Physics 9

Physics (CBSE 2009)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to 18 carry two marks each, questions 19 to 27
carry three marks each and questions 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
3. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three
marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
4. Use of calculators is not permitted.
5. You may use the following values of physical constant wherever necessary:
c = 3 × 108 ms–1
h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
m0 = 4p × 10–7 T m A–1
1
= 9 × 10 9 Nm2 C −2
4πε 0
Mass of electron me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
Mass of neutron mn = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.381 × 10–23 JK–1
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023mol–1
Radius of earth = 6400 km
1. What is sky wave propagation? [1] Solution

Solution Objective: L1, because the lens L1 has larger aperture
compared to other lenses and the resolving power
In the frequency range from a few MHz up to 30–40
and light gathering directly depend on the aperture
MHz, long distance communication can be achieved by
diameter.
ionospheric reflection of radio waves back toward the
Eyepiece: The magnification power of an astronomical
earth. This mode of propagation of electromagnetic
telescope is directly proportional to the power of
waves is called sky wave propagation, and it is used in
eyepiece, therefore the lens L3 is chosen as this
shortwave radio communication.
eyepiece.
2. W
rite the following radiations in ascending order in
respect of their frequencies : Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A)
X-rays, microwaves, UV rays and radio waves. [1] L1 3D 8 cm
Solution L2 6D 1 cm
Radio waves, microwaves, UV rays and X-rays.
L3 10 D 1 cm
3. M
agnetic field lines can be entirely confined within
the core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. 5. If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the
Why? [1] analyzer is 45°, write the ratio of the intensities of original
Solution light and the transmitted light after passing through the
analyzer. [1]
If field lines were entirely confined between two ends
of a straight solenoid, the flux through the cross-section  Solution
at each end would be non-zero. But the flux of field B The intensity of the light after passing through the
through any closed surface must always be zero. For a polarizer is
toroid, this difficulty is absent because it has no ‘ends’. [1]
I = I0 cos2 θi ,
4. Y
ou are given following three lenses. Which two lenses
will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to where angle qi is the angle between the initial polarization
construct an astronomical telescope? [1] and the axis of polarizer.
________________________________________________________________________
Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics Textbook for Class 12
Copyright © 2012 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Physics Special market Book 2_2009 CBSE.indd 1 1/4/2013 2:54:51 PM
2 Physics (CBSE 2009)
Let I0 be the intensity of the incident light, which after where V is the terminal potential, E is the emf of the cell
passing through the polarizer becomes and r is internal resistance of the cell.
Ip = I0 cos2 45°. I(R + r ) = E
After passing through the analyzer, it becomes Er ER
or V =E− = .
I0 1 I0 R+r R+r
Ia = Ip cos2 45° = × = .
2 2 4
Therefore, the intensity of the light becomes one quarter

of the initial intensity after passing the analyzer.
6. T he figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c showing the
variation of photocurrent vs. collector plate potential for R
three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having frequencies
u1, u2 and u3, respectively, incident on a photosensitive
surface.
Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations
have same frequency but different intensities. [1]
V
Photoelectric I1
current The terminal potential approaches the emf when the
I2
external resistances approach infinity. Or equivalently, the
I3
c terminal potential becomes equal to the emf if the circuit
b
is open.
a 10. (a) Can two equipotential surfaces intersect each other?
Give reasons. [2]
Collector plate potential (b) Two charges –q and +q are located at points A (0, 0,
–a) and B (0, 0, +a), respectively. How much work is
Solution done in moving a test charge from point P (7, 0, 0) to
The stopping potential of material depends only on Q (–3, 0, 0)?
the frequency and work function of the material. It is
Solution
independent of intensity. Since both curves a and b have
the same stopping potential, the frequency of radiation (i) If two equipotential surfaces intersect, at the point of
which cause curves a and b are the same. intersection, the potential will have two distinct values.
7. T wo nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:2. What is the (ii) W = Q ’(V (Q ) − V (P ))
ratio of their nuclear densities? [1]
kq kq kq kq
Solution V (P ) = − + = − 2 2 + 2 2 = 0 volt.
rAP rBP 7 +a 7 +a
Radius of the nucleus is given by
kq kq
V (Q) = − + = 0 volt.
R = R0 A1/3 where A is the atomic mass rAQ rBQ
mA mA 3m Therefore
ρ= = = .
4 3 4
( ) 4π R0 3 W = Q ′ × 0 = 0 J.
3
πR π R 3 A1/3
3 3 0 ero work is needed to move a charge from P (7, 0, 0) to
Z
So, the nuclear density is a constant. Q (–3, 0, 0).
8. W
hat type of wavefront will emerge from a: (a) point 11. By what percentage will the transmission range of a
source and (b) distant light source? TV tower be affected when the height of the tower is
increased by 21%? [2]
Solution
A point source produces a spherical wavefront and a Solution
distant light source produces a plane wavefront. The transmission range of a TV tower is given by
9. A
cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected d = 2Rh
across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the where d is the range, R is radius of earth and h, is height of
variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance R. [2] the tower.
Predict for the graph the condition under which ‘V’ The new height
becomes equal to ‘E’.
h ′ = h + 0.21 h = h(1.21).
Solution
Therefore, new transmission range
The terminal potential
V = E − Ir d ′ = 2Rh(1.21) = d 1.21.
________________________________________________________________________
Physics (CBSE 2009) 3
Or the transmission range will increase by Solution

d′ − d (a) The direction of magnetic field is along the negative
× 100 = 45.82%. x-direction. The resultant trajectory is as shown below.
d
12. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in No field Magnetic field
a conductor in terms of relaxation time. [2]
Solution Electron
When two ends of the conductor  are connected to
the battery, an electric field E is generated inside the
conductor. Therefore, force acting on the electron is
  
F = me a = −eE x
where –e is the charge of the electron, and me is mass of

electron. Therefore acceleration is

 eE
a=− .
me y
Direction of magnetic field is in to
Therefore the average velocity of the electron which is
the page
called drift velocity is
 (b) Since the force and velocity are perpendicular to each
 eE
v d = aτ = − τ . other (i.e., centripetal force), there is no change in
me
kinetic energy.
where t is the average time between two successive 15. The following figure shows the input waveforms (A, B)
collisions and is called drift velocity. and the output waveform (Y) of a gate. Identify the gate,
13. How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency write its truth table and draw its logic symbol. [2]
produce electromagnetic waves ? [2]
Sketch a schematic diagram depicting electric and A
magnetic fields for an electromagnetic wave propagating
along the z-direction. B
Solution Y
A charge q which oscillates produces a time-varying
magnetic field in the neighborhood which in turn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
produces a time-varying electric field in the neighbor
hood. This process continues since both time-varying Solution
electric and magnetic fields act as sources to each other; The truth table of the given diagram is
thus the electromagnetic wave is generated.
A B Y
x
E
0 0 1
1 0 1
z 0 1 1
1 1 0
B
y
Therefore the gate used in the circuit is NAND gate.
 A
4. A charge ‘q’ moving along the x-axis with v is
1  a velocity B
Y
subjected to a uniform magnetic field B acting along the
z-axis as it crosses the origin O. [2] 6. State Biot–Savart law.
1
B z - axis A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular
to the plane of the paper. Indicate the
 direction of the
magnetic field due to small element dl at point P situated

at a distance r from the element as shown in the figure.
O y
z
I
q ασ
x d� y
O r P
(a) Trace its trajectory.
(b) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the
magnetic field? Justify your answer. x
________________________________________________________________________
Solution Solution
(I) According to the Biot–Savart’s law, the magnitude of E mission of one a-radiation decreases the mass number
the magnetic field dB at any point P located at position of the atom by 4 and atomic number by two.

vector r with respect to current element dl carrying a Therefore,
current I is a
72 → A 70 .
A180 176
(a) Proportional to the current I,
(b) Proportional to the length element dl of the Again
current carrier, a
70 → A 68 .
A176 172
(c) Proportional to sin q, where q is the angle between

r and dl E mission of gamma radiation reduces the energy of the
i.e. nucleus. Therefore,
 I (d l × r )
dB ∝  3 A 4 = A172
r 68 .
(II) From Biot – Savart′s law the magnetic field at P is along Therefore, atomic number of A4 is 68 and mass number
the –x direction. is 172.
17. Why are high-frequency carrier waves used for 19. A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge Q
transmission? [2] spread uniformly over its surface. Using Gauss’s law, derive
OR an expression for an electric field at a point outside the
What is meant by the term ‘modulation’? Draw a block shell.
diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the
signal. centre of the shell for 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞. [3]
Solution Solution
High-frequency carrier waves are used in communication According to the Gauss’s law,
due to the following reasons :   Qenc
(a) Size of the antenna. For efficient transmission and ∫ E ida = ε0
reception, the transmitting and receiving antennas
must have a length equal to one by fourth of the Therefore for a charged spherical shell, the electric field
wavelength of the audio signal. It is not practical to outside the shell
use a huge antenna for transmission and reception.
(b) Effective power radiated by the antenna. The Q
E i 4π r 2 =
power radiated by the linear antenna of length l is ε0
2
l
given by power radiated ∝   . Therefore for higher  1 Q
 λ or E= r.
wavelengths the power radiated by the antenna 4π ε 0 r 2
decreases. Electric field for a point inside the shell
(c) Mixing up of the signals. If many transmitters are
transmitting the base band information signals 
E i 4π r 2 = 0.
simultaneously, these signals will get mixed up and
there is no way to distinguish between them. This can 
be avoided by using high frequency transmission and Therefore E = 0.
then allotting a band of frequencies.
OR Er
Solution
T he process of superimposing the information signal on
to a high-frequency carrier wave is called modulation.
The block diagram of the AM modulator is given below.
m(t) x(t ) y(t ) Bandpass filter AM wave

Square centred
+
law device at wc
Am sinwmt 1 Q
(Modulating Er =
Bx(t)+Cx(t)2 4πε0 r2
signal) c(t )
Ac sinwct
(carrier)
Er = 0
18. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays
O
according to the following scheme: [2] R r
β a γ
A → A1 → A 2 → A 3 → A 4
a
The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72, 2 0. Three identical capacitors C1, C2 and C3 of capacitance
respectively. What are these numbers for A4? 6 mF each are connected to a 12 V battery as shown.
________________________________________________________________________
C1 Therefore, the kinetic energy of the proton is less

than that of the alpha particle.
We have
+ P2
KE = .
12 V C3 2m
– Therefore,
Pa2 P2
= p
2ma mp
C2 or
Find Pa 2ma
(a) charge on each capacitor = .
Pp mp
(b) equivalent capacitance of the network
(c) energy stored in the network of capacitors. The de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to
Solution the momentum of the particle. Therefore proton has the
longer wavelength.
(a) Charge on capacitor C1 = C2 = 36 µC; Charge on 21. In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular
capacitor C3 = = 72 µC. obstacle is placed in the path of light form a distant
(b) Ceq = 3 µF + 6 µF = 9 µF. source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of
(c) W = 648 µW. the obstacle. Explain why? [3]
21. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. State two points of difference between the interference
Which of them will result in the transition of a photon patterns obtained in Young’s double slit experiment and
of wavelength 275 nm? [3] the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
A B
0 eV Solution
C D
–2 eV The bright spot appears in the middle of the shadow because
–4.5 eV of the diffraction of light at the edges of the tiny object.
Difference between interference and diffraction :
–10 eV (a) The interference pattern has a number of bright and
dark fringes of equal intensity. The diffraction pattern
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation
has a central bright fringe of maximum intensity and
of maximum wavelength?
intensity falls as we go away from the centre.
Solution (b) Interference is due to the superposition of two
(a) The difference between the energy levels = energy of waves coming from two coherent sources, whereas
the photon emitted. diffraction is the superposition of secondary wavelets
coming from different parts of same wavefront.
hc
= E1 − E2 . 24. (a) Define self inductance. Write its S.I. units.
λ (b) Derive an expression for self inductance of a long
But it is given that the wavelength is 275 nm.
solenoid of length l, cross-sectional area A having N
Therefore
number of turns. [3]
1240 eV nm
E1 − E2 = = 4.5 eV
275 nm Solution
Therefore the transition B emits radiation of (a) The effect in which a changing current in a circuit
wavelength 275nm. induces an emf in the same circuit is called self
(b) The radiation of maximum wavelength is emitted induction. According to Lenz’s law, self-induction
when the change in energy is minimum. always opposes any change in the current in the
Transition A has the minimum change of energy circuit and is generally termed as back emf.
therefore transition A emits the maximum wavelength. The total flux linked to the circuit due to current I in
the circuit is given by
22. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through
the same potential. Which one of the two has (a) greater Φ = LI
value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it and (b) where L is the proportionality constant called self
less kinetic energy? Justify your answers. [3] inductance.
Solution Φ
or L= .
The energy of a particle accelerating in potential I
difference V is (b) Let length of the solenoid be , cross-sectional area be
E = QV . A and number of turns per unit length be n. If I is the
Since the charge on the alpha particle is twice that of the current in the winding, the magnetic field inside the
proton solenoid has the value
KEa = 2KEp . B = µ0nI
________________________________________________________________________
Then the self inductance is 26. Derive the expression for force per unit length between
two long straight parallel current-carrying conductors.
Φ Hence define one ampere. [3]
L=
I OR
Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the
nlBA (nl )( µ0nl )( A) help of a schematic diagram. Write the expression for
L= =
I I cyclotron frequency. [3]
That is, Self inductance of the solenoid is Solution
L = µ0 n2 Al.
d
25.
X Y
a
B
b
G Fba
A D C L
Ia
The figure shows experimental setup of a meter bridge. Ba
When the two unknown resistances X and Y are inserted, Ib
the null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. When
a resistance of 10 Ω is connected in series with X, the null Let two straight parallel conductors a and b be separated
point shifts by 10 cm. Find the position of the null point by a distance d.
when the 10 Ω resistance is instead connected in series According to Ampere’s circuital law the magnetic field
with resistance ‘Y’. Determine the values of the resistances experienced by the conductor b due to the current in a is
X and Y. [3]
µ 0 Ia
Solution Ba =
2π d
The balancing condition
along the direction perpendicular to wire b.
l X Therefore, the magnetic force acting on the wire at a
=
1− l Y wire segment of length L is
It is given that l = 0.4 m
→ →
Therefore, Fba = I dL × B
2 X
=
3 Y µ0IaIbL
So, Fba = IbLBa = .
2π d
3 Similarly the force on ‘a’ due to ‘b’ can be found. From 
or X. Y= (1)
2 considerations similar to above we can find the force Fab ,
If the resistance 10 Ω connected in series to X, then the on a segment of LengthL of ‘a’ due to the current in ‘b’. It is
new balancing condition is equal in magnitude to Fba , and directed towards ‘b’. Thus,
 
X + 10 Fba = − Fab
=1
Y
Therefore, two current carrying conductors attract each
Y = X +10. (2) other if the current is flowing in the same direction.
The force per unit length
From (1) and (2)
µ0IaIb
Fab =
X = 20 Ω and Y = 30 Ω . 2π d
Therefore, The ampere is the value of that steady current which, when
maintained in each of the two very long, straight, parallel
X 1
= . conductors of negligible cross-section, and placed one
Y + 10 2 meter apart in vacuum, would produce on each of these
Therefore the new null point is 33.33 cm away from the conductors a force equal to 2 × 10−7 newtons per metre of
point A. length.
________________________________________________________________________
Solution Solution
Top view Side view In the first face AC of the prism all the rays are incident
normally. Therefore, the rays go undeviated.
In the face AC of the prism all three rays are incident at
N S angle of 45°.
Uniform
magnetic The angle of refraction of the blue ray is
field
region.
nB sin 45° = sin rB
Electric
accelerating 1
field between sin rB = 1.47 × = 1.03944 .
the magnetic
field regions.
2
N S
Therefore the blue ray undergoes total internal
reflection.
Injection of
ion The angle of refraction of the green ray is
Output beam of high
velocity ion
nG sin45° = sin rG
De
1
sin rG = 1.44 × = 1.0188 .
Cyclotron is a machine invented by E.O Lawrence which 2
is used for accelerating charged particles, such as protons
Therefore, the green ray also undergoes total internal
and neutrons to high energies. The basic working principle
reflection.
is that a charged particle undergoes circular motion with
The angle of refraction of the red rays is
frequency independent of its speed if the velocity of the
particle and the direction of magnetic field are directly nR sin45° = sin rR
perpendicular to each other, whereas an electric field will
accelerate it. 1
The cyclotron consists of a chamber in which there sin rR = 1.39 × = 0.9828
2
are two semicircular hollow metal D-shaped boxes, D1,
D2 called dees insulated from each other. The chamber is rR = 79.3822°
placed between the poles of a very strong electromagnet
so that the magnetic field passes across the dees
perpendicular to the path of the ion. An electric oscillator
establishes an accelerating potential difference across the B
gap between the dees. 45°
The force acting on the circulating charge is G
mv 2
qvB = . 79.38°
r
R
Therefore the frequency of the particle is
45°
qB
ω=
m
ω qB
f= = .
2π 2π m
28. (a) D
erive an expression for the average power
27. Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident consumed in a series LCR circuit connected to a.c.
on a right angled prism ‘abc’ at face ‘ab’. The refractive source in which the phase difference between the
indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue voltage and the current in the circuit is f. [5]
wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of
(b) Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should
those which color ray will emerge out of face ‘ac’? Justify
the quality factor have high value in receiving
your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing
circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
through face ‘ac’. [3]
OR
a
(a) Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms
values of current in an a.c. circuit.
B (b) Describe briefly, with the help of a labeled diagram,
G working of a step-up transformer.
R
A step-up transformer converts a low voltage into high
45° voltage. Does it not violate the principle of conservation
b c of energy? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
Solution The same magnetic flux Φ induces a back emf in the

Let the voltage in the circuit be V = V0 sin(ωt ) and the primary also
current I = I0 sin(ωt + ϕ ) where ϕ is phase difference dΦ
between the voltage and current ε p = −Np
dt
V0 V0
I0 = = If the resistance of the transformer is very low, ε p = vp .
Z R + ( X I − X C )2
2
And if only a little current taken from the secondary or
Therefore the power in the circuit is it is open circuited, then
V02 εp = vp
P = VI = sinωt sin(ωt + ϕ ).
Z
Then
The average power is
dΦ
v s = − Ns
V2 dt
P = rms cosϕ .
Z
(|(sin2 ωt sin(ωt + ϕ )|=| cosϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ )|= cosϕ ) dΦ
and vp = −Np
dt
The quality factor Q of the circuit is defined by how sharp
the resonance is. If the circuit is more sharp, it becomes v s Ns
or = .
more selective. vp Np
Mathematically
A step up transformer is used to increase the voltage.
ωL Therefore, it has more number of turns in the secondary
Q= 0
R and the output voltage is
where ω 0 is the natural frequency of the circuit, L is the
Ns
inductance, and R the resistance in the circuit. v s = vp .
Np
OR
Solution A step up transformer converts a low voltage to high
(a) The rms value of the current is defined as voltage without violating the conservation of energy.
During the conversion, the current in the circuit goes
1/2
T 2 2  down so that the power which is the product of current
 ∫I0 sin ωt  and voltage remains constant.
  I0
Irms = 0 = 29. (a) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output
T 2 characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in its common
where I0 is the peak current. emitter configuration. Draw the typical input and
output characteristics. [5]
(b) Transformer is a device which works on the principle (b) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working
of mutual induction. A transformer consists of two of n-p-n transistor as a common emitter amplifier.
sets of coils, insulated from each other. One of the
coils called the primary coil has Np turns. The other coil OR
is called the secondary coil; it has Ns turns. (a) How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a
special purpose diode? Draw I-V characteristics of
zener diode and explain the significance of breakdown
voltage.
(b) Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how
a p-n junction diode works as a half wave rectifier.
A/C source More turns, higher voltage Solution
Current passing through the primary coil induces a IC

magnetic field around them since both the primary
and the secondary are wound on same iron core. − +
IB mA
The flux due to the current in the primary passes C +
B R1
through the secondary coil. So if an alternating
current is passing through the primary, it produces an + − E
R2 µA VCE − VCC
alternating magnetic flux which links the secondary IE
VBB
coil and induces an emf in it. VBE
The induced emf in the secondary coil
dΦ
ε s = −Ns
dt Input characteristics
________________________________________________________________________
I B/µA voltage (Vz) of the Zener diode, there is a large change in

the current. Note that after the breakdown voltage Vz, a
large change in the current can be produced by an almost
100 VCE = 10.0 V
insignificant change in the reverse bias voltage. In other
words, Zener voltage remains constant, even though
80
current through the Zener diode varies over a wide range.
60 This property of the Zener diode is used for regulating
supply voltages so that they are constant.
40
I (mA)
20
VBE/V
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Output characteristics
Reverse bias
Vz Forward bias
V(V)
Collector current (IC) in mA
10 Base current (IB)

60 mA
8
50 mA
6 40 mA I (mA)
30 mA (b)
4
20 mA
2
I-V characteristics
10 mA When the reverse bias voltage V = Vz, then the electric field
strength is high enough to pull valence electrons from the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
host atoms on the p-side which are accelerated to n-side.
Collector to emitter voltage (VCE) in volts
These electrons account for high current observed at the
(c) CE amplifier breakdown. The emission of electrons from the host atoms
due to the high electric field is known as internal field emission
IC or field ionization. The electric field required for field ionization
C RC is of the order of 106 V/m.
RB B
V0 Diode as a rectifier
IB E
VCC Transformer Α X
IE
Vi VBB
Primary Secondary RL
B Y
The collector voltage is
diode allows current to pass only when it is forward biased.
A
VCC = VCE + ICRL So if an alternating voltage is applied across a diode the current
and in the input circuit, flows only in that part of the cycle when the diode is forward
VBB = VBE + IBRB . biased. This property is used to rectify alternating voltages and
the circuit used for this purpose is called a rectifier.
when a small voltage vi is added to the input voltage During the positive half cycle of the a.c., the diode conducts
VBB + vi = VBE + IBRB + ΔIB (RB + r ) and current flows through the load resistance from X to Y.
During the negative half cycle of the ac, the diode does not
or conduct. Therefore, the current flows through the diode in
vi = ΔIB (RB + r ). only one direction.
And the output current is
Voltage at A
ΔIC = βIB .
Input ac
OR
Solution t
Voltage across R L
Zener diode is fabricated by heavily doping both p- and

n-sides of the junction. Due to this, depletion region Output voltage
formed is very thin (<10–6 m) and the electric field of the
junction is extremely high (~5 × 106 V/m) even for a small
reverse bias voltage of about 5V. It is seen that when the t
applied reverse bias voltage (V) reaches the breakdown (a)
________________________________________________________________________
30. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image By substituting (1) and (2) in this equation,
due to a point object placed on the axis of a spherical
surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 n1 n2 n2 − n1
− =
and n2. Establish the relation between the distances of the OM MI MC
object, the image and the radius of curvature from the
But OM = –u, MI = v and MC = r
central point of the spherical surface.
Therefore,
Hence derive the expression of the lens maker’s formula.
[5] n2 n1 n2 − n1
− = .
OR v u R
Draw the labeled ray diagram for the formation of image Lens maker’s formula
by a compound microscope.
X
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a
A m1
compound microscope. Explain why both the objective m1 m2 B
and the eyepiece of a compound microscope must have
short focal lengths.
O C2 P1 C P2 C1 I I1
Solution
OP1
u
Y
N v
n1 i n2 P1I1
v1
r
O C I Consider a convex lens (or concave lens) of absolute
M refractive index m2 to be placed in a rarer medium of
R
absolute refractive index m1.
u v Considering the refraction of a point object on the surface
XP1Y, the image is formed at I1 at a distance of v1.
CI1 = P1I1 = v1 (as the lens is thin)
The given figure shows the geometry of formation of
image I of an object O on the principal axis of a spherical CC1 = P1C1 = R1
surface with centre of curvature C, and radius of curvature R. CO = P1O = u
The rays are incident from a medium of refractive index
n1, to another of refractive index n2. As before, we take It follows from the refraction due to convex spherical
the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be surface XP1Y that
small compared to other distances involved, so that µ1 µ2 µ2 − µ1
small angle approximation can be made. In particular, + = (1)
− u v1 R1
NM will be taken to be nearly equal to the length of the
perpendicular from the point N on the principal axis. The refracted ray from A suffers a second refraction on the
surface XP2Y and emerges along BI. Therefore I is the final
MN
tan ∠ NOM = real image of O.
OM Here the object distance is
MN u = Cl1 ≈ P2l1 = v1 (Note P1P2 is very small)
tan ∠ NCM =
MC
Let Cl ≈ P2l = v
(Final image distance)
MN
tan ∠ NIM = Let R2 be radius of curvature of second surface of the lens.
MI
It follows from refraction due to concave spherical
From ΔNOC, i = ∠ NOM + ∠ NCM surface from denser to rarer medium that
MN MN
i= + (1) − µ2 µ1 µ1 − µ2 µ2 − µ1
OM MC + = = . (2)
v1 v R2 − R2

Similarly
r = ∠ NCM − ∠ NIM Adding (1) & (2)
MN MN − µ1 µ1  1 1
r= − (2) + = ( µ2 − µ1 )  − 
MC MI −u v  R1 R2 
But from Snell’s law
 1 1 1 1
n1i = n2r µ1  −  = ( µ2 − µ1 )  − 
v u   R1 R2 
________________________________________________________________________
1 1 1 µ2 1 Thus, the magnification produced by the compound

But − = and = µ2 = µ microscope is the product of the magnifications produced by
v u f µ1
the eyepiece and the objective; that is,
1  1 1 M = Me × Mo , (1)
∴ = ( µ − 1)  −  .
f  R1 R2 
Where Me and Mo are the magnifying powers of the eyepiece
and the objective respectively. The linear magnification of the
OR
real, inverted image produced by the eyepiece is A”B” / A’B’.
The angular magnification or magnifying power of a Linear magnification is given by
compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle D
b subtended by the final image at the eye to the angle a Me = 1+ , (2)
fe
subtended by the object seen directly, when both are placed
at the least distance of distinct vision. Therefore, angular where fe is the focal length of the eyepiece and A’B’ / AB is the
magnification, M = β/α. linear magnification of the object produced by the objective.
Also,
Eye
ye Vo
Vo
Mo = . (3)
A A� uo
Fo a
B� Fe B� b
From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we have
B Fo
fo fo vo  D 
M= 1+ .
uo A� uo  fe 
A� E We know that
D
1 1 1
L − = .
v o uo fo
Multiplying both sides by vo we get
Since the angles are small, a ≈ tan a and b ≈ tan b. Therefore,
tan b vo vo vo
M= . − =
tana v o uo fo
Now, −v o v
A′′B′′ = −1+ o
tanb = uo fo
D
vo v
= 1− o .
and uo fo
A"B" AB
tana = = . Substituting this value in the expression for M, we have
D D
 v   D
Substituting the values of tan a and tan b in the expression M =  1− o   1+  .
for M, we get  fo   fe 
A′′B′′ D A ′′B′′ From the above expression it can be concluded that for high
M= × =
D AB AB magnification M the focal length of objective and eyepiece
should be small as both the focal lengths are inversely
A′′B′′ A′B′
or M= × . proportional to magnification M.
A′ B ′ AB
________________________________________________________________________

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Physics (CBSE 2009)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

1. What is sky wave propagation? [1] Solution

Therefore, the intensity of the light becomes one quarter

Or the transmission range will increase by Solution

where –e is the charge of the electron, and me is mass of

m(t) x(t ) y(t ) Bandpass filter AM wave

C1 Therefore, the kinetic energy of the proton is less

Solution The same magnetic flux Φ induces a back emf in the

A/C source More turns, higher voltage Solution

Current passing through the primary coil induces a IC

I B/µA voltage (Vz) of the Zener diode, there is a large change in

10 Base current (IB)

Zener diode is fabricated by heavily doping both p- and

1 1 1 µ2 1 Thus, the magnification produced by the compound

You might also like

Physics 9

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Physics 9

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Physics (CBSE 2009)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

1. What is sky wave propagation? [1] Solution

Therefore, the intensity of the light becomes one quarter

Or the transmission range will increase by Solution

where –e is the charge of the electron, and me is mass of

m(t) x(t ) y(t ) Bandpass filter AM wave

C1   Therefore, the kinetic energy of the proton is less

Solution The same magnetic flux Φ induces a back emf in the

A/C source More turns, higher voltage Solution

Current passing through the primary coil induces a IC

I B/µA voltage (Vz) of the Zener diode, there is a large change in

10 Base current (IB)

Zener diode is fabricated by heavily doping both p- and

1 1 1 µ2 1 Thus, the magnification produced by the compound

You might also like

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

1. What is sky wave propagation? [1] Solution

Therefore, the intensity of the light becomes one quarter

where –e is the charge of the electron, and me is mass of

C1 Therefore, the kinetic energy of the proton is less

Current passing through the primary coil induces a IC

Zener diode is fabricated by heavily doping both p- and