Automotive Electronics

Assessment Component 2: Coursework-1

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6MA042
Module Level Assessor
Automotive Electronics
Title 6 Mr Prashant Priyadarshi
(20 Credits)

Assessment Title: Assessment component- 2 (Coursework)

Assessment component 2
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 Assessment and Grading Verification Sheet
6MA042
Module Level Assessor
Automotive Electronics
Title 6 Mr Prashant Priyadarshi
(20 Credits)

Assessment Title: Assessment Component- 2 (Coursework-1)

Internal Verifier:

Grading decisions appropriate Y N

Assessors decision confirmed Y N

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 Collision detection and
avoidance system for
vehicle

Academic Session: 2020 – 2021

Module title: Automotive Electronics
Course code: 6MA042
Student name: Hrishikesh Dukhande
Student ID: 2041826
Supervisor: Mr. Prashant Priyadarshi
Summary

Over the previous decade, passive based vehicle location methods for street safety
improvement have increased an expanding measure of consideration. Shockingly, the
procedures experience the ill effects of strength because of colossal fluctuation fit as a fiddle
(especially for cruisers), jumbled climate, different light conditions, and driving conduct. In this
paper, we give a far-reaching review in a methodical methodology about the best in class on-
street vision-based vehicle identification and global positioning frameworks for crash shirking
frameworks (CAS). At long last, the study furnishes an ideal decision with a minimal effort and
dependable CAS plan in-vehicle ventures. The instigation of car Collision Warning Systems
possibly speaks to the following huge jump in vehicle wellbeing innovation. Such frameworks
endeavour to effectively caution drivers of a looming crash occasion, permitting the driver
sufficient opportunity to make fitting remedial moves to alleviate or dodge the occasion. Crash
information “gathered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) shows
that roughly 88% of rear side crashes”[ CITATION inj20 \l 1033 ] are brought about by driver
negligence and following too intently.

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Table of Contents

 Summary 1

 Introduction 3

 Literature review 4

 Hardware Design 6

 Block diagram 6

 Circuit diagram 6

 Technical specification 7

 Software design 11

 Program flowchart 11

 Program for system 12

 Results 14

 Conclusion and Discussion 16

 Bibliography 17

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Introduction

Enormous advancement has been made since the 1980s concerning the safety of the vehicle.
Enhancements in detached wellbeing highlights, for example, safety belts, airbags, ABS have
drastically decreased the rate of accidents, wounds and fatalities. The Vehicle Collision
Avoidance Framework (VCAF) represents a huge jump in vehicle safety innovation. Such
frameworks endeavour to effectively caution drivers of a looming impact scenario, permitting the
driver sufficient opportunity to take remedial activities to moderate, or evade, the scenario. It
imagines the executions of an extensive collision avoidance framework, which is fit for
distinguishing and notice the driver of potential peril conditions in the forward, side and back
areas of the vehicle. The framework would utilize: (1) long-range radar or optical sensors to
recognize potential dangers before vehicles, (2) short-range sensors to caution the driver of
close-by objects when sponsorship up and a crash identification framework to alarm the driver
when the vehicle strays out and about. The program exertion is zeroed in on giving admonitions
to the driver instead of assuming responsibility for the vehicle. The quickened advancement of
key innovations that are the fundamental structure blocks for completely coordinated the far-
reaching crash notice framework has principally zeroed in on the accompanying three zones: (a)
sensors, (b)systems (way assessment and in-way target determination, danger appraisal).

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Literature review

(Song et al., 2017) – In this the consistent obstructions ID and their status depiction framework
for crash notice in the vehicle dynamic security structure. In particular, strong system cameras
and millimetre-wave are converged to assist the driving capacity with being a mindful vehicle to
discover "Threat" or "Likely Danger" in an ideal route by cementing with the vehicle kinematic
model. The proposed methodology utilizes the astounding tendencies of sound structure
cameras- “radar to perceive the environment through a few modules. Cameras are fantastically
used to recognize the close by or sidelong astounding articles and to get the impediments
region of premium (ROI) examining its rich data and high affectability to the equivalent
dislodging, while far or longitudinal relative” [ CITATION Wen17 \l 1033 ] one of kind things is
perceived by as appeared by its observational capacity to compensate.
(Kim et al., 2016) - The capacity of computerized vehicles with keen installed frameworks
pointed toward improving traffic wellbeing has been in steady development. It proposes a
coordinated module of hindrance identification for a forward impact notice framework that can
be installed in a self-sufficient driving framework working progressively. Joining of vehicle
identification gives more exact data to driving conditions by utilizing mathematical thought of the
streets and accomplishes synergistic impacts for dismissing bogus cautions by changing ground
requirements.
(Catapang and Ramos, 2016) - Obstruction discovery is a necessity for Advanced Driver
Assistance Systems (ADAS) which are the forerunners to self-sufficient vehicle frameworks.
Various sensor frameworks have been utilized before to perform deterrent discovery. One
specific sensor framework is the LIDAR framework which is noted for its exactness in estimating
separations. Nonetheless, most monetarily accessible LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
frameworks are costly and computationally escalated. This exploration portrays an economical
2D LIDAR framework utilizing the LIDAR-Lite v1 for use in obstruction identification for
independent vehicles.
(Pyo et al., 2016) - Front Collision Warning (FCW) is a critical safety function of Advanced
Driver Assistance System (ADAS). Recently, many kinds of research related to FCW systems
which use monocular camera image processing have been introduced. In this an FCW system
for highway environment based on vehicle detection using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
as a classifier. Adaptive Region-of-Interest (ROI) is set using lane detection to enhance speed
and detection performance of the system.
(Chang et al., 2016) - Web of things joins large information reaches out for some, applications,
including insightful urban areas, brilliant home, shrewd transportation or wearable gadgets. Web
of things joins enormous information stretches out for some, applications, including astute urban
communities, keen home, smart transportation or wearable gadgets. There is a little
examination for singular vehicle or gathering of the vehicle. Plan a checking framework to
gather the vehicle, street conditions, traffic data, driver data, traffic arranging and
acknowledgement of the data focuses to dominate.

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(Cazanas et al., 2015) - The different models unveiled thus identify with frameworks,
techniques, and gear that give an area and speed checking of both a client's vehicle and
another vehicle to evade a crash. The models are pertinent for utilizing on-board telematics
units to deal with that data and give extra data based subsequently, for example, the likelihood
of a crash. In certain models, if the odds of a crash are high founded on data got, admonitions
might be given to the vehicle's client. Given these admonitions, the client may take hesitant
moves to diminish the likelihood of a crash and forestall it.

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Hardware design

Block Diagram

Circuit Diagram

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 In the current circuit, the ultrasonic sensor is named with the continental radar sensor (ARS
404-21). Since it's been used in the real-time system and it has a good distance range with
better accuracy.
 In this circuit, the DC motor will act as an engine.
 As a microcontroller Atmega328p as it has high performance and consumes less power.

Technical specifications

Atmega 328p technical specs[ CITATION com19 \l 1033 ]

 Atmega 328p - It is one of the superior

performance AVR microcontrollers with
countless pins and highlights. It is patterned
by 8-bit CMOS innovation and RSIC CPU
which upgrade its presentation and its
capacity effectively get improved via auto
snooze and inner temperature sensor.

Atmega 328p pin

configuration[ CITATION com19 \l 1033 ]

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 ARS 404-21 technical specs[ CITATION Con12 \l 1033
]
 ARS 404-21 - The ARS sensor utilizes radar radiation to break down its environmental
factors. The reflected waves are put forward and after different advances, they are
accessible in type of targets and items. One objective comprises of various waves which
have a comparative position and development and thusly can be joined. [ CITATION Con12 \l
1033 ]

LCD Display[ CITATION com18 \l 1033 ]

 LCD Display - The term LCD represents a liquid crystal display. “It is one sort of electronic
presentation module utilized in a broad scope of uses like different circuits and gadgets like
cell phones, number crunchers, PCs, TV sets, and so on These presentations are
predominantly favoured for multi-section light-radiating diodes and seven portions.” [ CITATION
com19 \l 1033 ]

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 DC motor - The DC motor can be found in children toys, for example, far off controlled
vehicles, trains and so on, consequently, this engine is additionally called a Toy engine. By
and by, this motor can likewise be utilized for some other regular purposes and is generally
utilized by novice level hardware specialist.[ CITATION com20 \l 1033 ]

Buzzer technical specs[ CITATION com19 \l 1033 ]

 Buzzer – “A ringer is a little

yet proficient element to add sound highlights to our framework. It is exceptionally little and
minimal 2-pin structure and is a generally utilized segment in most electronic applications.
This buzzer can be utilized by essentially controlling it utilizing a DC power flexibly going
from 4V - 9V.”[ CITATION com19 \l 1033 ]

LED technical specs[ CITATION com191 \l 1033 ]

 LED - A light-emitting diode is an electric part that radiates light when the electric flow
moves through it. It is a light source dependent on semiconductors. At the point when
current goes through the LED, the electrons recombine with openings discharging light all
the while. It is a particular kind of diode having comparative qualities as the p-n intersection
diode.

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Software Design

Program flowchart

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Program for the collision detection and avoidance system

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Result

In this scenario, as shown in the program if the obstacle distance is greater than the 90 inches
then the LED and the buzzer will turn low and the engine (DC motor) continue running and at
the same time “Safe Distance” will illuminate on the LCD screen.

In this scenario, if the obstacle distance is less than 90 inches the system indicates the driver
with the LED on and illuminates “threshold distance” on the cluster & waits for the driver to act
on the indication if diver fails to take action then the engine speed (DC motor) reduces.

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Now, if the obstacle distance reaches the threshold limit i.e. less than 40 inches then the system
indicates the driver by showing “critical distance” on the cluster, turns LED On and Buzzer starts
beeps. At that point system automatically brakes and brings the vehicle speed to zero to avoid
the collision.

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Conclusion and Discussion

As we are probably aware, innovation is developing at an exceptional movement, and before

long anticipate that Modular Devices should be on the ascent. In additions in information on the
Collision, Avoidance frameworks were accomplished during the program, there is more work yet
to be finished. Framework execution to cost compromises is a ceaseless fight. This present
reality traffic scenario differs to such an extent that it is incredibly hard to make the framework
liberated from bogus alerts. Later on, framework improvement should exploit sensor
combination to build its strength. Future exploration for this framework needs to zero in
additional on deciding fitting situations for various drivers and conditions. Unique exploration on
the public authority side is important to cure arrangements which will empower manufacturers in
growing such frameworks. Besides, rules and conceivably guidelines can be contrived by the
public authority to direct the plan of driver ready frameworks.

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Bibliography
1. components101, 2018. components101. [Online]
Available at: https://components101.com/16x2-lcd-pinout-datasheet
[Accessed 30 November 2020].
2. components101, 2018. components101. [Online]
Available at: https://components101.com/motors/toy-dc-motor
[Accessed 29 November 2020].
3. components101, 2019`. components101. [Online]
Available at: https://components101.com/buzzer-pinout-working-datasheet
[Accessed 28 November 2020].
4. components101, 2019. components101. [Online]
Available at: https://components101.com/diodes/5mm-round-led
[Accessed 29 November 2020].
5. components101, 2020. components101. [Online]
Available at: https://components101.com/motors/toy-dc-motor
[Accessed 28 November 2020].
6. Continental, 2012. Continental Engineering Services GmbH. [Online]
Available at: https://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=733891
[Accessed 28 November 2020].
7. injury-law-centre, 2020. injury-law-centre. [Online]
Available at: https://www.injury-law-center.com/preventing-distracted-driving-accidents-caused-by-
smartphones.html
[Accessed 1 December 2020].

8. Agrawal, S., Varade, S.W., 2017. Collision detection and avoidance system for a vehicle, in 2017 2nd
International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES). Presented at the
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9. Catapang, A.N., Ramos, M., 2016. Obstacle detection using a 2D LIDAR system for an Autonomous
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and Engineering (ICCSCE), pp. 441–445. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSCE.2016.7893614
10. Cabanas, C.A., Khan, A., Butz, M., 2015. Collision avoidance system using the telematics unit.
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