ENGLISH

MATERIAL : KIND OF THE TEXT

BY :

1. MELVIN KRISDAYANTI GEEA

2. MASIWANITA NAZARA
3. FIRDAYANTI ZALUKHU
4. RILI ANGELICA HAREFA
5. PUTRI DESTALENTA ZENDRATO
6. NUR ASNIYAR GULO
7. SEPMAN TEGUH ZEGA
8. OKTOBERTA PERSATUAN ZALUKHU

TEACHER : Mr. SANEHAMA TELAUMBANUA S.Pd

SMA NEGERI 1 LOTU

2021/2022
1. NARRATIVE TEXT

a. Definition
Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find
the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative
mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

b. Social Function
The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

c. Generic Structure
 Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of
the story: who and what is involved in the story.
 Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main
participants.
 Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending.
 Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson, 
advice  or  teaching  from  the writer.

d. Languange Features
1. Using Action Verb in Past Tense. For example: Walked, Said, Wondered, etc.
2. Using certain nouns as pronouns for certain people, animals and things in the story.
For example: the princess, the girl, the queen, etc.
3. Using adjectives that form a single noun phrase.
For example: The red riding hood, the poisoned apple, etc.
4. Uses Time Connectives and Conjunctions to sequence events.
For example: before, after, then, next, soon, etc.
5. Using Adverbs and Adverbial Phrase to indicate the location of events or events.
For example: on the sea, in the mountain, there, happily ever after, etc.

e. Example of Text

SURA AND BAYA

A long time ago, there were two animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a
shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in a sea.
Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.
"Yummy, this is my lunch," said Baya. "No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy" said
Sura. Then they fought for the goat. After several hours, they were very tired.
Feeling tired of fighting; they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and
Baya lived in the land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.
One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry
and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke
the promise.
They fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya’s tail. Baya did the same
thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up and went back to the sea. Baya was
happy.

f. Kind of Narrative Text

1.. Fable
The Rabbit and the Turtle
One day a rabbit was boasting about how fast he could run. He was laughing at the
turtle for being so slow. Much to the rabbit’s surprise, the turtle challenged him to a race.
 The rabbit thought this was a good joke and accepted the challenge. The fox was to be
the umpire of the race. As the race began, the rabbit ran away ahead of the turtle, just like
everyone thought.
The rabbit got to the halfway point and could not see the turtle anywhere. He felt hot
and tired and decided to stop and take a short nap. All this time the turtle kept walking step
by step by step. He never quit no matter how hot or tired he got. He just kept going.
How ever, the rabbit slept longer than he had thought and woke up. He could not see
the turtle anywhere! He ran at full-speed to the finish line but found the turtle there waiting
for him.

2. Fairy Tales
CINDERELLA

Once upon a time, there lived a girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother
and two step sisters. The step mother and her two daughters didn’t like Cinderella. They
treated Cincerella very bad. Cinderella usually did the hardest works in the house, such as
scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family, and so on.
One day, a ball was to be held by the royal family of the kingdom to find the Prince’s
spouse. Cinderella wanted to go to the ball but her step mother asked her to stay at home and
do the house works. Cinderella cried. Then there was a fairy godmother standing beside her.
“Why are you crying, Cinderella?”, the fairy godmother asked. “Because I want to go to the
ball but my step mother insists me to stay at home. Besides, I don’t have any beautiful dress”
said Cinderella.
Then the fairy turned Cinderella’s ugly dress became the most beautiful dress and
with beautiful slippers. The fairy also turned a pumpkin into a parking coach and the mice
become six white horses. Cinderella fiinally could go to the ball but she had to come back
before midnight before the spell ended.
At the ball, Cinderella amazed everybody there include the Prince. The Prince asked
her to dance. Cinderella had a wonderful time at the ball. But, all of a sudden, she heard the
sound of a clock, the first stroke of midnight. Remembered what the fairy had said,
Cinderella ran back to go home. But she lost one of her slippers in ballroom. The Prince
picked up her slipper and would search for the girl whose foot fitted with the slipper.
A few days later, the Prince proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted
the slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how
hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the King’s solder let Cinderella try on the
slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.

3. Legend
STORY OF TOBA LAKE

Once upon a time, there was a man who was living in north Sumatra. He lived in a simple hut
in a farming field. The did some gardening and fishing for his daily life.
One day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. It was
the biggest catch which he ever had in his life. Surprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful
princess. He felt in love with her and proposed her to be his wife. She said; “Yes, but you
have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret that I was once a fish, otherwise there will
be a huge disaster”. The man made the deal and they got married, lived happily and had a
daughter.
Few years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields.
One day, his daughter was so hungry and she ate his father’s lunch. Unfortunately, he found
out and got furious, and shouted; “You damned daughter of a fish”. The daughter ran home
and asked her mother. The mother started crying, felt sad that her husband had broke his
promise.
Then she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to
come. When her daughter left, she prayed. Soon there was a big earthquake followed by non
stop pouring rain. The whole area got flooded and became Toba Lake. She turned into a fish
again and the man became the island of Samosir.
4. Myth
THE MYTH OF DEWI SRI

Once upon a time, Batara Guru commanded all the gods and goddesses to contribute
their power in order to build a new palace. Anybody who disobeyed this commandment were
considered lazy and would lose their arms and legs.

Hearing the Batara Guru’s commandment, Naga god was very anxious because he didn’t
have arms or legs. He might not be able do the job. So he asked advice from Batara Narada
who was the younger brother of Batara Guru. Unfortunately Narada was also confused. The
Naga god became very upset.
.
While the Naga god was crying for his bad luck, three teardrops fell on the ground. Not long
after that, those teardrops became three beautiful shining eggs which looked like jewels. Then
Batara Narada advised him to offer those shining eggs to Batara Guru.
With the three eggs in his mouth, the Naga god went to the Batara Guru’s palace. On the
way, an eagle asked him a question. Surely Naga god could not answer the question because
he was holding the eggs in his mouth. Seeing that, the bird thought that Naga god was
arrogant and the bird attacked him.

Being attacked, one egg fell to earth. Then Naga god was hiding in the bushes but the bird
was waiting for him. The bird attacked for the second time and one egg fell again. So Naga
god only had one egg in his mouth. He kept moving to Batara Guru’s palace.
Finally Naga god arrived at the palace. He offered the egg to the Batara Guru. And
miraculously the egg hatched became a very beautiful baby girl. Naga god gave the baby girl
to the Batara Guru. The baby grew up into a beautiful girl and later known for Dewi Sri.

5. Adventure Stories
ALI BABA

Once upon a time there were 40 cruel thieves who put their stolen money and
treasures in a cave. They went in the cave by saying ”Open Sesame” to the cave entrance. A
poor person, named Ali Baba saw them while they were doing that, so he heard the opening
word. After they left, he went toward the cave and opened it. Suddenly he found a very large
quantity of money and golden treasures. He took some of it and went back home. After that
he became a rich man and his brother wanted to know how he became rich.
Ali Baba turned into the richest man in his village. His evil brother was really jealous of him,
and wanted to know how he could get such a lot of money. Therefore, when Ali Baba went to
the cave again to take some more money, his brother followed him. He saw everything, and
decided to go back the next day to take some money for himself. The next morning he found
a lot of money in the cave, and he wanted to take all of them. Unfortunately, when he was
busy carrying the money to his house, the thieves came. The boss of the thieves asked him
how he knew about the cave. He told everything, but unluckily they killed him and went to
Ali Baba’s house.

After finding Ali Baba’s house, they made a plan to kill him the following night. Some of the
thieves hid in big jars, and the boss pretended that he was a merchant who wanted to sell the
jars to Ali Baba. Ali Baba who was a kind man invited the boss of the thief to have lunch
together.
After lunch they took a rest. Luckily, the house maid went out of the house, and found
that there were thieves inside the jars. She finally boiled hot oil and poured it into the jars to
kill all of them. The boss of the thieves was caught, and put into prison.
Ali Baba was saved from the danger, and he finally lived happily ever after with his maid
who became his wife shortly after.
6. Science Fiction
FAST SEVEN

After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes,
Dominic “Dom” Toretto, Brian O’Conner, and the rest of their team had returned to the
United States to live normal lives again. Brian began to accustom himself to life as a father,
while Dom tried to help Letty Ortiz regain her memories. Meanwhile, Owen’s older brother,
Deckard Shaw, broke into the secure hospital the comatose Owen was being held in and
swears vengeance against Dom, before breaking into Luke Hobbs’ DSS office to extract
profiles of Dom’s crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engaged Hobbs in a fight and
escapes when he detonated a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learned from his
sister Mia that she was pregnant again and convinced her to tell Brian. However, a bomb,
disguised in a package sent from Tokyo, exploded and destroyed the Toretto house just
seconds after Han, a member of their team, was killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visited
Hobbs in a hospital, where he learned that Shaw was a rogue special forces assassin seeking
to avenge his brother. Dom then traveled to Tokyo to claim Han’s body and met and raced
Sean Boswell, a friend of Han’s who gave him personal items found at Han’s crash site.
At Han’s funeral in Los Angeles, Dom noticed a car observing them, and after a
chase, confronts its driver, Shaw. Both prepared to fight, Shaw slipped away when a covert
ops team arrived and opened fire. The team was led by a man who called himself Mr.
Nobody, who said that he would assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helped him obtain the
God’s Eye, a computer program that used digital devices to track down a person, and saved
its creator, a hacker named Ramsey, from a mercenary named Mose Jakande. Dom, Brian,
Letty, Roman Pearce, and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in
Azerbaijan, ambush Jakande’s convoy, and rescue Ramsey.

7. Mysteries
Mysteries of gunung merapi

Once, Java Island is one of the five largest islands in Indonesia. That said, this island
in the past wasun even or tilted. There fore, the gods in heaven intended to make the island
not tilted. In a meeting, they then decided toerect a largeand high mountain in the middle of
Java as a counter weight. Soit was agreed to move Mount Jamur dipa in the South Sea to a
flat land area located on the border of Sleman Regency in theSpecial Province of Yogyakarta,
and Magelang, Boyolali, and Klaten Districts in Central Java Province.
Mean while, in the area where Mount Jamur dipa will be located here are two masters
who are making the magic kris. They are Empu Rama and Empu Pamadi who have high
powers. There fore, the gods will first advise thet womasters to immediately move to another
place so that it is not crushed by the mountain that will be placed in the area. The king of the
gods, the Batara Guru immediately sent Batara Narada and the Penyarikan God along with a
number of guards from. The place of the he avent opersuade thet womasters.
Arrivingatthatplace,the messengers of the god simmediatel yapproached thet
womasters who were busy for ginganiron bar mixed with various metals. How shocked
Batara Narada and the Penyarikan God were when they witnessed the way Empu Rama and
Empu Pamadimade keris. The two masters forget diron burning bars with out using a
hammerand metal foundation, but with their hand sand thighs. Their fists are like
very hard steel hammers. Every time their fist strikes on a burningiron bar, a spark of light
emanates."Sorry, master! We are themes sengers of the gods who want to talk to the master,
both of them, "said the Penyarikan God.

8. Romance
I am One of Those Fool Men
A boy was making a close relationship with a girl who always hurt him. One day, she
broke up with him and told him, “I don’t ever want to see you again.”
A few months later, the girl had a change of heart. She realized that she loved the boy,
so she went back and said to him, “Give me just one more chance. I love you and I need you.
I promise that I will never hurt you again.”
 But the boy just laughed and said to her, “Only a fool would take back someone who
hurt them so much.”
The girl felt hopeless and began to cry, but the boy put his arms around her, held her
tightly and said, “…and I am one of those fools.”

9. Historical Text
I Sat On the Bus

I sat on the bus, on my way to school. Listening to music, and paying little to no
attention to the other students. At one of the stops, my mind snapped back to reality. I looked
towards the small house. Tommy’s house, I thought.
A hand slipped through the drapes of the window and waved the bus driver to move
on.‘He’s sick’, I thought, paying no large amount of attention to the situation. The day flew
by.
I watched the local news channel after school, and what I heard paralyzed me.
Tommy’s entire family was murdered that day by an unknown suspect. After hearing this
news, I moved back up to my room and quietly fell asleep.
The next day, I sat on the bus. We drove past Tommy’s house and the bus driver,
unaware of Tommy’s families fate, stopped at his home. As I was about to get up and explain
to her what had happened, something caught my eye. A pale hand slipped through the drapes
of the window and waved the bus driver to move on. I sat on the bus, terrified.

10. Slice of life

Forget the Card

It just happened yesterday........

in the afternoon when i just finished english course in mj center i go home with niar but
before i go home i stopped by to the cafe to find the task  that was given sir mardi i.e to open
his blog and translite it, and because of the it, i came late it make me became hurry to get to 
home ehmm by the way i ride motorcycle with niar.  but not about it the real story is
beginning, as i had finished by the task i forget that i must buy the quota card so i stoped at
the  store that sold it and then ( jeng jeng jeng, the sound of drum ) after a long jurney i found
a shop that sell it so i came in and asked “ excuse me miss do you have a quota card of exis ”
“ yes it is, (she showed many card) what do you want ?” she said, “i want this , emh what is
the price of it ?” i asked, she answed “it is Rp 16.000 “ “oke it is your money, oke let’s niar
we are late”, but as i rode the motor niar asked “ dewi do you forget something ? i said “ what
is it...... oh my god my quota card. So i am back the shop and take it and go home with laugh
with niar. 
That is story slice of my life thanks for reading i hope you like it, and bye bye .

2. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

a. Definition
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. The purpose of the descriptive text is
clear, that is to describe, represent or reveal a person or an object, either abstract or concrete.

b. Social Function
The social function of writing descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place,
thing, or animal.

c. Generic Sructure
 Identification : Explaining the object but not yet in detail, so it's just an intro or
opening.
 Description : At this stage we explain in detail or in detail about the object we are
describing.
  Conclusion : This conclusion can be used or not, so its existence is not so
mandatory.
d. Langguage Features
 Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and unique (only one). for
example: Bandengan beach, my house, Borobudur temple, uncle Jim
 The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for example: a beautiful
beach, a handsome man, the famous place in jepara, etc.
 The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is simple present because it
tells the fact of the object described.
 Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run, sleep, walk, cut etc.

e. Example Descriptive Text

My Favorite Teacher

My favorite teacher is my history teacher, and he is by far the best teacher that I
have ever had. He has the ability to make a subject that many students find incredibly boring
come to life through his enthusiasm and passion for history, and his love of being a teacher.
Attending his lessons is something we look forward to, not dread, like we do with most other
lessons.
It’s ever so funny to watch him get excited about something, which happens in every
lesson. It’s easy to know that he’s getting excited because he begins bouncing up and down
slightly in a way that no other sixty-something year old would ever managed without looking
completely ridiculous. He has this dark (with more and more grey streaks these days), springy
hair that lines the edge of his growing bald patch, and the hair bounces up and down with him
like thousands of tiny little springs. Then, he takes on his whole new persona, often going
into role and becoming the character or figure he is talking about, doing the voices, the
actions, and parading up and down the room gesticulating wildly, but all the while there’s a
gentle ‘bounce, bounce, bounce’, as though the springs are not just on his head but on the
soles of his shoes too.
A teacher that doesn’t take himself too seriously always will be a big hit with
teenagers, although he’s not afraid to impose his authority if he has to. I’ve only ever heard
him properly shout once (although thankfully it wasn’t it me), but it isn’t an experience that I
would like to repeat. When he lost it, the room suddenly became more silent than I’d ever
known it to be before. We all sat slightly paralyzed, not even anting to breathe too loudly,
because hearing such a jovial and jolly little man lose his temper was a huge shock. It
certainly had the right kind of impact though, because he’s never needed to shout since.
It is actually this teacher that I have to thank for my love of history. In his lessons,
history does not mean copying out of textbooks and writing pages and pages of notes. History
is alive; history is something tangible, that you can see, hear and feel, and we can live it
through dressing up and acting out scenes or taking trips to important places of historical
interest. And although he’s getting on in years and may not be teaching for much longer, he
will have an important place in history for many of his students, because there has never been
a teacher able to bring a subject to life in quite the same way he does.

3. RECOUNT TEXT

a. Definition
Recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity. Its goal
is to entertaining or informing the reader. We can also state that recount text is a text which
retells event or experiences in the past.

b. Social Function
The social function or the purpose of recount text is to entertain/ to amuse or to
inform the reader about experience, story, action or activity which happen in the past.

c. Generic Structure
 1. Orientation : It gives the readers the background information needed to understand the
text, such as who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened.
2. Events : A series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence.
3. Re-orientation :A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.

d. Language Features
1. Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and past perfect
continuous tense.
2. Using temporal sequence, e.g. On Saturday. On Monday, On Sunday
3. Focus on specific participant, e.g. I (the writer)
4. Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.
5. Using action verd, e.g. went, stayed.

e. Example of Recount Text

Expired Free Ticket
Last week I went to the theater. It was the only theater at my town. I had one free
ticket to watch a movie. I had no idea about the movie I would like to watch and I did not
know the schedule of that theater. So that, I just wanted to come and see if there was any
good movie.
          I parked my motorcycle at the parking area and I walked slowly at the hall of the
theater. I took my ticket on my wallet and go to the information section to ask about how to
use the ticket that day. Unfortunately, I missed it. The ticket was already expired 2 days
before.
          I went home and I was very disappointed about that.

4. RECOUNT TEXT

a. Definition
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of
systematic observation and analyses or   report text is a type of text that announce the result of
an investigation or announce something. The information given in a report text is very
general information.

b. Social Function
Report text is to present information about an object the way it is without being
modified. The text basically describe an object and must be a representative of their class
(natural/man made) such as animals, plants, countries, culture, etc.

c. Generic Structure
 General Clasification ; Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public
place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general.
 Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities,
habits or behaviors.

d. Language Features
 Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;

 Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;

 Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;

 Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin
over the sea;
 Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;

 Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated

naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.
e. Example Report Text
Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with
Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known
as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”.
The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic
Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands
formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are
connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and
every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is
mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians
travel by motorized waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals
and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still
in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand
Canal at certain points without bridges.
You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo
Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the
Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting
aspects of Venetian countryside. They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for
fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic
view, especially at night.

5. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

a. Definition
Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter, and
toanalyze the topic that the thesis/opinion is correct by developing an argument to support it.

b. Social Function
To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be
discussed or gained attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that support the
main idea or topic.

c. Generic Structure
 Thesis : Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point of view.
 Argument : Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position. The number
of arguments may vary, but each argument must be supported by
evidence and explanation.
 Reiteration : Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can
use the following phrase to make conclusion in reiteration.

d. Language Features
1. Using relational process
2. Using internal conjunction
3. Using causal conjunction
4. Using Simple Present Tense
5. Using compound and complex sentence.
6. Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, and reasoning through causal
conjunction, such as in addition, furthermore, however, therefore
e. Example Analytical Explanation Text

Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?

Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot of schools over there.
Nowadays, schools grow to offer plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a
hard choice since there are many factors which need to be considered before making the
selection. Some will be influenced by friends; because some friend got to certain school than
we go to there too. Some prefer to choose certain school because of the closer distance. In
fact, the primary decisive matter for selecting school is whether the school has been
accredited or not.
Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an
edge over the unaccredited schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact in
employment opportunities. As result, if there are two or more students with similar
qualifications, the student who comes from the accredited school will have an edge over the
other candidate. Student from an accredited school has more open door than student with an
accredited one.
Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend
influence and short distance from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much
cost. Choosing school which is closer to home will save time, energy and money. However if
that school is not accredited, the time and money spent along studying seems to be waste in
the long term because it could become a limiting factor in gaining future opportunities.
Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive student’s success. Personality and
characterization are very important too. However a student with good personality who comes
from an accredited school is better than the others.

6. HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

a. Definisi
Hortatory exposition text is a type of persuasive or all text or material, often used to
explain whether something should not be done.

b. Social Function
The social function of hortatory exposition text is to persuade the reader or listener
that something should or should not be the case.

c. Generic Structure
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern.
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation.
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done
based on the given arguments.

d. Language Features
1. A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except
for speaker or writer referring to self.
2. It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels
about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3. It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has
polluted… etc.
4. It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5. Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly,
secondly …, Finally, etc.

e. Example Hortatory Text

Watch your Kids While Watching TV
 Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost
houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it
important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes”
and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect
the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during
the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time
spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of
being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a
lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:
 Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
 Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
 Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
 Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

7. PROCEDURE TEXT

a. Definition
There are three definition about procedure text :
(1) Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation
manuals. How to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the
fax.
(2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science
experiments, road safety rules.
(3) Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to succeed.

b. Social Function
Procedure text is a piece of written or spoken text which has the social function to
inform the readers or the listeners how to make or to do something. It can be in the form of a
set of instructions, directions or a manual.

c. Generic Structure
 Goal/Purpose
The first part in writing procedure text is aim/goal which means goal. Usually, this
purpose lies in the title indicating the purpose of the text.
Example: How to Make Dalgona Coffee

 Ingredients
In the second part, Smart Buddy is required to write materials. Writing these materials
is useful for explaining what materials or tools are used to make something in the
procedure text.
Example: The ingredients for making Dalgona Coffee are coffee and sugar. We also
need a spoon and warm water.

 Step/Method
The final part, namely writing steps/methods (steps/methods). This section contains the
steps taken to achieve the objectives of the procedure text.

d. Language Features
– Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction ( first, second, third, the last )
– Use command / imperative sentence ( put the noodles on the, cut the onion, wash the
tomatoes )
 – Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner accurate, for
example, for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
– Using action verbs, ( make, take, boil, cook )
– Using Simple Present Tense.
e. Example Procedure Text
How to Make Scrambled Eggs

Ingredients: - 2 eggs
- Milk
- 1 teaspoon of butter
- A pinch of salt and water

Steps: 1. First, crack the eggs into a small bowl and add a pinch of salt and pepper. Whisk
until all is well blended.
2. In a frying pan, add butter and let it melt.
3. Pour in the eggs and milk, and wait for around 20 seconds, do not stir it.
4. After that, fold the eggs to the center and stir it with a spatula.
5. Repeat the previous step until all the eggs are mostly cooked.
6. Remove the eggs from the heat, and continue to fold and stir the eggs for around a
minute.
7. Last, lift the eggs, and put them on a serving plate. Your scrambled eggs are ready.

8. EXPLANATION TEXT

a. Definition
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming
of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

b. Social Function
Social function of explanation text is to explain the reason how and why something
happened. In the text, those reasons are being elaborated further and more in-depth such the
processes involved in the formation or working of natural and socio-cultural phenomena.

c. Generic Structure
o Statement : Contains general information about the topic to be discussed in the
text.
o Explanation : Contains the events (sequence of events) of a process which is the
topic of the text. We can also explain by using why and how
questions, so that our explanation is more comprehensive.
o Closing : The closing or closing section is optional or does not have to
be in this text. This section may contain additional information or
the author's opinion on the topic covered.

d. Language Features
 Using the present tense, because the explanation text discusses a fact.
 Using complex noun groups, it aims to build detailed descriptions for example, '
Threatening', 'Rampaging' or 'Enormous' and many more.
 Using abstract nouns such as 'heat', 'earthquakes', 'floods', and others.
 Use sentences with clear subjects and use the verb agreement.
 Using action verbs to explain the causes of the phenomena being discussed such as
'from' or 'started from'.
 Use adverbial phrases from a time and place to tell when and where the incident took
place. For example. ‘Its is to be found in Sulawesi, Indonesia’.
 Using conjunctions to connect the time sequence in the order of cause and effect. For
example 'after', 'finally', 'so', 'then' and others.
 Using passive voice which is useful to emphasize the focus of the ongoing events.
  Using conjunctions of time, for example, 'when', 'as'. This time conjunction is to order
and connect events so that the written text is more fluid. This time conjunction can be
placed first in a sentence to focus the reader's attention.
 Use technical terms or word chains about the subject.
e. Example Explanation Text
How A Fuel Light Works

Many cars, motorcycles and other modern vehicles have fuel warning light devices.
the warning light is usually red which switches on automatically when the level of fuel in the
tank is very low. The warning light gives the driver information about the amount of petrol in
the tank. When the light switches on red, it tells the driver that the petrol in the tank is almost
empty. Therefore he have to put more fuel into the tank. However do you know how the fuel
warning works?
Well this is the way the fuel warning light work and gives the driver information
about the accurate amount of the petrol in the tank. When the level of the fuel falls, the float
inside the tank moves downwards. When this condition happens, the arm also moves
downwards and it make the lever touch an electrical contact. This switches on the fuel light in
the car dashboard.
The red light which appears in the fuel panel of the dashboard tells the driver that he
needs more petrol for his car. When he pours more petrol into the tank, this condition makes
the fuel level rise and it pushes the float upwards. In return it disconnects to the electrical
contact and makes the red light switch off.

9. ANECDOTE TEXT

a. Definition
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its
purpose is to entertain the readers.

b. Social Function
The social function of anecdotes is to tell funny and unusual stories and its main
purpose is not only to get people entertained, but also to reveal a truth more general than the
brief tale itself.

c. Generic Structure
 Abstract
In this section, the author will start the article by briefly introducing something unique
or odd so that it attracts the attention of the listener or reader and makes them curious
about how it happened. Usually, although not absolutely the author will start by asking
a question.
 Orientation
After being able to make listeners or readers curious, then the writer will start by
introducing the setting of the place, actors, and time of a story. This section has the
same function as Narration Text.
 Crisis
The third part of the generic structure of anecdote text is Crisis. After in the abstract
section, the author briefly describes unique things, in this section the author then
emphasizes the uniqueness and oddities that occur so that the reader's curiosity graph
increases.
 Reaction or Incident
In this section, the author ends his curiosity about odd or unique things in the story by
telling how the actors solve the problems or oddities that occur. And it is in this section
that readers or listeners usually get a curious or funny problem solving.
 Coda (optional / not required)
Coda is the conclusion that can be drawn in the funny story that will usually invite the
laughter of the listener or the reader is even greater. However, this part of the generic
structure of anecdote text is not always present in anecdote stories.
d. Language Features
1. Using the past tense (past time)
Example: Last night, I met a beautiful girl wearing a swimsuit in the middle of crowded
people.
2. Using Exclamation (Exclamation)
Example: How weird that man is! (that guy is really weird)
3. Using Conjunction of Time
Example: lately, firstly, after, before, finally, etc.
4. Using Rhetoric Questions
Rhetoric Question is a type of question that does not require an answer because the
questioner knows the answer better than the question. Usually, Rhetoric Questions are
used for interaction with readers or listeners.
Example: Do you know what? (you know what?), do you know why? (you know why?)
5. Using Intensity Word
Intensity Word, which is a word used to show intensity to make the story more
dramatic.
Example: really good, very, very much, pretty much, and so on.
6. Using imperative sentences (command sentences), such as: listen to this.
7. Using action verbs, such as: went, written, etc.

e. Example Anecdote Text

Snake in The Bath

How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was
in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned
on the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered
the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath,
spitting and hissing at us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who
luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only
three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of
the way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.

10. DISCUSSION TEXT

a. Definition
Discussion Text is “a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will
be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text.”

b. Social Function
Discussion text is to present an issue or information by explaining some of the
opinions of experts in their fields and usually the opinions expressed are contradictory (pros
and cons). So it can be concluded that the author makes the text based on the discourse that is
in the community.

c. Generic Structure
1. Issue
Contains of statement and preview about something
2. Supporting point
After stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point
is agreeing.
3. Contrastive point
 Beside the supporting argument, discussion text needs the arguments which disagree to
stated issue.
4. Recommendation/conclusion
It is used to tell how to solve issue by connecting the arguments for and against.

d. Language Features
1. Introducing category or generic participant
2. Relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection
5. Using modalities
6. Using adverbial of manner
7. Using conjunction/transition
8. Using simple present tense

e. Example Discussion Text

Homework

I have been wondering if homework is necessary. I think we should have homework

because it helps us to learn and revise our work. Homework helps people who aren’t very
smart to remember what they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with
our education.
But, many times, doing home is not a great idea. I think we shouldn’t have homework
because I like to go out after school to a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is
boring and not important. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things
with my family.
According to me, homework is not as an entirely bad thing or a completely good thing
for students’ education because this is about how they learn more their material from school.

11. NEWS ITEM TEXT

a. Definition
News item text is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.
It means if there is an important event that should be known by many people, then this event
deserves news. Well, the news text is called the news item text. However, if there are events
that people do not deserve, then they are not definitely worth to be news.

b. Social Function
News item text is a written public information of which the purpose is to inform
readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Basically, a
news item text answers the 5W and 1H questions: what, who, when, where, why, and how
relating to the newsworthy.

c. Generic Structure
1. Main Events / Newsworthy event(s): it recounts the event in summary form.
2. Elaboration / Background event(s): they elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstance.
3. Resource of Information (Source) : it contains comments by participants in, witnesses
to and authorities expert on the event.

d. Language Structure
– Focusing on circumstances (using a simple language in writing the text)
– Using saying verbs: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported.
– Sometimes at the beginning of news, the scene is mentioned : Jakarta – … .. / Kuala
Lumpur – …
 – Using Past tense in explaining news events. But if it is a fact that until now still happen
or still in the form of fact, then can use simple present tense.
– Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
– Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
– Uses of material processes to retell the event

e. Example News Item Text

Amazon Prime Day will actually be two days this year

Amazon’s Prime Day will return for the fifth time next month, and this year the
discount holiday will run for two entire days.
Amazon announced that Prime Day this year will start at midnight on Monday, July
15, and run for 48 hours. The company boasts that the event will include more than a million
deals around the world, such as steep discounts on Alexa-enabled devices. In 2018, Prime
Day lasted 36 hours, which was longer than in prior years. Amazon tested out its inaugural
Prime Day in July of 2015 to celebrate its 20th anniversary. It designed the day to replicate
Black Friday for Amazon die-hards.

12. SPOOF TEXT

a. Definition
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable
and funny ending.

b. Social Function
Spoof text tells a factual story which occurs in the past and ends in tragic, ironic,
humorousfunny ending, or in an unpredictable twist. Twist is the ending plot of a story which
is unpredictable. A spoof text can be very similar to narrative, recount, or even news item
texts.

c. Generic Structure
1. Orientation: Introduction of the participant of the story, where it happens and when it
happens. By giving the orientation, reader will recognize the story.
2. Events: Tells about the chronological of the story. Several events are explored in
chronological way which able to arrange the story read nicely.
3. Twist: An unpredictable plot in the end of the story which amuse the reader. Readers
even didn’t predict before that it would be.

d. Language Features
1. Focusing on individual participant like as people, animals or certain things
2. Using past sentence
3. Using action verb (ate, ran, was walking, etc.)
4. The use of adverbial phrase of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
5. Told in chronological order
6. Use of direct speech or indirect speech for the dialogues
7. The use of connective (first, then, finally)
8. Use of material process

e. Example Spoof Text

Penguin in the Park

Once a man was walking in a park when he come across a penguin.

He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I
do?” The policeman replied, “take him to the zoo”.
 The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man still
carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather supriseed and walked up to the man
and asked “why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo?”
“I certainly did” replied the man. “And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed
it, so today I am taking him to the moviest, and the next day I’ll take it to the beach. It’ll be
so much fun” said the man.
“Owh my God. You are so stupid. I asked you to take the penguin and give it to the
zoo. I didn’t ask to take it to the zoo and had fun there with it.” policemen said.

13. RIVEW TEXT

a. Definition
Review text is an evaluation of publication, such as a movie, video game, musical
composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event
or performance, such as a live concert, a ply, musical theater show or dance show.

b. Social Function
Review text is used to evaluate/review/critic the events or art works for the reader or
listener, such as movies, shows, book, others and to critique or evaluate an art work or event
for a public audience.

c. Generic Structure
 Orientation/Introduction: General information of the text.
 Interpretative Recount: Summary of an art works including character and plot.
 Evaluation: Concluding statement: Judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can
consist of more than one.
 Summary: The last opinion consist the appraisal or the punch line of the art works
being criticized.

d. Language Features
 Using the present tense
 Focus on specific participants
 Using adjectives form example like ad, good, valuable, etc.
 Using long and complex clauses
 Using metaphor

e. Example Review Text

Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a
special place in my heart.
I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my favorite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of
hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works…you
feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly
moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The
galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if
we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures.
Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still
housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other
people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play
rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken
off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a
teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from
being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads
off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a
walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I
actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me
care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have
been great.