LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Etymology of the word “Police”

– Greek word POLIS “city-state”
– Greek word POLITEIA “Government of the City”
– Roman word POLITIA “condition of the state or government”
 Organization - group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives.
 Police Organization - group of trained personnel in the field of public safety.
– Goal - broad statements
– Objectives - specific short term statements
 Administration - process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans.
 Police Administration - process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper
obedience of laws and related statutes focuses on the policing process.
 Primary or Line Functions - include such operations as patrol, criminal investigation,
and traffic control.
 Staff Functions - those operations designed to support and assist in the performance of
the line functions.
 Auxiliary Functions - functions involve the logistical operations of the organization.
 Bureau - largest organic functional unit within a large department.
 Division - primary subdivision of a bureau.
 Section - functional unit within a particular division
 Units - functional group within a section where further specialization is needed.
 Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty
 Route - length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called “line beat.”
 Beat - area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
 Sector - area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
 District - geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes
 Area - territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.
 Time – in grade - number of years required in holding a rank or grade before
promotion.
– PO1 – PO2 = 2 YEARS
– PO2 – PO3 = 2 YEARS
– PO3 – SPO1 = 3 YEARS
– SPO1 – SPO2 = 2 YEARS
– SPO2 – SPO3 = 2 YEARS
– SPO3 – SPO4 = 2 YEARS
– SPO4 – INSPECTOR = 3 YEARS
– INSPECTOR – SENIOR INSPECTOR = 3 YEARS
– SENIOR INSPECTOR – CHIEF INSPECTOR = 3 YEARS
– CHIEF INSPECTOR – SUPERINTENDENT = 3 YEARS
– SUPERINTENDENT – SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT = 3 YEARS
– SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT – CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT = 2 YEARS
– POLICE DIRECTOR, DEPUTY DIRECTOR, DIRECTOR GENERAL = CHIEF
SUPERINTENDENT

 Sworn Officers - who have oath and who possess the power to arrest.
 Superior Officer - having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or
permanently, over officers of lower rank.
 Commanding Officer - in command of the department, a bureau, a division, an area or
a district.
 Ranking Officer - officer who has the more senior rank/higher rank in a team or group.

Kinds of Organizational Structures

 Line - defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice
versa “oldest/military type”
 Functional - according to functions and specialized units
 Line and Staff - combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff
departments that service, advice, and support them
 Home Rule Theory - police are considered as servants of the community.
 Continental Theory - police officers are considered servants of the higher authorities.
 Old Concept - suppressive machinery
 Modern Concept - organ of crime prevention.
 Unity of Command - subordinate is accountable to one and only one immediate
superior.
 Span of Control - number of subordinates a superior can effectively supervise.
 Delegation of Authority - entrustment of authority
 Carabineros de Seguridad Publica (1712) - was armed and considered as the mounted
police.
 Guardrilleros/Cuardillo - body of rural police by the Royal Decree in 18 January 1836.
 Guardia Civil (1852) - consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in
each of the provincial capitals of the central provinces of Luzon.
 Henry T. Allen first chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
 Rafael Crame  first Filipino chief of the Philippine constabulary
 RA No. 4864 Police Act of 1966. Created the Police Commission (POLCOM)
 Cesar P. Nazareno first Chief of the PNP

Department of the Interior and Local Government

– DILG Sec.  ex-officio Chairman of the NAPOLCOM.
– DILG Sec. appointed by the President
– No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be appointed as DILG Sec.
within one (1) year from the date of his retirement or resignation.

National Police Commission

– Attached to the DILG for policy and program coordination.
– Composed of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners, and Chief of PNP as ex-
officio member.
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
– PNP shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chief, one (1)
for operations and one (1) for administration.
– In no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable within six (6) months from his
compulsory retirement age be appointed as Chief of the PNP.
– The command and direction of the PNP shall be vested in the Chief of the PNP

Key Position in the PNP

– Chief PNP - with the rank of DIRECTOR GENERAL
– DDG for Administration (2nd in Command)
– DDG for Operations (3rd in Command)
– Chief of the Directorial Staff (4th in Command)
– NCR Director – with the rank of Director
– Regional Director – with the rank of Chief Superintendent
– Provincial Director – with the rank of Senior Superintendent
– NCR District Director – with the rank of Chief Superintendent
– Chief of Police – with the rank of Chief Inspector

 Manning level – Average – 1:500; Minimum – not be less than 1:1,000

PNP AFP  The requirements shall be waived in the
Director General General following order: (a) age, (b) height, (c)
Deputy Director Lieutenant General weight, and (d) education. (A.H.W.E.)
General  PNP shall undergo a Field Training
Director Major General Program for twelve (12) months 
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General patrol, traffic, and investigation
Senior Colonel  NAPOLCOM shall administer the
Superintendent entrance and promotional examinations
Superintendent Lt Colonel for policemen
Chief Inspector Major
Senior Inspector Captain  All original appointments of
Inspector Lieutenant commissioned officers in the PNP shall
Senior Police Officer Master Sergeant commence with the rank of inspector,
 Doctors of medicine, members of the
4
Bar, and chaplains Sr. Inspector
Senior Police Officer Technical Sergeant
 Graduates of the PNPA Inspector
3
Senior Police Officer Staff Sergeant Appointing Authority
2 POI - SPOIV PNP RD
Senior Police Officer
Inspector to Sergeant
Chief PNP
1 Superintendent
Police
Sr.Officer
Supt -3DDG Corporal
President
Police Officer 2
Director General Private First Class
President
Police Officer 1 Private
 Attrition by Attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position.
 – Chief – 4 years
– Deputy Chief – 4 years
– Director of the Staff Service – 4 years
– Regional Directors – 6 years
– Provincial/City Directors – 9 years
 Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank- officers relieved and assigned to a position
lower than what is established for his or her grade and shall not be assigned to a
position commensurate to his or her grade within eighteen (18) months after such
demotion in position.
 Attrition by Non-promotion - not been promoted for a continuous period of ten (10)
years.
• Promotion by Virtue of Position – 6 months
• Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) - premier educational institution for the
training, human resource development and continuing education of all personnel of the
PNP, Fire and Jail Bureaus.
Citizen's Complaints - complaint by a natural or juridical person against any member of the
PNP

C.O.P. Punishable not exceeding 15

Breach of Internal Discipline days
MayorsChiefsPunishable
of Not
notexceed 15 16
less than
 Minor offense - act or omission not involving days but not exceeding 30 days
police days
moral turpitude, but affecting the internal PLEB Provincial
Punishable exceeding 30 day
Not exceed 30
discipline of the PNP.
 Forum shopping - multiple filing of complaints Director days
 NAPOLCOM, PNP Chief, PNP Regional Directors Regional Not exceed 60
may immediately remove or dismiss any respondent Director days
PNP member in any of the following cases: Chief PNP Not exceeding
– When the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt 180 days
is strong
– When the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly charged
– When the respondent is guilty of a serious offense involving conduct unbecoming of a
police officer
– AWOL) continuous period of thirty (30) days or more shall be dismissed immediately
from the service.

PLEB (RA 8551)

– Central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint
– At least one 1 PLEB for every 500 police
– Case shall be decided within sixty (60) days from the time the case has been filed in
PLEB
– Decision involving demotion or dismissal may be appealed to the Regional Appellate
Board within 10 days from receipt.

INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE

– Headed by an Inspector General.
– Any personnel who joins the IAS may not thereafter join any other unit of the PNP.
– Personnel of the IAS shall be granted occupational specialty pay which shall not
exceed fifty percent (50%) of their basic pay.
– Complaint against any personnel or office of IAS shall be brought to the Inspector
General's Office or to the NAPOLCOM.
 Provincial Governor shall choose the provincial director from a list of three (3) eligible
recommended by the PNP regional director.
 30 days immediately preceding and 30 days following any national, local and barangay
elections, PNP units is under the supervision and control of the COMELEC
 Governors and mayors - automatically deputized as representatives of the
NAPOLCOM.
 Longevity pay 10% of their basic monthly salaries for every five (5) years of service.
 Permanent Physical Disability  entitled to one year's salary and to lifetime pension
equivalent to eighty percent (80%) of his last salary
 Retirement pay  retired in one (1) grade higher than the permanent grade last held.
 Early Retirement Program (RA 8551)  may retire two (2) ranks higher than his or her
present rank subject (subject to condition)
 Retirement Benefits (RA 8551)  Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent (50%)
of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of
active service, increasing by two and one-half percent (2.5%) for every year of active
service
 PNP shall reserve ten percent (10%) of its annual recruitment, training, and education
quota for women.
 NAPOLCOM shall formulate a gender sensitivity program.
 Any personnel who shall violate the established rules and regulations regarding gender
sensitivity and gender equality shall be suspended without pay for not less than thirty
(30) days and shall undergo gender sensitivity seminar or training.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

 Comparative Police System - process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another.
 Safari method - researcher visits another country
 Collaborative method - researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.
 Globalization - interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop
the global economy.
 INTERPOL – birth year 1923, (First HQ – Vienna Austria, Current HQ – Lyon France)

INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

– Secure global police communication services
– Operational data services and databases for police
– Operational police support services
– Police training and development

Composition of INTERPOL
– General Assembly - compose of delegates appointed by the governments of
Member Countries. (supreme governing body)
– Executive Committee - select deliberative organ which meets three times a
year.
– General Secretariat - located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General.
– Secretary General - responsible for seeing that the day-to-day work of
international police co-operation is carried out, and the implementation of the
decisions of the General Assembly and Executive Committee.
– National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers.
– Advisers - experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
 Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) - ensure that the processing
of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's
regulations,

INTERPOL NOTICE
Purple Provide information on modus
operandi, procedures, objects,
devices or hiding places used by
criminals
Interpol- To inform INTERPOL’s member
UN that an individual or an entity is
Security subject to UN santion
Council
Special
Notice
Orange To warn of an event, a person or
object or a process representing
an imminent threat
Black Seek information on unidentified
bodies
Yellow To locate a missing person or to
identify a person unable to to
identify himself
Green To warn about a person criminal
activities if that person is
considered to be a possible
threat to public safety
Blue To locate, identify, obtain
information on a person of
interest in a criminal investigation
Red Seek the location and arrest of a
person wanted by a judicial
jurisdiction or an international
tribunal with a view to his/her
extradition

 The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945.  .

– General Assembly - main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the
UN.
– Security Council - primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security.
– Economic and Social Council - principal body for coordination, policy review on
economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of
internationally agreed development goals
– Trusteeship Council - provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had
been placed under the administration of seven Member States.
– International Court of Justice - principal judicial organ of the UN.
– Secretariat - comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international
UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the
General Assembly and the Organization's other principal organs.

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
 Physical Security - physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to
equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage,
sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
 On May 30 1958, the Philippine Association of Detectives and Protective Agency
Operations (PADPAO) was formally organized;
 RA 5487 - The Private Security Agency Law
 Barrier - any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying,
illegal access to an installation.
Three Line of Physical Defense
– First line of Defense - perimeter fences/ barriers
– Second line of Defense - doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills and other
entries to the buildings
– Third line of Defense - storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files
 Security hazard - act or condition which results in a situation conducive to a breach of
the protection system
 RELATIVE CRITICALITY - importance of the firm which reference to the national
economy and security.
 RELATIVE VULNERABILITY - susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage,
loss, or disruption of operation due to various hazard.
 Philippine National Police Supervisory Office for Security Investigation Agency office
under the Civil Security Group which is charged with the supervision, direction and
control of all security agencies in the Republic.
 Security Agency Manager should not be less than twenty five (25) years of age
 Security consultant must have at least ten (10) years experience.
TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE
– Company Guard Force - security force maintained and operated by any private
company/corporation.
– Security Agency service - security guard belonging to privately licensed agency.
– Government Guard Forces - maintained and operated by any government entity other
than military or police.
 Private Security Agency – minimum of 200 licensed private security personnel and a
maximum of 1,000.
 Company Guard Force/Private Detective Agency -minimum of 30 and a maximum of
1,000.
 Chainlink fence must be constructed of 7 feet material excluding top guard.

Types of Protective Alarm System

– Central Station System - control station is located outside the plant or installation.
– Proprietary system - proprietary alarm system is located in the industrial firm itself.
– Local Alarm by chance System - a siren or bell is sounded with no predicable
Response
– Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police
station
 Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes through a
staple ring and is then made fasten or secured.
 Lock - mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry
into a building, room, container or hiding place.

Types of Protective Lighting

– Stationary Luminary - consist of series of fixed luminous flood a given area
continuously with overlap.
– Glare-Projection Type - intensity is focused on the intruder while the observer guard
remained in the comparative darkness.
– Controlled Lighting Type - focused on the pile of items, rather than the back ground.
– Standby Lightings - similar to continuous lighting but it is turn on manually or by special
device or other automatic means.
– Moveable Lighting - consist of stationary or portable, manually operated searchlights.
– Emergency Lighting - standby lighting may be utilized in the event of electric failure,
either due to local equipment or commercial failure.

Types of Lighting Equipment

– Floodlights - best used in boundaries, building or fences. Otherwise known as
reflectorized or spotlight.
– Searchlights - highly focused incandescent lamps used in pinpointing potential
intruders
– Fresnel Lights - wide beam unit, primarily to extend the illumination in long horizontal
strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter.
– Street Lights - produced diffused light rather than direction beam.
Type of Key
 Change Key - key to single lock within a master keyed system.
 Sub-Master Key - key that will open all the locks within a particular area or grouping in
a given facility.
 Master Key - special key capable of opening a series of locks. This key is capable of
opening less number of locks than the grand master key.
 Grand Master Key - key that will open everything involving two or more master key
groups.
 Safe - metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items.
 Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of the
building structure
 File room - cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault.
 Casual Pilferer - steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity.
 Systematic Pilferer - steals with preconceived plans

POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORD’S MANAGEMENT

 Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor) - focused on methods of increasing worker
productivity.
 Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber) - division of Labor based on a specified
sphere of competence.
• Administrative Management (Henri Fayol) - 14 principles of efficient management was
identified
• Luther Gullick – P.O.S.D.C.O.R.B.
 Hawthorne Study (Elton Mayo) - suggests that when special attention is paid to
employees by management, productivity is likely to increase regardless of changes by
management.
 Theory X and Y (Douglas McGregor)
– Theory X - management assumes employees are inherently lazy.
– Theory Y - assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise
self-control.
 Originated policy - comes from top management level
 Appealed policy - policy is born when problems arise
 Imposed policy - comes from the government in the forms of laws, administrative
orders and rules and procedures
 Recruitment - process of attracting candidates who have maximum qualifications to be
eligible for selection procedure.
 Selection - concerned with screening out undesirable candidates after they have
applied and appointing the best qualified.
 Recruitment and selection of applicants is the responsibility of the Directorate for
Personnel and Records Management (DPRM).
 Case record - heart of any police records system
 Fingerprint Record - heart of any identification system.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE

 Regular Source - acquired from open source, records, files
 Cultivated Sour - furnished by informants and informer thru police initiative
 Grapevine Source - coming from the underworld character such as prisoner or ex-
convict.
 Intelligence - product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, and
interpretation, integration of all available information.
 Police Intelligence - product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration, and interpretation of all available information.
 Numbers 13:17:32 - earliest recorded intelligence activity.
 SUN TZU - authored the book “Art of War”
 Frederick the Great - father of organized military espionage
 Counter-Intelligence - concerned principally with the neutralizing and destroying
attempts of individuals or groups that seek to discredit law enforcement.
 Casing - determine location’s suitability for a particular clandestine operational
purpose.
 Surveillance - used to obtain information concerning the identities, activities and
contacts of intelligence targets.
 Elicitation - used to obtain information in conversation without alerting the other person
to one’s special interest in the information.
 Expendable Agent - leaks false information to the enemy.

Forms of Moving Surveillance:

– Loose tail – employed where a general impression of the subject’s habits and
associates is required.
– Rough Shadowing – employed without special precautions.
– Close tail – extreme precautions are taken.
 Casing - visual inspection of an area, installation or building to determine its suitability
for operational activities
 Stakeout/Fixed surveillance - surveillant remains essentially in one position or locale.
 Bugging - use of an equipment or tool to listen and record discreetly conversations of
other people.
 Wire Tapping - interception of telephone conversation.
 Access - capability of a prospective agent to obtain the desired info for the Intel
organization or to perform to Intel collection mission in the area.

SELECTED INTELLIGENCE AGENCY IN THE WORLD

Australia Australian Secret Intelligence
Service
India Research and Analysis Wing
France Directorate General for External
Security
Russia Federal Security Service
Germany Bundesnachrichtendienst
China Ministry of State Security
Israel Mossad
Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence
Philippines National Intelligence Coordinating
 Agency
United MI-6
Kingdom
United Central Intelligence Agency
States of
America

RELIABILITY ACCURACY
A – completely 1 – confirmed by
other sources
B – usually reliable 2 – probably true
C – fairly reliable 3 – possibly true
D – not usually 4 – doubtfully true
reliable
E – unreliable 5 – improbable
F – reliability cannot 6 – probability cannot
be judged be judged

POLICE PATROL
 Patrol division- backbone of the police department
 High police visibility (Overt Operation) - High police visibility discourages criminals.
Normally, criminal think twice before executing their plans if there is obvious presence
of police officers.
 Low profile theory (Covert Operation) - Low police visibility increases the opportunity to
apprehend criminals.
 Directed Deterrent Patrol (DDP) - performs certain, specific, predetermined preventive
functions on a planned and systematic basis.
 Target-Oriented Patrol (TOP) - directed toward specific persons, places, or events.
TOP consist of either Location-oriented, Offender-oriented, or Event-oriented patrol.
 Clockwise Patrol Pattern - (done at the first hour)
 Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern - (done at the last hour)
 Day Shift (7:00-3:00PM) - service oriented shift
 Afternoon Shift (3:00-11:00PM) - most busiest
 Midnight Shift (11:00-7:00AM) - least desirable

PATROL METHODS
Foot patrol Most expensive/ Best method
Automobile Most extensive/ Most economical
patrol
Bicycle Stealth and mobility/ friendly
patrol method
Horse Patrol 2nd oldest type
Dog patrol Capable of recognizing an odor 10
million times better than a human
can
 Air Patrol Improves response time to
emergency calls for service
Marine Best means to effectively control
patrol violators of water safety regulations
Motorcycle Speed and maneuverability
patrol
CCTV Patrol Originated in West Germany

 Team Policing – “originated in Aberdeen Scotland” - integrate the police and the
community interest into a working relationship so as to produce the desired objective of
peace keeping in the community.
 Dragnet Operation - purposely to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects.
 Hasty Checkpoint - immediate response to block the escape of lawless elements from
a crime scene, and is also established when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during
hot pursuit operations.
 High Risk Arrest - actual restraint of armed persons following a high-risk stop.
 High Risk Stop - actual stopping or accosting of armed and dangerous person or
persons, aboard a vehicle or on foot, including the power to use all necessary and
legal means to accomplish such end.

Components of the Integrated Patrol System

– Fixed Components - include the Police Station, the Police Community Precincts, traffic
posts, and visibility points that are strategically deployed;
– Patrol Components - include the foot, mobile, bike, motorcycle, mounted, waterborne,
and sky patrols; and
– Auxiliary Components - include the BPATs, other force multipliers, non-government
organizations, and civilian volunteer groups.
 Problem-oriented approach can be described in the acronym SARA: Scanning (S) –
Identifying the problem, Analysis (A) – Learning the problem’s causes, scope and
effects, Response (R) – Acting to alleviate the problem, Assessment (A) – Determining
whether the response worked
 Sir Robert Peel - “Father of Modern Policing”.
 Antonio C. Torres - first Filipino Chief of the Manila Police Department.
 August Vollmer - “Father of Modern Law Enforcement”.
 Henry Fielding - organized a group of men called Bow Street Foot Patrol especially
trained as thief takers in 1749.
 Herman Goldstein - credited for the first articulation of problem-oriented policing in the
1970s. The “Father of Problem-Oriented Policing.”

Isaias Alma Jose – designated by Mayor Lacson to organized the first automobile patrol
and appointed as the first Chief of the Mobile Patrol Bureau