Límites y continuidad

1)
y
f(x)=|
x
x|
1 1
0 0
2 2
1 -1 2

2 -2 Función Co ntinua 1

-2 -1 1 2 x

2)
Si x-z≤0
f(x)=x +|x –z| x y
x<z 2 0 6

f(x) = x –x +z 2 1 5
2 2
f(x)=z 4
4 3 3
2 -1 2

Si x –z > 0 2 -2 1
2 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
f(x) = 2x –z
8 5

3)
Y
2
f(x)= x -|x| x
0 1 6

0 0 5

2 2 4

2 -2 3

6 3 2

6 -3 1

0 -1 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
 1 1 1
4) f(x) = lim = =∞
x x →0 x 0
La función no es continua en x=0
5)
x3 x≤1
f(x) =
−2 x+3 x>1

lim x 3 =lim −2 x+ 3
x →1 x→ 1
3
1 =−2 ( 1 ) +3
1=1 Si es continua
6)
1
f ( x )= ¿Es f continua en x=0?
x2
1 1
lim = =∞ La función no está definida en x=0
x →0 x2 02
 3.2.1

lim 25 x 3−375 x 2 +1839 x −2945=0

x →5

|x−5|<δ ¿ 25 x 3−375 x2 +1839 x−2945∨¿ ε

25 x 3−375 x2 +1839 x−2945=(x−5)(25 x 2−250 x+ 589)

25 25 -375 1839 -2945

5 125 -1250 2945 |( x−5 ) ( 25 x 2−250 x+ 589 )|< ε

25 -250 589 0

Por otro lado

|x−5|<δ
δ =1 |x−5|<1
−1< x−5<1
4 < x <6

16< x 2 <36

400< 25 x 2 <900
1000<250 x <1500
−1000>−250 x >−1500
−1500←250 x ←1000
2
−1100< 25 x −250 x ←100

589−1100 <25 x 2−250 x+589<589−100

−511<25 x 2−250 x +589<489

¿ 25 x 2−250 x+5891∨¿511 (1)

Como

( x−5 ) ( 25 x 2−250 x+589 ) <ε (2)

en (2)

( x−5 ) ( 511 ) < ε

δ ( 511 )=ε
 ε
δ=
511
Continuidad de funciones
1)

x2 −9
f(x) = x≠3
x−3
A x=3

x 2−9
lim =lim A
x →3 x−3 x →3

( x+3)( x−3)
lim =A
x →3 x−3
3+3=A
6=A
2)
−2 x+5 x¿0
5
f(x) = A+2 0 ≤ x<
2
5
4 x−B x≥
2
lim −2 x +5=lim A+2
x →0 x→0

−2 ( 0 ) +5=A +2
3=A

lim A +2=lim 4 x−B

5 5
x→ x→
2 2

5
A+2=4 ()
2
−B

3+2=10−B
B=5
3)
T 2 x 2+ x−1 x¿1
f(x) =
5
x−5 x≥
2
lim T 2 x 2+ x −1=lim x −5
T→1 x →1
2 2
T ( 1) +1−1=1−5
T 2=−4
T =√ −4 Imaginario NO HAY SOLUCION!!
4)
4 x +5
0< x <5
k+x
f(x)=
k 2+ x x≥5

4 x+5
lim =lim k 2+ x
x →5 k + x x→ 5

20+5
=k 2+5
k+ x
25=( k +5 ) ( k 2+5 )
25=k 3 +5 k +5 k 2+25
k 3+5 k+ 5 k 2=0
k ( k 2+ 5 k +5 ) =0
−5± √ 25−20
k =0 k=
2
−5± √ 5
k=
2
3.2.3 Calculo de límites

x 10−x +1 0 10−0+1 1
1) lim = 2 = =−1
x →0 x 2−1 0 −1 −1
3 x −3−x 3 0−3−0 1−1
2) lim x −x
= 0 −0 = =0
x →0 3 +3 3 +3 1+1
4 lim ( x−2 ) ( x+ 2 )
3) lim x −4 = x→ 2 =
2+ 2
=−4
2
x →2 x −5 x+ 6 ( x−3 ) ( x−2 ) 2−3
4)

2 lim ( x−1 ) ( √ x 2 +8+3 ) lim ( x−1 ) ( √ x2 +8+ 3 ) lim ( x−1 ) ( √ x 2+ 8+3 )

√ x + 8+3 = x →1 12+
=√
x−1
lim
( 2
x →1 √ x +8−3 )(
√ x 2+ 8+3 ) x2 +8−9
= x →1
x2 −1
= x→ 1
( x−1 ) ( x +1 ) 1+

5) lim x =lim x +1
x →0 x→ 0

0=0+1
0≠1 NO EXISTE

6)
2
lim ( 5 )2−( √ 3 x+ 4 )lim 25−3 x−4 lim 21−3 x l
5− √3 x+ 4 5+ √ 3 x + 4
lim
x →7 (
x 2−49 )( )x →7
= 2 = 2 x→7
= 2 x→ 7
= x

5+ √ 3 x + 4 ( x −49 ) ( 5+ √ 3 x+ 4 ) ( x −49 ) ( 5+ √ 3 x + 4 ) ( x −49 ) ( 5+ √ 3 x +4 ) ( x−7 )

 Remplazando x=7
lim −3
x→ 7 −3 −3
= =
( 7+7 ) ( 5+ √ 21+4 ) (14 ) (10 ) 140
7)
3 3 3 3
3 2 3 lim ( x−27 ) ( √ x 2+ 3 √ x +9 ) lim ( x−27 ) ( √ x 2 +3 √ x +9 )
x−27 √ x √ x
)( +3 +9
) 3
lim 3
(
x→ 27 √ x−3
3 2 3
√ x +3 √ x +9
= x→ 27 3 3
√ x −3 3
= x→ 27
x−27
=√ 272+ 3 √3 27+ 9=9

2 2
√ x −√ a √ x−√ a =lim ( √ x ) − ( √ a ) =lim x −a 1 1
8) lim ( )(
x→ a x −a ) = =
√ x−√ a x → a ( x−a ) ( √ x+ √a ) x→ a ( x−a ) ( √ x+ √ a ) √a+ √ a 2 √ a
1/n 1 /n
x −a
9) lim (
x−a )
x→ a
1 1 n−1 n−2 1 n−3 2 n−4 3 n−1
x−a=( x −a )( x n n n
+x n
a +xn n
a +xn n n
a +...+ a n )
x 1/ n−a1/ n 1
lim
x→ a
(( 1
n
x −a
1
n )( x
n−1
n
+x
n−2
n
1
n
a +x
n−3
n
a +x
2
n
n−4
n
3
n
a + …+a
n−1
n ))
=
a
n−1
n
+a
n−2
n
1
n
a +a
n−3
n
2
n
a +…+a
n−1
n
=
a
n −1
n
+a
n

n veces
10)
2 2
√ x 2−2 x +6−√ x 2 +2 x−6 √ x 2−2 x+6+ √ x 2 +2 x−6 ( √ x 2−2 x+6 ) −( √ x 2 +2 x −6 )
lim
x →3 ( x 2−4 x+ 3 √ x 2−2 x+6+ √ x 2 +2 x−6 )( ) (
=lim
x→ 3 ( x2 −4 x +3 ) ( √ x 2−2 x+ 6+√ x2 +2 x−6 ) )
=

11)
2 2
2 2
( √ x+1 ) −( √ x 2+1 )
lim
x →1
√ x +1−√ x +1 √ x+1+ √ x + 1
( x−1 2
=lim )(
√ x+1+ √ x + 1 x →1 ( x −1 ) ( √ 2+ √ 2 )
=lim
) (
−x(x −1)
x →1 ( x−1 ) ( 2 √ 2 )
=
−1 −√ 2
2 √2
=
4 ) ( )
12)

x 2−2 √ x 2 +2+2 ( x 2−2 ) ( √ x2 +2+2 ) ( x 2−2 ) ( √ x2 +2+2 ) ( x 2−2 ) ( √ x2 +2+2 )

lim
x→ √ 2 (√ x 2 +2−2 )( √ x 2 +2+2 ) = lim
x →√ 2
2
( √ x 2 +2 ) −( 2 )2
= lim
x →√ 2 x2 +2−4
= lim
x →√ 2 x2 −2
=

13)
2
√ x 2−2−√ 2 √ x 2−2+ √2 √ x 3−4+2 ( √ x 2−2 ) −( √ 2 )2 √ x 3−4 +2 x2 −2−2 √23 −
lim
x →2 ( )(
√ x 3−4−2 √ x 2−2+ √2 √ x 3−4+2 )( ) ( =lim
x→ 2
2
)(
( √ x 3−4 ) −( 2 )2 √ x2−2+ √2 ) (
=lim
x →2 x3 −4−4 )( √ 22−
14)
2
3 3
( √ ( 1+ h )3 +5 h+6 ) −( √ 7 )2 ( 1+ h )3 +5 h+6−
lim
h→ 0
( √ (1+ h ) + 5 h+6−√7 √ (1+ h ) + 5 h+6+√ 7
h )(
√ (1+ h ) + 5 h+ 6+√ 7 2 ) (=lim
h→0 h ( √ ( 1+ h )3 +5 h+6+ √ 7 ) ) =lim
h→0 h (√ ( 1+0 )3 +5 ( 0 ) +6
15)
2 2 3
3 3
√3 x 5 + √3 32 ( √ x 5 ) + √32 x 5 + ( √3 32 ) ( √3 x 5 ) −( √3 32 )3 x 5−32
lim
x →2
( x−2 )( 2
( √3 x 5 ) + √3 32 x 5 + ( √3 32 )
2
) (
=lim
x →2 3 2 3 3 2
( x−2 ) [ ( √ x 5 ) + √ 32 x 5 + ( √ 32 ) ] ) =lim
h→0
( x−2 ) 5 2
[( √ x ) +√ 32 √ x +
3 3 3 5

x 5−32= ( x −2 ) ( x 4 + 2 x 3 +4 x 2 +8 x+ 16 )
16)

( x−2 ) ( x 4 +2 x 3+ 4 x 2 +8 x+16 ) 2 4+ 2∗23 + 4 ¿ 22+ 8∗2+16 16+ 16+16+16+16 5∗16 5∗1

lim =lim = = =
2 2 5 2 5 2 10 33
h→ 0
( x−2 ) [( √ x ) +√ 32 √ x +( √ 32 ) ]
3 5 3 3 5 3 h →0 3 3 53 5
( √ 2 ) + √ 2 √2 + ( √2 ) 3 3
3 (√ 2) 3∗2 √ 2 3∗8

lim √ x+ x−√5−5 =lim √ x−√ 5 + x−5 =lim ( √ x−√5 )( √ x + √ 5 ) +1=lim x −5

+1=
1
+
x →5 x −5 x →5 x−5 x−5 x→ 5 ( x−5 ) ( √ x + √ 5 ) x→ 5 ( x−5 ) ( √ x+ √ 5 ) √ 5+√ 5
17)

lim √ x+ x−√ a−a =lim √ x−√ a + x−a =lim ( √ x−√ a ) ( √ x+ √ a ) +1=lim x−a
+1=
1
+1=
x→ a x−a x→ a x−a x−a x→ a ( x−a ) ( √ x+ √ a ) x → a ( x−a ) ( √ x+ √ a ) √ x +√ a
(7+h)n−7 n
18) lim
h→ 0 x−a
Por binomio de Newton
n ( n−1 ) n−2 2 n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) n−3 3
(7+ h)n =7n +n∗7n−1 h+ 7 h+ 7 h + …+ hn
2! 3!
Remplazando
n ( n−1 ) n−2 2 n ( n−1 ) ( n−2 ) n−3 3 n ( n−1 ) n−2 n

lim
7 n+ n∗7 n−1 h+
2!
7 h+
3!
7 h + …+h n−7n
=lim
h n∗7n−1 +
2!
7 h+ (
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
n ( n−1 ) n−2 n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) n−3 2
n∗7n−1 + 7 ( 0 )+ 7 ( 0 ) +…+ ( 0 )n−1=n∗7n −1
2! 3!
19)
2
3
√3 64 ( 4 x )−8 =lim 4 √3 4 x−8 =lim 4 √3 4 x−2 =4 lim √3 4 x−8 ( √3 4 x ) +2 √3 4 x−22 =
lim √
x →2
256 x−8
x−2
=lim
x →2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2 x →2 x−2 x →2 x−2 2
( √3 4 x ) +2 √3 4 x−22 ( )( )
20)
2
√−x 3 +2 x−2 √−x 3 +2 x+2 √ x 2+ 5+√ 3 x +15 ( √−x3 +2 x ) −22 √ x 2 +5+√ 3 x+1
lim
x→−2 (√ x 2+5−√ 3 x +15 )( )(
√−x 3 +2 x+2 √ x 2+ 5+√ 3 x +15 ) = lim
x →−2 ( 2
)(
( √ x 2+5 ) −( √3 x+ 15 )2 √−x 3+ 2 x +2

−x 3 +2 x−4

-1 0 2 -4

-2 2 -4 4

-1 2 -2 0
 −x 3 +2 x−4=( x+ 2 ) (−x 2+ 2 x−2)

x 2−3 x−10= ( x −5 ) (x+ 2)

( x +2 ) (−x 2 +2 x−2) 6 (−(−2 )2 +2 (−2 )−2)3 15

lim = =
x→−2 ( x −5 ) ( x+ 2) 4 (−2−5 ) 2 7

21)

x−2 √ x2 +5+3 ( x−2 ) ( √ x 2+ 5+3 ) ( x−2 ) ( √ x 2 +5+3 ) ( x −2 ) ( √ x 2 +5+3 ) (

lim
x →2 (√ x 2 +5−3 )( √ x2 +5+3 )=lim
x →2
2
( √ x 2+ 5 ) −3 2
=lim
x →2
2
x +5−9
=lim
x→2
2
x −4
=lim
x→2

22)
2 2
x −1−√ x 2−4 x +5 √ x−1+ √ x 2−4 x+5 ( √ x−1 ) −( √ x 2−4 x+ 5 ) x−1−x 2 +4 x
lim
x →3
√
( x−3
=lim)( )
=lim
√ x−1+ √ x 2−4 x+5 x →3 ( x−3 ) ( √ x−1+√ x 2−4 x+5 ) x→ 3 ( x−3 ) ( √ 3−1+ √ 9−
23)
2
√ 2 x 2−2−4 √2 x 2−2+4 ( √2 x 2−2 ) −( 4 )2 2 x 2−2−16 2
lim
x →3 ( x2 −2 x−3 √ 2 x 2−2+4 )( ) =lim
x→ 3 ( x−3 ) ( x+1 ) ( 2 x2−2+ 4 )
√
=lim
x→ 3 ( x−3 ) ( x+ 1 ) ( √ 2∗9−2+ 4 )
=lim
x →3 ( x −

3− √3 3 x +3
lim =lim ab ¿
24) x →8 1
a (x ¿ ¿ −2) x→ 8
3
3 3 2 3 3
3
9+3 √ 3 x+3+ ( √ 3 x +3 ) 33−( √3 x +3 ) √3 x 2 +2 √3 x +4
) )( ) (( )( )(
3− √3 x+ 3 1
lim
x →8
( (
a x −2
1
3 9+3 √3 3 x+3+ ( √3 3 x +3 )
2
=lim
x →8 3 3
a 9+3 √ 3 x +3+ ( √3 x+ 3 )
2
)
3
√ x−2 √3 x 2 +2 √3 x +4 )
=

lim ab=ab −4
ab=
x →8 3a
2
lim ab=lim
x →8 x→8 ¿ 2 x−7∨b
2
ab=
¿16−7∨b
2
ab=
9b
−4
a 2 b= (1)
3
 2
a b 2= (2)
9
(1)/ (2)

a2 b −4 /3
=
a b2 2/9
a
=−6
b
a=−6 b en (2)
2
a b 2=
9
2
−6 b∗b 2=
9

√
√3 b3 = 3 −1
27
−1
b=
3
a=−6 b
1
a=−6−
3
a=2
 3.2.4 Miscelánea
2 ( x + ∆ x )−2 x 2 x +2 ∆ x−2 x 2∆ x
1) lim = lim = lim =2
∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆ x →0 ∆ x

2)
( x+ ∆ x )2−2 ( x +∆ x ) +1−( x 2−2 x +1 ) x 2+2 ∆ x∗x + ∆ x 2−2 x−2 ∆ x−x 2 +2 x −1+ 1 ∆ x2 +2 ∆
lim = lim = lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆
1 1 2−2−x
−
3) 2+ x 2 2(2+ x) −x −1 −1
lim =lim =lim = =
x →0 x x→ 0 x x → 0 2 x ( 2+ x ) 2 ( 2+ 0 ) 4
5
( x−2 ) ( x 4 +2 x 3+ 4 x 2 +8 x+16 ) 4
4) lim x −32 =lim =2 +2 ¿ 23 +4∗22 +8∗2+16=80
x →2 x−2 x →2 x −2
1 1−cosθ
−1
secθ−1 cosθ cosθ ( 1−cosθ ) cosθ 1−cosθ
5) lim =lim =lim =lim =lim =0
θ → 0 θ sec θ θ→0 θ θ →0 θ θ→0 θcosθ θ →0 θ
cosθ cosθ
6)

s enx cosx −senx

1−
1−tgx cosx cosx −( senx −cosx ) −1 −1 2 √ 2
lim =lim = lim = lim = lim = = =−√ 2
π senx−cosx π senx−cosx π senx−cosx π cosx ( senx−cosx ) π cosx √2 √2 √2
x→ x→ x→ x→ x→
4 4 4 4 4
2
x2−9 ( x−3 ) ( x+ 3 ) x−3 6
7)

8)
lim
x→−3 √ = lim
√ = lim
2 x +7 x +3 x→−3 ( x +3 )( 2 x+1 ) x→−3 2 x +1
2
=
√
−3−3
2 (−3 ) +1 √
=
−6
−5
=
5 √ √
( 94 )+ 6( 32 )+9 = 27 = 9 = 3 √ 2 = 3 √ 2
√
3 2 2
4
lim
x→
3
2
√ 8 x −27
=lim
4 x 2−9 x → 3
2
√ (2 x−3 ) ( 4 x +6 x +9 )
( 2 x−3 )( 2 x+3 )
=lim
x→
3
2
4 x +6 x +9
√2 x +3
=
3
2 ( ) +3
2
√ 6 √ 2 √2 √ 2 2

Limites trigonométricos
senα
lim =1
α →0 α
Utilizamos:
1−cosα
1) lim =0
α →0 α
 x−sen √ 2 x x sen √ 2 x sen √ 2 x
− 1− ∗√ 2
x−sen √ 2 x x x x √ 2x 1−√ 2
1) lim =lim =lim =lim =
x →0 7 x +se n 4 x x →0 7 x + sen 4 x x →0 7 x sen 4 x x→ 0 sen 4 x 11
+ 7+ ∗4
x x x 4x
2)
5−5 cos 2 x + sen 4 x ( 1−cos 2 x )∗2 sen 4 x ( 1−cos 2 x ) 4∗sen 4 x
lim =lim 5 + lim ∗4=lim 10 + lim =0+ 4=4
x →0 x x →0 2x x →0 4x x→ 0 2x x →0 4x
tgax senax 1 senax 1 senax
3) lim =lim =lim =lim ∗a=a
x →0 x x →0 cosax∗x x→ 0 cosax x x→ 0 cosax ax
4) lim ( x −3 ) cscπx
x →3

z
i. x−3=z lim
z→0 senπ ( z+3 )
b. x → 3 z→0
z z −z −1 −1
lim =lim =lim =lim =
5) z → 0 sen ( πz + π 3 ) z → 0 senπz∗cos 3 π +cosπz∗sen 3 π z → 0 senπz z → 0 senπz π
∗π
πz
cosx −cosa
6) lim
x→ a x−a
cos ( z−a )−cosa
x−a=z lim
z→0 z
x→a z→0
cos ( z−a )−cosa cos z∗cosa−senz∗sena−cosa −senz∗s ena
lim =lim =
z→0 z z→0 z z
cosx −cosa
lim =−sena
x→ a x−a
tgπx senπx
7) lim = lim
x→−2 x+2 x →−2 ( x +2 ) cosπx

senπ (z−2)
x +2=z lim
z→0 z∗cosπ ( z−2)
x →−2 z→0
senπ ( z−2) sen( πz−π 2) senπz∗cos 2 π −cosπz∗sen 2 π ( senπz ) π
lim =lim =lim =lim =π lim
z→0 z∗cosπ (z−2) z → 0 z∗cos (πz−π 2) z → 0 z∗(cosπz∗cos 2 π + senπz∗sen 2 π) z →0 πz∗(cosπz) z→

tgx−X 2+ π 2 tgx x 2−π 2 senx ( x −π )( x + π )

8) lim =lim − =lim −
x→ π x−π x→ π x−π x−π x → π ( x−π ) cosx x−π
sen( z+ π )
x−π=z lim −2 π
x→ π −z
x→ π z→0
sen( z+ π ) senz∗cosπ +cosz∗senπ −senz
lim −2 π =lim −2 π =lim −2 π =1−2 π
x→ π −z x →π −z x →π z
 senx−cosx senx−cosx cosx ( senx −cosx ) π − 2
lim =lim = lim =−cos = √
9) x→
π 1−tgx x→
π cosx−senx x→
π −( senx−cosx ) 4 2
4 4 4
cosx
1−2cosx
lim
10) x→ π π
3 sen x−
3 ( )
π
x− =z
3

x→
π
3
z→0
lim
( π3 )
1−2cos z +

z→0 senz
π
x=z +
3

lim
1−2 ( 12 cosz− √23 senz) =lim 1−cosz+√ 3 senz =lim 1−cosz
z
+√ 3
senz
=√3
z→0 senz z →0 senz z →0 senz senz
z
11)

senx
−senx
tgx−senx cosx senx ( 1−cosx ) 1+cosx senx ( 1−cos2 x ) sen3 x 1
lim
x →0 x 3
=lim
x →0 x 3
=lim
x →0
3
cosx ( x ) ( =lim 3
) 2
=lim
1+cosx x →0 x ( cosx+cos x ) x →0 x ( cosx +cos 2
sen ( a+ x )−sen ( a−x ) sena∗cosx + cosa∗s enx−sena∗cosx+cosa∗senx
12) lim =lim =¿
x →0 x x→0 x
senx
lim 2cosa =2 cosa
x →0 x
πx
13) lim (1−x ) tg
x →1 2
x−1=z
π ( z+ 1 )
x→1 z→0 lim ( 1−( z +1 ) ) tg
z→0 2
x=z +1
πz π πz π πz π πz
lim ( 1−( z +1 ) ) tg
π ( z+ 1 )
=lim −z
( 2 2)
sen
+
=lim −z
sen ∗cos + cos ∗sen
2 2 2 2
=lim
cos
2
=l
z→0 2 z →0 πz π πz π
z→0 πz π πz z→0 z
cos ( + ) cos ∗cos −sen ∗sen sen
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∗π
π
z
2
2
x
1−sen
14) 2 1−sen 0 1
lim = =
x →0 π −x π −0 π
 1−2 cosx
15) limπ π −3 x
x→
3

π
x− =z
3
π
1−2cos ⁡(z + )
π 3
x→ z→0 lim
3 z→0 π
π−3 z + ( )
3
π
x=z +
3
π π
lim
(
1−2 cosz∗cos −senz∗sen
3 3
=lim
)
1−cosz+ √3 senz
=¿
z→0 sπ −3 z −π z→0 −3 z
−1 1−cosz √3 senz 1−2 cosx −√ 3
lim
z→0 3
(
z
− )
3 z
=lim
z→0 π−3 x
=
3
16)
cos 2 mx−cos 3 nx +1−1 1−cos 3 nx 1−cos 2 mx ( 1−cos 3 nx )( 1+cos 3 nx ) ( 1−cos 2 mx )( 1+
lim 2
=lim 2
− 2
=lim −
x →0 x x →0 x x x →0 x2 ( 1+cos 3 nx ) x 2 ( 1+cos 2
senm x 2 senn x 2 senm x 2 senn x 2
17) lim − =lim ∗m− ∗n=m−n
x →0 x2 x2 x→0 mx2 n x2
1−cosx
1−cosx x 0
18) lim =lim = =0
x →0 senx x→ 0 senx 1
x
π
cos
cosx 2 0
19) lim = lim = =0
π 1−senx π π 2
2 1−sen
x→ x→
2
2
4−x 2
20) lim
x →2 senπx

x−2=z
4−( z +2 )2
x→2 z→0 lim
z→0 senπ ( z+ 2 )
x=z +2
4−z2 −4 z−4 −z ( z+ 4 ) z +4 −4
lim =lim = =
z→0 senπ ( zπ +2 π ) z →0 sen 2 π∗cosπz + cos 2 π∗senπz senπz π
∗π
πz
 x sen 3 x sen 3 x
− 1− ∗3
x−sen 3 x x x 3x 1−3 −2
21) lim =lim =lim = =
x →0 x+ sen 4 x x→0 x sen 4 x x →0 sen 4 x 1+ 4 5
+ 1+ ∗4
x x 4x
22)

2−√ 2 x 2+ √2 x 1 4−2 x 1 −2 ( x−2 ) −2

lim
x →2
( 1−cos √ x−2 )( ) (
=lim
2+ √2 x x →2 ( 1−cos √ x−2 ) )( ) (
=lim
)( )
2+ √ 2 x x →2 ( 1−cos √ x −2 ) ( 2+ √ 4 )
= lim
4 x →2 ( 1−
x−2=z2
z2
x→2 z→0
−1
lim (
2 z → 0 1−cosz )( 1+1+ cosz
cosz )
x=z +2
z2
−1
lim ( )
2
2 z → 0 sen z
( 1+ cosz )=
−1
2
( 1+1 )=−1

1−√ cos ( x−π )

23) lim
x→ π ( x−π )2
1− √ cosz
x−π=z 2 lim
z→0 z2
x→ π z→0
1−√ cosz 1+cosz 1−cosz 1+cosz 1−cos 2 z sen 2 z 1
lim
z→0 (
z2 )( )
=lim 2
(
1+cosz z → 0 z ( 1+ √ cosz ) )( )
=lim 2 =lim 2
1+cosz z → 0 z ( 1+ √cosz ) ( 1+cosz ) z →0 z ( 1+ √ cosz
24)
2 2
√ 1−senx−√ 1+senx √ 1−senx + √ 1+senx =lim ( √ 1−senx ) −( √1+ senx ) =lim 1−senx−1−s
lim
x→ π
( x−π )( )
√ 1−senx + √ 1+senx x→ π ( x −π ) ( √ 1−senx + √ 1+ senx ) x→ π ( x −π ) ( √ 1−sen 0+ √
x−π=z 2
−sen( z + π )
x→ π z→0 lim
z→0 z
x=z + π
−senz∗cosπ +cosz∗senπ senz
lim =lim =1
z→0 z z→0 z
3.2.6 Límites con infinito
2 2
√ x +1+ √ x =lim ( √ x +1 ) −( √ x ) =lim x +1−x = lim 1
1) lim ( √ x+ 1−√ x )
x→ ∞
( √ x +1+√ x ) x →∞ √ x +1+ √ x x →∞ √ x +1+ √ x x →∞ ∞ +∞
=0

2)

√ 2 x 2 +√ 2 x 2−6 x 2 x 2−( 2 x 2−6 x ) 2 x 2−2 x 2+ 6 x 6x

lim ( √ 2 x 2−√ 2 x 2−6 x )
( √ 2 x 2 +√ 2 x 2−6 x ) =lim 2
√2 x + √2 x −6 x 2
= lim
6
=lim
6
x→ ∞ x→∞ x →∞

√ ( x)
√ 2 x+ x 2 2−
x→∞

√
√ 2 x+ x 2−

3) lim
1+ x+3 x + x+ x 3
=lim
5
x5
( x1 + x1 + x3 + x1 +1)= ∞1 + ∞1 + ∞3 + ∞1 +1 =1
5 4 2 4

x→ ∞ 1+ x5 x→ ∞ 1 1
x
(x )+15
5 ∞
+1

4) lim
3
√x 2
+1
=lim
√
3
x3
( 1x + x1 ) =lim x √ 1x + x1 = √ ∞1 + ∞1 = 0 =0
3
3
3
3

x +1 x→ ∞ 1
x→ ∞
( 1x ) x 1+
1
x
1
x (1+ ) ( 1+ )
∞
x→∞

10 10
x ( +1 ) +1
10+ x x ∞ 1
5) lim 3
=lim = lim =
2
√ x +2 x 1
x→ ∞ x →∞
x (√ )3 1
x2
+2
x →∞ 3

√ ∞
+2

7 7 7
6) lim
3 x +7 2
= lim
( x ) =lim
(
x 3+
x ) =
x 2 3+
3+
∞
=3
2
2
2

4 8
√ x + x +5+ 4 x 1 5 4 1 5 4
1 5
√ x x x √ 1+ ∞ + ∞ + ∞
x→ ∞ x →∞ x →∞

√ xx
x ( 1+ + ) + 4 x x ( 1+ + + )
4 8
7 8
2 4
7 8
4

1 1
7) lim
√ 3 3
x + x +1
=lim
x+ 1
√ (
x 1+ +
x x ) =lim
√ 3
x 1+ +
1 1
3

x x √ ∞ ∞
=
1+
1 1
+ 2

=1
3
3
2 3
3

x→ ∞ x→∞
( 1x )
x 1+
x→ ∞
x 1+( 1x ) (1+ ∞1 )
8)

lim
2
( x+2 ) ( x −5 ) ( x + x+ 1 ) 2
=lim
x 1+( 2x ) x (1− x5 ) x (1+ 1x + x1 )= lim x (1+ 2x )(1− x5 )(1+ 1x + x1 ) = (1+ ∞2 )
2
2
2
2
5
2 2

x→ ∞ ( x 4 +1 ) ( x+ 25 ) x →∞ 1 25
x ( 1+ )
1 25 x →∞
( x) x
x 1+ 4
4
x 1+
( x) x ( 1+ ) (1 5
4
 4x

9) lim
4 x +5 x+1
=lim
4 x + 5x ∗5
=lim
5x ( )
5x
+5
= lim
0.8 x +5 0.8∞ +5 0+5
= ∞ = =5
4 x + 5x x → ∞ 4 x +5 x x x
x→ ∞ x→∞ 5 4x x →∞ 0.8 +1 0.8 +1 0+1
( )
5x
+1

10)

a x a ∞
( ) ( )
( )
x+ 1 x x +a+1 + a+1
a x + ( a+1 ) a x + ( a+1 ) ∗( a+1 ) ( a+1 ) a+ 1 a+1 a+1
lim x x
= lim x x
=lim x x
= ∞
= =a+1
x→ ∞ a +(a+1) x →∞ a +( a+1) x→ ∞ ( a+1 ) a a 1
( )
a+1
+1 ( )
a+1
+1

a x
lim
x→ ∞
( )
a+1
=0 Si para a∈ ℝ - {−1 }

√ x−a+ √ x =lim x−a−x = −a =0

11) lim ( √ x−a−√ x )
x→ ∞ ( )
√ x−a+ √ x x → ∞ √ x−a+ √ x ∞
 Limites notables
1
Llegar a lim (1+ α ) α =e
α →0

1 α
lim 1+
α →∞
( ) α
=e

x
x 2 + x+ 1
1) lim
x→ ∞ (
x2 −x )
x x
x 2 + x+ 1 x 2+ x +1−x2 + x
lim 1+
x→ ∞ ( x2−x
−1 =lim
x→∞
1+ )
x2 −x
=¿ ( )
2 1 1
2+

( )
lim x 2+
x →∞ x ∞
lim 2 x +x
2 lim 2 x2 +x 2
2 2 x 1 1
(2x x+1
− x 2 x+1 x −x x →∞
1−
2 x+ 1 )( x − x )= lim
[ 2 x+ 1
]
x →∞
x 1−

( ) ( ) x
2
x −x ∞
=e 2
2
lim 1+ 2 1+ 2
2
2 x+1 x −x
=e =e =e
x→ ∞ x −x x→ ∞ x −x
1
∗senx lim senx
1 senx x→ 0
2) lim (1+ senx ) =lim ( 1+ senx )x x
=e x
=e
x →0 x→0

3)
lim − ( 1−cosx ) lim −sen x
2

cosx−1 x→0
∗( 1+ cosx ) x→ 0
∗1 2 ∗1
1 1 x
2
1 x x
2

x
2

lim ( cosx ) =lim ( 1+ cosx−1 ) =lim ( 1+cosx−1 )

x →0 x →0
x
2

x→ 0
cosx −1
[
= lim ( 1+cosx −1 )
x →0
cosx−1
] ( 1+ cosx )
=e ( 1+cosx )
=
m
−1−cos
1 m x

4) m x m x
m ( m
cos −1 )(
x cos −1
x ) m
∗m

lim cos
x→ ∞ x ( )
= lim 1+cos −1 =lim 1+ cos −1
x →∞ x x →∞ x ( ) ( ) x
=e x
=e−0=1

1 3

5) lim ( 1+ cosx )
x→
π
2
3 secx

[
= lim ( 1+ cosx )
x→
π
2
cosx

] =e3

a 5 x −a 3 x a3 x∗a2 x −1
6) lim =lim
x →0 x x→ 0 x
a 2 x −1=z
z
2x
a 3∗0∗
a =z+ 1 ln ( z+ 1 )
lim
z→0 2 lna
2 x∗lna=ln ⁡(z+1)
ln ⁡( z+1)
x=
2lna
2 lna 2 lna 2 lna 2lna
lim =lim = = =2 lna
z→0 1 ln e
1 1
ln ( z+ 1 ) z →0 ln ⁡( z +1) z ln lim ( z +1 ) z
z z→0
( )
7)

2
x x x
x2 x2 x 2−x 2−x +1 x+1 x + x−1
( x−+x−1
lim 2
(
x→ ∞ x + x−1
=lim 1+ 2
x→∞ )
x + x−1
−1 =lim 1+
x→ ∞
2 (
x + x−1
−x +1
=lim 1+ 2
x→∞ x + x −1 ) ( ) ( ) 2 )( −x+1 )x =
[ lim 1+
x→∞ (
8)

3x 3x 3x 2

x 2 +3 x+1 x 2 +3 x+1 x 2+3 x +1−x 2−2 x ( xx+1 x +2 x

lim
x→ ∞ ( 2
x +2x ) =lim 1+ 2
x→ ∞ x +2 x( −1 ) = lim 1+
x →∞ ( 2
x +2 x ) x +1
= lim 1+ 2
x→ ∞ x +2 x ( ) +2 x ) ( x+1 ) =
2
3x

[
7 ( 2 x+1 ) 7 ( 2 x+1 )
2 x 2 + x−2 2 x2 + x−2
9) lim
x→ ∞ ( 2 x 2−x−1 ) = lim 1+
x →∞ ( 2 x 2−x−1
−1 ) =¿

2 2
7 ( 2 x+1 ) 7 ( 2 x+1 )
2 x 2+ x −2−2 x2 + x +1 7 ( 2 x+1 )
(2 x2 −x−1
lim 1+
x→ ∞ ( 2 x 2−x−1 ) = lim 1+ 2
x →∞
2 x +1
2 x −x−1 ( ) =lim 1+ 2
x→∞
2 x +1
2 x −x−1 ( ) x+1 ) (2 x − x−1 )
= lim 2

[ x→

10)

1 1
( 1x ) x (1+ x + x ) (3+ 1x )(1+ ∞1 + ∞1 )
2 2
x 3+ 2

2 2 lim
3 x +x x +x +1 1 x
)( )( ) ( 1− ∞1 )
2 3 x →∞

( x +x+1 x −1 3
( )
3 x 2+ x x )
[ 3 x2 + x (
] x x 1−

( ) ( )
3
x −1 x
3

lim 1+ 3 = lim 1+ 3 3 x 2+x

=e =e =e3
x→ ∞ x −1 x→ ∞ x −1
11)

1 1

√ ( )(
2
x 1+ + 2 x 4−
x x
lim
( x 2+ x+1) ( 4 x−2 )
2 1
2 √ x 3−1 lim
2 1
( )
√ ( x 2+ x+1) ( 4 x−2) lim
√ x→∞ 3
( x1 )
x 1−

[ ( ]
2
√ ( x +x+ 1) (4 x−2) 3

( ) ) 2
3 3
√ x x −1
lim 1+ = lim 1+ 3
x→ ∞ −1
2 2
x→∞

3
=e =e
x→ ∞ √ x −1 x →∞ √ x −1
−1
lim
x 1+( 2x )
3 −1 2 x →∞ 4
12) 3 −1
3 √ x −4 2
lim
√ x 2−4 ( )
( x+2) x 1−
√ −1

(
lim 1+ 2
x→ ∞ √ x −4 ) 6
( x+2 )

[ (
= lim 1+ 2
x→ ∞ √ x −4
3
) ] x→ ∞ 6
=e x
2

=e 2

13)
√ x2−9 ∗√ x+1 lim 5
2 2 √ x 2−9
√ x −9+ √ x +1 √ x −9 + √ x+1 √ x+1

( ) ( ) ( √ x+1
[ (
√ x +1
]
x →∞

lim
x→ ∞ √ x 2−9
= lim
x →∞ √ x2−9 √ x 2−9
=lim 1+ 2
x→∞ √ x −9 ) √ x −92
= lim 1+ 2
x →∞ √ x −9 ) √ x+1 =e5
14)

3 2 lim
3
x 1−
( x
3

x 4 +x 2 lim x4 −82 x
x 4 + x 3 + x 2−8
x2
x 4 + x 3+ x 2−8−x 4 −x 2
x2
x 3−8 ( )( ) x→ ∞ 4
( x1 ) x
[ ( ]
x 1+

( ) ( ) ) x →∞ x + x 2 x−4 2
2 x−4 2 x−4 3
lim 4 2
= lim 1+ 4 2
= lim 1+ 4 2 x −8
=e
x→ ∞ x +x x →∞ x +x x →∞ x +x
15)

2 2 2 3
3 2 x − √5 x 3 2 x −√ 5 x 2 x −√ 5 x 2 x −5 x 16−
x −x −5 x +16 x −5 x 16−x 16−x 16−x ( )(
lim
x→ ∞ ( x 3−5 x ) x+4
=lim 3 (
x → ∞ x −5 x
+ 3
x −5 x ) x+ 4
=lim 1+ 3
x→ ∞ x −5 x ( ) x +4
= lim 1+ 3
x →∞ (
x −5 x ) 16−x
2 3
x −5

1
∗senx
1 senx 1 senx 1
lim
16) lim (1+ senx ) =lim ( 1+senx )
3x 3x
=e 3 x→0 x
=e 3
x →0 x→0
x
∗3 senx senx
3 senx 1−cosx
17) lim x+1−cosx 1−cosx lim 3

x →0 x ( ) 1−cosx
=lim 1+
x →0
(
x ) x =e x →0 x
=e 3

18)
senx∗cosx senx∗cosx x senx ∗cosx senx
senx senx senx−x
lim( )
x →0 x
sen x−x
=lim 1+
x→0 x
−1 ( ) senx− x
[ (
= lim 1+
x→0 x ) senx −x
] x
=e
lim
x →0 x
∗cosx
=e cos 0=e
x+2 x+2 x+2
sen 4 x sen 4 x sen 4 x
19) lim (
−x ) ( ) ( ) 2
=lim −4 = −4 lim =(−4 ) =16
x →0 x→ 0 4x x →0 4x
2 2
x lim x
5 5 x→ ∞
4− 4−

( )( )
2
x
4 x−5 x ∞ 4 ∞ 2 ∞
20) lim
x→ ∞ 6 x (
+2
=lim
x→ ∞
)
6+
2
=
6+
2
= () ()
6
=
3
=0
x ∞
3 3
3x lim 3
1
1 1 1
1 2+
( )
x→ ∞
21) lim
x→ ∞ ( ) 2
x +1
2 x+ 1
=lim
x→∞ ( ) 2
x +1
2+
x =
∞
∞ =0 2 =0
 3.2.8 Limites unilaterales
1)
2 x<1 x → 1−¿¿
f ( x )=¿ −1 x=1 x →1
−3 x> 1 x →1+¿¿
lim ¿ lim ¿
a. +¿ c. +¿
x→ 1 f ( x ) = lim ¿¿
x→ 1 −3=−3 ¿ −¿
x →1 f ( x )¿

b. lim ¿ −3 ≠ 2∄limite
−¿
x→ 1 2=2 ¿

2)
x +4 x ≤−4 x →−4−¿ ¿
f ( x )=¿
4−x x>−4 x →−4+¿ ¿
a. lim ¿
+¿
x→−4 4−x=4 − (− 4 ) =8 ¿

b. lim ¿
−¿
x→−4 x+4 =−4 +4=0 ¿

lim ¿
c. −¿
x→−4 f ( x ) = lim ¿¿
+¿
x→−4 f (x )¿

0 ≠ 8 ∄limite
3)
x 2−4 x<1 x → 2−¿ ¿
f ( x )=¿ 4 x=1 x →2
4−x 2 x>1 x → 2+¿¿
a. lim ¿
+¿ 2 2
x→ 2 4− x = 4−2 =0 ¿

b. lim ¿
−¿ 2 2
x→ 2 x −4=2 −4=0 ¿

c. Como ambos limites anteriores son iguales lim f(x)=0 si existe!

4)
2 x+3 x <1
f ( x )=¿ 4 x=1
x 2+ 2 x >1
lim ¿ lim ¿
a. +¿ 2
c. +¿
x→ 1 x +2=
2
lim ¿¿
x→ 1 x +2=3 ¿ −¿
x →1 2x+ 3 ¿

b. lim ¿ 3 ≠ 5∄ limite
−¿
x→ 1 2 x+3=5 ¿

5) f ( x )=| x−8|
lim ¿ lim ¿
a. +¿ c. +¿
x→ 8 |x−8|= lim ¿¿
x→ 8 x−8=0 ¿ −¿
x →8 |x−8|¿

b. lim ¿ 0=0 ∃limite

−¿
x→ 8 8−x=0 ¿

6) f ( x )=|3 x −6|+7
 lim ¿ lim ¿
a. +¿ c. +¿
x→ 2 f (x)= lim ¿¿
x→ 2 3 x−6+7 =7 ¿ −¿
x →2 f (x) ¿

b. lim ¿ 7=7 ∃limite

−¿
x→ 2 −3 x+6 +7=7 ¿

7)
|x−1| x <1
f ( x )=¿ 0 x=1
|1− x| x >1
lim ¿ lim ¿
a. +¿
x→ 1 |1−x|=|1−(−1)|=2 ¿
c. +¿
x→ 1 f (x)= lim ¿¿
−¿
x →1 f (x)¿

b. lim ¿ 2=2∃limite
−¿
x→ 1 | x−1|=2 ¿

|x|
8) f ( x )=
x
lim ¿
a. x→ 0
+¿ |x| x
= =1 ¿
a. ≠ b.
x x

lim ¿
b. x→ 0
−¿ |x| −x
= =−1 ¿
∄limite
x x

9) √ x 2−9 x ≤−3
f ( x )=¿ √ 9−x2 −3< x< 3
√ x 2−9 x ≥ 3
lim ¿
a. x→−3 −¿ √ x 2−9= lim ¿¿
x →−3
+¿
√ 9−x 2 ¿

0=0 si existe
lim ¿
b. x→−3−¿ √ 9−x 2= lim ¿¿
x →−3
+¿
√ x 2 −9¿

0=0 si existe
10) x−5 x ≤−2
f ( x )=¿
x 2+ x x >−2
lim ¿
−¿
x→−2 x−5= lim ¿¿
+¿ 2
x →−2 x + x ¿

−2−5=(−2)2 +2
−7=6
11)
x 2 x ≤−2
f ( x )=¿ ax +b−2< x <2
2 x−6 x ≥ 2
a. lim x 2= lim ax+ b
x→−2 x →−2
 (−2 )2=−2 x +b
b. b−2 a=4 (1)
lim ax+ b=lim 2 x−6
x →2 x→2

2 a+b=4−6
2 a+b=−2 (2)
(1)+(2)
b−2 a=4
b+ 2a=−2
−3
2 b=2 b=1 a=
2
12)
2 x−a x ←3
f ( x )=¿ ax +2 b−3≤ x ≤ 3
b−5 b x> 3
lim 2 x −a= lim ax+2 b
x→−3 x →−3

2 (−3 )−a=a (−3 )+ 2b

−6−a=−3 a+2 b
2 b−2a=−6
a−b=3 (1)
lim ax+ 2b=lim b−5 x
x →3 x →3

3 a+2 b=b−15
3 a+b=−15 (2)
(1)+(2)
3 a+b=−15
a−b=3
4 a=−12
a=−3
b=−6
 Calculo diferencial
1
2) f ( x )=x 6 + x 2 −5 x
−1
5 1
f ' ( x )=6 x + x 2 −5
2
1
f ' ( x )=6 x 5 + −5
2 √x
1 1 1
3) u ( x )= + 2 + 3
x x x

u' ( x)=x−1+ x−2+ x −3

u' ( x)=−1 x −2 −2 x −3 −3 x −4
−1 2 3
u' ( x)= − −
x2 x 3 x 4

x 2 + x 3−√ x 5 x2 x 3 √ x5
4) u ( x )= = + −
√x √ x √x √x
3 5
u (r )=x + x −x2
' 2 2

3 5
du 3 2 −1 5 2 −1
= x + x −2 x 2−1
dx 2 2
1 3
du 3 2 5 2
= x + x −2 x
dx 2 2
9
5) f ( t )=t 5 + √ t 7 −t 5
7 9
5 2 5
f ( t )=t +t −t
7 9
df 7 −1 9 −1
=5 t 5−1 + t 2 − t 5
dt 2 5
5 4
df 7 9
=5 t 4 + t 2 − t 5
dt 2 5
1 1 1
6) g ( x )=x 2 + x 3 + x 4
1 1 1
dg 1 2 −1 1 3 −1 1 4 −1
= x + x + x
dx 2 3 4
 −1 −2 −3
dg 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1
= x + x + x = + 3 2+ 4 3
dx 2 3 4 2 √x 3√ x 4 √x
n 1
i
7) f ( x ) =∑ i x
i=1

1 1 1 1
f ( x )=x +2 x 2 +3 x 3 + 4 x 4 +...+n x n
−1 −3 1−n
df 2∗1 2 1 −23 4∗1 4 n∗1 n
=1+ x + 3¿ x + x +...+ x
dx 2 3 4 n
−1 −2 −3 1−n
df
=1+ x 2 + x 3 + x 4 +...+ x n
dx
n 1−i
df i
=∑ x
dx i=1

7 r3
8) u ( r )=¿ r ∨¿ − ¿
¿ r 2 +1∨¿ ¿
3 2 3 2 ' '
du ¿ r∨¿7 7−1 ( r ) ( r +1 ) −r ( r +1 )
= ∗7 r − ¿
dr r7 ( r 2 +1 )
2

du 3 r 2 ( r 2+1 ) −r 3 2r
=¿ r ∨¿6∨r ∨ ¿7 ∗7 r 6− 2
¿¿
dr r ( r 2+1 )
du 3 r 4 +3 r 2−2 r 4
=7 ¿ r∨¿6 ¿ r∨ ¿ − 2
¿¿
dr r ( r 2 +1 )
du 3 r 2 +r 4
=7 ¿ r∨¿6 ¿ r∨ ¿ − 2 2 ¿ ¿
dr r ( r +1 )
4
5 7
t +t
9) g (t)= 1
4 6
t +t
4 1 4 −5
4 −1 4 6 3 1

du
=
( 4
5t + t 7
7
5
)(
t +t − t +t 7 4 t + t
6
) ( )( 6
)
dr 1 2
(t +t )
4 6

−3 1 4 −5
4 4

du
=
( 5t + t
7
7
)( t +t ) (t +t )( 4 t + 16 t
4 6

−
5 7 3 6
)
dr 1 2 1 2
(t +t ) 4 6 ( t +t )
4 6
 4 −5
44
5t + t
−3
7 ( t +t )( 4 t + 61 t
5 7 3 6
)
du 7
= 1
− 1 2
dr
t +t4 6
(t +t )
4 6

5
7 s6
4
10) h ( s )=4 s + 6 −5
6 s +7
5 57 6 6
dh(s) 5 4 −1 7 ( 6 s )( 6 s +7 )−7 s ( 6∗7 s )
ds
=4
4
s + () ( 6 s7 +7 )
2

1 12 5 12
dh(s) 4 252 s +294 s −294 s
=5 s + 2
ds ( 6 s7 +7 )
1
dh(s) 294 s 5−425 s 12
=5 s 4 + 2
ds ( 6 s 7 +7 )
11) u ( x )=|x 2−x|
2
du |x −x| (
= 2 x−1 )
dx x 2−x

|x 5−1|+|x|
12) v ( x )=
x 2+ 5 x

|x 5−1|+|x| |x|
dv ( x )
=
( x −1 5
∗5 x 4 +
x )( x 2 +5 x ) −(|x 5−1|+|x|) ( 2 x +5 )

dx ( x 2 +5 x )
2

|x 5−1|+|x| | x|
∗5 x 4 +
dv ( x ) 5
x −1 x (|x 5−1|+|x|) ( 2 x +5 )
= −
x 2 +5 x 2
dx ( x 2 +5 x )
 4.2 Derivada aplicando la definición

1) y=x + x 2
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ( x )=x + x 2 y ' =lim
h →0 h

f ( x +h ) =x+ h+ ( x+ h )2

x +h+ ( x +h )2 −x−x 2
y ' =lim
h →0 h

' h+ x2 +2 xh+h2 −x2 h ( 1+2 x+ h )

y =lim =lim
h →0 h h →0 h

y ' =1+2 x
2) y=2 x +3 x3
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ( x )=2 x +3 x3 y ' =lim
h →0 h
3
f ( x +h ) =2 ( x +h )+3 ( x +h )

' 2 x+ 2h+ 3 ( x3 +3 x 2 h+ 3 x h2 +h3 ) −2 x −3 x 3

y =lim
h →0 h

' 2 h+3 x 3 +9 x2 h+9 x h2 +3 h3−3 x 3

y =lim
h →0 h

' h ( 9 x 2 +9 xh+3 h2 +2 )
y =lim =9 x 2 +2
h →0 h
3) y=a x + x
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ( x )=ax + x y ' =lim
h →0 h

f ( x +h ) =a x+h + x +h

ax+ h+ x +h−a x −x h ax +h−a x h ax ( a h−1 )

y ' =lim + =lim + =lim +1
h →0 h h h →0 h h h →0 h

z ax 1
( ah−1 ) x lim =lna∗lim ax
lim a z→0 ln |1+ z| z →0 ln|1+ z|
h→ 0 h
lna z
1
h ¿ lna∗lim ax
a −1=z z→0
1
z
ln|1+ z|
 ax lna x
¿ lna∗lim = ∗a
h
a =1+ z 1 lne
z→0

|
ln lim ( 1+ z )
z →0
|
z

h∗lna=ln |1+ z| y ' =a x ln a+1

ln|1+ z|
h=
lna
4) y=senx +e− x
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ( x )=senx +e− x y ' =lim
h →0 h

f ( x +h ) =sen ( x +h )+ e−x−h

' sen ( x+ h ) +e− x−h −senx −e−x

y =lim
h →0 h

' sen ( x+ h )−senx e−x∗e−h−e− x

y =lim + lim
h →0 h h →0 h

' senx∗cosh−cosx∗senh−senx − x e−h−1

y =lim +e ∗lim
h →0 h h→ 0 h
senx +cosx∗senh−senx − x
y ' =lim +e (−lne ) (Por lo calculado en el anterior ejemplo)
h →0 h
senh
y ' =lim ∗cosx−e− x
h →0 h

y ' =cosx −e− x

5) y=t gx
f ( x )=tgx
f ( x +h ) =tg ( x +h )
tg ( x+ h )−tg ( x )
y ' =lim
h →0 h
sen ( x +h ) senx
y ' =lim −
h →0 h∗cos ( x +h ) h∗cos x

sen ( x+ h ) +e− x−h −senx −e−x

y ' =lim
h →0 h
cosh=cos 0=1
cosx ( senx∗cosh + cosx∗senh )−senx ( cosx∗cosh−senx∗senh )
y ' =lim
h →0 h∗cosx∗cos ( x +h )
 ' cosx∗senx+ cos2 x∗senh−senx∗cosx +sen 2 x∗senh
y =lim
h →0 hcosx∗cos ( x +h )
senh
∗sen 2 x +cos 2 x
' h 1
y =lim = 2 =sec 2 x
h →0 cosx∗cos ( x +h ) cos x
6) y=lnx
f ( x )=lnx
f ( x +h ) =ln ( x+ h )
ln ( x +h ) −ln ( x )
y ' =lim
h →0 h

ln ( x +hx ) =lim ln 1+ h 1
y ' =lim
h →0 h ( x)
h→0
h

1 x
∗x ∗1
h h
h h
'
y =lim ln 1+
h →0 x ( ) x =lim ln 1+
h →0 x( ) x

h xh 1 x
1 h
'
y =lim ln 1+
h →0 x x x ( )
= ln lim 1+
h→ 0 x ( ( )) h

1 1
y ' = lne=
x x

7) y= √3 x

f ( x )= √3 x

f ( x +h ) =√3 x +h
3
' √ x +h− √3 x
y =lim
h →0 h

'
( √3 x +h−√3 x ) ( √3 ( x +h )2 +√3 x ( x +h ) + √3 x 2)
y =lim 3 3
3
h →0
h ( √( x +h )2 + √ x ( x +h ) + √ x 2 )
3 3
' ( √3 x +h ) −( √3 x ) x +h−x
y =lim 3 3
=lim 3 3 3
2 3
h →0
h ( √ ( x +h ) + √ x ( x +h )+ √ x 2
) h →0 h ( √ x 2 + √ x2 + √ x 2)

1
y ' =lim 3
h →0 3 √ x2
8) y=xcosx
 f ( x )=xcosx
f ( x +h ) =( x+ h ) cos ( x+ h )
( x +h ) cos ( x +h ) −xcosx
y ' =lim
h →0 h
( x +h ) ( cosx∗cosh−senx∗senh )−xcosx
y ' =lim
h →0 h
xcosx∗cosh−xsenx∗senh +hcosx∗cosh−hsenx∗senh−xcosx
y ' =lim
h →0 h
xcosx −xsenx∗senh+hcosx −hsenx∗senh−xcosx
y ' =lim
h →0 h
senh hcosx hsenx∗senh
y ' =lim −xsenx + −
h →0 h h h

y ' =lim −xsenx+cosx

h →0

x
10) y=
x−1

1 x +h x ( x +h ) ( x−1 )−x ( x +h−1 )

y ' =lim
h →0 [ − =lim
h x+ h−1 x−1 h→ 0 ]
h ( x+ h−1 ) ( x−1 )

x 2−x +hx−h−x 2−xh+ x −h

y ' =lim =lim
h →0 h ( x +h−1 )( x−1 ) h→ 0 h ( x +h−1 )( x−1 )

−1
y'=
( x−1 )2
 4.3 Derivada funciones trigonométricas
1
2) l (x )= 3
=cos−3 x
cos x
dl
=−3 cos−3−1 x∗(−senx )=3 senx∗cos−4 x
dx
dl senx
=3
dx cos 4 x

x 6 +cosx −senx
3) g ( x )= 4
7
tgx−x
4 −3
( 6 x 5−senx−cosx ) ( tgx−x 7 )−( x 6+ cosx−senx ) sec 2 x− 4 x
( 7
)
dg ( x ) 7
= 4 2
dx
( tgx−x ) 7

dg 6 x 5−senx−cosx x 6+ cosx−senx
−3
4
dx
= 4
tgx−x 7 2
− 4
tgx−x 7
2
(
sec 2 x− x
7
)
( 7
)
4) u ( x )=cosx −|x| senx

du |x|
=−cosx− senx−|x|cosx
dx x

5) s ( x )=senx∗cos ( x 4 −5 x 2+ 9 x )

s' ( x )=cosx∗cos ( x ( x3 −5 x + 9 )−senx∗sen ( x ( x 3−5 x+ 9 ) ) ( 4 x3 −10 x+ 9 ) )

cosx
6) f ( x )=
senx+ cosx

df −senx ( senx+cosx )−cosx ( cosx−senx )

=
dx ( senx + cosx )2

df −sen2 x−senx∗cosx −cos2 x+ cosx∗senx

=
dx sen2 x +2 senx∗cosx +cos 2 x

df −sen 2 x +cos 2 x 1
= =
dx 1+2 senx∗cosx 1+sen 2 x
1
7) u ( x )=cscx+ 5 4
=cscx + x −5 sen−4 x
x sen x
du ( x )
=−cscx∗cotgx−5 x−6 sen−4 x−4 x−5 sen−5 x∗cosx
dx
 du ( x ) 5 4 cosx
=−cscx∗cotgx− 6 − 5
dx x sen x x sen5 x
4

8) f ( x )=|cosx|

df |cosx| −|cosx|
= ∗(−senx )= ∗senx
dx cosx cosx

x 3 + x−senx
9) g x=
( )
tgx−|x|

|x|
dg
=
(
( 3 x 2+1−cosx ) ( tgx−|x|)−( x 3 + x−senx ) sec 2 x−
x )
dx ( tgx−| x|)2
|x|
dg 3 x +1−cosx
=
2
−
(
( x3 + x−senx ) sec 2 x −
x )
dx tgx−|x| ( tgx−|x|)2
10) f ( x )=secx+tg( x 3 +cos2 x)
df
=secx∗tgx + sec 2 x ( x3 +cos 2 x ) +tgx ( 3 x 3 +2 cosx (−senx ) )
dx
df
=secx∗tgx + sec 2 x ( x3 +cos 2 x ) +tgx ( 3 x 3−sen 2 x )
dx

x 6 +secx
11) u ( x )=
sen 2 x−tg 2 x + x
5 2 2 6 2
du ( 6 x + secx∗tgx ) ( sen x−tg x+ x ) −( x +secx )( 2 senx∗cosx−2 tgx∗sec x +1 )
= 2
dx ( sen2 x−tg2 x + x )
6 2
du 6 x 5+ secx∗tgx ( x + secx ) ( 2 senx∗cosx −2tgx∗sec x +1 )
= −
dx sen 2 x−tg 2 x+ x ( sen2 x−tg2 x + x )
2

12) f ( x )=acosx−bsenx

f ( 0 )=1 1=acos 0−bsen 0 a=1

f ' ( x )=−asenx−bcosx

f ' ( 0 ) =5
5=−asen 0−b cos 0 b=−5
 4.4 Derivadas de funciones logarítmicas
x
2) f ( x )=cosx+e 7 x − 2x
e + senx

df ( e2 x + senx )−x ( 2 e 2 x + cosx )

=−senx +7 e7 x − 2
dx ( e2 x + senx )
df 1 2 x e 2 x + xcosx
=−senx +7 e7 x − 2 x + 2x 2
dx e + senx ( e + senx )

3) h ( x )=cos 4 x∗ln x 5=5 cos 4 x∗lnx

dh x∗1
=−20 cos 3 x∗senx∗lnx+ 5 cos4
dx x
dh 5
=−20 cos 3 x∗senx∗lnx+ cos 4 x
dx x
x
4) f ( x )=ln x h + ( 5 n ) =nlnx+ 5nx
df 1 n
=n + n5 nx∗ln 5= + n5 nx ln 5
dx x x
du
=25 lnx+25
dx

5) u ( x )=ln x 25 x =25 xlnx

du x∗1
=25 lnx+25
dx x
du
=25 lnx+25
dx

x + x7
6) g ( x )=
cosx−lnx

( 1+7 x 6 ) ( cosx−lnx ) −( x+ x 7 ) −senx − 1 ( )

dg x
= 2
dx ( cosx−lnx )

6
( x + x7 ) senx+ 1
( )
dg 1+7 x x
= + 2
dx cosx−lnx ( cosx−lnx )

7) h ( x )=( log 3 x ) ( 3 x )

1
Si y=log b x =
xlnb
 dh 1
= ∗3 x + log 3 x ( 3 x∗ln 3 )
dx xln 3

8) g ( x )=e|x| cosx

dg |x| |x| |x|

= e cosx−e|x|senx =e|x|
dx x x
cosx−senx ( )
sen|t |
9) u ( t )=
e5 t + tgt

|t |∗|t|
du ( ) (e +tgt )−sen|t|(5 e +sec t )
5t 5t 2
cos
t
=
dt ( e5 t +tgt )
2

|t|
cos|t |
du t sen|t |( 5 e 5t +sec 2 t )
= 5t − 2
dt e +tgt ( e5 t + tgt )
x4
10) v ( x )= | cosx + senx |
x4
| 3 4 |
dv cosx + senx 4 x ( cosx+ senx )−x (−senx + cosx )
dx
=
x4
cosx + senx
( senx+ cosx )2 [ ]
x4
|
dv cosx + senx 4 x3 x 4 ( senx−cosx )|
dx
=
x4
cosx + senx
+
senx+ cosx ( senx +cosx )2 [ ]
−1
11) f ( x )=(cos|x|+ sen|x|)

df | x|∗|x| |x|∗| x|
dx
−2
=−( cos|x|+ sen|x|) ∗ −sen
x
+cos
x [ ]
df |x| sen|x|−cos|x|
=
dx x sen|x|−cos|x|
π 2
12) f ( x )=e ln ( x −9 )
df π 2

=e ln ( x −9) [ π∗ln π −1 ( x 2−9 ) ]∗2 x

dx
df π
( x2−9 )
=2 πx eln ln π −1 ( x 2−9 )
dx
13) f ( x )=a−( x−lna )=a−x+lna =a−x ∗alna
df
=alna∗a−x∗ (−1 )∗lna=−a−x +lna∗lna
dx
√ x −5
14) f ( x )=log ( senx−π ) 2
1

( √2x −5) log ( senx−π ) =( x2 −5) log ( senx −π )

2
f ( x )=

−1 1
df x
dx
=
4
2
log ( senx−π ) +
x
2
−5
cosx
( senx−π ) ln 10 ( )
2

df log ( senx−π ) √ x cosx

dx
=
4√x
+
2
−5
( senx−π ) ln 10( )
x
15) f ( x )=5 log x − 3

lnx
x∗1
lnx −
df x
=5log x∗ln 5−
3

dx ( lnx ) 2

5log x 3

∗ln 5
df x 1 1
= − +
dx ln3 lnx ( lnx )2
1
16) f ( x )=8
x−5
−6 x
2

1
df 2

=8 x−5∗ln 8−6 x ∗ln 6 (−2 x −3 )

dx
1
2

df 2∗6 x ln6
=8 x−5∗ln 8+
dx x3
 4.5 Regla de la cadena

a) f ( x )=lnx [ lnx ( lnx ) ]

lnx 1
f ( x )=
x
lnx ( xlnx ) +lnx
xlnx
( lnx +1 ) ( )
df 1 lnx 1
= ln ( xlnx )+ x +
dx x x x
x+1
b) f ( x )=e x−1

x+1 x+1
df 1 ( x−1 )−( x +1 ) (1 ) x−1 x−1−x−1
dx
=e x−1
(
( x−1 )2
=e
( x−1 )2 ) ( )
x+1
df −2
dx
=e x−1
( x−1 )(2
)
3
c) f ( x )=ln ( √ 1+ x √ 2+ x2 )
1 1
( 2
f ( x )=ln ( 1+ x ) ( 2+ x )
2 3
)
1 1
2 2 3
f ( x )=ln (1+ x ) +ln ( 2+ x )
1 1
f ( x )= ln ( 1+ x ) + ln ( 2+ x 2 )
2 3

df 1 1 1 1
= + ( ) (
dx 2 1+ x 3 2+ x 2
(2 x )
)
df 1 2x
= +
dx 2+2 x 6+3 x 2

x−1 32 3 x−1
d) f ( x )=ln (
3−4 x 2
= ln
2 )
3−4 x 2 ( )
3 3
f ( x )= ln ( x −1 )− ln ( 3−4 x 2 )
2 2
3 3
∗1 ∗1
df 2 2
= − ∗(−8 x )
dx x−1 3−4 x 2
df 3 12 x
= −
dx 2 x−2 3−4 x 2
e) f ( x )=ln ( 3x senx )
df 1
= x ∗( 3 x senx∗ln 3+ 3x cosx )
dx 3 senx
 df 3 x senx∗ln 3 3 x cosx
= + x =ln 3+cotgx
dx 3 x senx 3 senx

f) f ( x )=( lnx )lnx

y= (lnx )lnx

lny=ln ( lnx )lnx

lny=lnx∗ln (lnx )
lnx∗1
' ∗1
y 1 lnx
= ln ( lnx ) +
y x x

y'= y ( 1x ) (ln ( lnx ) +1)= 1x ∗( lnx ) lnx

( ln ( lnx ) +1 )

x
g) f ( x )=
( lnx )2

df
=
( lnx )2 −x ( 2 lnx ) ( 1x ) = ( lnx ) −2 lnx
2

4 4 4
dx ( lnx ) ( lnx ) ( lnx )
df 1 2
= −
dx ( lnx ) ( lnx )3
2

h) f ( x )=senx cosx

y=senx cosx

lny=ln ( senx cosx )

lny=cosxln ( senx )
Derivando

y' 1
y
=−senx∗ln ( senx ) +cos∗
senx
∗cosx ( )
y ' = y [ −senx∗ln ( senx )+ cosx∗cotgx ]

y ' =senx cosx [−senx∗ln ( senx ) +cosx∗cotgx ]

i) f ( x )=sen ( x 2 +tgx )
df
=cos ( x 2+ tgx ) ( 2 x + sec 2 x )
dx
 1
j) 5
h ( x )=cos [ √ ln ( x 4−x 6 ) ] =cos ( ln ( x 4 −x6 ) )
5
( )
1 1

dh
=−sen
( 4
( ln ( x −x ) ) ∗1 [ ln ( x −x ) ] 6 5
) 4 6
1−
5
∗1
( 4 x3 −6 x 5 )
dx 5 x 4−x 6
5
dh −sen ( √ ln ( x −x ) )∗x ( 4−6 x )
4 6 3 2
=
dx √5 ln ( x 4 −x6 )∗x 3 ( x −x3 )
2

k) u ( t )=e cos [ln (t +tgt )]

du cos [ ln ( t +tgt )] 1
[ ]
2

dt
=e [
−sen ( ln ( t 2 +tgt ) ) 2 ]
( 2 t+ sec 2 t )
t + tgt
2
cos [ ln (t +tgt )]
du −e sen ( ln ( t 2 +tgt ) ) ( 2 t+ sec 2 t )
=
dt t 2 +tgt

l) g ( x )= √ √ √√ cosx + senx= √ cosx +senx 16

1
16
g ( x )=( cosx+ senx )
1
dg 1 16
−1
= ( cosx+ senx ) (−senx +cosx )
dx 16

dg (−senx+cosx)
= 15
dx 16
16 ( cosx + senx )

m) √
f ( x )=cos x 2 +ln ( sen ( x 2 + x ) ) +arctgx

1 1
df
dx
[ √
= −sen x2 + ln ( sen ( x 2 + x ) ) +arctgx ] [ 2 x+

√
2
sen ( x + x )
∗cos ( x 2+ x ) ( 2 x+1 ) +

2 x 2 +ln ( sen ( x 2 + x ) ) +arctgx

1+ x 2
]
1
df
dx
√
=−sen x 2 +ln ( sen ( x 2+ x ) ) +arctgx
[ 2 x+ cotg ( x 2 + x ) ( 2 x +1 ) +

2 x 2 +ln ( sen ( x 2+ x ) ) +arctgx √

1+ x 2
]
n) f ( x )=arctg(sen √ x1000 + e x )

df 1 ( cos √ x1000 + e x )∗1

= ∗(1000 x 999 +e x )
dx 1+ sen √ x + e
2 1000 x 1000
2 √ x +e x
 cos √ x1000 + e x
1000 x
∗1000 x999 +e x
df 1 √ x +e
=
dx 2 1+ sen2 √ x 1000 + e x

o) f ( x )=cos ( cos ( cosx ) )

df
=−sen ( cos ( cosx ) )∗(−sen ( cosx ) ) (−senx )
dx
df
=−sen ( cos ( cosx ) )∗sen ( cosx )∗senx
dx

p) f ( x )=cos ( sen ( cosx ) )

df
=−sen ( sen ( cosx ))∗( cos ( cosx ) )∗(−senx )
dx
df
=sen ( sen ( cosx ) )∗cos ( cosx )∗senx
dx

e x −e−x
q) f ( x )=sen h ( lnx+tg √ x +1 ) senh x =
( )
2

df 1 x+1∗1 e x −e−x
dx x [
=cosh ( lnx+ tg √ x+1 ) + sec 2 √
2 √ x+1 ] cosh ( x ) =
2

df 1 sec 2 √ x+1
dx
=cosh lnx+ tg √ x+1
( +
x 2 √ x +1
)
[ ] ( sen h ( x ) )' =cosh ( x )

100
10 10
r) [[ 10
f ( x )= cosx + [ ln ( x +tgx ) ] ] ]
Realizando operaciones
10 100
[
f ( x )= cosx+ [ ln ( x10 +tgx ) ] ]
1000
f ( x )=cos100 x + [ ln ( x 10 +tgx ) ]
99
df
=100 cos99 x (−senx )+1000
[ ln ( x 10+ tgx ) ] ∗1 ( 10 x 9 + sec 2 x )
dx x10 +tgx
99
df 99 1000 [ ln ( x 10+ tgx ) ]
=−100 cos x∗senx + 10
( 10 x 9 +sec 2 x )
dx x +tgx
 Derivada de orden superior

a) y=eax

y ' =a eax y IV =a4 e ax

y ' ' =a2 e ax y V =a5 e ax

y ' ' ' =a3 eax y (n )=a n e ax

1
b) y= =( 1−x )−1
1−x

y ' =−1∗( 1−x )−2 (−1 )=1 (1−x )−2

y ' ' =1∗(−2 ) ¿ ( 1−x )−3 (−1 )=1 (−2 )( 1−x )−3

y ' ' ' =1 ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 1−x )−4

y IV =1 ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 4 ) ( 1−x )−5

y (n )=n ! ( 1−x )−( n+1 )

1
c) y= =( 1+ x )−1
1+ x
' −2 −2
y =−1∗( 1+ x ) =1 ( 1−x ) (−1 )
'' −3 2
y =1∗( 2 ) ¿ ( 1+ x ) (−1 )
' '' −4 3
y =1 ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 1+ x ) (−1 )
IV −5 4
y =1 ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 4 ) ( 1+ x ) (−1 )

y (n )=n ! ( 1+ x )−(n +1) (−1 )n

5 x−2 3 x +2 x−2+4−4
d) f ( x )= =
x 2−4 x 2−4
2 x+ 4 3 x−6
f ( x )= +
x 2−4 x 2−4
2( x+2) 3 ( x−2 )
f ( x )= +
( x−2 ) ( x+2 ) ( x −2 )( x +2 )
2 3
f ( x )= +
x−2 x +2
−1 −1
f ( x )=2 ( x−2 ) +3 ( x +2 )
' −2 −2
f ( x )=2 (−1 )( x−2 ) + 3 (−1 )( x +2 )
 '' −3 2 −3 2
f ( x ) =2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( x−2 ) (−1 ) +3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )( x +2 ) (−1 )
'' ' −4 3 −4 3
f ( x )=2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )( 3 ) ( x−2 ) (−1 ) +3 ( 1 ) (2 )( 3 ) ( x+ 2 ) (−1 )

(n ) n! (−1 )n n ! (−1 )n
f ( x )=2 n +1
+3 n +1
( x−2 ) ( x+2 )

f) f ( x )=cosx f IV ( x )=cosx Par

f ' ( x )=−senx f V ( x ) =−senx Impar

f ' ' ( x ) =−cosx f VI ( x )=−cosx Par

f ' ' ' ( x )=senx f VII ( x )=senx Impar

n+1
(−1 ) 2
senx n impar

n
2
(−1 ) cosx n par

g) f ( x )=senx f IV ( x )=senx

f ' ( x )=cosx f V ( x ) =cosx

f ' ' ( x ) =−senx f VI ( x )=−senx

f ' ' ' ( x )=−cosx f VII ( x )=−cosx

n
(−1 ) 2 s enx n par

n−1
(−1 ) 2
cosx n impar

h) f ( x )=lnx
1
f ' ( x )= =x −1
x

f ' ' ( x ) =(−1 ) ( x −2) =1 ( x−2 ) (−1 )

f ' ' ' ( x )=(−1 ) (−2 ) x−3=1(2) x−3 (−1 )2

IV −4 −4 3
f ( x )=(−1 )(−2 ) (−3 ) x =1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) x (−1 )
n−1
f n ( x )=( n−1 ) ! x (−1 )
( ) −n

i) f ( x )=ln ( x +1 )
1
f ' ( x )= =( x +1 )−1
x+1
'' −2 −2
f ( x ) =(−1 )( x +1 ) =1 ( x +1 ) (−1 )
f ' ' ' ( x )=(−1 ) (−2 ) ( x+1 )−3=1(2) x−3 (−1 )2
IV −4 −4 3
f ( x )=(−1 )(−2 ) (−3 ) ( x+1 ) =1 ( 2 ) (3 ) x (−1 )
n−1
f n ( x )=( n−1 ) ! ( x +1 ) (−1 )
( ) −n
 Derivadas de funciones implícitas
1 1
1) x 2 + y 2 =16
−1 −1
1 2 1
x + y 2
y ' =0
2 2
−1 −1
y 2
y ' =−x 2

−1
2
−y
y'= −1
2
x

y
y ' =−
√ x
2) x 3−xy + y 2=4

3 x 2−( y + x y ' ) +2 y y ' =0

3 x 2− y−x y ' +2 y y ' =0

y ' ( x−2 y )=3 x 2− y

' 3 x2− y
y=
x−2 y
3) x 3 y 3 − y=x

3 x 2 y 3 +3 x 3 y 2 y ' − y ' =1

y ' ( 3 x 3 y 2−1 )=1−3 x2 y 3

2 3
' 1−3 x y
y=
3 x3 y 2−1
4) 3 x 2−4 xy −2 x 2 y ' +3 y 2 +6 xy y ' =0

( 6 xy −2 x 2 ) y ' =4 xy −3 y 2−3 x2
' 4 xy −3 y 2−3 x2
y=
6 xy −2 x 2
x
5) lny+ =k
y

lny+ x y−1=k
1 ' −1
y + y −x y −2 y ' =0
y
 − y' x ' 1
+ 2 y=
y y y

( x−y y ) y = 1y
2
'

y
y'=
x− y
6) x y + y x =0

y x y−1 + x y lnx∗y ' −x y x−1 y ' − y x lny =0

y ' ( x y lnx−x y x−1 )= y x lny− y x y−1

y x lny− y x y−1
'
y= y
x lnx−x y x−1
7) x 3+ a x 2 y +bx y 2+ y 3 =0

3 x 2+ a ( 2 xy + x 2 y' ) +b ( y 2+2 xy y ' ) +3 y 2 y ' =0

3 x 2+2 axy + a x 2 y ' +b y 2 +2 bxy y ' +3 y 2 y ' =0

y ' ( a x2 +2 bxy +3 y 2 )=−( 3 x 2 +2 axy +b y 2 )

' −3 x2 +2 axy +b y 2
y=
a x 2+ 2bxy +3 y 2
8) x 2−a √ xy + y 2−a=0
1 1
x −a x y + y 2−a=0
2 2 2

−1 1 1 −1
1 1
2 x− a x 2
y − a x2 y
2 2
y ' + 2 y y ' =0
2 2
1 −1 −1 1
a 1
(
y ' 2 y− x 2 y
2
2
) = ax
2
2
y 2 −2 x

−1 1
2 2
ax y −4 x
y'= 1 −1
4 y −a x 2 y 2

9) 2 x 4 y2 −4 x 2 y 4 + x 2 y 2−6=0

8 x 3 y 2 + 4 x 4 y y ' −8 x y 4−16 x 2 y 3 y ' +2 x y 2+ 2 x 2 y y ' =0

y ' ( 4 x 4 y−16 x 2 y3 +2 x 2 y ) =8 x y 4 −8 x 3 y 2
 ' 8 x y 4−8 x 3 y 2
y= 4
4 x y −16 x 2 y 3+ 2 x 2 y
4
10) √ y + √3 y+ √ y 3 −x=0
1 1 3
2 3 4
y + y + y −x=0
−1 −2 −1
1 1 ' 3 '
y 2
y+ y 3
y+ y 4
y ' −1=0
2 3 4

1 1 3
y'
(√ 2 y 3√ y
+ 3 2
+
4 4√ y ) =1

1
y'=
1 1 3
+ 3
+
2√ y 3√ y 2
4 √4 y

11) √ xy +2 x− √ y =0
1 1 1
2 2 2
x y +2 x − y =0
−1 1 1 −1 −1
1 1 1
x 2
y 2 + x2 y 2
y ' +2− y 2
y ' =0
2 2 2
1 −1 −1 −1 1
(
y' x 2 y 2 − y 2 )=−4−x 2
y2

y' ( y
√ x −1 )=− 4 + √ ( )
√y √x
y

y'=
(
− 4√ y+
√x )
√ x−1
12) y−x −arctgy=0
1
y ' −1− 2
∗y ' =0
1+ y

1+ y 2−1 '
( 1+ y 2
y =1 )
1+ y 2
'
y= 2
y
13) x 3−3 axy + y 3−a4 =0

3 x 2−3 ay−3 ax y ' +3 y 2 y ' =0

 ( y 2−ax ) y ' =ay−x 2
' ay−x 2
y=
y 2−ax

x3 y2 7
14) + − =0
y2 x3 3

3 x 6+ 3 y 4−7 y 2 x3 =0

18 x 5+12 y 3 y ' −21 y 2 x 2−14 y x 3 y ' =0

( 12 y 3−14 y x 3 ) y ' =21 y 2 x 2−18 x 5

2 2 3
'21 y 2 x 2−18 x5 −3 x ( 7 y −6 x )
y= =
12 y 3−14 y x 3 2 y ( 7 y x 3−6 y 3 )

15) ( x + y )2−( x− y )2−x 3− y 4=0

x 2+ 2 xy + y 2 + x 2−2 xy+ y 2−x 3− y 4 =0

2 x2 +2 y 2−x 3− y 4 =0

4 x+ 4 y y ' −3 x2 −4 y 3 y ' =0

( 4 y−4 y 3 ) y ' =3 x2 −4 x
'3 x 2−4 x
y=
4 y −4 y 3
16) ( x + y ) y 3 −x+ y =0

x y 3 + y 4−x + y=0

y 3 +3 x y 2 y ' + 4 y 3 y ' −1+ y ' =0

( 3 x y 2 + 4 y 3 +1 ) y ' =1+ y 3
' 1− y 3
y=
3 x y 2 +4 y3 +1

17) arctg ( xy )− 12 ln ( x + y )=0

2 2

Derivando

1 y ' x− y 1 1

( )(
1+
y2
x2
x 2
−) (
2 2
x +y 2 )
( 2 x+ 2 y y ' )=0
 y ' x− y x+ y y '
− =0
x 2 + y 2 x 2+ y 2

y ' x− y−x− y y ' =0

x+ y
y'=
x− y
x− y
18) y 3− =0
x+ y

( 1− y ' ) ( x+ y )−( x− y ) ( 1− y ' )

3 y 2− =0
( x + y )2

x + y−x y ' − y y ' −x −x y ' + y+ y y '

3 y2 y'− =0
( x + y )2
2x −2 y
3 y2 y' + 2
y'=
( x+ y ) ( x + y )2

2x 2y
(
y ' 3 y 2+
(x+ y) 2)=
( x+ y )2

2y
y'= 2 2
3 y ( x+ y) +2x

19) senx+ cos 2 y=1

Derivando

cosx+ (−sen 2 y )∗2 y ' =0

2 sen 2 y∗ y' =cosx

cosx
y'=
2 sen 2 y
20) senx=x ( 1+tgy )
senx=x + xtgy

cosx=1+ tgy+ x sec 2 y∗y '

cosx−1−tgy=x sec 2 y∗y '

cosx−1−tgy
y'=
x sec 2 y
21) x y 3 + cosy=1

y 3 +3 x y 2 y ' −seny y ' =0

 ( seny−3 x y 2) y ' = y 3
' y3
y=
seny−3 x y 2
22) xy +5 √ lny x 3=5
1
2 3
xy +5 ( lny ) x =5

y' 3
−1
1
y + x y ' +5 () 2
( lny ) 2
y
x +15 x2 √ lny=0

1
5 x3
'
y x+
( 2 y ln y
1
2 ) 2
=−15 x ( lny ) + y 2

1
2 2
−15 x ( lny ) + y
y'=
5 x3
x+ 1
2 y ln 2 y

23) xy=arctg ( xy )
1 y −x y '
y + x y'=
x2
1+ 2
∗
y2 ( )
y

' y−x y '

y+x y =
x2 + y 2

y ( x 2+ y 2 ) + x ( x 2+ y 2) = y−x y '

[ x ( x2 + y 2 ) + x ] y ' = y− y ( x 2+ y 2 )
y 1−x 2− y 2
y'= (
x 1+ x 2 + y 2 )
24) xseny−cosy +cos 2 y=0

seny + xcosy y ' + seny y ' −2 sen 2 y y ' =0

( xcosy + seny−2 sen 2 y ) y ' =−seny
seny
y'=
2 sen 2 y−seny−xcosy
25) ysenx−cos ( x− y )
 senx y ' + ycosx + sen ( x− y ) ( 1− y ' )=0

( senx−sen ( x− y ) ) y ' =− ycosx−sen ( x− y )

− ycosx + sen ( x− y )
y'=
senx −sen ( x − y )

1
26) x y 2 −arctg
(√ x + y2
2 )
+ sen ( xy )=0

1 −1 2 x +2 y y '

)( )
2 '
+cos ( xy ) ( y + x y ' )
y +2 xy y −
( 1+
1
x + y2
2
∗
2 3
( x 2+ y 2) 2

x + y y'
y 2 +2 xy y ' + 2 2 2 2
+ cos ( xy ) ( y + x y ' )
( x + y +1 ) √ x + y
x
− y2 + + ycos ( xy )
x + y ( x 2 + y 2+ 1 )
2 2
'
y=
√
y
2 xy+ xcos ( xy ) + 2 2 2 2
√ x + y ( x + y + 1)
27) xg ( x )+ yf ( x ) =0

g ( y ) + x g' ( y ) y ' + y ' f ( x ) + y f ' ( x ) =0

y ' ( x g' ( y ) + f ( x ) ) =− y f ' ( x )−g( y )

− y f ' (x )+g ( x )
y'=
x g' ( y ) + f ( x )
 Derivación paramétrica
dy
dt
1) x=tgt y'=
dx
dt
y=sen 2 t +2 cost
dy
=2 cos 2t−2 sent (1)
dt
dx
=sec 2 t (2)
dt
(1)/(2)

dy
dt 2cos 2t−2 sent
= =2 cos 2 t ( cos 2t−sent )
dx 2
sec t
dt

2) x=2 log 2 cotgt y=tgt+ cotgt

dx 2 −2 ln 2
= ∗ln 2 ( −csc 2 t ) =
dt cotgt sent∗cost

dy 2 2 sen2 t−cos2 t
=sec t−csc t=
dt sen 2 t∗cos2 t

sen2 t−cos2 t
dy sen2 t∗cos 2 t cos 2 t−sen2 t
= =
dx −2 ln 2 2 ln2∗sent∗cost
sent∗cost
Graficas de funciones paramétricas
1) x=√ t y=1−t

t 0 1 2 3 4 9
x 0 1 √2 √3 2 3
y 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -8

-1 1 2 3 4 5 x

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

x=√ t

x 2=t
y=1−t

y=1−x 2 Ecuación rectangular

2) x=4 cos 2 θ y=2 senθ

−π −π π π
θ 0
2 4 4 2
x 0 2 4 2 0
y -2 −√ 2 -1 -2 -3

-1
1 2 3 4

-2

-3

-4

x=4 cos 2 θ y=2 senθ

 y
x=4 ( 1−sen2 θ ) =senθ
2

y2
(
x=4 1−
4 )
x=4− y 2
3) h) x=2 t y=|t−2|

t 0 2 4 6 -2 -4 -6

x 0 4 8 12 -4 -8 -12

y 2 0 2 4 4 6 8

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Limites Hopital

e 2 x −1
1) lim
x →0 arctg 5 x

2 e2 x 2 e0 2
lim = =
x →0 1 5 5
2
∗5 2
1+ 25 x 1+25 ( 0 )

e x −e−x e x −e−x e0 +e−0

lim =lim = =2
2) x →0 ln ( 1+ x ) x→ 0 1 1
1+ x 1+ 0
π

3) lim
cotgx−1
= lim
−csc x
=
2 ( 4 ) −( √ 2 ) 2 1
=
−csc 2
= =
2

πsen 4 x 4 cos 4 xπ π −4 4 2
x→
4
x→
4 4 cos 4 ( )
4
4)

cosx
−senx∗ln ( x−3 ) + x 3
cosx∗ln ( x−3 ) x−3 −( x−3 ) senx∗ln ( x−3 ) +cosx ( e −e ) ( ( 3−x ) sen
lim =lim =lim =lim
x →3 ln ( e x −e 3 ) x →3 1 x→3 ( x−3 ) e x
x →3 x ex
x
3
∗e x
e −e e x −e3
πx sen ( x−1 )
lim sen ( x−1 ) tg =lim
5) x →1 2 x →1 πx
cotg
2 ( )
Aplicando hopitall

cos ( x−1 ) cos ( 0 ) 1 −2

lim = = =
x →1 πx π −π π

−csc 2
( )
2
∗π
−c sc 2
2
∗π ( )2
2 2

6) lim x−ln 3 x
x→ ∞

x −x e x −e−x −2
7) lim ( e −e −2 ) cotgx=lim
x →0 x→ 0 tgx
Derivando

e x +e− x e0 +e−0 1+1

lim 2
= = =2
x →0 sec x sec 2 ( 0 ) 1

x−1
8) lim ( x −1 ) cotg ( πx−π )=lim
x →1 x →1 tg ( πx−π )
Aplicando hopitall
 1 1 1
lim = =
sec ( πx−π ) π sec ( π−π )∗π π
2 2
x →1

ln ( x−1 )
9) lim lnx∗ln ( x−1 ) =lim
x →1 x→ 1 ln−1 x
1 1
−
x−1 x−1 x ln2 x
lim =lim =lim
x →1 −ln
−2
x x →1 1 x→ 1 x−1
2
x xln x
Aplicando hopitall

lnx
ln 2 x +2 x
x 0+0
lim = =0
x →1 1 1

10)
lim
x →1
( lnx1 − lnxx )=lim 1−x
lnx
x →1
=lim
−1 −1
1
= =−1
1 x →1
x 1
11)

1 1+ x 2−1
1−
1 1 x−arctgx 1+ x 2 1+ x 2 x2
lim (
x →0 arctgx
− =lim )
=lim
x x→ 0 xarctgx x →0
arctgx+
x
=lim 2
x →0 ( 1+ x ) arctgx + x
=lim 2
x→ 0 ( 1+ x ) arctgx + x

1+ x 2 1+ x 2
2x 2x 2(0 ) 0
lim =lim = = =0
x →0 1+ x 2
x →0 2 xarctgx +1+1 2 ( 0 ) arctg 0+ 2 2
2 xarctgx+ +1
1+ x 2
12)

−2 −1
1 1 1 3 1 2
−3 x +2 x
1 1 3−3 √3 x−2+2 √ x 1−3 x +2 x 3 2
3 2
lim
x →1 ( − 3
=lim
2 ( 1−√ x ) 3 ( 1− √ x ) x→ 1 ) 1
2
6 1− x 1−x
1
3
=lim
(
x →1
1
3)(
1
2
6 1−x −x + x
5
6
=lim
)
x →1
−2
1 3
−1
1 2
( 5 6
−6 x −6 x +6 x
−1
)
3 2 6
1 1 cos2 x sen2 x−x 2 cos 2 x
13) lim
x →0 ( x2
−cotg2
x
) (
=lim
x→0 x
2
− =lim
sen 2 x x →0 )
x 2 sen 2 x

Aplicando hopitall

2 senxcosx−2 x cos 2 x +2 x2 cosxsenx sen 2 x−2 x cos 2 x + x 2 sen 2 x 2 cos 2 x−2 cos2 x +2
lim =lim =lim
x →0 2 x sen2 x+ 2 x 2 senxcosx x→0 2 x sen2 x + x 2 sen 2 x x→ 0 2 sen2 x+ 4 xsenx
x π xsenx π 2 xsenx−π
14) lim
x→
π
2
( cotgx −
2 cosx ) =lim ( −
cosx 2 cosx
x→
π
2
) =lim
2cosx x→
π
2
 lim
2 senx+ 2 xcosx
=
2 (1 )+2 ( π2 ) cos π2 =−1
π −2 senx π
x→
2 −2 sen
2

lim ( π −2 x )cosx
16) x→
π
2

y= ( π −2 x )cosx

lny=ln ( π −2 x )cosx

lim lny= lim cosx ( ln ( π−2 x ) )

π π
x→ x→
2 2

ln ( π −2 x )
lim
x→
π secx
2

−2
π −2 x −2 −2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x −4 cosxsenx
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim
π secxtgx π senx π πsenx−2 xsenx x→ π 2 xsenx −πsenx x → π 2 senx +2 xcosx−π
x→
2
x→
2 ( π −2 x ) x→
2 2 2
cos2 x
hopitall

−4 cos 2 x −4 cosπ 4
lim = = =∞
π 2 cosx +2 cosx −2 xsenx−πsenx π π π π π 0
x→
2 2 cos +2 cos −2 sen −πsen
2 2 2 2 2
lny=∞

y=e∞ =∞

17) lim ( arcsenx )tgx

x →0

lny=ln ⁡( arcsenx )tgx

lny=tgx ln ⁡( arcsenx)
1 1
2
ln ⁡(arcsenx) arcsenx √ 1− x arcsenx √ 1−x 2 sen 2 x
lny=lim =lim =lim =lim
x→ 0 cotgx x →0 −csc 2 x x→ 0 −1 x →0 arcsenx √ 1−x
2

sen2 x
2 senxcosx 0
lny=lim = =0
x→ 0 √1−x − xarcsenx 1−0
2

√1−x 2 √ 1−x 2
lny=0
 y=e0
y=1

18) lim x
ln
( e 1−1 )
x

x →0

lny=ln ( x−ln ( e −1 ) )

lny=−ln ( e x −1 )∗lnx

−ln ( e x −1 )
lny=lim
x→ 0 ln −1 x

−e x
e x −1 x e x ln 2 x
lny=lim =lim
x x →0 e x −1
−2
x→ 0 −ln

e x ln 2 x + x e x ln 2 x +2 e x lnx 2 2
lny=lim x
=lim ln x+ x ln x+ 2lnx
x→ 0 e x →0

lny=lim lnx ( lnx+ x lnx+ 2 )

x→ 0

1
x x
19) lim ( x +2 )
x→ ∞

1
x x
lny=ln ( x +2 )
1
lny= ln ( x +2 x )
x

ln ( x+2 x )
lny=
x

1+2 x ln 2
x +2x 1+2 x ln2
lny=lim = lim
x→∞ 1 x →∞ x +2 x
hopitall

2x ( ln 2 )2 2 x ( ln 2 )3 x
lny=lim x
= lim x 2
=ln2
x → ∞ 1+2 ln2 x →∞ 2 ( ln2 )

lny=ln 2
y=2
 1
lnx
20) lim ( cotgx )
x →0

1
lnx 1
lny=ln ( cotgx ) = ( ln ( cotgx ))
lnx
ln ( cotgx )
lny=
lnx

1 senx −1

lny=lim
cotgx
∗(−csc 2 x )
=lim
cosx sen 2
x
=lim
(
−x
)
cosxsenx
∗2
=lim
−2 x
x→ 0 1 x→ 0 1 x →0 2 x → 0 sen 2 x
x x
−2
lny=lim =−1
x→ 0 2 cos 2 x
lny=−1

y=e−1
x
1
21) ( )
lim 1+
x →0 x2
x
1
lny=ln ( 1+ ) 2
x

( x1 )
lny=xln 1+ 2

x 2 +1
lny=xln ( ) x2

ln ( x2 +1 ) −ln x 2
lny=
x−1

ln ( x 2+ 1 )−2 lnx
lny=lim
x→ 0 x−1
hopitall

2x 2 2 x 2−2 x 2−2
−
x2 +1 x x ( x 2 +1 ) 2 x2 2x 2 0
lim =lim =lim =lim 2 =lim =lim =0
x→0 2 x x →0 2
−2 2
x →0 −x x →0 −1 x→ 0 x ( x +1 ) x→ 0 x + 1
2
x
lny=0

y=e0
 y=1
3
2
x
22) lim ( cos 2 x )
x →0

3
2

lny=ln ( cos 2 x ) x
3
lny= ln ( cos 2 x )
x2
4 ln ( cos 2 x )
lny=
x2
hopitall

lim
3 ( cos12 x ) (−2 sen 2 x) =lim −3tg 2 x
x →0 2x x →0 x
lim ¿
2
3 ( 2) sec 2 x
x→ 0− =−6
1

lny=−6

y=e−6
1
23) lim ( e x + x ) x
x →0

1
x x
lny=ln ( e + x )
1
lny= ln ( e x + x )
x

e x +1
ln ( e x + x ) e x + x e 0 +1
lim =lim = 0 =2
x →0 x x →0 1 e +0
lny=2

y=e2
tgx−x
24) lim
x →0 x−senx
2
∗senx
cosx
sec 2 x−1 2 secxtgx cosx
lim =lim =lim =lim 2 sec 2 x=2
x →0 1−cosx x →0 senx x →0 senx x →0
 ln ( senx )
25) lim
x→
π ( π −2 x )2
2

cosx
senx
lim = lim ¿
π 2 ( π−2 x )( −2 ) π cotgx
2
−−csc x
x→ x→ − = lim = lim ¿
2 2 4 ( π−2 x ) x→ π 4 ( −2) 2
π csc x −1
x→ − =
2 2 8 8

θ−arcsenθ
26) lim
θ→0 sen 3 θ
1 1
−3
1− −1 2 2
( 1−θ ) (−2θ )
√ 1−θ2 1− ( 1−θ2 ) 2 2
lim 2
=lim 2
=lim 3
= lim
θ → 0 2 sen θ∗cosθ θ → 0 2 sen θ∗cosθ θ → 0 6 senθ∗cosθ−3 sen θ −3
2 2
−3
2 2 2
−
2 2
θ (1−θ ) − (1−θ ) −2 θ (1−θ )
θ → 0− 3
=lim 2
3 sen 2θ−3 sen θ θ →0 6 cos 2θ −9 sen θ∗cosθ

e y +cosy −2
27) lim
y →0 ln ( 1+ y )

e y + seny e0 + sen 0 1
lim = = =1
y →0 1 1 1
1+ y 1+ 0

sec 2 ∅−2 tg ∅
28) lim
∅→
π 1+ cos 4 4 ∅
4

2 sec ∅∗sec ∅∗tg ∅−2 sec 2 ∅ 2 sec 2 ∅ ( tg ∅−1 ) sec 2 ∅ ( tg−1 ) 2 sec ∅∗sec ∅∗tg ∅ ( tg ∅
lim 4
=lim 4
=lim 4
=lim
∅ →0 −4 sen 4 ∅ ∅→0 −4 sen 4 ∅ ∅ →0 −2 sen ∅ ∅ →0 −8 co
tgy−seny
29) lim
y →0 sen 3 y
seny
−seny
cosy seny ( secy−1 )
lim 3
=lim
y →0 sen y y→ 0 sen3 y
hopitall

1
∗seny
cosy
secy−1 secy∗tgy cosy 1 1
lim =lim =lim = =
y→ 0 2 seny∗cos y y →0 2 seny∗cosy 2 cos y 2
2 3
y →0 sen y
30)

3
16−4 x 3
−2 2
2 √4 3 16−32 2 3
−2
3 −16 2 2 −8
− ∗x − ∗2 ∗2 − −2−
4 3 4 3 3 2 4 3
lim √ =lim √
16 x−x −2 √ 4 x 2 16 x−x 2 32−16 3 3 3
= √
( )
−1 1 −1
= = = =
x →2
2− √ √2 x3 x →2 3 4 3 −3 −3 −3
4
−√ 2∗
4 ()
x −2 4∗ ∗2 4
4 () 4 4 4
31)

−1 −1
1 √ 3 ∗x 2 + 1 √ 3 ∗3 2 + 1 1 1 4
+
2
√ 3 x−√ 12−x =lim √3∗x −√ 12−x =lim 2 2 √12−x 2 2 √12−3 2 6 6 8
lim = = = =
x→ a 2 x−3 √ 19−5 x x → a 2 x−3 √ 19−5 x x→ 3 5 5 5 13 39
2+ 2+ 2+
2 √19−5 x 2 √19−15 4 4
p p−1
p p p−1 ∗a
32) x −a p∗x q p p
lim q q =lim = q −1 = ∗a p−1−q+1= a p−q
x→ a x −a x→ a q∗x
q−1
a q q
xcosx −senx cosx−xsenx−cosx −senx
33) lim =lim =lim
x →0 x 3
x →0 3x2
x→ 0 3x

Hopitall

−cosx −1
lim =
x →0 3 3
x−senx 1−cosx
34) lim 3
=lim
x →0 x x→ 0 3 x2
Hopitall hopitall

senx cosx 1
lim =lim =
x →0 6 x x→ 0 6 6
35)

1
∗cos ( mx )∗m
ln ( senmx ) sen ( mx ) m∗cos ( mx )∗senx −m2∗sen ( mx )∗senx +m∗cos ( mx )∗co
lim =lim =lim =lim
x →0 ln ( senx ) x →0 1 x →0 cosx∗sen ( mx ) x→0 −senx∗sen ( mx )+ m∗cosx∗cos ( mx
∗cosx
senx
a −a a
a ()
sen
x x 2()
∗cos
x a
36) lim x∗sen
x→ ∞
() = lim
x x →∞ x −1
=lim
x→ ∞ −1 ()
= lim acos
x →∞ x
=a

x2
1
x
lim x∗x
x →0
 1
37) lny=ln x∗x x ( )
1
x
lny=lnx+ln x
1
lny=lnx+ ln x
x
xlnx+ lnx
lny=
x
1
lnx+1+
x xlnx+ x +1
lny=lim =lim
x→ 0 1 x→ 0 x
1
lnx+1+1 x 1
lny= = = =∞
1 0 0

( lnx )2∗1 1
3 3 2
38) ( lnx ) x 3 (lnx ) 3 x 3 1 3 1
lim 2
=lim =lim 2
= lim = = =0
x→ ∞ x x→∞ 2x x→∞ 2 x 2 x →∞ 2 x 4 x 2 4 ∞ 2
x∗1 1
lnx+ −1
x 1 xlnx−x+ 1 x lnx x 1
39) lim (
x →1 x−1
− =lim )
lnx x →1 xlnx−lnx x→ 1
=lim
lnx+
=lim
x∗1 1 x → 1
− lnx+1−
=lim
1 x →1 1 1 2
+
=
x x x x x2
40)

2 sen ( π2 )+ 2( π2 )cos ( π2 )
lim
x→
π
2
( ctgxx − 2 cosx
π
)=lim ( xsenx −
x→
π
cosx 2 cosx )π
2
=lim (
2 xsenx−π
2 cosx )= lim
2 senx+2 xcosx
x→
−2 senx
π
2
x→
π
2
=
−2 sen ( )
π
2
3
41) lim x 4 +lnx
x →1

3
lny=ln ( x ) 4+ lnx lny =3

3
lny= ∗lnx y=e3
4+lnx
3∗lnx
lny=lim
x→ 1 4 +lnx
Hopitall
 3 3
x 1
lny=lim = =3
x→ 1 1 1
x 1
42)

−2 −1
1 3 1
1 1
3
3 ( 1−√ x )−2 ( 1− √ x )
1
3
1
2
3−3 x −2+2 x
−3
3()
x +2
2
x () 2

lim
(
x →1 2 ( 1−√ x )
− 3
=lim
3 ( 1− √ x ) x→ 1 ) 1
(
1
=lim
)(
x→ 1
) (
1 1 5
)
=lim
x→ 1 −2 −1
−1 3 1 2 5 6
−1
2
6 1−x 1−x 3 3 2
6 1−x −x + x 6
( 6
3
x − x + x
2 6 )
Remplazando

2 1 1
−
3 2 6 1
= =
2 1 5 8+9−5 12
(
6 + −
9 4 36
6
36 ) ( )
44)

1 1 x 2−sen 2 x 2 x−2 senx∗cosx 2 x−sen 2 x

lim ( 2
x →0 sen x x )
− 2 =lim 2 2
x→ 0 x sen x
=lim 2 2
x→ 0 2 x∗sen x + x 2 senx∗cosx
=lim 2 2
x →0 2 x∗sen x+ x 2 sen 2 x
=lim 2
x →0 2 sen x+

πx
cos
2
45) lim (1−x )
x →1

πx
c os
2
lny=ln ( 1−x )
πx
lny=lim cos ∗ln ( 1−x )
x→ 1 2
ln ( 1−x )
lny=lim
x→ 1 πx
sec
2
Aplicando hopitall

1
1−x
lny=lim
x→ 1
sec ( πx2 )∗tg ( πx2 )∗( π2 )
1
lny=lim
x→ 1 πx πx π
( 1−x )∗sec
2
∗tg
2( ) ( )( )
∗
2
 lny=lim
cos ( πx2 )
( π2 )∗( 1−x )∗tg ( πx2 )
x→ 1

πx π
−sen ( )∗( )
2 2
lny=lim
x→ 1 π πx
π πx 2
∗(1−x )∗ sec 2
2
∗π ( )
()
2
∗(−1 )∗tg
2
+ ( ) 2

πx
−sen ( )
2
lny=lim
x→ 1
tg ( πx2 )+ π2 ∗( 1−x )∗(sec πx2 )
2

πx
πx ( 2 ) (
∗ −sen

lny=lim
1
=lim
( 2)
cos2
=lim
2cos
2
x→ 1 πx π x→1πx x →1

πx πx
( 1−x )∗sec ( )∗sen ( )∗sec
( 2 )∗π
2
( 1−x ) sen ( )
2 π πx π
(−1 ) sen ( )+ ( 1−
2 2 2 2 2 2

lny=0

y=e0
y=1
1
2 x
46) lim ( 1+ x )
x →0

1
2 x
lny=ln ( 1+ x )
1
lny= ln ( 1+ x 2 )
x

ln ( 1−x 2 )
lny=lim
x→ 0 x
2x
1+ x 2
lny=lim
x→ 0 1
2x 0
lny=lim = =0
1+ x 1+0
2
x→ 0

lny=0
 y=e0
y=1
1
1− x
47) lim x
x →1

1
(
lny=ln x 1−x )
lnx
lny=
1−x
1
x −1
lny=lim = =−1
x→ 1 −1 x
lny=−1

y=e−1
πx
πx tg
48) lim tg
x →1
( )
4
4

πx
πx tg
( )
lny=ln tg
4
4

πx πx
lny=tg ∗ln ( tg )
4 4

πx
ln ( tg )
4
lny=lim
x→ 1 πx
cotg
4
πx
sec 2
4
∗π
πx
tg
4
4
lny=lim
x→ 1 πx
∗π
2 4
−csc
4
 πx
−
( 4)
cos

πx πx πx
csc ( )∗sen ( ) −sen ( )
2
4 4 4
lny=lim =lim
x→ 1 1 πx x→ 1
cos ( )
πx 4
sen ( ) 2
4
πx
lny=lim tg
x→ 1 4
lny=1
y=e

π ( x+1 )
49) lim xtg
x →0 ( ( ))
2

Aplicando hopitall

2 2 πx
lim
x
=lim
1
=lim
π
=lim
−
π
=lim
−2 sen 2( 2
x →0 πx π x→ 0 πx π x →0 πx π x→ 0 1 x →0 π
cotg +
2 2 ( ) ( + ∗π
2 2 ) −csc 2( +
2 2 ) πx π
−csc 2
2
sen 2( +
2 2 )
1 +cosx
1+ x−cosx
50) lim
x →0
( x ) 25 x

1+cosx
1+ x−cosx
lny=ln ( x ) 25 x

1+cosx
ln y= [ ln ( 1+ x −cosx )−lnx ]
25 x

lny=
[ ln ( 1+ x−cosx )−lnx ]
−1
25 x ( 1+ cosx )
Aplicando hopitall

1+ senx 1
−
1+ x−cosx x
lny=lim −1 −2
x→ 0 25 ( 1+ cosx ) −25 x (1+ cosx ) (−senx)

x + xsenx−1−x +cosx
x ( 1+ x−cosx )
lny=lim −1 −2
x→ 0 25 ( 1+ cosx ) +25 xsenx (1+ cosx )
 xsenx−1+cosx
x ( 1+ x−cosx )
lny=lim
x→ 0 25 25 xsenx
+
(1+ cosx ) ( 1+ cosx )2

xsenx −1+ cosx

x ( 1+ x −cosx )
lny=lim
x→ 0 25+ 25 cosx+25 xsenx

( 1+cosx )2

xsenx−1+ cosx ( 1+cosx )2 ( 1+cosx )2 2 ( 1+cosx ) (−senx )

lim =lim 2
=lim
x →0 25 ( 1+cosx+ xsenx ) x ( 1+ x−cosx ) x→ 0 25 ( x+ x −xcosx ) x→ 0 25 ( 1+ 2 x−cosx+ xsenx )

senπx +tg ( x−1 ) πcosπx + sec 2 ( x−1 ) πcosπ + sec 2 ( 0 )

51) lim =lim =lim =1−π
x →1 x 2−x x →1 2 x −1 x →1 2−1
1−tgx
52) lim ( 1−tgx ) sec 2 x=lim
π π cos 2 x
x→ x→
4 4

Aplicando hopitall
2
−sec 2 x −( √ 2 )
lim = =−1
2 sen 2 x π
x→
π
4 2 sen 2
4()
8 2
53) lim
x →2 [ −
x −12 x−6
2 ]
Remplazando

8 2
− =−1−(−1 )=0
4−12 4−6
Aplicando hopitall

8−4 x
lim 2
x →2 3 x −12 x −12
1 x +1 1−x−1
54) lim
x →0 [ −
] [
=lim
] [
=lim
−x
ln ( x +1 ) ln ( x+1 ) x → 0 ln ( x +1 ) x → 0 ln ( x +1 ) ]
Aplicando hopitall

−1
lim =−1
x →0 1
x+1
 1
∗x + π
55) 2
lim
x→−π senx
Aplicando hopitall

1 1
∗1 ∗1
2 2 −1
lim = =
x→−π cosx cos (−π ) 2

π∅ ( a2 −∅ 2 )
56)
lim ( a2−∅2 ) tg
∅ →a
( ) =lim
2 a ∅→a π∅
cotg
2a ( )
Aplicando hopitall
2
−2 ∅ −2 a 4a
lim = =
π∅ −1 π
∅ →a

2a ( )
∗π
π
∗π
−csc 2
2a
sen2
2 ()
2a

π π e πx +1−2 π e πx π e0 π2
57) lim
x →0 [ −
] =lim π
[ ]
=lim π
[ ]
4 x 2 x ( e πx +1 ) x → 0 4 x ( e πx +1 ) x → 0 4 ( e πx +1 ) +4 xπ e πx
=π =
4 ( e0 +1 ) +0 4
1 1 tgx−x 2
58) lim
x →0 [ −
] [
=lim
x 2 xtgx x →0 x 2 tgx ]
Aplicando hopitall

sec 2 x−2 x
lim π
x →0 [
2 xtgx + x 2 sec 2 x ]
Aplicando hopitall

2 secx∗secx∗tgx−2 2 sec 2 x∗tgx−2

lim =lim
x →0 2 tgx+2 x sec 2 x +2 x sec 2 x+ 2 x 2 sec 2 x∗tgx x→ 0 2 tgx+2 x sec 2 x+ 2 x 2 sec 2 x∗tgx
 Aplicando las derivadas
Recta tangente y normal y Recta normal

Si y=f (x )
Recta
Tangente tangente

Y −Y 0=f ' ( x ) ( x −x0 )

Normal
( x0 , y0 )

−1
Y −Y 0= ' ( x−x 0 )
f (x )
1)
a)f ( x )=arctgx lnx=1
π
y=arctgx y=
4
π
y=arctg ( 1 )= x=1
4
'
Tangente: Y −Y 0=f ( x ) ( x −x0 )

π 1
Y − = ( x−1 )
4 2
−1
Normal: Y −Y 0= ' ( x−x 0 )
f (x )
π
Y − =−2 ( x−1 )
4
2
b) y=( x3 +2 ) (−1,1 )
y ' =2 ( x 3+ 2 )∗3 x 2
y ' =6 x 2 ( x 3 +2 ) x=−1
2
y ' =6 (−1 ) ( x 3+2 )=6
y−1=6 ( x+ 1 ) Tangente
−1
y−1= ( x+1 ) Normal
6
8 −1
2) y= 2
=8 ( x 2+ 4 ) ( 2,1 )
x +4
−2 −16 x −16 ( 2 ) −32
y ' =−8 ( x 2 +4 ) ( 2 x ) = = 2 =
x 2+ 4 2 +4 8

y ' =−4 x 0=2 y 0=1

 Y −Y 0= y ' ( x −x0 )

Y −1=−4 ( x−2 )
−1
Y −Y 0= ( x−x 0 )
y'
−1
Y −1= ( x−2 )
4
3) x 5+ y 5−2 xy=0 ( 1,1 ) x 0=1

y 0=1

Derivando

5 x 4 +5 x 4∗y ' −2 y −2 x∗ y' =0

( 5 y 4 −2 x )∗y ' =2 y−5 x 4

' 2 y −5 x 4
y=
5 y 4−2 x
2−5
∗−3
Para x 0=1 ' 5−2
y= =−1
3
y 0=1

Y −Y 0= y ' ( x −x0 )

Y −1=−1 ( x −1 )
Y −1=−x +1
x + y−2=0
−1
4) y=x 3−4 x l :x +8 y −8=0 m=
8
y=mx+b Ecuación buscada

−1
y= x +b
8

y ' =3 x 2−4

y ' =3 x 2−4
−1
m= Recta normal
y'
 −1 −1
= 2
8 3 x −4

3 x 2−4=8

x 2=4
x=± 2

y=x 3−4 x
y=8−8=0
y=−8+8=0
−1
Y −Y 0= ( x−x 0 )
y'
−1
Y= ( x−2 )
8
−1
Y= ( x +2 )
8
5) y ' =1

x 2+ y 2−10 x+2 y +18=0 (2)

Derivando

2 x+2 y∗ y ' −10+2 y' =0

( y +1 ) y ' =5−x
5−x
y'=
y+1
y +1=5−x
y=4−x (1)

(1) En (2)

x 2+ y 2−10 x+2 y +18=0

2 2
x + ( 4−x ) −10 x+ 2 ( 4−x ) +18=0

x 2+ 16−8 x + x 2−10 x+ 8−2 x+ 18=0

2 x2 −20 x + 42=0

x 2−10 x+ 21=0
( x−3 ) ( x−7 ) =0
 x 0=3 x 0=7

y=4−x
y 0=1 y 0=−3

Y −Y 0= y ' ( x −x0 ) Y −Y 0= y ' ( x −x0 )

Y −1=1 ( x−3 ) Y +3=1 ( x−7 )

Y −1=x−3 Y +3=x−7
x− y −2=0 x− y −10=0
1
6) f ( x )= x 3−x +1
3
f ' ( x )=x2 −1
a) f ' ( x )=1 b) f ' ( x )=1

1=x 2−1 1=x 2−1

x 2=2 x 2=2
x=± √ 2 x=± √ 2

8 a3 3 2 2 −1
7) y= 2 2 =8 a ( 4 a + x )
4a +x
−2
y ' =−8 a3 ( 4 a 2+ x 2 ) ( 2 x )

−16 a3 x
y'= 2
( 4 a2 + x 2)
8 a3
y= x=2 a x 0=2 a
4 a2 + x 2

8 a3 8 a3
y= = =a y 0=a
4 a2 +4 a2 8 a2

−16 a3 ( 2 a ) −32a 4 −1
y'= 2
= =
( 4 a2 +4 a2 ) 8 a4 2

Tangente 2 y−2 a=−x+ 2a

y− y 0= y ' ( x−x 0 ) x +2 y −4 a=0

−1 Normal
y−a= ( x−2 a )
2
 −1 y−a=2 x−4 a
y− y 0= ( x−x 0 )
y
2 x− y−3 a=0
y−a=2 ( x−2 a )

8) y 2=20 x

α =45°
m=tg 45
Derivando la función

2 y∗y ' =20

m=1

y ' =1
10
y'=
y
Como y ' =1

10
1=
y

y=10 y 2=20 x

102=20 x
x=5
Solución

y− y 0=m ( x −x0 )

y−10=1 ( x−5 )
x− y +5=0

9) f ( x )=x 2 +ax +b
y=2 x (2,4)

Derivando f ' ( x )=2 x+ a

m=2

f ' ( x )=2
En el punto (2,4)

2=2 x +a
a=−2
 f ( x )=x 2 +ax +b

4=22−2 ( 2 ) +b
b=4

10) f ( x )=x 2 +ax +b P(1,2) punto de intersección

g ( x )=x 3−c
Remplazando x=1 f ( x )=2

2=12 + a ( 1 ) +b a+ b=1 (1)

2=13 −c c=−1
Misma pendiente

f ' ( x )=2 x+ a f ' ( x )=g' ( x )

g' ( x )=3 x 2 2 x+ a=3 x 2

x=1
2+a=3
a=1 Remplazando en (1)

b=0

11) y 2=4 px en ( x 0 , y 0 ) y 02=4 p x0

Derivando

2 y∗y ' =4 p
4p
y'=
2y
4p
En ( x 0 , y 0 ) y'=
2 y0

2p
y'=
y0

y− y 0= y ' ( x−x 0 )

2p
y− y 0= ( x −x0 )
y0

y∗ y 0− y 02=2 px−2 p x 0
y 0∗ y−4 p x 0=2 px−2 p x 0
 y 0∗ y=2 p ( x− x0 )

12) b 2 x 2+ a2 y 2=a2 b2 (1)

Derivando

2 b2 x+2 a2 y∗ y' =0

' −b2 x
y=
a2 y

−b 2 x 0
m= 2
a y0

−b 2 x 0
y 0= 2 (2)
a m
(2) En (1)

b 2 x 02+ a2 y 02 =a2 b2
2
−b2 x 0
2 2
b x0 + a 2
( 2
a m ) =a2 b2

2 2 b 4 x0 2 2 2
b x0 + 2 2
=a b
am

a 2 m2 b 2 x 02 +b 4 x 02=a4 m2 b 2

a 2 m2 x 02 +b2 x 02=a4 m2

a 4 m2
x 02=±
√ a2 m2+ b2

a4 m 2
x 0=± 2 2 2 (3)
a m +b

b2
y 0=± (4)
√ a2 m2 +b 2
La ecuación de la recta tangente es

y− y 0=m ( x −x0 )

y=mx−m x 0+ y 0

a2 m
Si x=
√ a2 m2 +b 2
 −b 2
y= 2 2 2
√a m +b
Sustituyendo (3) y (4) en (5)

(−a2 m ) b2
y=mx−m +
√a 2 m2 +b 2
√a 2 m2 +b2
a2 m 2 b2
y=mx ±
√ a2 m2 +b 2
13)
a)b 2 x 2−a2 y 2=a 2 b 2
Derivando

2 b2 x−2 a2 y∗y ' =0

' b2 x
y=
a2 y

b2 x 0
m= 2 en ( x 0 , y 0 )
a y0

y− y 0=m ( x −x0 )

b2 x0
y− y 0= ( x−x 0 )
a2 y 0

a 2 y 0 y−a 2 y 02=b 2 x 0 x −b2 x02

b 2 x 0 x−a2 y 02 =b2 x02−a2 y 0 y

Como x 0 , y 0 € a la curva

b 2 x 02−a2 y 02=a 2 b 2

b 2 x 0 x +a 2 y 0 y=a 2 b2

b)De la anterior derivada

b2 x 0
m= 2
a y0

b2 x0
y 0= 2
a m

Como b 2 x 02−a2 y 02=a 2 b 2

 2
b2 x0
b 2 x 02−a2 ( )
2
a m
=a 2 b 2

2 2 b4 x 0 2 2 2
b x 0 − 2 2 =a b /b 2
a m

a 2 m2 x 02−b 2 x 02=a 4 m2

a2m
x 0=±
√a 2 m2−b 2
b2
y 0=±
√ a2 m2−b2
La ecuación es y− y 0=m ( x −x0 )

y=mx−m x 0+ y 0

y=mx−( m x 0− y 0 )

a2 m2 b2
y=mx ±
( −
√a 2 m2−b 2 √ a2 m2−b2 )
y=mx ± √ a2 m2−b 2