991½A lkekU;r% uxjh; vè;;uksa rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls
bfrgkl ds vè;;uksa esa mudh le> vR;Ur gh çHkko'kkyh jgh gSA
iSfVªd tkW;l us eSupsLVj esa u, 'kkldh;Ro ds dk;kZUo;u dh tk¡p dh gS ¼tkW;l]
2005½A blds vuqlkj {ks= dk çknqHkkZo jktuhfr ls nwj Fkk – tgk¡ ftu fu.kZ;ksa dks fy,
tkus dh vko';drk Fkh os fo'kq)r% rduhdh vkèkkjksa ij Fks vkSj mu ij Li"V :i ls
oLrqfu"B rFkk oSKkfud dkjZokbZ dh xbZA uxj dh HkkSfrd vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk – mlds
lhoj] lM+d] lkoZtfud Hkou – bl rjhds ls O;ofLFkr dh xbZ Fkh ftlus Lo;a-
70 fofu;fer 'kgj dh Nfo dks tUe fn;kA ;g ,d ,slk uxj jgk gksxk ftlesa lkekftd-
jktuhfrd laxBu dks vuko';d ekuk x;k D;ksafd fu.kZ; iwjh rjg ls rduhdh vkèkkjksa vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
ij fy, x, FksA bl çdkj ds uxj esa lapj.k fuckZèk Fkk – lM+dsa pkSM+h Fkha] izR;{k :i v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
ls tkfgj fcuk fdlh ç;kl ds vif'k"V dks ys tkus dk dke Hkwfexr ukfy;ka djrh Fkha]
ukxfjdksa ds ?kjksa esa uy ls lhèks ikuh igq¡prk FkkA uxj dks ikjn'khZ ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr
djds bldk laiks"k.k fd;k x;kA 19oha lnh esa ekufp= vkSj xkbM iqLrdksa] ftuesa uxj
dk foLrkj o.kZu fd;k x;k Fkk] esa fujarj o`f) ds lkFk rFkk mlds O;kid izlkj ls uxj
dks vklkuh ls tkuk tk ldrk Fkk vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls vkuk-tkuk ljy cu x;kA
jkT; }kjk LFkkfir lkoZtfud iqLrdky; ,d vU; rjhdk Fkk ftlls ekfur çcq)
ukxfjd dks thoar fd;k tk jgk FkkA
rFkkfi] flVh gkWy] iqLrdky;] Ldwy] dk;ZLFky rFkk dkjkxkj tSlh uxjh; laLFkk,a Hkh
vuq'kklukRed lÙkk ds dk;kZUo;u ds LFky FksA ;gk¡ fo'ks"k çdkj dh 'kkjhfjd vknrsa
rFkk le; dh ikcUnh] fuxjkuh rFkk xgjs fu;a=.k ds ekè;e ls dk;kZfUor dh tk ldrh
FkhA buesa vkSj vU; ekeyksa esa ;kstuk bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr Fkh fd HkkSfrd ifjos'k dk
fo'kq)r% HkkSfrd ls Hkh vkxs ^ykHk* gks ldrk FkkA fofy;e Xyksoj us mu jhfr;ksa dh ppkZ
dh gS ftlesa ;g èkkj.kk mu rjhdksa ls dke dj ldrh gS tks Qwdksokfn;ksa ds fopkj esa
Bhd-<ax ls ^vuq'kklukRed* ugha FksA mudk rdZ gS fd vkSifuosf'kd çkfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk
uxjh; ekufp= dks cgqèkk ml :i esa le>k x;k tks fuxjkuh dh vis{kk izksRlkfgr dj
ubZ laosnukvksa rFkk vfHk:fp;ksa dks mRiUu djus esa l{ke gSa ¼Xyksoj] 2008½A u gh gesa
m|ksxifr ^uxj çeq[kksa*] ftudk bu vusd uxjh; laLFkkvksa dh okLrqdyk lacaèkh HkO;rk
ds ekè;e ls foLrkj gksuk Fkk] dh c<+rh gqbZ èku-nkSyr ds ukxfjd xkSjo rFkk mRlo ds
rRoksa dks de djds vkaduk pkfg, ¼fczXl 1963½A
geus ns[kk gS fd vkèkqfud uxjh; ;kstuk dk vU; foèkkvksa rFkk jkT; dh dk;Zç.kkyh
ls fudV lacaèk FkkA fdarq Lo;a uxjh; ;kstuk D;k Fkh\ tSlk fd ihVj gkWy of.kZr djrk
gS vkèkqfud ;kstuk dh ladYiuk cgqèkk jkT; vkSj cktkj ds çHkko dk lkeuk djus dh
n`f"V ls dh xbZ Fkh ¼gkWy] 2002% 3½A czkt+hfy;k ds vkèkqfud uxj dh fMtkbu rFkk
;kstuk] tSlk tsEl gksYLVu çnf'kZr djrs gSa] dk y{; u,] vfèkd le vkSj csgrj lekt
dh jpuk djuk Fkk ¼gksYLVu] 1989% vè;k; 2½A dqN uxj ;kstukdkjksa] okLrqfonksa ds fy,]
tSls yh dkcwZft;j ds fy,] ;g iqjkuh lajpukvksa dks èoLr djus vkSj ^thou;kiu dh ubZ
e'khuksa* ¼bldk ç;ksx og ?kj ds fy, djrk gS½ dh jpuk ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkuk FkkA
vU; ;kstukdkj vkSj okLrqfon~ tSls ubZ fnYyh esa ,Mfou ywfV;Ul ds fy, ;g miØe
lkezkT;oknh O;oLFkk dk çrhd Fkk tks fd lM+dksa rFkk Hkouksa dh lajpuk esa çfrfcfEcr
gqvkA vkSj nwljs ;kstukdkjksa rFkk okLrqfonksa tSls iSfVªd xsMsl ds fy, ,d u, lekt ds
fuekZ.k esa ;kstuk Øe'k% fofHkUu VqdM+ksa esa caVk gqvk miØe Fkk ftlesa fo|eku Lo:i esa
fof'k"V vkSj vn~Hkqr ds çfr leqfpr laosnu'khyrk FkhA blds foijhr] flaxkiqj jkT;
eysf'k;kbZ la?k ls fu"dklu ds ckn vius vfLrRo dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, uxj@jk"Vª@jkT;
dh ;kstuk djus vkSj Lo;a ds LokfeRo okys vkokl ds ekè;e ls ukxfjdksa ds fy, dgha
vfèkd Å¡pk thou Lrj çnku djus gsrq ckè; Fkk ftlus dbZ jkspd rjhdksa ls lkekftd
thou dks cnyus esa Hkh gLr{ksi fd;kA bl çdkj uxjh; ;kstuk us ¼lkekU;r%½ 'osr
iq:"k ;kstudkjksa ds fopkjksa dk fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; dh vko';drkvksa]
tks fd ,d dk;Zdyki ds :i esa vkèkqfud ;kstuk dk eq[; fojksèkkHkkl gS] ds lkFk
lajs[k.k fd;kA
71
uxjh; bfrgkl% uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa us lkoèkkuhiwoZd ;g n'kkZ;k fd os fopkj tks ,slh ;kstukvksa ds
,d ifjp; vkèkkj gksrs gSa cgqèkk bu u, cus uxjksa ls vR;fèkd fHkUu gksrs gSaA uxjksa dh ;kstuk,a]
fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr tSls vkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa esa ctV vkSj le; ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa ls izk;%
xzLr gks tkrh gSaA blds vfrfjDr] tc ;kstuk,a fufeZr lajpukvksa esa U;wukfèkd ewrZ :i
ys ysrh gSa] yksxksa }kjk LFkkuksa dk ç;ksx cgqèkk ;kstukdkjksa dh dYiuk ls dgha vyx
lkfcr gksrk gS ¼gksYlVu] 1989½A cgqr gh de] tSlk fd flaxkiqj esa gqvk] jkT; ds mís';
ek= va'kr% gh çkIr fd, tk ldsA
rduhdh rFkk fof'k"V Kku] rFkk ftu fo'ks"kKksa ds ikl ;g Kku gS] us vkèkqfud uxjksa dks
ç;ksx rFkk vfHkO;fDr ds fy, vkn'kZ LFky ekuk gSA rFkkfi] vkèkqfud uxjh; ;kstuk us
Kku ds bu :iksa esa ls dbZ dks viuk;k gS rFkk ekuork dh n`f"V dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds
fy, mudk ç;ksx fd;k gSA uxjh; bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, bl çdkj dh ^LFkku dh
voèkkj.kkvksa* dh jktuhfr vè;;u gsrq moZj {ks= gSA

4-5 laidZ vkSj çokg

uxjhdj.k Lo;a esa ,d ,slh voèkkj.kk gS ftls ,d dsUæh; LFkku] tgk¡ eky vkSj yksx
,d= gksrs gSa] ds lacaèk ls brj ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA fdlh O;kikj ekxZ ij uxjksa
dk usVodZ] eafnj uxjksa dh Ja`[kyk] tks ,d ifo= Hkwxksy dh jpuk djrh gS] ;k uxjksa
dk lewg tks cktkj ds fy, mRiknu djus ij dsafær gS] vkfn uxjksa ds fofHkUu ÑR;ksa rFkk
{ks=ksa ds lkFk muds lacaèkksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA dqN uxjksa dks nwljs uxjksa ds lkFk lacaèkksa
;k {ks= ds vUrl±caèkksa ds lanHkZ esa ,d ç.kkyh ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g mnkgj.k
ds fy,] uxjksa dh dk;kZRed Hkwfedk dk mlds fooj.k esa mYys[k fd, tkus ls fofnr gksrk
gSA bl çdkj ;g fopkj fd cEcbZ ,d iÙku uxj gS] ;k 19oha lnh ds vUr esa fnYyh
jsyekxZ dk dsaæ Fkk] n'kkZrk gS fd uxj dh çÑfr dks blds laidks± ls dqN lacaèk vo';
gSA uxjksa ds chp bl çdkj ds laidZ foxr esa Hkh jgs gSaA vkèkqfud dky esa dfri; :iksa
ds laidZ 'kfDr'kkyh <+ax ls c<+s] tcfd nwljs :iksa esa cnyko vk;kA
mu çfØ;kvksa] ftUgksaus vkèkqfud uxjksa ds laidks± dks cyiwoZd u;k Lo:i çnku fd;k]
esa iwath vkSj m|ksx ds ifjiFk 'kkfey FksA vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjr esa uxjksa dk gzkl
gqvk Fkk ;k ugha bl çdkj ds ç'uksa dh ppkZ dh ço`fÙk bl fookn ij è;ku dsafær djus
dh jgh gSA bl çdkj fczfV'k fot; vkSj ^'kkafr LFkkfir* djus dh çfØ;kvksa dks
uxjhdj.k dk gzkl djus okys rF; ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS D;ksafd buds dkj.k iwoZ-
vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd çokgksa rFkk jktuhfrd çkfèkdkj ds vUrla±cafèkr dqN
usVodks± dk fouk'k gqvk ¼csyh] 1992½A 19oha lnh ds var vkSj 20oha lnh ds vkjEHk esa Hkkjr
esa uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;kvksa us tks xfr idM+h og ml jhfr ls tqM+k Fkk ftlesa
vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i uxj esa vkl-ikl ds {ks=ksa ls yksxksa vkSj oLrqvksa dk
vkxeu gqvkA
vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa uxjh; ç.kkyh dh jpuk dk ,d vU; dkj.k jsyekxZ dh LFkkiuk
dks ekuk tkrk gSA jsyekxZ us uxjh; dsaæksa ¼lkekU;r% iÙku uxj] fdarq jsyos ekxZ Hkh½ dks
vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkxksa tgk¡ ls eky dk çokg gksrk Fkk] ls tksM+ fn;kA chloha lnh ds
vkWVkseksckby ;qx esa jktekxZ] uxjksa esa dkjksa vkSj iawth dh vkoktkgh us jsyekxZ ;qx ds
uxjksa ds Lo:i esa ukVdh; :i ls ifjorZu dj fn;k gSA ;gk¡ ledkyhu uxjh; fodkl
72 ds vusd :i 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA miuxj ds i'pkr~ – ,d miuxj tks dqN vFkks± esa]
dsUæhdj.k rFkk uxjhdj.k ds dsUæh; uxj Lrjksa rd igq¡p x;k gS – vkSj lhekar uxj vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
(edge city) esa uxjksa ds ckgjh {ks= vkrs gSa( buesa de fdjk, dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, v/;;u laca/kh
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
lkekU;r% vkWfQl ;k ekWy vkfn ds fy, fo'kky fuekZ.k dk;Z gks jgs gSa ¼lkstk] 2000½A
bfrgkldkj miuxjh;] {ks=h; ;k jk"Vªh; ls vkxs fudydj uxjksa ds oSf'od laidks± dk
vè;;u djuk Hkh vkjaHk dj jgs gSaA mifuos'kokn ,d ,slk rjhdk Fkk] ftlesa egkuxjksa
vkSj vkSifuosf'kd uxjksa ds chp lacaèk] pkgs og fdrus gh vleku rFkk 'kks"kd lacaèk jgs
gksa] LFkkfir gq, FksA vkSifuosf'kd lacaèkksa ds nksuksa gh Nksjksa ij uxjksa ds vè;;u dks viw.kZ
ekuuk pkfg, ;fn bu uxjksa dh laLÑfr rFkk HkkSfrd rkus-ckus ij bu lacaèkksa rFkk mlds
çHkkoksa dh tk¡p ugha dh tk, ¼fdax] 1990½A ledkyhu ifjfLFkfr ds fy, lkfLd;k
lklsu ds ys[ku us ^oSf'od uxjksa* ij ,d okn-fookn dks tUe fn;k gSA mudk rdZ gS
fd fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa iwath dh rhoz vkoktkgh rFkk lapkj ds vkèkqfud :iksa ds vH;qn;]
ftlus m|eksa ds leUo; dh fodsUæhÑr lkèkuksa dh laHkkouk dks [kksy fn;k gS] ds ckotwn
uxjh; leqPp; vHkh Hkh cuk gqvk gSA ;s oSf'od uxj vius Hkhrjh Hkw-Hkkx ls vis{kkÑr
dVs gq, gSa vkSj iwath ds c<+rs gq, oSf'od lapj.k esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSaA
D;k uxj dh vkoèkkj.kk fuekZ.k ds ;s u, rjhds gesa bl fu"d"kZ dh vksj ys tkrs gSa fd
uxj dk ,d i`Fkd vfLrRo drbZ ugha gS\

4-6 lajpuk% vk/kqfud uxjksa esa jktuhfr vkSj nSfud

thou
tSlk fd vkius ns[kk fd vkèkqfud uxjksa esa lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk vkfFkZd çfØ;kvksa
ds ckjs esa vusd fl)kUr çpfyr gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] uxjksa esa jktuhfr vkSj nSfud thou
vè;;u ds egRoiw.kZ fo"k; jgs gSaA bl Hkkx esa ge O;kid dk;Z] ftlus vkèkqfud uxjksa
esa thou dh cukoV dk vFkZ fudkyus dk ç;kl fd;k gS] ds ,d NksVs ls [kaM ij è;ku
nsaxsA
uxjh; thou ds vusd o`ÙkkUr uxj ds prqfnZd fopj.k] yksd-{ks= vkSj lM+dksa dh ekSt-
eLrh ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSaA tgk¡ buesa ls vusd fyax-rVLFk 'kCnkofy;ksa esa fy[ks x,
gSa] ogha ukjhoknh fopkjdksa us mu O;oLFkkvksa dk ftØ fd;k gS ftlesa bu cqfu;knh
Jsf.k;ksa dks oLrqr% fyax ds vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ 19oha lnh ds cqtqZvk
iq:"k ^¶ySU;wj* uxj] ftlesa og lSj dj jgk Fkk] ds n`'; ls lEeksfgr Fkk] ogha blh rjg
lSj dj jgh efgyk ds fy, ;g ^vuqi;qDr* gks ldrk Fkk vkSj og cy ;k vuq'kklukRed
lÙkk dh f'kdkj cu ldrh FkhA bl rjg ls uxj esa vkokxeu dk fooj.k uxj esa fyax
lacaèkksa ds nSfud LFkkfudhdj.k dh tk¡p dk mi;ksxh çkjEHk fcUnq jgk gS ¼uk;j] 2005½A
okLro esa] tSlk fd Mksjhu eSlh rdZ nsrh gSa] vke turk esa efgykvksa ds vkokxeu dh
lhek iRuh vkSj ekrk ds :i esa mudh Hkwfedkvksa ls fo'ks"k :i ls lacaèk jgh gS ¼eSlh] 1994%
179½A lkoZtfud vkSj futh ds chp] ?kj vkSj dk;Z LFky ds chp foHkktuksa dks cgqèkk
ØwjrkiwoZd vkSj fgald jhfr;ksa ls ykxw fd;k x;kA ;s lHkh çeq[k Jsf.k;ka gSa ftudh otg
ls la?k"kks± us uxj esa nSfud thou dh fyax vkèkkfjr cukoV dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA uxjh;
bfrgkl ds vè;;u esa fyax dks ,dhÑr djus ds fy, vusd çeq[k Jsf.k;ksa rFkk uxjh;
fo'ys"k.k ds iSekus ij iqufoZpkj djus dh vko';drk gSA
73
uxjh; bfrgkl% gkykafd uxj esa fyax lacaèkh fØ;kdyki cgqèkk fufoZokn :i ls uxj esa iq:"kksa ds çdj.k
,d ifjp; ds vanj lekfgr jgs gSa] ysfdu uLy xfrfofèk;ka cgqèkk gh vfèkd n`f"Vxkspj gksrh jgh
gSaA vkSifuosf'kd uxj ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa dk ,d çeq[k n`f"Vdks.k uLyh; i`Fkdrk ij
vkèkkfjr bldh }Sèkrk jgh gSA bu fo}kuksa us uxj ds ml Hkkx ftlesa vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk
LFkkfir djus okys jgrs Fks ;k tks muds }kjk fufeZr fd, x, Fks vkSj mu Hkkxksa ftlesa
^ewy* fuoklh jgrs Fks dh fcYdqy vyx fo'ks"krkvksa dk ckj-ckj mYys[k fd;k gS ¼vcw-
yq?kksM] 1965½A bUgsa cgqèkk Li"V :i ls ;k vLi"V :i ls uxj ds vkèkqfud vkSj iwoZ-
vkèkqfud Hkkxksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vkSifuosf'kd uxj esa yk{kf.kd :i ls tula[;k
dk ?kuRo de Fkk] vfèkd LoPNrk Fkh] lM+dsa pkSM+h Fkha vkSj ;kstukc) :i ls clkbZ xbZ
Fkha rFkk bekjrsa xSj-ijEijkxr okLrqdyk n'kkZrh FkhaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ubZ fnYyh esa
caxyk vkokl dk ,d :i Fkk tks lkaLÑfrd rFkk LFkkfud :i ls bl rjg ls ,dhÑr
Fkk ftls fdax ^vkSifuosf'kd rhljh laLÑfr* dgrk gS – vFkkZr mifuos'k esa mifuos'k
LFkkfir djus okyksa ds ewY; ¼fdax] 1976½A ;g uxj ds ns'kt fgLlksa ds foijhr Fkk]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vYth;lZ esa dLckg ;k dydÙkk dk rFkkdfFkr ^CySd Vkmu*A bu
Hkkxksa esa vfèkd HkhM+-HkkM+ Fkh] lM+dsa cgqèk ladjh rFkk ?kqekonkj Fkha] ?kj vkSj cktkj
ijEijkxr rjhds ls cls gq, Fks vkSj bUgsa cgqèkk xank rFkk jksx-ço.k ekuk tkrk FkkA
vkSifuosf'kd uxj esa }Sèkrk Lor% mtkxj çrhr gksrh gSA nksuksa ds eè; ^Hksn bruk gksus
ij Hkh ,slh çfØ;k,a Fkh tks uxj ds nksuksa fgLlksa esa Fkha vkSj ftl rjg ls nksuksa ds eè;
Hksn dks cuk, j[kk tkrk Fkk o u rks fLFkj Fkk u gh Lor% mtkxj*A Lokfr pêksikè;k;
us rdZ fn;k gS fd dydÙkk esa ^CySd Vkmu* ls ^OgkbV Vkmu* dk ckj-ckj lhek fuèkkZj.k
dk mís'; Hksnksa dk o.kZu djus dh ctk, ijs'kku djus okyh lkn`';rk dks <aduk Fkk
¼pêksikè;k;] 2000½A
uxj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa lÙkk lalkèkuksa dh vlekurk dks fuf'pr ;k fLFkj lacaèk ds :i
esa ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA uxj dks lÙkk vkSj dHkh-dHkh fgald çfrjksèk ds chp
ukVdh; Vdjko ds fy, LFkku ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA ekbd Msfol dh jpuk mu jhfr;ksa
dks fpf=r djrh gS ftlesa ykWl ,atsYl ds lEHkzkUr yksxksa us ;kstukc) lqjf{kr f?kjs gq,
leqnk;ksa ds ekè;e ls rFkk iqfyl Fkkuksa dks fuèkkZfjr {ks=ksa esa LFkkfir djds ,d la?k"kZiw.kZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uxj dk fuekZ.k fd;k ¼Msfol] 2006½A mudh jpuk dks vusd dkjdksa]
ftUgksaus 1990 ds n'kd esa uLy vkSj oxZ ds eqíksa ds prqfnZd fgald naxksa dks HkM+dk;k dk
iwokZuqeku yxkus okys ds :i ns[kk x;k gSA Msfol dh vfèkd gky dh jpuk ^IySusV vkWQ
LyEl* us uxjh; tula[;k ds fo'oO;kih foLQksV rFkk vfLFkj [krjukd rFkk lhekUr
{ks=ksa ¼uxj ds½ esa muds dsaæhdj.k dks mtkxj fd;k gSA
fdarq vkèkqfud uxj esa nSfud thou Je] la?k"kZ vkSj çfrjksèk ds ç'u ls dgha vfèkd gSA
bldh Li"V fo'ks"krk cgqèkk bUgha çfØ;kvksa ls mRiUu fojksèkkHkklksa esa ns[kh tkrh gS ¼ceZu]
1997½A oLrqvksa vkSj çdk'k dh pdkpkSaèk djus okyh çpqjrk us ,d gh ifjfLFkfr esa
vkd"kZ.k vkSj fod"kZ.k ds fojksèkh çR;qÙkjksa dks mÙksftr fd;k gS] dHkh-dHkh tSlk fd okYVj
csatkfeu dh isfjl lacaèkh Ñfr esa ,d gh bdkbZ esa lc n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh uxj esa
thou ds vuqHko ds çfr dqN n`f"Vdks.k bls iqjkuh igpkuksa ls Lora= djus ds lzksr ds
:i esa ns[krs gSaA ,fytkcsFk foYlu dk rdZ gS fd Åij mfYyf[kr lHkh leL;kvksa ds
ckotwn ;g uxj esa efgykvksa ds vuqHko ds lacaèk esa lR; gSA ¼foYlu] 1991½A mnkgj.k
ds fy,] Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa nfyr vuqHkoksa ls bldh iqf"V gksrh gS fd uxj ls xkao dh vksj
74 xeu ftls nklRo rFkk caèku ds Lo:iksa dks ihNs NksM+us ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
 vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
4-7 Hkkjr esa uxjh; bfrgkl% çeq[k fo"k;-oLrq v/;;u laca/kh
Hkkjrh; uxj ds lacaèk esa vkjfEHkd fo}kuksa us uxj dk fuekZ.k ,d ,sls eap ds :i esa fd;k fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
ftl ij jk"Vªokn] mifuos'kokn vkSj iwathokn ds lacaèk esa O;kid okn-fookn gks ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; uxj ds vusd vU; o`ÙkkUr Je] iqfyl] vkS|ksfxdj.k vkSj jk"Vªokn ds bfrgklksa
ls mRiUu gq, gSaA vHkh gky gh esa uxjh; bfrgkl] fo'ys"k.k dh ubZ lkexzh vkSj ubZ
Jsf.k;ksa nksuksa dk ç;ksx dj vfèkd fo"k;-oLrq lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dh vksj c<+k gSA
Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k vkSj fo-uxjhdj.k ds o`ÙkkUr Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds O;kid okn-fooknksa
esa uxjh; bfrgkl ds loZlfEefyr gks tkus dk mRÑ"V n`"VkUr gSA tSlk fd geus igys
ns[kk gS vkS|ksfxd iru vkSj u, O;kikj rFkk ifjogu usVodZ ds vH;qn; us Hkkjrh; uxjksa
dh o`f) dks ,d Lo:i çnku fd;kA cEcbZ] dydÙkk vkSj djkph tSls iÙku ¼iksVZ½ uxjksa
dk vkaf'kd :i ls fodkl varjjk"Vªh; O;kikfjd lacaèkksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA vkèkqfud
m|ksxksa dk buesa ls dqN uxjksa vkSj lkFk gh vkSj vanj] vU; dsaæksa tSls dkuiqj vkSj
vgenkckn esa vH;qn; gqvkA uxj vkSj blds vkarfjd Hkw-Hkkx dk lacaèk ;gk¡ ,d
egRoiw.kZ fo"k;-oLrq jgk gS D;ksafd çokfl;ksa ds vkxeu us bu uxjksa ds vkdkj dks dkQh
c<+k fn;k ¼pØcrhZ] 1989( pUnkojdj] 1994( tks'kh] 2005½A vaxzstksa }kjk LFkkfir ç'kklu
vkSj euksjatu ds u, dsaæksa ds vè;;u dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk uLy vkSj uxjhdj.k ds fo"k;
esa varj jgk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls fgy LVs'kuksa dk mn; vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa ds 'kjhj ij
tyok;q ds çHkko ds ckjs esa fl)kUrksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvk ¼daoj] 2003( dsusMh] 1996½A
uxjh; dsaæksa dks cgqèkk vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds ladsafær çLQqVu ds fy, eap ds :i esa
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj] mÙkj Hkkjr ds vusd uxjksa us 1857 ds foæksg ds i'pkr~
vekuqf"kd çfr'kksèk ns[kkA fuokfl;ksa dks dBksj naM fn;k x;k vkSj uxj ds iqjkus fgLlksa
dks gkWleSu ds isfjl ds :i lkn`'; fQj ls clk;k x;k ¼xqIrk] 1981( vksYMsucxZ] 1984½A
uxjh; LoPNrk rFkk tuLokLF; ij okrkZvksa dk ç;ksx uxjh; fuèkZu rFkk detksj oxZ
dks vuq'kkflr djus ds fy, – fnu-çfrfnu ds vkèkkj ij rFkk egkekfj;ksa ds nkSjku fd;k
x;k ¼pUnkojdj] 1998( xqIrw] 2001] gkslkxzgj] 2005( fdnkEch] 2007½A fo}kuksa us
vkSifuosf'kd lkekftd fu;a=.k ds vfèkd çR;{k 'kkfUr ç;ksx dh uhfr;ksa dk Hkh vè;;u
fd;k gS vkWuksZYM] 1986( pUnkojdj] 1998½A LVhQu ysx n'kkZrk gS fd vkSifuosf'kd
;kstukdkjksa }kjk okafNr LFkku esa i`Fkd~dj.k rFkk forj.k ds vU; :iksa dh la[;k ds lkFk
lkoèkkuhiwoZd fu;af=r iqfyl O;oLFkk,a vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldh;Ro dk fnu-çfrfnu dk
fgLlk Fkh ¼ysx] 2007½A
rFkkfi] ;g bl o`Ùkkar dk ,d fgLlk ek= gSA jkT; dh ,tsfUl;ksa ds chp la?k"kZ vkSj
Hkzkafr;ksa ds dkj.k lkekftd fu;a=.k dh ifj;kstuk dHkh Hkh iw.kZ ;k lQy ugha gks ikbZ
¼ysx] 2007½A vfèkdrj bfrgkldkjksa us ;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd fu;a=.k dh bu ifj;kstukvksa
dk çfrjksèk gqvkA Jfedksa us Iysx dkuwuksa ds f[kykQ naxk fd;k] mi-fu;eksa ds ekè;e
ls fuekZ.k dks fu;af=r djus ds ç;klksa dks myVus ds ç;kl fd, x, rFkk vkSifuosf'kd
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk ftu vkns'kksa ds l`tu dk ç;kl fd;k x;k muds fo:) çn'kZu
fu;fer [krjk cu x,A ns'kt lkaLÑfrd :iksa dks vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds çfrjksèk ds vU;
lzksr ds :i esa ns[kk x;k ¼gsUl] 1992½A
T;knkrj lkekU;r% uxj dk vè;;u mRÑ"V laLÑfr ds {ks= ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] y[kuÅ vkSj fnYyh esa uxj dh lkfgfR;d laLÑfr dks lkgp;Z vkSj 75
uxjh; bfrgkl% nSfud lkekftd lekxe ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vkèkkj ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS ¼xqIrk]
,d ifjp; 1981( vksYMsucxZ] 1984½A gky ds o"kks± esa mÙkj-vkSifuosf'kd fopkjksa ds lkFk oSpkfjd
vknku-çnku us ijEijkxr vkSj vkèkqfud oSpkfjd cgl dh la;qDr ifj;kstuk ;k
ijEijkxr ladj.k ds ifj.kke ds :i esa Hkkjrh; uxjksa ds fopkjksa dks lkeus yk;k gS
¼pêksikè;k;] 2005( gkslkxzgj] 2005( pksiMk] 2011½A gky ds uxjh; bfrgkl ds ckjs esa
tkudh uk;j dk losZ{k.k crkrk gS fd bu vè;;uksa dk egRo muds }kjk fofHkUu lzksrksa
dk vè;;u fd;k tkuk gS] buesa çeq[k gSa okLrqdyk lacaèkh lajpuk,a] lkfgfR;d xzaFk]
Mk;fj;k¡ vkSj dykÑfr;ka ¼uk;j] 2009½A rFkkfi] uk;j ;g Hkh ç'u [kM+k djrh gSa fd
D;k lkaLÑfrd vuU;rk dks lnSo gh çfrjksèk ds ladsr ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd vfèkd eq[kj mifuos'k-fojksèkh jk"Vªokn dh tM+sa Hkh uxjksa esa gh
FkhaA 1970 ds n'kd esa fd, x, vè;;uksa esa uxjikfydk lacaèkh çfrfufèk fudk;ksa esa
uxjh; lEHkzkUrksa rFkk eè; oxks± dh Hkkxhnkjh dh tk¡p dh xbZ gS ¼MkWfcu] 1972( jk;]
1979½A uxjh; 'kklu esa Hkkxhnkjh 19oha lnh ds var ds ckn ls uhfr fuekZ.k esa Hkkjrh;ksa
ds 'kkfey gksus ds fy, ¼lhfer½ vkjfEHkd volj FksA rFkkfi] ;gk¡ Hkh Mxyl gsUl ;g
n'kkZrs gSa fd çkfèkdkj ds ijEijkxr :iksa dk vkèkqfud ç'kklfud jpukvksa ds vanj
iquxZBu fd;k x;k Fkk ¼gsUl] 1992½A
vHkh gky gh esa uxjh; jktuhfr vkSj jk"Vªokn ds chp lacaèkksa dh u, rjhdksa ls fo}rkiw.kZ
tk¡p dh xbZ gSA lanhi gtkjhflag mu fopkjksa ds ckjs esa mYys[k djrs gSa ftuesa uxjh;
lekt ds lacaèk esa xkaèkh rFkk ch-th- gkWfuZeSu ds chp okn-fooknksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i
jk"Vªokn dh fHkUu-fHkUu èkkj.kk,a cuha ¼gtkjhflag] 2007½A dqN vU; fo}kuksa us uxj dks
LoSfPNd laxBuksa ds fy, ,slh jaxHkwfe ds :i esa ns[kk ftlus thoar uxjh; lkoZtfud
{ks= dk l`tu fd;k ¼fdnkEch] 2007½A uk;j dk 'kksèk mÙkj-vkSifuosf'kd caxykSj esa oxZ]
Hkk"kk vkSj èkkfeZd igpku dks lec) djrs gq, bu lkaxBfud :iksa dh orZeku fo'ks"krk
dks bafxr djrk gS ¼uk;j] 2005½A
;g bl rF; dks mtkxj djrk gS fd Hkkjrh; uxjksa ij lkekftd la?k"kZ dh tfVy
js[kkvksa ds fpUg jgs gSaA vkS|ksfxd Jfed oxks± vkSj uxjh; fuèkZu rFkk detksj oxksZa ds
vè;;uksa dks lkekU;r% èkkfeZd la?k"kZ ds lkFk-lkFk dk;ZLFky ij vkanksyuksa ds ç'u ls Hkh
fuiVuk iM+k gS ¼pØorhZ] 1989( pUnojdj] 1994( xqIrw] 2001( tks'kh] 2005½A uxjksa esa
lkeqnkf;d la?k"kks± ds vè;;u ç'kklfud laLÑfr dh ppkZvksa esa yk, x, gSa ¼ÝhVkx]
1989½A vHkh gky rd uxj ds fyax vkèkkfjr vuqHko vkSj bldh uxjh; lÙkk rFkk
volj ds tfVy {ks= ds lkFk var%fØ;k dk fo"k; vis{kkÑr misf{kr jgk gS ¼pêksikè;k;]
2005( uk;j] 2005½A

4-8 lkjka'k
bfrgkldkjksa }kjk foxr esa Hkkjrh; uxj dh vis{kkÑr mis{kk dh fLFkfr fiNys nl o"kks±
esa 'kksèk vè;;uksa ds cM+h la[;k esa vkus ds dkj.k cny xbZ gSA bl ikB~;Øe dh bdkb;ksa
ds lkFk vkxs c<+us ij vki fo"k;xr ljksdkjksa rFkk voèkkj.kkRed mikxeksa dh fofoèk
izo`fÙk;ksa dks ns[ksaxs tks Hkkjrh; uxjh; bfrgkl dks orZeku vè;;uksa dk lcls thoar {ks=
cuk nsrk gSA

76
 vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
4-9 vH;kl v/;;u laca/kh
1½ ysQscz dh LFkku dh èkkj.kk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A bfrgkldkj bls fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
D;ksa mi;ksxh ikrs gSa\
2½ ^uxjh; vkSj vkèkqfud esa fudV laidZ gSA* bl oDrO; ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
3½ vkèkqfudrk dk fo'ys"k.k djus okys fo}kuksa }kjk çLrkfor fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dh ppkZ
dhft,A
4½ uxjh; bfrgkl dks le>us esa dsoy uxj ds HkkSfrd ;k izkÑfrd igyqvksa dk
vè;;u D;ksa vi;kZIr gS\
5½ uxjh; dsaæksa dh lajpuk esa laidks± vkSj çokgksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
6½ Hkkjr esa uxjh; bfrgkl] fo'ks"kdj vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa] ds vè;;u dh çeq[k fo"k;-
oLrq D;k gS\

4-10 lanHkZ xzaFk

vczkEl] fQfyi vkSj bZ-,- fjxys] ¼1978½ VkmUl bu lkslkbVht% ,lst bu bdksuksfed
fgLVªh ,aM fgLVkWfjdy lksf'k;ksykWth ¼ikLV ,aM çstsV ifCyds'kUl( dsfEczt% dsfEczt
;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
vcq-yq?kksn] tSusV] ¼1965½ ^Vsy vkWQ Vw flVht% fn vkWfjtUl vkWQ ekWMuZ dSjks]* dEisjsfVo
LVMht bu lkslkbVh ,aM fgLVªh] Hkkx 7] ua- 4] i`- 429-57-
vkWuksZYM MsfoM] ¼1986½ iqfyl ikoj ,aM dksyksfu;y :y] eækl] 1859-1947 ¼fnYyh(
U;w;kWdZ% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
caxk] banq ¼laik-½] ¼1991½ fn flVh bu bafM;u fgLVªh% vcZu MseksxzkQh] lkslkbVh] ,aM
ikWfyfVDl ¼ubZ fnYyh% euksgj½-
csyh] lh-,- ¼1992½ :ylZ] VkmUlesu ,aM ckt+klZ% ukWFkZ bafM;u lkslkbVh bu fn ,t vkWQ
fczfV'k ,Dlisa'ku] 1770-1870 ¼fnYyh% vkWDlQkWMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
ceZu] ek'kZy] ¼1997½ vkWy nSV bt lkWfyM esYV~l bUVw ,vj% fn ,Dlihfj,Ul vkWQ
ekWMfuZVh ¼yanu% oslksZ½-
czsUuj] uhy ¼2000½ ^fn vcZu Dos'pu% fj¶ysD'kUl vkWu gsujh ysQscz] vcZu F;ksjh ,aM fn
ikWfyfVDl vkWQ Ldsy*] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWQ vcZu ,aM jhtuy fjlpZ] Hkkx 24] ua- 2]
i`- 361-78-
fczXl] ,lk] ¼1963½ foDVksfj;u flVht ¼yanu% vksM~gEl çsl½-
cq'ksZy] xzkge] vkfn] ¼1991½ fn Qwdks bQsDV% LVMht bu xouZesaVSfyVh% fon Vw ysDplZ ckbZ
,aM ,su baVjO;w fon fe'ksy Qwdks ¼yanu% gkosZLVj OghV'khQ½-
dkLVªh] uks,y vkSj Msjsd xzsxjh] ¼2006½ MsfoM gkohZ% , fØfVdy jhMj ¼,aVhiksM cqd
lhjht( ekYMsu] ,e-,% CySdosy ifCy'klZ½- 77
uxjh; bfrgkl% pØcrhZ] nhis'k] ¼1989½ fjfFkafdax ofd±x-Dykl fgLVªh% csaxky] 1890-1940 ¼fçaLVu% fçaLVu
,d ifjp; ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
pUnkojdj] jktukjk;.k] ¼1998½ bEihfj;y ikWoj ,aM ikWiqyj ikWfyfVDl% Dykl] jsflLVsUl
,aM fn LVsV bu bafM;k] c- 1850-1950 ¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
pUnkojdj] jktukjk;.k] ¼1994½ fn vkWfjftUl vkWQ baMfLVª;y dsfiVfyTe bu bafM;k%
fctusl LVªsVstht ,aM fn ofd±x Dyklst bu cEcbZ] 1900-1940 ¼dsfEczt lkmFk ,f'k;u
LVMht( dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
pêksikè;k;] Lokrh] ¼2000½ ^Cyfjax ckmUMªht% fn fyfeV~l vkWQ ßOgkbV VkmuÞ bu
dksykfu;y dydÙkk*] tuZy vkWQ fn lkslkbVh vkWQ vkfdZVsDpjy fgLVksfj;Ul] Hkkx
59] ua- 2 i`- 154-79-
pêksikè;k;] Lokfr] ¼2005½ fjçstsfUVax dydÙkk% ekWMfuZVh] us'kufyTe ,aM fn dksyksfu;y
vudSuh ¼,f'k;u VªkalQksesZ'kUl( yanu% jkmVyst½-
pksiM+k] çhfr] ¼2011½ , T;kabV baVjçkbt% bafM;u byhV~l ,aM fn esfdax vkWQ fczfV'k
ckWEcs ¼fefu;kiksfyl% ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ feuslksVk çsl½-
Msfol] ekbd] ¼2006½ flVh vkWQ DokV~Zt% ,DldSosfVax fn ¶;qpj bu ykWl ,UtsYl ¼nwljk
laLdj.k( yanu( U;w;kWdZ% oslksZ½-
MkWfcu] fØLVhu bZ-] ¼1972½ vcZu yhMjf'ki bu osLVuZ bafM;k% ikWfyfVDl ,aM dE;qfuVht
bu ckWEcs flVh] 1840-1885 ¼vkWDlQksMZ fgLVkWfjdy eksuksxzk¶l( yanu% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
çsl½-
Qwdks] fe'ksy] ¼1995½ fMflIyhu ,aM ifu'k% fn cFkZ vkWQ fçtu] vuqokn ,yu 'ksjhMu
¼nwljk laLdj.k] U;w;kWdZ% foUVst cqDl½-
ÝhVkx] lSUMfj;k ch-] ¼1989½ dysfDVo ,sD'ku ,aM dE;qfuVh% ifCyd ,jsukt ,aM fn
bejtsal vkWQ dE;qufyTe bu ukWFkZ bafM;k ¼cdsZys ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ dSfyQksfuZ;k çsl½-
xSaMh] eSF;w] ¼1999½ ^fn isfjl lholZ ,aM fn jS'kuykbts'ku vkWQ vcZu Lisl*] VªkatSD'kUl
vkWQ fn baLVhV~;qV vkWQ fczfV'k T;kWxzQlZ] Hkkx 24] ua- 1] i`- 23-44-
Xyksoj] fofy;e] ¼2008½ esfdax ykgkSj ekWMZu% dULVªfDVax ,aM besftax , dksyksfu;y
flVh ¼fefu;kiksfyl% ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ feuslksVk çsl½-
xqIrw] uafnuh ¼2001½] fn ikWfyfVDl vkWQ fn vcZu iwvj bu vyhZ V~osfUV,Fk lsapqjh bafM;k
¼dsfEczt% dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
xqIrk] ukjk;.kh] ¼1981½ MsYgh fcVohu Vw vEik;lZ] 1803-1931% lkslkbVh] xouZesaV ,aM
vcZu xzksFk ¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
gkWy] ihVj] ¼2002½ flVht vkWQ VqekWjks% ,su bUVysDpqvy fgLVªh vkWQ vcZu Iykfuax ,aM
fMtk;u bu fn V~soUVh,Fk lsapjq h ¼rhljk laik- laLdj.k( vkWDlQksMZ% CySdosy½-
gkosZ] MsfoM] ¼1989½] fn vcZu ,Dlihfj,Ul ¼vkWDlQksMZ% csfly CySdosy½-
78
gkosZ] MsfoM ¼2003½ isfjl] dsfiVy vkWQ ekWMfuZVh ¼U;w;kWdZ( yanu% jkmVyst½- vk/kqfud uxjksa ds
v/;;u laca/kh
gsUl] Mxyl bZ-] ¼1992½ jsVkWfjd ,aM fjpqvy bu dksyksfu;y bafM;k% fn 'ksfiax vkWQ , fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
ifCyd dYpj bu lwjr flVh] 1852-1928 ¼fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
gtkjhflag] lanhi] ¼2007½ fn dksyksfu;y flVh ,aM fn pSysUt vkWQ ekWMfuZVh % vcZu
gsteksuht ,aM flfod dUVslVs'kUl bu ckWEcs flVh] 1900-1925 ¼U;w ilZisfDVOl bu
lkmFk ,f'k;u fgLVªh( gSnjkckn] bafM;k% vksfj,UV ykaxeSu½-
gksYLVu] tsEl] ¼1989½ fn ekWMfuZLV flVh% ,su ,UFkzksikWyksftdy fØfVd vkWQ czkflfy;k
¼f'kdkxks% ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ f'kdkxks çsl½-
gkslkxzgj] T;ksfr] ¼2005½ baMhthul ekWMfuZVht% fuxksf'k,fVax vkfdZVsDpj ,aM vcZfuTe
¼vkfdZVsDlV lhjht( yanu% jkmVyst½-
tsj~je] yhQ] ¼2006½ ^fdpsu flad Mªkekt% owesu] ekWMfuZVh ,aM Lisl bu okbej teZuh*]
dYpjy T;kWxzQht] Hkkx 13] ua- 4 i`- 538-56-
tks'kh] fp=k] ¼2005½] ykWLV oYMZl% bafM;u yscj ,aM bV~l QkWjxkWVsu fgLVªht ¼,UFkse
lkmFk ,f'k;u LVMht( yanu% ,UFkse½-
tks;l] iSfVªd] ¼2003½ fn :y vkWQ ÝhMe% fycjfyTe ,aM fn ekWMuZ flVh ¼yanu% oslksZ½-
daoj] ikesyk] ¼2003½ bEihfj;y f'keyk% fn ikWfyfVdy dYpj vkWQ fn jkt ¼nwljk laik-
laLdj.k( ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
dsusMh] Msu dhFk] ¼1996½ fn eSftd ekmUVsUl% fgYl LVs'kUl ,aM fn fczfV'k jkt ¼cdZys(
yanu% ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ dSfyQksfuZ;k çsl½-
fdnkEch] ç'kkUr] ¼2007½ fn esfdax vkWQ ,su bafM;u esVªksiksfyl% dksyksfu;y xousZUl ,aM
ifCyd dYpj bu ckWEcs] 1890-1920 ¼,YMj'kkWV% ,s'kxsV½-
fdax] ,UFkksuh Mh] ¼1990½ vcZfuTe] dksyksfu;fyTe ,aM fn oYMZ-bdkWukWeh% dYpjy ,aM
Likf'k;y QkmUMs'kUl vkWQ fn oYMZ vcZu flLVe ¼yanu% jkmVyst½-
fdax] ,UFkksuh Mh-] ¼1976½ dksyksfu;y vcZu MsoyiesaV% dYpj] lks'ky ikWoj] ,aM
,Uok;jUesaV ¼yanu% jkmVyst ,aM dsxu ikWy½-
ysQscz] gsujh] ¼1998½ fn çksMD'ku vkWQ Lisl] vuq- MksukYM fudksYlu-fLeFk ¼vkWDlQksMZ%
CySdosy½-
ysx] LVhQsu] ¼2007½ Lislst+ vkWQ dksyksfu;fyTe% MsYght vcZu xouZesaUVSfyVht ¼vkj
th ,l- vkbZ ch th cqd lhjht( ekYMsu] ,e ,( vkWDlQksMZ% CySdosy½-
eSlh] Mksjhu ch-] ¼1994½ Lisl] Iysl ,aM tsaMj ¼dsfEczt% iksfyVh½-
uk;j] tkudh] ¼2009½ ^fc;ksUM us'kufyTe% ekWMfuZVh] xousZUl ,aM , U;w vcZu fgLVªh QkWj
bafM;k*] ^vcZu fgLVªh] Hkkx 36 ¼Lis'ky b';q 02½] i`- 327-4-
uk;j] tkudh] ¼2005½ fn çkWfel vkWQ fn esVªksikWfyl% cSaxykslZ V~osfUV,Fk lsapqjh ¼fnYyh%
vkWDlQksMZ% vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl½- 79
uxjh; bfrgkl% vksYMsucxZ] ohuk ryokj] ¼1984½ fn esfdax vkWQ dksyksfu;y y[kuÅ] 1856-1877
,d ifjp; ¼fçlaVu% fçalVu ;wfuoflZVh çsl½-
js] jtr dkar] ¼1979½ vcZu :Vl vkWQ bafM;u us'kufyTe% çs'kj xzqIl ,aM dkWfU¶yDV
vkWQ baVjsLV bu dydÙkk flVh ikWfyfVDl] 1875-1939 ¼ubZ fnYyh% fodkl½-
lk¡MlZ] ihVj] ¼1993½ lks'ky F;ksjh ,aM fn vcZu Dos'pu ¼nwljk laik- laLdj.k( yanu%
jkmVyst½-
tkscxZ] fxfM;u] ¼1996½ fn çhbUMfLVª;y flVh% ikLV ,aM çstsUV ¼U;w;kWdZ% Ýh çsl½-
lkstk] ,MoMZ MCY;q-] ¼1989½ iksLVekWMuZ T;kWxzQht% fn jh,t+'kZu vkWQ Lisl bu fØfVdy
lks'ky F;ksjh ¼yanu% oslksZ½-
lkstk] ,MoMZ MCY;q-] ¼2000½ iksLVesVªksikWfyl% fØfVdy LVMht vkWQ flVht ,aM jhtUl
¼vkWDlQksMZ% CySdosy ifCy'klZ½-
ohcs] bZ- ckbdj vkSj djhu ckbLVjosYM ¼2000½ ^owesu okWfdax Fkzw fn IykUl*] VsDuksykWth
,aM dYpj] Hkkx 41 ¼tqykbZ½] i`- 485-515-
foYlu] ,fytkcsFk] ¼1991½ fn fLQaDl bu fn flVh% vcZu ykbQ] fn daVªksy vkWQ
fMlvkWMZj] ,aM owesu ¼yanu% fojkxks½-
;kax] vkuan ,-] ¼1998½ cktkj bafM;k% ekdsZV~l] lkslkbVh ,aM fn dksyksfu;y LVsV bu
xsatsfVd fcgkj ¼cdZys% yanu% ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ dSfyQksfuZ;k çsl½-

80