4

cAC tUC TUONG CUNG VA CAU

rnEn TH!TRuottc

rzhi mot dgt kh6ng khi lanh dd vio bang Florida, gi6 nudc cam trong cdc si6u
I\thi A khip Hoa fi, ta"g l6n. M6i khi thdi ti6t {m 10n viro mira hd d bang cu$c New
England, giaihud phong khdch s4n d vung Caribbean giim m4nh' Khi
m.Q.t

chlTn trarih bung nd d Trrng Ddng, gi6 xdng d Hoa Kj,tnng vd giri xe Cadillac
cu
giam xu6ng. Nhtrng sg kiQn nny c6 didm gi chung? Tdt ca chtng ddu cho thSy srJ
vin hirnh cria cung vi cdu.
cungvit ciuldhai ttt mir c6c nhi kinh t6 hgc sit dgng thuong xuy6n nhSt - vir
vi nhrtn-g lf do chinh d6ng. Cung vir cdu li nhrrng lgc lrtgng lim cho ndn kinh td
thi truoig ho4t dQng. Chring quy& dinh sAn lugng sin xudt vi giri brin cia hing
hoa. N6ulu6n bi6t mOt sri fuQn ho{c chinh s6ch inh htidng tdi n€n kinh t6 nhtt
th6 nio, trttdc h6t ban phii xem n6 inh hudng tdi cung vh cdu ra sao'
Chuong niy gi6i thi€u lf thuydt v€ cung vi cdu. Hinh vi cira ngrloi b6n vir
ngUoi mua'vir nhing trlong t6c giila hq s€ dUgc nghien citu d6n. NQi dung chr.tong
nly c,ng cho thdy Jrrrg cdu xic dinh gid ci trong ndn kintr t6-thi tr.rldng nhd
'i
th6 nio,-vi ddn lrrgt n6 gi6 cA phin bd c6c ngu6n luc khan hi6m cria xl hQi ra sao.

cAc rH! rRu0l{c vA sU c6ilH TRA}lll

cdc thuit ngil cungvi cdu d€ cip d6n hanh vi cria con ngrioi khi hq trlong tdc vdi
nhau trong i6c thi.-tntong c4nh tranh. Trudc khi thio luin d6n viQc ngrioi brin vi
ngtroi mu;hirnh xrl nhU ih6.,eo, chung ta hay xem x6t hai thu{t ngil thi tndngvit
canh tranh mQt c6ch k/ ltiong hon.

Thitrrtdng lir gi?

Thi tnrdng la mQt nh6m nhung ngdoi mua vi ngrloi brln cira m6t hing h6a hay
dich vq cu-thd. Ngddi mua, vdi tJc6ch lir mQt nh6m, quy6t dinh cdu vi nh6m
ngttoi b6n quy6t dinh cung cira sin phdm

l
78 PHAN II ThI TPUONG HOAT DONG NHU THE NAL

Thi rrLiong co nhidu dang khac nhatr. Iv{6t vai thi tntong dr:qc to chltc mo' Cc'i'
cdch ch{t ch€, nhu thi trdong nhi6u loai n6ng sdn. Trong cdc thi truong n?r1, dung ni<
ngddi mua vir ngdoi b6n gap nhau d mQt thoi gian vir dia didm cu thd, tqi dir dAn bdr
nhrrng nguoi xudng gi6 se g6p phdn viro viQc x6c dinh gi6b6n v2r td chitc viQc bQt mi. \
bdn hing. gi6 ci, hr

Phd bidn hdn la cec thi trudng drrgc td chrlc k6m chAt che hdn. Vi du, chtng Tulr
ta hiy xem x6t th! tnrdng kem d mQt thi trdn cu thd. Ngudi mua kemkh6ng gap thi trdor
nhau tai bdt cf thdi didm cU thd ndo. Nhtrng ngrloi b6n kem bdn d nhidu noi kh6c b6n, vir r
nhau vi b6n cdc loai kem c6 ddi chrit khric bi€t. Khdng c6 ngrJdi xrldng gi6 bdn c6ng ty t
cho kem. M6i ngrrdi b6n ni€m ydt gi6 kem cta hg, vir m6i ngrloi mua quy6t dinh d thi trdr
sE mua bao nhi€u kem t4i m6i cita hing. Tuy nhi€n, nhtlng ngudi mua kem vi
Nhtlng c
v2r <IQc qt
ngrroi bdn kem niry li6n quan chAt che vdi nhau. Nhrtng ngddi mua kem hia chQn
trong s5 nhidu ngrrdi b6n dd th6a min khdu vi cria h9, cdn nhfrng nguoi b6n, tdt Mac 1

ci dEu c6 ging n6i bit hon nhrrng ngddi b6n khic dd vi€c kinh doanh cta hq thidt vd <
thirnh c6ng. Ngay ci khi kh6ng drtgc t6 chfc, nhom ngrloi mua vi bdn kem cung mdu ch6
hinh thinh mQt thi trddng. nh5t vi c
kien thi I
Canh tranh lit gi? trttong, c
thi tnloil
Thi tntong kem, gi6ng nhrr hdu h6t c6c thi trdong kh6c, li mQt thi trr'Iong c6 tinh tap hrrn
canh tranh rdt cao. M6i ngrloi mua ddu bidt ring hg c6 r{t nhidu ngtioi b6n tld lga
chon, cdn ngrroi brin bidt ring sin phdm cria hq cflng gidng nhu sin phdm cira KIdM TR
nhrlng ngr.Ioi b6n kh6c. K6t qui li gi6 b6n vir sin hlgng kem tr€n thi trttong kh6ng hdo la gi''
drtgc x6c dinh bdi bit ctt mot ngrloi mua hay ngrloi b6n don 1€ niro. Chinh xric li
gi6 brln vir sin lrtong kem do tdt ca ngddi mua vi ngtloi bin cung quydt dinh khi
hq tuong t6c vdi nhau tr€n thi truong. (AU
C6c nhir kinh t6 hqc sit d\tng thuit ng0 th! tntdng cqnh tranh' dd m6 ti c6c thi
trudng c6 r6t nhidu ngrrdi mua vA ngr.Ioi b6n tdi mtlc m6i nguoi trong s6 hg c6 tdc Chung t;
dQng kh6ng d6ng kd I6n gia thi trddng. M6i ngdoi bin kem c6 khl ning kidm sodt ngtloi mt
gi6 kem rdt h4n ch6 vi nhring ngrloi khdc crlng bin nhrrng lo4i kem tudng tU. Ngtldi
b6n c6 it ly do dd brln v6i gi6 thdp hon gid hiQn hdnh, vA n6u hg bin vdi gi6 cao Dudng c
hon, ngrrdi mua s€ mua d noi khec. Tudng tU, kh6ng mQt ngddi mua nio c6 thd t6c Lrlgng c6
dgng ldn gi6 kem vi m6i ngrloi chi mua mQt lugng nh6. mua. Nh
Trong chttong niry, chirng ta gii dinh ring c6c thi trddng lir canh tranh hoin trong phi
hio. Dd dat d6n hinh th6i cao nhdt cria canh tranh, thi trrJong phii c6 hai d{c dong vai ]

trting: (l) c6c sin phdm drtgc b:in phii gi6ng nhau hoin toirn, vir (2) s6 hlgng d6 la mii
ngddi mua vi ngdoi b6n lA qud l6n vir do d6 kh6ng m6t c6 nhdn ddn lC nio c6 kha Itrnh. N6t
ning tdc dQng tdi mtlc gi6 thi tnlong. Vi ngtloi mua vd ngddi brin trong thi trdong nhi€u hrt
canh tranh ho?rn hio phii chdp nhin mfc gi:i do thi trdong quy6t dinh, hq ddgc h6a tron5
cho lir nhrJng nguoi chdp nhin gid. T4i mfc giri thi trr:ong, ngrldi mua co thd mua gqri n6 lt, I

bdt ki sln ldong n?ro ho mu6n, vir ngtloi bdn c6 thd b6n t{t ca san lttong ho mu6n.
1 Luqnl
.L Thi truong cqnh tranh: mQt th1 truong co nhiEu ngiroi bin vA nguoi mua, m5i Quy lt
ngr-roi kh6ng c6 khi ninq inh huong tl6n gi5 thitruong
hirr l
 cHUoNG 4 CAC LUC LUoNG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI TRUoNG 79

fc mQt Co mQt s6 thi tnrong mi d d6 gii dinh vd canh tranh hodn hdo cd thd drrgc 6p
ng niy, dqng mQt cdch hoin hio. Vi du nhrt tr€n th! trddng hia mi, c6 hing ngin n6ng
',
tai d6 dAn b6n l6a mi vi hing tri6u ngddi tieu ding st dqng hia mi vi cdc sin phdm tri
rlc vi6c bQt mi. Vi kh6ng mQt ngddi mua hay ngrroi b6n don ld nAo c6 th6'tric dgng ddn
gi6 cd,ho nhin mfc gi6 dugc cho trddc.
, chtng Tuy nhi6n, khdng phii tdt cec6c h?rng h6a vi dich vu ddu dugc b6n tr€n c6c
ing gap thi trtiong canh tranh holn hio. M6t vei thi trudng chi c6 duy nhdt mQt ngudi
oi khic bdn, vi ngtrdi niy se quydt dfnh gi6 bdn. H9 dugc gqi li nhi d6c quydn. Vi du,
gi6 bln c6ng ty truydn hinh c6p d noi ban s6ng c6 thd ld m6t nha dQc quydn. Nguoi d6n
6t dinh d thi trdn cria ban c6 th€'chi c6 m6t c6ng ty truydn hinh c6p dd mua dlch vu niy.
kem vd Nhttng c0ng c6 c6c thi trdong khdc nim girla hai thdi c{c canh tranh hoin hlo
la chon vi dQc quy€n.
r6n, tdt Mac dt c6c loai thi trLtdng mi chring ta th{y trdn th\rc t6 li rdt da dang, gii
-didm
cria ho thidt vd canh tranh hoin hrio lir m6t sri giin lrrgc hriu ich vi vi v{y ln m6t
n cing mdu ch6t dd bit ddu. Thi truong canh tranh hoin hio lA loai hinh d6 phAn tich
nhdt vi cdc thanh vi€n tham gia chdp nhan mrtc gid drroc cho trddc bdi c6c didu
kiln th! trdong. Ngoii ra, vi canh tranh it hay nhidu ddu t6n t4i d hdu hdt cric th!
t^Jong, ch[ng ta c6 thd rit ra nhidu bii hoc tr) vi6c nghidn crlu cung vi cdu trong
thi trddng canh tranh hoin hio dd rip dung trong c6c tinh hu6ng thi tnrong phrlc
c6 tinh tap hon.
Ld€'lua
im cira
KldM TRA NHANH: Thi trudng la gi? . Cdc dfic trung c1a thi truong canh tranh hodn
kh6ng hdo la gi?
r x6c li
nh khi

cfiu
c6c thi
c6 t{c
, Chtng ta se bit ddu nghi€n crlu cdc thi trttong bing viQc xem x6t hinh vi c(ra
m sodt ngtloi mua. Ddth5ng nh6t, chring ta chi xem xdt m6t sin phdm cu th6': kem.
Ngtioi
3i{ cao 0udng cdu: Mdiquan hG gifra ludng cdu vi gi{ biin
thd t6c
Lriong cdu' cta m6t loai hing h6a Ii ltrong hdng ma ngddi mua c6 thd vi sin ldng
mua. Nhu chring ta se th{y, c6 nhi€u nhAn t6 6nh hudng d6n luong cdu, nhrtng
r hoin trong phan tich cta chtng ta v€ vi6c thi trdong hoat dQng nhu th6 nho, nhan t6
ai d{c vai tro trung tAm chinh li giri b6n cira hirng h6a. NEu gi6 kem ting l6n 20
{<ing
hiong d6 la mQt que, ban s€ mua it kem hon. Thay vdo d6 ban c6 le-mua srta chia d6ng
:6 khA lanh. N6u mrlc giii kem giim xu6ng chi con 0,2 d6 la m6t que, ban s6 mua kem
rddng nhi€u hon. M6i quan hQ niy girra giri vi lrrgng cdu li dtng uOi nau h6t crlc hing
r duoc h6a trong ndn kinh t6 va trcn thd, rd nd phd Li6n d6n mJc c6c nhir kinh t6 hqc
d mua gqi n6 li quy luit cdu2: Trong didu ki6n mgi y6u t6 kh6c kh6ng ddi, khi gi6 cta
rrudn.
r. Luong chu: luong hAng mii ngcroi mua s5n long vA c6 kh6 ndng mua.
a, mot 2. Ouy lu6t cbu: phit bidu cho ring vdi c5c ydu t6 kh5c kh6ng ddi, luong cbu crja m6t
hAng h6a giSm khi gi;i c0a n6 t5ng l6n
80 PHAN ll 1 i lRlJoNb rll,)ar ooNb llHU THE NAo

Ludng (iiu th
Hlnh i Sidu c6u li bang thd hi6n hlong ciu tai m6imricgi6.
thi truong lir
tluy tldi luorq ciu khi giii thay ildi.
Biiu <du vi ilrrimg ciu oia (athedne ortdng ciu m6 te Ung il6 thi stt
Gtherine (o
Vi giii thip hon lim ting luong ciu, ittlong ciu d6< xudng.
Ludng (eu ti
Giikem Ludrg du 6il kem
Gii mc,,r
t3.00
s0.00 12 dl
0.s0 10
2.50
(
1.00 8
L50 6 ,!
L M'l gli gilm ru6llg 2.00 (
2.00 4 I I
2.50 2 I I
1.00 0 150 -.)-I --l I {
I
I
1.00 --t---t_-_l--- 0uor9 c6u
I I
I I
I I Gi5kem
050 .,1

I
tI -.-|---l---
tl
0 t 234567891 0 11 2 Lrrong du J
250

2.m
2. Llqtg cru fing lin
t,
t,m
0,50

mot lo?i hing hoa ting, lrtgng cdu cira n6 se giam vi khi gi6 mQt hirng h6a giim'
h-lgng cdu cira n6 s€ ting.
Bdng d Hinh I cho thSy s6 que kem Catherine mua m6i thdng d c6c miic gid,
kl6c nhau. Ndu kem la mi6n piri, Catherine mua l2 que m6i thdng' d mtc gi6 c6 mua 1,.
kem. Cdu
0,50 d6 la m6i que, Catherine mua 10 que m6i th6ng. Gi6 kem cing cao thi c6 mua
cirng it. Khi mrjrc giri ld 3 d6 la, catherine kh6ng mua kem nfra. BAng niy drrgc Dd rhi
goi 1:r mqt biiu cdur, ln mQt bing thd hiQn m6i quan hQ gitia gi6 brln v?r ldgng cdu ii ring chr
irong didu ki€n cdc ydu t6 kh6c inh hrrdng ddn lrrgng mua cta ngrrdi ti€u dtng criu thi tr
dugc gitt c6 dinh. cic ltlgng
trddng h(
D6 thi d Hinh I srt dsng s6 liQu trong bAng dd m6 ti quy lu{t cdu' Theo quy thi tnloni
u6c, gid b6n nim tren truc tung vl lrrgng cdu nim tr€n truc hoinh. Driong d6c khi gi6 ct
xu6ng n6i giri b6n v6i lugng cdu duoc goi li ihiong cdu'z. dtng mur
(du thitrrldng vi cdu c6 nhin 5rI dich t
Duong cdu d Hinh I cho thdy cdu cria mQt ce nhin vd mQt lo4i sin phdm' Dd Do dddnr
pi]an tich cach thuc ho4t dQng cta cdc thi tru<)ng, cir[ng ia cdri xlc dinh cdu thi theo thoi
iruong, 1A tdng cta tet ca ceu c6 nhAn vd mQt lo4i hirng h6a hay dich vu cq thd' girl, dr:on
Bing o Hinh 2 cho thdy c6c bidu cdu ctta hai c6 nhAn tr6n th! tniong niy - ngr-loi dia
Catherine v2r Nicholas T4i m$t mrlc gid bdt bi' bi6u cdu cria Catherine cho bi6t IAm tdr
se
mua nhi0'

vi h-rong c5u cta mQt hlng Hinh.

a Biiu c'6u: mQt bing thd hiQn m6i quan hQ gi0a gi5 b6n
lLtong clr
hoa.
Duong c'iu d6thi bi6u di6n rn6i q,.lan h€ gila mrrc aii v5 lr-rgng cbu c0a m6t hinq
t: Hn, 1-'
L lrri c'iir' I
hca
 CHUONG 4 CAC tUC TUONG CUNG VACAU TREN THI TRUONG 8'

Ludng (5u thifiudng li t6ng cdc ftiong rdu cd nhen tai m6i mf( gii. Vl vey, drrong <6u Hinh 2
ay 00r. thitn/ong l) tdng (ii( dudng (5u (d nhAn duo( (6ng theo (hiEu ngang.0 mric qiii 2 d6la
(athedne c6II0n9 (du (cii nhin)li 4que kem, v) Nicholas cri lttotg r5u l) 3 que kem. Gu thi tn img
l-udng (,iu tdn thi tn/ong la 7 que kem tai mf( giii niry.
li tdnq cua du (ii( Gi nh6n

GiCm6iquelem (atfi€rln. t{idloLi Thltn hg

$o,m 12 + 7 19 que
0,50 l0 6 15
l,m 8 5 13
1.50 6 4 10
2,m 4 3 1
2,50 2 1 4
l,m 0 l I

Guoia(atherine + du <ria lli<holas Cio thi truimg

Gii k.m Gia km 6ii lem

u,@ str0
aau
1,fl 2J0 2,50

zm le lp
rJ0 1,50 1,50

t,m t.@ t,o

ojo 0J0 ojo

0 r 114 5 6 719 r0ll lt 0l 2 l a 5 6 r l9 i0 ll t2 02a6Er0Dra16t8

,a gram, Ltr@g hm trf,nS k m L4drgf t

nrlc giri
nrlc gid cOmua bao nhi6u kem, con bidu cdu cia Nicholas cho bi6t anh mua bao nhi6u
c6 mua kem. Cdu thi tn:dng ld tdng cta hai lrrgng cdu cd nhAn.
ry duqc Dd thi d Hinh 2 cho bidt c6c tluong cdu trlong rrng vdi hai bidu cdu d tren. LUu
Jng cdu y ring chtng ta c6ng c6c dttong cdu c6 nhAn theo chi6u ngang dd c6 drigc duong
u dung cdu thi trr.iong. Trlc li, dd tim t6ng hlong cdu tai m6i m(tc gi6, chring ta c6ng
ciic luong cdu cd nhAn tr€n truc hodnh. Vi chting ta quan tdm d6n cdch thfc thi
reo quy trdong hoat d6ng, n€n thuong chi dd c{p ddn drrong cdu thi truong. Dudng cdu
ing d6c thi truong cho thdy tdng luong cdu cta mQt lo4i hing h6a thay ddi nhu th6 nio
khi gi6 cta n6 thay ddi, trong di€u ki€n c6c ydu t6 c6 tdc dQng tdi vi6c ngrroi ti6u
dung mu6n mua bao nhidu dugc gitt nguy€n.

Su dich chuyin cria drtdng cdu

dm. Dd
Do drtong cdu thi tnlong girl cric ydu td kh6c kh6ng ddi, n6 cdn phii thay ddi
cdu thi
theo thoi gian. Ndu mQt sd kiQn xiy ra c6 rinh hudng d6n lugng cdu tai m6i mrtc
r thd.
giri, driong cdu se dich chuydn. Vi dq, gii sir HiQp hdi Y td Hoa Kj. phrit hiQn ring
lnay- nguoi dung kem thdong xuydn s€ s6ng lAu hon vi kh6e manh hon. Ph6t hiQn niy
ho bidt se ldm tdng lugng cdu vd kem. Tai b{t kyi mrlc gi6 nio, nguoi mua bay gio sE mu6n
mua nhidu kem hon tnJdc vi dttong cdu tl6i v6i kem dich chuydn.

Qt hing Hinh 3 m6 ti s! dich chuydn cria drrong cdu. Bdt k| sr1 thay ddi ndo lirm ting
luong cdu d m6i mfc gi6, nhrr giA dinh cira chring ta vd ph6t hiQn cira Hi€p hQi y
Qt hbng t6 Hoa Kj,, sE lirm duong cdu dfch chuydn sang phii vi duqc gAilirm|t st/ tdng bn
cia cdu. Bdt ki, srl thay ddi ndo l2rm giim ltlong cdu tai m6i mtc giri sE lirm duong
82 PHAN II THI IPUONG HOAT DONTJ I']HL] THE IlI

Hinh l 6ii kem

Bi6r
Didr druydn drldng ciu
6ii :t
Thu n
B,it ki suthay ddido l)m (iuEng
6ii, h.
ting ludng heng nguoi mua
Ihihi
mu6n mua 0m6imfr gi;i sE (i'rs
llm drrtrrg c5u did chuydn 5d lttr
sang phei. Eiit kisr/thay ddi
niro ltm gilm lttong hlng (rugiim
ngudimua mudn mua d mdi 0udng (iu D,
mric qiil se lirm drrdng t6u
oui,ng du D,
dich chuydn sang tnii.
0uorg (6u D,

Luqlg tem giri b6n ci

hai loai hi
nhilng ca1
tinh vir pl
cdu dich chuydn sang tr6i, goi li mQt st/ gidm xudng cia cdu. Co nhidu y6u t6 co I nt nreu
thd lim dtiong cdu dlch chuydn. Sau dAy Ii c6c y6u t6 quan trgng. ban. N6u
Thu nhip Didu gi s€ xiy ra vdi cdu vd kem cria ban ndu b4n bi mdt viQc trong mua khdng cei
hi? Rdt c6 thd n6 s€ giim. Thu nhap thdp hon c6 nghia l?r b4n c6 it tidn dd chi ti€u trdn cdc v
hon, vi viy b4n se phii chi tieu it hon cho mQt s6 - n6u kh6ng mu6n n6i li hdu c6c nhir k.
hdt - cric hing h6a. N6u cdu vd mQt hing h6a giAm khi thu nhip giim, hirng h6a K!'vgng
ndy drtgc goi li hing h6a th6ng thriong'.
ban d6i r',
Kh6ng phii tdt ca hang hoa ddu lir hAng hoa th6ng thrrong. Ndu cdu vd mQt sin nh{p cao
phdm tang khi thu nhdp giAm, hirng h6a niry li hing h6a thrt cdp'z. MQt vi ds vd chi tiCu n
hing h6a thri cdp ld xe buy't. Khi thu nh{p cria b4n giAm, ban it c6 khi ning mua gi6 cta ke
xe hoi hoic di taxi vir khi ndng ban phii di xe buyt se ldn hon.
5d lrrong
Gi6 c0a sAn phdm li€n quan Gii sil gi6 sfra chua giim. Quy lu4t cdu cho ring h2rnh vi ci
ban s€ mua nhi€u stta chua hon. Ddng thoi, c6 thd b4n sE mua it kem hon' Vi kem ngddi mu
vir srla chua ddu lanh, nget, va li m6n trdng miQng, chfng d6p itng nhf,ng mong ti6u dtng
mu6n ttldng td nhau. Khi giri cira m6t loqi hing h6a giim xu6ng lim gilm cdu tnlong s€
cira m6t loqi hirng h6a kh6c, hai loai h2rng h6a n?ry dr:gc gqi la nhflng hirng h6a
thay th63. Hlng h6a thay th6 thddng l) nhrtng cap hing h6a duqc srl dung thay
T6m lai f
khi giri ct
th6 cho nhau, ching han nhu xfc xich v2r b6nh mi kqp thit, do len vir 6o ni, vir v6
ddi. Khi n
xem phim rap vi dia phim DVD.
kd c6c bid
Biv gio eii sil gid b6n cira chocolate d4ng long giim. Theo quy lu{t cdu, ban sE -t
!lrull lllLtd
mua chocolate l6ng nhi6u hon. Tuy nhidn, trong tnidng hgP ney,ban cfrng sE mua
N6u gi
ken.r nhi€u hon bdi vi kem vd chocolate l6ng thriong dUgc sit dung vdi nhau. Khi
doc theo.i
khi co sr-i .

1 Hing h6a th6ng thuong: m6t hAng h6a mi voi nh0ng y6u t6 kh6c kh6ng d6i, sU duoc do 6
gia t5ng trong thu nh$p sE d5n ddn gia t5ng vE cbu. m6t srt dr
2 Uing h6a thu cdp: mQt hing hoa mi voi c6c y6u t6 kh5c kh6ng tl6i, thu nh$p ting
lAm gi6m lrrgng chu.
Hingh6athayth6'hai lringh6arnakhr gi;iciahingh6an5TtJngs6 l5mtingc'-i'-' Hing I

c,la hinq hoa kia kia r a

 CHUONG 4 CAC LUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN TH RUONG 83

B6ng 1

Bidn s6- Thay ddi kong biin 16 niy din irdn (iir bl6n sdlnh hrt&rg
rta hinq
Glii hda di(huyin do( theo dddng (;u ddn ngrrdl mua
Thu nhip dkh rhuydn dttdng riu
B6nq niy li6t k€ cdc bi6n tri lnh hu&ng tlin
Gi6 hing hda li€n quan dkh duydn dudng (;u
(iu ludng mua (ta nguditi€u dtng. Hiy tld f vai
Thi hi6u di(h (huydn d(ong
(;u rrd dir biet oia gid: Sti thay il6i gi5 cria hlng
l(ivqng dich (huy6n dudng
56 ludng nguti mua dkh chuydn ilrtdnq riu hoa thd hien su di 6uyin do( theo du&lg
(5u, rrong khi dd su thay ddi cua Mt ki biin
s6 n)o khift sE lim dictr thuyCn tluorg ciu.

gr6b6nctla m$t lo4i hirng h6a giim lim ting cdu d6i vdi mQt lo4i hirng h6a kh6c'
[ai loai hing h6a niry drrgc goi li hing h6a bd sungr. Hing h6a bd sung thudng Ia
nhrlng cip hirng h6a drtgc sit dgng ctng nhau, ching han nhu xeng vir 6 t6, m6y
tinh vri phdn mdm, bd diu phQng vi sila ong chria.
iu t6 co
Thi hi6u y6u t6 t6c dQng tdi nhu cdu cta ban ro ring nhit chinh li th! hi6u cira
ban. Ndu ban thich in kem, ban mua kem nhi€u hon. C6c nhi kinh t6 hqc thuong
ng mua kh6ng c6 ging giii thich thi hi6u cta con ngdoi bdi thi hi6u ddqc hinh thinh dga
chi ti€u trdn c6c y6u td llch sit vi tim ly nim ngoiri linh vtic kinh td. Tuy nhi6n, didu mi
i li hdu c6c nhir kinh t6 hgc thddng lim li xem x6t di6u gi se xAy ra khi thi hi6u thay d6i.
tng h6a
K!' vgng Ki,vgng cta ban vd trtong lai c6 thd inh hridng tl6n nhu cdu hi€n t+i cira
ban d6i vdi mQt lo4i hing h6a hay dich vq. Ndu b4n mong dgi se ki6m tlugc thu
n6t sin nhAp cao hon vio thrlng tdi, b4n c6 thd quydt dinh se ti6t ki0m it hon bAy gio vir
'i dq vd chi ti€u nhi6u hon cho kem bing thu nhap hiQn tai cia b4n. N6u ban mong dgi
18 mua giri cta kem s€ giim viro ngiy mai, b4n c6 thd s€ mua it kem hon trong h6m nay.

5d lugng ngUdi mua Ngoiri cric y6u t6 ndu trdn, l?r nhung ydu t6 tdc dQng tdi
ro rang hirnh vi cta kh6ch hirng cri nhAn, nhu cdu thi tntong con phg thu$c viro s6 lttgng
Vi kem ngridi mua. Ndu Peter tham gia ctng Catherine vi Nicholas vdi ttt crich mQt ngdoi
I mong tidu dtng kem, lugng cdu tr6n thi trdong sE cao hdn 6 mQi mrlc giri, v?r cdu thf
im cdu tnlong s€ ting l6n.
ng h6a
rg thay T6m lai Drlong cdu cho thdy di€u gi se xiy ra vdi ltrong cdu cia mQt loai hdng h6a
i, vd v6 khi gi6 cira n6 thay d6i, gii dinh cdc y6u t6 c6 tic dQng tdi ngrroi mua lir kh6ng
ddi. Khi mQt trong nhtlng y6u t5 niry thay d6i, dridng cdu dich chuydn. Bing I liQt
k6 c6c bi6n s6 inh hudng tdi s6 lugng cta mOt lo4i hing h6a mi ngridi ti€u dirng
,@ns€
chon mua.
sE mua
au. Khi N6u gap kh6 khdn trong vi€c ghi nhd li€u ban cdn dich chuydn hay di chuydn
dqc theo dtlong cdu, hay xem l4i phU lgc Chrrong 2. MQt duong bidu di6n thay tl6i
khi c6 sU thay ddi cfia m6t trong nhttng bidn li€n quan mi s1i thay d6i n?ry kh6ng
dor,5r./ duoc do d hai truc. Do giri nim tren truc tung, m6t s1i thay d6i cria gi6 s€ cho thSy
mQt su di chuydn doc theo duong cdu. NgrrQc l4i, thu nhip, gi6 ci hlng h6a li€n
fp tSnq

lng cau 1 Hing h6a bd sung: hai hAng h6a mi khi giii hing h6a nAy t5ng thi cbu cOa hAng h6a
kia gi6m.
84 PHAN N THI TRUONG HOAT EONG I.IHU
IHE NA

quan, thi hi6u, ky vqng vi s6 lusng ng*di mua khonC.dl.s,jd: l1::I:'"::.1:'t'o(: khi thu. ,

do aO mbt s{ thay d6itrong nhtrng bi6n niry s€ lim

duong ciu dlch chuyen' giim-1 p:l
cim vcli p
trim tr6 r
NGHIEN CUU Hai Cdch Gidm Cdu Thudc Ld
TiNH HU0NG M0t<r
hrit thuoc loai thu6'
Cdc nhi hoach dinh chinh s6ch thridng mu6n cit giirm s6 lrlgng ngrroi thu6c 16 t
d4t drrgc
urg,ai h.i cira viQc hrit thu6c tdi;tc kh6e' C6 hai c6ch c6 thd gi(rp thu6c lA
"i
mgc"t ti€u niY. <

c6c chdt
giim hrit thu6c ld Iim dich chuydn duong cdu d6i.vdithu6c Li 1

MOt c6ch dd trd tdi vi€I

ua lalsan phdmitru6c Li. C6c th6ng b6o cdng cQng' cinh f
e-:
9,::,Ol
tf: |"0'
chinh sdch ddqc quan di6'r
tr€n bao bi thu6c 16, vir cdm qulng cio thu6c 16 tr€n tivi Ii nhting
N6u thirnh c6ng' st dgng c
irra ra nhim cit giim t,rgng .au it ,,6t ta tai bdt crl -mtc gi6 niro' sung chit
sang tr6i' nhrr trong
cdc chinh slch riy se lim itiong cdu thu6c 16 dich chuydn
Hinh 4(a). KIEM TR
nAng caogii,thu5c
Ngoiri ra, nhrrng nhir ho4ch dinh chinh s6ch c6 thd c6 gnng dudng cd
c6c c6ng ty thu6c 16 chuydn
le. Viiq, n6u chinf, phri dinh thu6 sin xudt thu6c 16' gan lY do.
hdu h6t khoin thu6 ndy sang ngddi ti6u dtng bing c6ch b6n
vdi gi6 cao hon MQt
tnldng hgp niy'
,rrri. gia cao hon sc lim giAlm iO t,rq"g thu6c 16 ti€u thq' Trong
dr:dng cdu'
Iuqn;thu6c hirt giam xuft.,g khO.,g tf,o thdy mQt s1i thay ddi trong CUNG
cdu d6n mQt didm c6
rt d6, n6 cto thdy mit s{ di chuydn dsc theo drrong
"f"ra" gi6.uo hon virlttgng cdu thdp hon, nhrl trong Hinh 4(b)'
.r,I.,r. BAy gio c
nhi6u? Cdc nhir
Nhdng thay ddi gle thu6c ld s€ lim lrtqng thu6c ld thay ddi bao ngrloi bri
didu gi se xiy ra
kinh td h6c da c6 gingtrAldi cau hoi niry blng c6ch nghian cr:u
DUdng I

N6u cinh biio tr€n bao bi thu6( lii thuydt phu( mQi ngudi hft thu6(
it hdn,-d'gp g"u
. Lugng c
Hinh 4 6uy6n til D, d€n D''
du did
Didr druyCn dudmg ciu vir
ii'ra,li rc aLr, aryat sang b€ntr6i.irong hinh (a), dudng
phln 5nh
vi sin lo
iti,,ii oiifu z oo [.6iq6i,luonq c6u giam ti.t 20 xudng cdn 10 tli6u m6ing)y'
di druyin do( theo itlrimg ciu giii thu6t lii' tltlong cA tl6ng
,f, trJiii,t',rar,t Ad.l len drCm S. Hgu6lai, niu thu6lim,ting
riu kir6no thav tl6i. thav viro dd, ch[ng ta laith6y m6t stldi ftuy6n
d€n mOt fiem t<ha( sE thu cl
Giu gial ru 20
t,on auom du.tronq hinh (b), khiqiii ting E2 il6la ilCn 4d6la,ltlgng gio, mua
('
;;'q d;;;d;;fi;gi,i, ir*d'lehie,ibine srrdidruvdnttritiCm A tl6n tfi6m
c6ng viQ
(a) udr drq& edmg ciu
(b) Di druyfi d I< theo trrtq du
kem it h
Gli m6i
Gi6 m6i rtd lim giim
mol dlinh
bao thud(
dru{ hm ttng gU thu6( crla, vi l!
bao thud< duY{n
..,- m ou* sa oa orv{n U, bo ra rU d

fidng du eng triii 54,00

do( theo du ngdu cring dli
gi6 hing
BAne
s2,m
52,00 - - - - - - - - -t- - - - - - bln ken:
se khdnj
D

lt) 2A 0 12 .- 20
1 LL/g
0

sd O{u th!& hit rnli ngt

td er thu6( hft mal ngaY
ouy
-
 CHUONG 4 CAC LUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI IRUONG 85

lai truc,
khi thu6 thu6c ld thay ddi. Ho da phet hiQn ra rdng girl trng l0 phrin trim se lim
giim 4 phdn trem trong luong cdu. Thanh thidu ni6n li d6i tugng dnc bi€t nhay
citmv6\ gi6 thu6c 16: m6i 10 phdn trim ting l€n trong gi6 ben gitp giim 12 phdn
trim tr6 vi thinh ni6n hrit thu6c.
MQt ciu h6i li6n quan li gid thu6c Li inh hudng th6ndo aldn nhu cdu vd nhrlng
Lt thu6c loai thuSc hrit bdt hgp phrip, ching h4n nhrj cdn sa. Nhtrng ngudi phan d6i thu6
at drJoc thu6c 16 thrrong lap luan rang thu6c 16 vi cdn sa li sin pna- tn"yina, do tI6 giri
thu6c 16 cao sE khuydn khich vi6c sir dung cdn sa. Ngrrqc rai, nhidu chuy6n gia v6
hu6c ld cac chdt gay nghidn cho ring thu6c Lr nhu mQt 'tta ngo ma triy" se din dii gidi
it buQc trd tdi viQc thrl nhrrng chdt c6 hai kh6c. Cric dd li€u nghien crlu cung phu hgp vdi
:h drrgc quan didm thtl hai: Ho nhan ra ring giri thu6c ld thdp hon c6 li€n quan adn viqc
h c6ng, srl dgng cdn sa nhidu hon. N6i cich kh6c, thudc 16 vi cdn sa l?r nhnng hing h6a bd
d trong sung chrl khdng phii ld nhrrng hing h6a thay th6 nhau. !
6 thu6c Kl€M TRA NHANH: Hay 6y m6t vi du vE bidu cku hdng thang cho pizza vd ve d'6 th!
chuydn duong chu ndy. . 61ro m6t vi du v'€ nhdn t6 Lam thay adi a,fung cau, va gidi thich ngdn
rn. M6t gon ly do. ' Li€u m6t su thay ddi gia bdnh pizza c6 ldm dich chuydn dudng chu nay khdng?

9P niY,
ng cdu.
lidm c6 (u1,lG

BAy giochtng ta chuydn sang phia b6n kia cta thl trdong vi xem xdt hinh vi ctra
l6c nhi
ngdoi b6n. M6t ldn nrra, dd th6ng nhdt, chtng ta chi xem x6t thi truong kem.
: xly ra

0udng (ung: Mdi quan he giila mrlc gid vi luong cung

:au Ldq_ng cungr cta bdt k| hing h6a hay dich vu ri lrrong hing mi nguoi bdn c6 th€
ddn D"
rhdn iinh
vi sdn long b6n. co nhi€u y6u t6 quy6t dinh luong .u.,g, r,h.t.g.iot td., nrra, gi6
ri, tfilonq ca d6ng vai tro dic bi€t trong phin tich cira chring ta. rni gia f.- ."o,
b6n kem
khdc
se thu drtoc loi nhuin, vi do d6, ltlong cung l6n. Ngtroi b6n kem
ru20 lim vi6c nhidu
(. gio, mua nhidu miy lim kem vi thu6 nhidu lao dQng. Ngdoc lai, khi gi6
kem thdp,
c6ng viec kinh doanh ndy thu duoc it lgi nhuin hon, vi viy ngrroi bdn
sin xuit
kem it hon. O mQt mrlc giri th6p, m6t s6 ngrioi bdn hing ttram cli c6 thd
,tu6(
d6ng
crla, vi ldong cung ctia ho gidm xu6ng bing kh6ng. M6i quan h6 gitra
q/6t gi6 vi ldgng
du cung ddoc goi li quy lu{t cung2: Trong di6u ki€n cdc ydu t6 khei kfrdng
tldi, khi
giri hing h6a ting l6n, luong cung ting l6n, vi khi giri giim, lugng.,rng!iam.

.bdnBing trong Hinh 5 cho thdy s6 lugng kem cung cdp m6i th6ng cta m6t ngddi
kem t6n li Ben, tai cdc mrlc giri kem khdc nhau. o m.lc giri aioi r ao l","B.n
se khdng cung cdp kem n[ta. Gi6 cdng ting thi sdLn lUong
kem mi 6ng cung cdp

1. Luqng cung: h-rong hAng mj nguoi b6n co thd vi s5n ldng b6n
z ouy luft cung: phiit bidu ch.o ring vdi c6c y6u t6 kh5c kh-6ng d6i, ruong cung c0a
m6t hing h6a t5ng khi gi6 cOa n6 t5ng l6n.
86 PHAN I THt TP,J,ING HOAr OC)N,r NH( I THE NAO

dtj( vE,tilbiiu Luong (ung ir'

mot beng hidn th! luong (ung Qimdi mfc aid orrong
<ung'
Hinh 5 Bidu (uno l; giil. Nhuviv, d
ffi, ;ilffi;iiffiri's,il ;6t i),s f,6' thavodintrtrttrdneo uri sri<ua nrlthavd6i
BiCu ong vir theo chi6u ng;
vimic qii cao hon Hm tinq lugng cung, duong (ung d&l0n
dulmg atng oa Ben kem. Lrtong cu

6i,l€n
6li kem L(gng (ullg
J3,oo
oudng cung
s0,00 0
0,50 0
2,t0
t,m 1

1,50 7 6U ting
2,m 3

7.$ 4
5 1,50
1,00

1,00

0,50
6i l(em

5l,oo
5 5 7 I 9
012
r 4

2....timttng luog (ru

10 11 12 hr@g kem
1,50

2,m
1,50

1.00
i I
0,50
L
0

quan.hQ girra gi6 cua

cing lon. Diy li mQt biiu cungr, mQt bing cho thdy m6i
rnQt mit hing vi lttong cung, tlong didu ki-Qn c6c
ydu t6 khric c6 inh hr:dng trli
lugng htrng,ia .,na sai *.,dict'u mit hnng do mu6n b6n
li kh6ng d6i'
D6 thi trong Hinh 5 sit dung cilc con s6 tu bing niy dd
minhhQa cho quy luit
6ii
cung'?' Dddng cung d6c
..rrrg. D.rdng ,iOi gia vir lrrgng"cung dr:gc gqi tn thidng
gi6 cao hon co nghia li mQt
Ien 6oi vi, fi'i nfr,:ng thfi kh6; kh6"ng cfdi, rnot Inirt
hlgng cung lon hon.

Cung thitrUdng va (ung c5 nhin

mua: cung thi trddng
Cirng gi5ng nhtt cdu thf trrlong li t6ng cdu cira tft ci ngrrdi
f a iOig .,i.ig"dn cung .t
tat".a c6c igrrdi ban' Bing trong Hinh 6 cho. thdy bidu
"
..rng !,i" hainhd sin iudt kem tr€n th] tnrong li Ben vir |erry'
T4i m6i mfc gi6'
b6n' vir bidu cung cira
Uie.i.,,.,g cira Ben cho chfng ta bi6t sd lr:gng kem Ben s€
thf tr'dong li tdng cira
i...y .i-"".nJrg ta bidt s6 lrr{ng kem ferry cung cdp' Cung
hai ngr,r6n cung cd nhAn nirY.
(ing vdi cdc bidu cung'
F)A thi trons Hinh 6 cho thdy cdc duong cung tuong
cJ;g;;;;;, .,iJr,g ado,,g c'du, chung tla c6ng cdc duong cung c6 nhan theo thay d6it
Jiei, rig"ng dd co dr-ro-c duo,Ig cu'''g thi irudng' Co nghia lI' d€ tim t6ng.h'tgng kh6ng tir
cd.nhAn tren c6c trttc
cung d [ariu ,rr,r. gi6 ndo, .h-ung tu c6ng c6c luqng cung
thdy lUgng cung
l-roiih ctra clc drtong cung ci nhin. Dttong cung thl truong cho Su dich

Vi tluon
gi5 vi luong cung c 0a m6t hing
1 Bidu cung: bing th6 hiQn m6i quan hA giOa mr-rc khi mOt
hoa. rn6t ddr.r
u"Urg cung: d6 thi bi6u di6n m6r quan hE giOa mtrc ard v| luong cung
ctia n
l..e nr thu
ha nn hoa
 CHUONG 4 CAC LUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI TRUONG 87

:ir bidu ludng (ung tren thitrudng l] tdng hlong run! cta tdt <d ngrtdi biin hirng tai m6i md'( Hinh 6
ay iiii. gii. Nhuvey, dudnq (ung thilrudng dud( tinh blng rdrh c6ng rdr tluorrg cung cd nhin
Ludng (ung thi trudrg lir
theo chiEu ngang. 0 mdt mf( gjii 2 dd la, Ben (ung dp 3 que ve Jerry cung rdp 4 que
thitrudng dmf(giiinlylir
tdng <d< lrrong cung <d nh5n
kem. Ldqng rung tr€n 7 que.

Gid lem 8en t€l[,! Ihltnftg

So,m 0 + 0 0
0,50 0 0 0
1,00 I 0 I
1,50 2 2 4
lm l 4 7
1,50 4 6 l0
l,m 5 I 1l

Lddng (ung olia 8en + Ur.fig qtttg oia Jery l.l,dq olng fti tnrdmg

Gid kem Gii l€m Giikem

5[- 5*,

lem $,m $,m 5r,fl)

ng
2,50 lr0 2,50

2,m 2,@ lm
t,50 1,50 rJ0
t,m l,m t,fl)
0,50 0,50 0J0

0 tl 4t678910 ltu 0 r 2I 15 6 7 E 910 IU 0l2t{t678910 llt2

ta cuil Lrdng tem Ldfig k€m Ll4tultlr
ng t6i

Ly luit
g d6c Gii lem
5, Hinh 7
i mQt 5,
Dich chuyin dulnrg <ung

5,
Biit $ srrthay tldi lim ting lrrong mi
9Bm(Ung
ngudi bdn mudn san xudt tai bdt cr,
mrir gid rho trud( lam dkh dqdn
duong (ung sang phli. &it ky 5u duy
-rJdng ddi nio lim gi{m luong mi ngudi
ting(Ung bii n mudn sen ruet tai b5t (f m(( giii
y bi€'u
do trud( sE Dm did (huyin iluong
lc gi6, ru ng vd b6n trd i.

rg cila
0 tuqtlg
rg c[la

cung.
L theo
thay ddi bao nhi6u khi gi6 thay d6i, vdi cdcy€u t6 khric inh hrrdng d6n hlong cung
tiullg Knong ool.
: tnlc
cunS
Sqrdich chuyin cia aludng cung
Vi duong cung thi truong giu nhtrng y6u t6 kh6c kh6ng ddi, ddong cung thay ddi
hing
khi mQt trong nhfng y6u t6 niy thay ddi. Vi du, gii srl gi6 ddong giim. Dr]ong lir
l m6t m6t ddu v2ro ctra quii trinh sin xudt kem, do d6 gi6 drrong giAm lirm cho vi6c b6n
kem thu clrtoc loi nhuAn l6n hon. Didu nAy lim tdng cung vd kem: BAy gio t4i bdt
88 PHAN II

t\ l,J

Biing 2 8i6n 16 Thay ddi biin sd niY si lim cung, hzt)

(6c bidn lnh hrtdng din ngudl bdn Giii oa hlng h63 Di duydn do( theo duimg drnq bidn co li
(Unq
0ich (huy{n du ng
Gii d( dlu vilo trUc tung
(6n9 nghl Dich druy€n drl&E ong
(i vQog Di6 duy{a dutng ong lai, vi gi6
td luo-ng .rguti bln Di(h duy{fl dtdng (Ung
tr€n hai t
dich chul

KIdM TR/
hi€n duon
ki giri nho, nguoi b6n sln sing sin xudt mQt s6 ltigng ldn hon' Ddong cung vd
dich chuye
kem dich chuydn sang phii'
pizza kh6r
Hinh 7 minh hqa s\r dich chuydn cira driong cung. B5t ki mQt s{ thay d6i nio lim
tang luqng cung d mgi mrlc gid, chlng han nhu viec $"* g'e dridng, se lim drrong
.""! ai.n".f,uye" sang phii vi dr-t gc gqild st] gia tdng cung.Trldng hJ nhu vay, b{ ki t'l 5U KEI
*rafadi nao Um granilrrgng cung d mqi mirc gi6, se l5m dridng cung dich chuydn sang
trrii vir dugc gqild s* gidm xu6ng cla cung. Sau khi p
C6 nhi6u y6u t6 c6 thd lam thay ddi cung. Drrdi dny td nh0ng ydu t6 quan trqng l4i dd xen
trddng nl
Gi6 ddu vio Dd sin xuSt kem, ngddi bdn hang sit drlng c6c ddu vdo khdc nhau:
kem, dttong, huong ligu, mdy kem, nh?r xddng sin xuSt kem vi lao dQng dd kdt hgp (in bini
c{c th2rnh pnan hinh m6y m6c. Khi gi6 ciua mQt hoic nhidu ydu t6 ddu vio
"a "i" (ng kem it Hinh 8 cl
ting l6n, sin *odt kem c6 lgi nhuin it di vi do d6 doanh nghiQp cung
dd thi. Lr
ai. fr6u gi6 ddu viro ting l€n d6ng kd, doanh nghiQp c6 thd d6ng cita vir khdng b6n nhau. Di,
kem nul Vi v{y, cung iria mOt hing hoa c6 quan hQ nghlch bi6n vdi gr| cdc y€:u clidm niy
t6 ttdu viro cia no cin bing
C6ng ngh€ C6ng nghQ k6t hop c6c tldu viro dd t4o ra kem cung li mQt ydu t6 ld 7 que l.

q"yat a6l .u.,g. Vi dq: vi€c ph6t minh ra miy lirm kem hiQn dai hon girip giim Ttt di(
.O i,rqng lao dQng cdn thi6t dd lim kem. Bnng cdch giim chi phi sin xu{t, su
ti6n nhau lir c
bQ cira c6ng nghQ lim tdng lrtgng cung v€ kem. mftc gih c,
luong hir
K!' vgng Ldong cung vd kem cira mOt doanh nghiQp h6m nay c6 thd phu thuSc
gi6 thi trt
,ao ky cira nO v€ tuong lai. Vi dq, ndu m6t doanh nghiQp kj, vgng gi6 cta Ngudi mr
"qng
kem se ta.,g t.ong tddng lai, hg se cdt m6t s6 san phdm hiQn hinh vdo kho Irtu tnt hing ho r
vir cung cdp cho thi trdong hiQn tai it kem hon.
H?rnhi
56 lUOng ngudi ban Ngoar cac yeu td co td:c dQng d6n hinh vi crla ngdr).i birr tu nhien-l
hing don 16 n6u tr€n, cung thi trddng cdn phg thuQc v)o s6 ldgng nguoi bdn hing' xem didu
N6r-rBen hay |erry nghi kinh doanh kem, cung trOn thi truong se giim' Ddu ti,
T4i m(tc g
T6m lai Duong cung cho thdy nhttng gi xAy ra v6i lugng cung cira mQt hing
hoa kLLi gi6 cta n6 thay ddi, voi c6c bi6n khdc co Anh hrrdng d6n ngtroi brln
clUgc giric6 dinh. Khi mot trong nhring bi6n s5 niy thay d6i, dUong cung sE 1 Di6m
clich Jhuvdn. Bing 2 liet ke cac r'6'u ttr ar.rh htiong d6n vi6c nhi sin xuAt chon cbu
,trrrr ._l,Llrt{'i,.1 , irl rirt ,l,,ut,l, i,gl,i..i, 1,11,q'r.lqr11g.ii,t . -, klii,rlg biill k.-nl nfi.r Vl r.l GiA cE

r-tns,,r., itr,,i lr',rr. il ,, ,1!rr,!il hirrrgi;; ! t'ii'l i'''ii gi'i ';i' i'er't tri ddtl li\r' tita ni" Sin lt
 CHUONG 4 CAC tUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI TRUONG 89

MQt ldn ntta, dd bidt liQu b4n.cdn dich chuy6'n hay di chuydn doc theo ddong
cung, hiy nh6 ring duong bidu di6n dich chuy€'n chi khi co sr.r thay ddi trong mdt
bidn c6 1i6n quan mi kh6ng drrgc thd hiQn tr€n m6t trong hai truc. Gi6 nim tr€n
rruc tung, do d6, gid thay ddi sC thd hiQn sd di chuydn doc theo dudng cung. Ngugc
lai, vi giri tldu viro, c6ng ngh€, lci vS.,g, vi s6 luong nguoi b6n kh6ng dugc do lrrong
tr€n hai truc, srl thay ddi cria m6t trong nhtlng bi6n niy se lim cho dluong cung
dich chuydn.

Kl EM TRA N HAN H: H ay tdy m6t vi du vE bidu cu ng hdng thang vb p izza vd vd d6 thi thd
lng ve hiQn duong cung nay. HAy 6y vi du vd gidi thich ngdn gon vb nhhng thay ddi c6 thd tam
dich chuydn duong cung pizza. Li€u gid pizza thay d6i c6 lam dich chuydn duong cung
pizza kh6ng?
io lam
lrtong
t ky s,I
n sanS sU KfT HoP c0A cuNG vA cAu
Sau khi phAn tich cung vi cdu mdt cdch ri€ng l€, bAy gio chring ta se k6t hgp chung
Qng. l4i dd xem chfng t6c d6ng tdi giri brin vA sin lrtong cria m6t loai hing h6a tr€n thi
trdong nhd thd ndo.
nhau:
5t hqp
(6n blng
[u vao
<em it Hinh 8 cho thdy drrong cung thi trdong vir dttong cdu thi trrtong trdn ctng m6t
rg bdn dd thf. Lrtu i, ring co mQt didm mi t4i do c6c dr-iong cung vA drrong cdu giao
ic y6u nhau. Didm niy duigc gOi li tlidm cAn bing' cira thi truong. Mfc gi6 tai giao
didm nAy dugc ggi lir gi6 cin bing'z, vd mrlc sAn ltrgng drrgc ggi l?r sin lrrgng
cAn bing3. T4i didm ndy, giri cAn bing li 2 d6 la mdt que kem, vd ldong cAn bing
z6u t6 lA 7 que kem.
giim Trl didn dinh nghia trr cAn bing li m6t tinh hu6ng trong d6 tdng cdc lrrc khdc
d ti6n nhau ld cin bing vi di6u niy cung m6 tA trang thrii cin bdng cfia thi truong. Tai
mitc gid cdn bdng, ltong hing md ng*di mua sdn ldng vtt co thd mua chinh xdc bdng
thu6c ltong hdng md ngndi bdn sdn ldng vd cd thd bdn. Gi:i cAn bang d6i khi ddgc goi li
gid thi trrrong bdi vi d mrrc giri niy, tdt ci moi ngdoi trdn thi tnlong ddu hii long:
.6cta
Ngdoi mua mua dtloc tdt ca hang h6a ho mu6n mua, vi ngdoi brin cung b6n h6t
iu trfi
hing hq mu6n bdn.
Hinh dQng cria ngrioi mua vi ngtroi b6n lim thi truong dich chuydn mQt c6ch
ii bin tLI nhi6n vd phia didm cAn bing cira cung vi cdu. Dd thdy lf do tai sao, chring ta hay
h."rg. xem didu gi se xiy ra khi giri thi tnrong khdc vdi mrlc gi6 cdn bing.
Ddu ti€n hay gii srl giri thi tnJdng cao hon mfc gi6 can bing, nhu trong Hinh 9(a).
hing Tqi mrlc giA2,5 d6la m6i que kem, ltlong cung (I0 que) rdgt quri higng cdu (4 que).
i brin
ng sE 1 Oidm c6n bing: tinh hu6ng mA d d6 gi6 thitruong ldm cho luon g cung bing lr.rong
chgn cau
nv4y, z. Gi5 c6nbing: mLrc ai6 l5m c6n bing luong cung vi lr-rong cbu.
r6 3. Sin luong c6n bing: luong cung vi lurong cbu tai m r-rc gi5 cAn bing.
90 PHANLi .: ,..

('ii kem
Hinh 8 Hinh 9
Iung Cin blng tung vi ciu Ihitrudng

Didm cin blng dud( tim thiiy tai

noidudnq (ung va dudng (6u giao
blog
Giii cen $n9 \ 52,m
C8fl
nhau.Tai mf( gid (an bing ludng
(ung bing ludng <iu. Tai tl6Y giii
cin blnq li 2 d6 la: Vtiti mfc gi6
nAy, (6 7 que kem duoc (ung Gip,

(iu ve 7 que kem iluo( ieu thu. Gii

0123 45678910 11 l2 13
52,s0

55 que kem
2,m
tr4rg dn blng

I
Nhrt v{y c6 mQt s\r thi.,ng dd' si.n phdm niry: C6c nhi cung cdp kh6ng thd brin tdt ci s6 0

que kem hg mu6n b6n vdi mrlc gi6 hiQn tai. Su dd thiia d6i khi ddgc gqi l?r tinh trang
thita cung. Khi c6 mQt sft drr thrla trong thi tnldng kem, ngudi brin kem nhan thdy
trong tt lanh cria hq ddy kem; he muSn bd,n nhrtng kh6ng thd bdn dugc. Hq d6i pho
v6i tinh hu6ng th{ng du bing cdch cit giim gi6 brin. Giim gi6, theo d6, s€ lim td,ng
lugng cdu vi giim lugng cung. Nhrrng thay d6i niy thd hiQn sg di chuydn dgc theo dtlgc gqi ti
ddong cung vd drrong criu, nhr:ng kh6ng IiLm c6c drrong niy dich chuydn. Mfc gi6 tidp cAn bing lr
tgc giAm cho ddn khi thi tnrong d4t mrlc can bang.
Biy gio hay gii sir giri thi truong thdp hon giri cAn bing, nhrr trong Hinh Ba bu6c p
9(b). Trong trddng hgp niy, gie le I,5 d6 la m6i que kem, vl lugng cdu v€ mit Nhd vAr c
hing niy vrlgt que lugng cung. Do d6 giy ra srl thi6u hgt'? hing h6a: ngrroi cAn bing t
c6 nhu cdu mua kem kh6ng thd mua t5t ca lugng hq mu6n vdi mfc gi6 hiQn vA mtc szi
hinh. Sg thi6u hut d6i khi con dtlgc gai le tinh trang drt cdu. Khi sU thiSu hut xudt. Gid v
xiy ra trong thi trddng kem, ngrloi mua phAi x6p hirng dii dd co cd hQi mua Khi m6t s(
mQt trong s6 it kem hi€n c6. Vdi qu6 nhidu ngrloi mua trong khi I4i c6 quri it
trdn thi rn
hirng h6a, ngdoi b6n h2rng co thd phin rlng lqi srl thi6u h\rt bing c6ch tang gi6
cin bing r
md kh6ng bi mdt doanh thu. ViQc ting gi6 lim giAm lrrgng cdu vi ting lrrgng
cung. MQt Idn nr:a, nhitng thay ddi niy thd hiQn bang sU di chuydn doc theo Khi pl16

ddong cung vir cdu, vir chung drra thf truong d6n tr4ng th6i can bing. thi truor'lg,
sd ki€n nirl
Vi vdy, bdt kd dir gi6 bit ddu Ii qu6 cao ho{c qu6 thdp, hinh tlQng c[ra nhidu 4
hup, cti i , ,ri
ngdoi mua vir ngdoi brin t{ dQng d?iy gi6 thi trudng v€ mitc gi6 cdn bing. MQt khi
chuydn s:rir
th! tn-tong dat d6n tr4ng thdi cin bing, tet ca ngudi mua vi ngrloi b6,n al€u hii
so sanh trr-,
long, vd kh6ng con 6p luc ting hay giim gi6. ViQc thi trrrong d4t d6n tr4ng thrii
cin bing nhanh hay ch{m tiry thuQc vdo vi€c gi6 thay ddi nhanh hay chim. Trong d6i cl6 di t,

hdu h6t cdc thi tntong tU do, du thrra vi thi6u hut chi li tam thoi vi cu6i ctng giri t6mtitb t
cung ti6n toi milc cAn bing cira no. Thrlc ra, hiQn tdQng niy ph6 bi6n tdi mtlc no xem xet r- ii(

1 Thing du: tinh hu6ng theo d6 luong cung lon hon lucrng cAu Ou
chr
7 Thidu hr;t:tinh huSng mi trong d6 lr-rong cEu cao hon lrrong cu6g
 cHUoNG 4 cAC LUC LUoNG cuNG vA cAu rREN THI TRUoNG 91

Irono hinh (;). (d stl dd thtla. Bdi vi qi;i thi trudng lir 2,5 d6 la, cao hor mric gi5 cin blng
inh 8 Hinh 9
hrrtn6 runo (10 oue) v(ot ouii luono tfu (4 que). t5t nhir runq c6p rd glng gia teng bin
a(au Ih!tnrtng kh6ng car blng hino blndcid trt oidri oiii, v) ii6u nivktri6n qi6 tidn tdimfcc6n blng.Irong hlnh
(b),

ro ittriditrur.
aaiviqiit thitrudnq l) l,i dd h, th,ip hon gi5 dn blng, hlong du (10 que)
5y tai woi ouii hlono <uno (i oue). Vrfi qud nhi6u ngrrdi mua trong khi lai cri qu6 ft hing hoa, cdc
J gilo rrt'i ,il"q ,ip io thdiAt iung tqi itrd oa sg riridu hqt blng cid ting gid Do tl4 uong ct
luqng traitrudg hln, viqr di6u dlni gil dua thitruong hudng td suc6n bing girta cung vi c5u'
iy giii
kgiit
g (ap, (a)Ihi,a (ung (b)firdu
Giilem (ung
(ung
Ih {du
s15o

lo ------i 52,0

u0 .L
Ihiitu hut
I
(iu I (iu
I
I

[t ca s6 l0 0
Lufig kem
tuongdu [ufirg (Ung
L(dng ftem
tud-ng (ung t'lolq du
r trang
n thdy
6i ph6
n ting
ddqc gqi ld quy tu{t cung vi cdur: Gi6 cira c6c lo4i hing h6a s€ trJ didu chinh
c theo dd
fri tidp cin bing ldong cung v2r hlgng cdu cria n6.

Hinh Ba budc ph6n tich stl thay itdi cia trang th6i cin blng
'd m4t
Nhu viy chirng ta da thdy drrgc viQc cung vit cdu ctng nhau x6c lip trlng thii
ngddi
can blng thi tnldng nhrr th6 nio, didm niry, d6n hjgt n6, girip x6c dinh mrlc gi6
i hiQn
va mtciin lrrgng cria hing h6a mA khrich hing mua vir ngtloi bdn hing sin
iu hqt
xudt. Giri vn ltrgng can bing phu thu6c viro vi tr( cta duong cung vi tllong cdu.
i mna
Khi mQt s6 srl kien l2rm thay ddi mot trong c6c duong cung hay cdu, srJ can bing
qu6 it
ng gi6
trtn thi trddng cirng thay ddi, vi di6u niry din ddn mQt milc giri vir sin ltrgng
cAn bing mdi.
luqng
: theo Khi phnn tich c6ch th(tc c6c s{ kien tdc dQng ddn tr4ng thdLi cin bing trong mot
thi tnrong, chring ta ti6n hinh theo ba brldc. Ddu ti€n, chirng ta quy6t dinh xem lieu
s1r kiQn nay c6 lim dlch chuydn cltlong cung, duong cdu, hay trong mQt s6 tnidng
nhidu
hop, ci hai duong hay kh6ng. Thir hai, chring ta cdn x6c dinh xem dddng d6 dich
0t khi
iu hii chuydn sang ben phai hay bdn tr6i. Thrl ba, chring ta sit dung d6 thi cung vi cdu tld
g thdi so s6nh trang thdicdn bing ban ddu vi tr4ng thdi cAn bing mdi, dd bi6t dUgc s{ thay

Irong d6i d6 da t6c dQng tdi mfc gid cxn bing vir lrtgng can bing nhu th6 nio. Bing 3 s€
tom tit ba brroc niy. Dd thdy c6ng thtc niy dugc sit dung nhti thd n2ro, chring ta hay
rygi6
rlc n6 xem x€t cdc s{ kiQn kh6c nhau c6 thd inh hrrdng d6n thi trdong kem'

1 ouy lu{t cung vi cbu: ph6t bidu cho ring gi5 cria mQt hing h6a sE diEu chinh sao
cho luong cbu vi luong cung b5ng nhau
 rHl TPL,ONG HoAl ooNG NHL nf
92 PHAN ll

Ifudng I i

';ttng'r'11
Eing 3 'l.Xdrtlinh srrkitn lirm di(h duydn dudng (ung/c6u hay tii hai
Ba bud( Phan ti(h
iluong dich chuydn sang triihay ph6i
Cung ai
2. Xiicdinh <iic
sqthay d6i trong 3. Dirngtl6thicung ciu ild xem srlthay ddi mri< giii vir sin luong c6n bing lugng hinr
trang thdi t6n blng tidt kh6ng
Thay vdo'cl
dtng t4i nr
c0a cdu
Vi dqr:Thay ttdi c6n blng thitrudng do sudich chuyin lim cho gil
GiA siI ring vio mQt mta hE thdi ti6t rdt nong' Str
ki€n niry inh trutng.d6n thi ddgc thd hj
theo ba brtdc
t.riOng nhrr thd ndo? Dd tri ldi cAu h6i niy' chtng ta tidn hinh
t..i T6m I4i.
n€u tr€n. sU dich chu
ti€u dtng v€ sg di chuyd
1. Thdi ti6t nong tdc tl6ng viro cdu do thay ddi sd thich cria ngrloi
kem. Trlc le thdi ti6t ttay tl6i luqng kem mi moi ngridi
mu6n
Ti".tuil{'
kh6ng anh hudng
Vidr,r:Tha1
kj, gi6 niro. Drlong .ung ia khOng thay ddi bdi vi thdi ti6t ura su ran:
tr{c t16p d6n doanh nghiQP bdn kem' gi6 duong
kem dich
2. Vl thdi ti6t n6ng khidn mgi ngddi mu6n dung nhidu kem' cdu vd ldn nrra, dd
chuydn sang ph-li. Hinh 10 cf,o thdy s1t gia ting cdu
bing s$.dich chuydn
1. Gie d

a.r#g.a" Dr. Sg thay ddi niy cho thdy higng cdu v€ kem cao hon
i:b, ag., cunE
d m6i mrlc gi6. cAc t
3. T4i m(ic gi6 ban ddu 2 tl6 la, l[c n2ry xudt hiQn thidu
hut' vir sU thi6u h\rt niy chi g
gia ting cdu lirn- gla
khi6n doJnh nghiQp tang 96. Nhrl Hinh I 0 cho thdy' s{ :TC ngut
N6i c6ch
.* U*g ru 2 ;6 Ia d6n ;;d6la v2r lrrgng can bang trr 7 d6n t0 que kem 2. Drid
kem bdn ra'
khac, thii ti6t n6ng liun tang girl cria kem v2r s6 lrtong c6n5
Chri y ring khi curlI
Dlch chuyin vi di chuydn dqc theo ttuong.cung/cdu
Irtgng.kem mi 3. Vdi
thoi tidt n6ng lim tnng ciu d6i vdi kem vA lim kem ting giri'
.i. .0.,g ty J.,.,g cdp tlang l6n, mic dt drtong cung vAn li kh6ng d6i' Trong
thi6r

Gi6 ke,r
Hinh 10 6iik€m
L Ihdl ti€r n6ng lim lSng du v6 I8m
I6c d6ng oira sg gia ting<6u
tdi t4ng tlr5i dn blng
M6t sr,I kien hm 6ng luong (5u (ung
tai b6t (( qiii nio s€ lim dich I

druydn .tludng ciu mg

Phii. 52,5r

Gia ve san ludng can bang

(ung a

t;ng. M6t mta ht n6ng bdt zl ?,0r

,/ 2.@
thrJdng khi6n ngudi ti€u dtng I
2. ...lhidn giii
2..,.|d'iih gii I
mudn mua nhidu kem hm. ootrot
I Cln blng tem ting
I
Drlorg ciu dith chuydn til D, I
\ ban dtu
I D]
ddn 0,, mrk gi6 dn bing tdng I I
I
tit2 tl6 la l6n 2,5 dd la vi san I I
I I
ludng (an Hng ting tir T l€n 10 t
I
quekem. Luqlg k€ir
3. ... ,/l lugng oo hdn
)---to
 CHUONG 4 CAC LUC IUONG CUNG VA CAU TRFN THI TRUONG 93

trddng hgp ndy, nhi kinh t6 n6i rdng di c6 srJ gia ting 'liong cung' nhrhg
'cung' Yen kh6ng thay ddi.
Cung d€ c{p ddn vi tri cta dttong cung, trong khi do ttong cung d€ c{p ddn
rg lrrgng hirng ngr]oi b6n mu6n b6n. Trong vi dU nAy, cung kh6ng thay ddi bdi vi thdi
tidt kh6ng ldm thay ddi lttong b{n mong mu6n cria cdc c6ng ty tai m6i mrlc gi6.
Thay vio d6, thdi ti6t n6ng lim thay ddi luong mua mong mu6n cta ngddi tieu
dirng tai m6i mrlc gi6 vi do d6 dich chuydn dtrong cdu sang phii. Sri gia ting cdu
lim cho giri cAn bing ting. Khi gi6 ting, lrrong cung tdng. SU gia tlng htgng iung
d6n thi ddgc thd hien bdi stt di chuydn doc theo dridng cung.
ra brldc
T6m sr.i dlch chuydn cria duong cung drroc gqi li "sU thay ddi ctia cung,,vi
lai,
sLt dich chuydn cira drtong cdu dugc gqi li "su thay ddi cLra cdu'l Trong khi d6, mQt
Cilng vd srl di chuydn doc theo duong cung/cdu dugc goi li sg thay ddi luong cung/cdu.
r tai bdt
Vidu:Thaytlditrang thiiic6n blng thitrudng do sudich chuydn c0a cung
t hrtdng
GiA sit ring trong mdt mtra he kh6c, m6t con bao ph:i hriy m6t phdn ru mia vi ddy
gi6 drrong tdng l6n. SrJ ki€n n2ry tiic dQng d6n thi trddng kem nhu th6 nio? MQt
:m dich
ldn ntta, dd trA loih6i nAy, chring ta ldm theo ba budc.
cAu
chuy€'n
:ao hdn
l. Gid ddong thay ddi, m6t y6u t6 ddu vio dd ldm kem, inh hrrdng d6n duong
cung. Bing c;ich ldm chi phi sdn xu{t tdng l€n, n6 lim giim lrtong kem mA
cdc c6ng ty sin xudt vir b6n tai m6i mfc gi6. Ddong cdu kh6ng thay ddi vi
hr;t niy
chi phi ddu vio cao kh6ng trdc ti6p inh hudng d6n sd thich dtng kem cira
tang giri ngrloi ti€u dirng.
,,16i c6ch
2. Ddong cung dfch chuydn sang tr{i bdi vi, d mqi mrlc gid, lrrOng kem mir c6c
c6ng ty sin long vd c6 thd bdn girim xu6ng. Hinh l t minh hoa vi6c gi6m
ng khi cung niy bing srl dlch chuydn cria duong cung ttr Sr d6n S:.
em ma 3. Vdi mrJc gi6 cn 2 d6 la m6i que kem, bAy gio di xudt hi6n thidu hut vh srJ
Tro ng thi6u hut ndy girip doanh nghi€p ting gi6. Nhu Hinh l t cho th6y, s{ thay

6id ftem Hinh l1

l.TAnq giii duou lam
gtim cung Y{ tem
Gilm <ung 6nh hrrdng din
5l
c6n blng nhrrthCnlo
sl .
Mdt srl ki€n []m gi6m luohg (ung
tai hit (li'gi6 nlo sE lim dich
(5n blng
chuydn duonq cunq v6 b€n trit. 6iii
tJ0 mdi
cin blng ting l6n, vir sin lubxq
,t I

-,/ ln F (ln blng ban diu (3n b:ng giem xu6ng. M6t su gia
I
I t;ng da gii dudng (d,iu vto)
2. -Jd & qd I
khidn ngrrdi Mn ong oip kem ft
hn 6nq I
hor. Ouong <ung didr druydn tri S,
(iu ddn 5,, giii r6n bing cua kem ting
tU 2 dO la l€n 2,5 d6 la vA ludng (en
bl ng gid m tir T xu6ng 4 que.

m 0 4_ Ludrg l€m
r....d lim
gitm ludrg bin
94 PHAN II IH] iRUONG NOAT DOII.: IJH

cldi trong cldong.ung lanr tirng gii cdn b11S tLi

I do la ldn l'i do ia va ianr
tdng l6n' lirm
;d. ir".,-rg caribang'ttr Z xu6ng.a que' K6t qul lir gid dtlong
Iho ga keir tang, vi iugng kem bdn ra giim xu6ng'
du llit
gid st mi6t dgt-,lenC::19
Vi dr,r: SrI dich chuydn cta ci cung vir cdu Biy gio hiy
vi mQt conbao xiy ra trong mira hd' Dd phin tich sql k6t hgp cua nhfng su kren (5u lln
niry, chring ta mQt ldn nfia ding ba budc phAn tich'
du giir
1. Chring ta xic dinh ring ci hai dddng.cung vi cdu ddu dich chuydn' Thoi
ti6t ning n6ng t6c d6n[ ddn drrdngcdu bdi vi n6 lim thay d6i lrrgng
kem
lirm
fio gia?inh mu6n mua t4i ,n6i m,t. gi6. D6ng thdi, khi con b6o
^j.a.
giri drrdngieng l6n, n6 s€ llm duong cung crla kem dich chuydn
vi n6 thay
lai t,rq";'t t" doanh nghiQp mu6n b{n t?i m6i mtlc gi6' KIEM TI,

2. Citcdtidng dich chuydn: tlrrong cdu dich chuydn sang phAi vi drtong cung
pizza n€i
hamburg
dich chuyEn sang tr6i' Hinh 12 minh hQa cic dich chuydn nriy'
3. Hinh 12 cho thdy ring c6 hai khA ning x6y ra tty thuQcviro mrlc dO.dich
chuydn tddng rlng cira- cung vi cdu' Trong ci hai trdong hgp'
milc-gi6 cAn
bing ting lei. :frong hinh (a), cdu ting dring kd trong. khi cung chi giim
rfi rr
it, Irtong IAn bing ting l€n' Ngrlgc lai, trong hinh
(b)' cung giim
*uOig *[t Chdong
Do do' nhrrng
a,ing"ke t-ng khi clu tdng l€i chi m6t it, ltiong cin bang gii'm' luin cta
srr fien naylnic chin liir gi6 kem ting I€n, nhung tdc
dong cria.s6 lugng
dung cl,
hai cdch).
kem b6n ra lir kh6ng ro rhnglc6 nghia th, n6 c6 thd theo m6t trong mua mo
T6m Nhri v{y chirng ta tti thdy ba vi du v6 c6ch sfi dung ddong cung vi tluong
tit tim kidn
cdu dd phin ti.t, tU th,u' ddi cta ir4ng th6i-cin bing Bdt cr1 khi
nho m6t.sU. ki€n cung vi,
thd sit
lnni dich chuydn dtlong cung, drldniceu, hoic ci hai drtong' banddu c6 va cau lJ
gi6' v2r lugng
dqng nhring .6.,9.,, niy dd Jrr bdo vi€c cric srJ kiQn niry lirm thay.ddi n2ry nhid

.an Bang nfir'i thI neo. Iiing 4 cho th{y c6c kdt qui du b6o cho nhung sU kdt
hqP Mot r
.t rr, ,:n"y ddi trong hai didng-hay niy. Dd chic chin ring b4n nim drigc c6ch srlt manh cii'
" c6c c6ng cg cung vd cdu,
dgng chqn mdt viti tinh hu6ng trong- bing niry vi t6. M{c c
cnic"ctrin ,a.ig uq., c6-thd giii thich drroc tai sao bang niry drr b6o nhrr viy. xdu, nhu
nhu th6
phin b6
Hinh 1 2 Trong hinh niry ching ra quan sit thdy su gia ting cia rii-u cung d6ng lhdi voi lrgiem xu6ng cta
(Ung. H.ai

cdc ldc c
s,laiJ.r,rrCnau fti;'rilihd;v;ii;iqhinl,to,fitt'sii,anbinstensdtP,d6irP,'veltronstSnblnsGngtttQ'tl6n
nhau x{r
:l:il;..}:'*" o,li*si,irhf6,,r,i siatanMnitqitanstile,ddnF,,nhrmgluonst6nblnssidmtitQ,dinQ,.
td, gi6 cd
(a) Giii 6n9, ftr$g t ng (b) Gu dry' I'tSu gl'm

Gi6kem Gi6 k€rn

s Vi du
(6u dng m h
(6u trng nhe kh6ng ir
(in blng
mdi bidn. V{1
5r
Gn blng khA ning
I I
mdi
Cungg6mnEnh
d{t dring
-t Cung girm nhe I phAn bd
I
I
I
Gn bing - l) Trton
Cin bing ban d6u ban d,i! t hay xem
f!., tudrg kem lanr n6r: t
Lddng len
ai thi klri
 -
CHUONG 4 CAC LUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI IRUONG 95

vir lirm
'n, lim (ung (ung 8;ing 4
tung
khdngd6i t:ng gilm 0iiu gi xly ra vdi gid YA luqrrg

(eu kh6ng ddi P kh6n9 d6i Pgiim P Eng

khirung hay <ilu dich <huyin
g n6ng Qkh6ngddi Qting 0giim
Nhu m6t bdi kidm tra nhanh, c5n
;rI kiQn (6u ting Pr;ng P kh6ng ro P tlng chtri rhtrn l) ban ni thd giei thkh it
Qt;ng Qtrng Q kh6n9 ro
nh5t mdts6muctrong blng nly vdi
dugiim Pgiim P gilm P lh6n9 16 sutrogirip ola d6 thirung vi (6u.
r. Thoi Qgiim Q kh6ng m Qgiim

rg kem
ao lirm
16 thay
Kt€M TRA NHANH Tr€n m6t d'6 thi thich hqp, hdy chi ra di'Au gi xdy ra tr€n th! trudng
g cung pizza nA'u gia cd chua tdng. .716, m1t db thi khac, hay chi ra diau gi sE xdy ra khi gid
hamburger gidm?

t6 dich
giri cdn
ri giim rfi TUII.I: GIl{ CA PHAN gd cl{c NGUdN IUC NHU THI NAo?
Lg giAm
Chuong niy di phAn tich cung vA cdu trong mQt thi trddng ddn li. Mic dt thio
nhrlng
luAn c[ra chring ta chi tQp trung vAo thi trdong kem, cd,c bdi hgc rft ra ttt tlA,y dp
ilugng
dung cho hdu h6t c6c thi tnrong khic. Bdt crl khi nio b4n d6n m6t cta hing dd
i cich).
mua mQt vii th(I, ban dang g6p vio cdu d6i v6i mit hAng d6. Bdt ctl khi nio ban
duong tim ki6m mQt c6ng viQc, ban dang g6p phdn viro ngudn cung dich vq lao dQng. Vi
sd kien cung vir cdu lir nhring hiQn tugng kinh tdph6 bi6n nhrr viy cho n€n m6 hinh cung
, thd srl vi cdu I?r mQt c6ng cr-r hrlu hiQu cho cric phAn tich. Chring ta sE stl dgng m6 hinh
i higng niy nhidu ldn trong c6c chuong ti6p theo.
<6t hgp MQt trong Mudi NguyAn $, cia Kinh td hoc drtqc thio luin d Chuong I nhdn
:ilch sfi manh c6c thl tnrong thudng le mdt cach hiQu qui dd td ch(tc c6c hoat tlQng kinh
niy vir
td. Mac dt vin cdn qud sdm dd drinh gi6 xem c6c k6t cuc cta thi tntong Li t6t hay
{. xdu, nhdng trong chrlong ndy ch[ng ta da bit ddu th{y dugc thi truong ho4t d$ng
nhu thd niro. Trong bdt kj, hf th6ng kinh td ndo, ngudn lgc khan hi6m phii drigc
(ung. Hai phin bd cho cdc muc dich sit dgng khic nhau. Ndn kinh t6 thi trudng kidm sodt
tilQ, tl6n ciic lttc cung v?r cdu niy dd phpc vu muc dich cu6i ctng d6. Cung vi cdu cung
nhau x6c dinh gi6 crla nhidu loai hing h6a vi dich vu khric nhau trong ndn kinh
t6, gi6 ci ddn luqt n6 Ii nhtrng tin hi€u gitip dlnh hrt6ng phAn b6 cdc ngu6n lgc.
Vi ds, hiy xem xdt viQc phAn bd d6t gdn bd bidn. Vi di€n tich ddt niy c6 h4n,
5r kh6ng phii ai cung c6 thd t{n hridng s{ sang treng cira mQt cuQc s6ng b€n bo
-
bidn. V{y ai s€ ddoc ngudn tiri nguydn niy? C6u tri loi li bdt cf ai sin sirng vir c6
khi ning chi tra. Gi6 ddt b€n bd bidn ddgc didu chinh cho ddn khi lrrgng cdu vd
rmanh
dit dring bing lrrong cung. Nhu v{y, trong ndn kinh t6 thi tnJong, gi6 ci ld co ch6
phnn bd c6c ngu6n lgc khan hi6m.
Tuong tU, gi6 ci crlng xric dinh ai sin xudt c6i gi vir sin xu{t bao nhi6u . Vi dq,
hiy xem x6t c6ng vi6c d cic trang tr4i. Vi chring ta cdn thrtc phdm dd tdn t4i, ai s€
utem lam n6ng li mQt cdu h6i rdt quan trong. Di6u gi se quy6t dinh ai lir n6ng d6n, con
ai thi kh6ng. Trong m6t xn hQi tu do, kh6ng c6 co quan lip kd hoach cfra chinh
96 PHAN lt Tn TRUTfNG iLrAi DUN', E'l

IHEO DOilG THOI 5U Gidfong SauThdm Hga Kht r

l6n. Va kh
chi hon dr
Trong mQt khodng thdi gian ddi nam 2010, nhidu thi trdn xung quanh Boston rrla G lobe
khbig c6 nrtdc miy tqri dd tit dung. Di€u ndy ldm tdng cdu 16i fi-i nylc.u57g bd- tia (0,
d6ng"chai, tao dp'h1c kn gid cd. Trong khi m\t s6 nhd hoqch dinh chinh sdch ma n nun(
bnZn didu ndy, it kidn sau ddy tdn thdnh vdi phdn {tng nhiAn cita thi trtdng' il bin lt d;
ngudi tiEu
ufu Gl sArvOtGildr(d Ph6n,{

Jrrr Jnroav ci'p lim th

ddng rh;i
Kh0ng c6 nhi6u thri mi [Tdng chudng li] Martha chiu, nhrng vigc khdng thdtim thiy nudc dd mua cdn Vi du, nhd
(oakley cd thd giii quydt tfilqc v€ vU tlrrdng 6ng nrldc kh6 chlu hon. 5{gia tang cia gid gitlp gitl cdc ngudn
chinh bi vd khi6n hing lo?t thi trdn d Great Boston l{r khan hi6m kh6ng bi bi6n mdt, d6ng thdi lim gia
khdng co nudc sach d6 s0 dung cu6i tu6n qua. Vi vdy, tAng trong (dc ngu6n cung bit thrldng vio ngiy mai.
phir dd q.
bi v6n td ra luOn bin rQn nhi
thay vi ph6i k6u goi cic Ngudita dE dirng l€n iin ciic nhir cung cdp, nhtrng
cung cdp khdng ting giii crla nrrdc rillng chai mi lfc ngudi dfng dlng sau sU t;ng gid tr€n thi trudng sau
dtr. Thay i
niry dang co hing chuc ng)n ngudi ti€u ding d6t m6t tham hoa. "Ouc nrtd< bdo cd" - Td USA Today di vi6c cfia l:
nhi€n mu6n mua. chay tit tr€n trang nhdt ciu chuy€n vi srlting vot cria bdi vi nhi
"ftting tOid; bdt tliu ling nghe nhrlng bdo c6o gid ci sau con b5o (harley d Florida viro nim 2004. [t cira nhrtr,l
v6 mric giii clt cd cOa nud( u6ng tldng chai" Coakley nhiit (oakley dE khdng goi b6t cf ai lir"(d'i nhung vin dim dt s(
tuy6n b6 hom cht nh6t. phdng cta bir di dirnh ri€ng mOt dudng d6y ndng vi
Ndu r.r'
"Cdc doanh nghiQp v) cii nh6n khbng thd vir hudng nhrtng dtl luan viro'nhtlng k€ bdn giii c6t c6."
b6 / tudL,1
khong n€n tin dung tinh hu6ng khdn c6p nly di Di vAy, truo( khi l€n iin hiy thrl nghi xem ai lit
'thit ngudi thuc su phu( vu loi fch cong tl6ng? Ngrldi b;in
gia vio r, i
chdm" ngudi ti6u dtrng'i Thanh tra dA dtloc phiii
di, "cdc cudr kidm tra theo tilng didm" di altloc tidn giii cdt c6 khi co khring hoing hay ngrldi til ch6i biin dinh phi t
hinh, vi "ndu chrlng toi phiit hiQn c6c doanh nghi6p gid cao? hing trie.r
tham gia v)o vitc bdn giii (6t cd/'b) (anh biio,'thrlng Mqt ph6p th0 gid dinh: vo ttldng dng nuric nhttng gi c
tdi sE co hinh d0ng phdp lf thkh hqp." chinh, nrJdc m;iy khOng u6ng tlttoc, vir ngudi ti€u m6t tfi, d{j
Ih6ng il6c Deval Patrkk c0ng tl5 hirnh ilOng. Ong dtng dd xd mua ntlric ddng chai til hai ngudi biin tuyOn b6 rr
ra l0nh cho Co quan li€u chudn c0a bang "gidm sdt duy nh6t. Ngudi biin A khOng mu6n mdt ltrng
hinh srl clu
chit chE giii nud( d6ng chai" trong khu v(c bi dnh thrdng d6c vi cdc luit sr.t nEn chdp nh6n biin nuoc

hrtdng bdi tinh trang khdn cdp vd nud( u6ng. "5€ u6ng vdi giii khdnq il6'i lir 69 xu mdt thai. Ngtldi
kh6ng bao gid c6 mQt ciii (d di trq( ldi ttl ngudi ti€u bin B, quan tim din kinh doanh hon lir vigc lim
dung'i 6ng nhSn manh,'dic bi6t li khdng v)o nhttng hiri ldng ciic (hinh tri gia, d6.t;ng giii hon g6p 4 rdm r[r
thdi di0'm nhrt hic n)y." l6n ddn mft 2,99 tl6 la.
Ban khdng cdn tdi sdch gido khoa kinh td dd (;i
5€ khdng bao gio thdt bai. Ngay sau khi thien tai
tao ra nhu ciiii t5p thi6t ddi vrii tdc ngu6n tdi nguyEn bi6t di€u gi xiy ra ti6p theo. t.r, -t
thidt ydu, ngrJoi ta nhin thdy ciic h€ th6ng hiQu qud Moi ngttdi sE l0 lttot dd v€ mua hing cia brr,
d6ng kinh ngac trong vi0c kkh thkh c6c nhi cung cdp ngudi A, vdi giii 69 xu. Trong vdng viti giotoin b6
trr -
ttdy nhanh vi€c cung cdp cdc ngu6n luc n)y cho nhtlng hing di drlgc biln sach, vi nhrlng khdch hirng ti6p
n !r,
ngrrdi c6n chrlng. HE th6ng d6 li co chd giii thi trttdng theo phdi quay v€ tay kh0ng. Tr;ii lEi, ngudi biin
tu do - bidn ddng cr)a gi6 do thay tldi cung vi c6u h)ng I biin nrJdc (ham hon v) phii nh6n rit nhi€u \, t

Khi nhu riu vd nudc d6ng (hai tang vot, d6 li ph)n nin v6 mric Aid cao. NhUng ngay ci khiich
mot cdrh di6n dat khdc crla vi€c nudc dong chai tli trd hing ddn tr6 c0ng co thd mua duoc luong nrloc
nin khan hi6m hon. theo 116 giii nud( sE tinq l€n mot ho c6n vi gin nhrr khdng ai mua nhidu hdn mLIt
r-l rri,anh ah0ir,r l\/Jr gra tan-Q roi na,/ ,,) the kh(i n,j th.t.: id (af
 CHUONG 4 CAC LUC LUONG CUNG VA CAU TREN THI IRUONG
97

l(hi nhu c,iu rrd n6n c6p rhidt, gij c; s6 t,;ng 'di vit sach nh,) m;iy d thinh phri niy trong d6m
l€n. Va khi giii tdng, nhi cung c6p lim vi6c chim qua vi phiii chuydn th€m nuric tt co sd c0a
minh
rhi hon dd diip fng nhu cdu. (au (huy€n tudng tu d New York."
)ston
udng
rrla Globe drroc ddng tji ngiy h6m qua vd tuy6n Giii cd ting l6n m6t cdrh tu do khdng phiii l,)
b6'cria Coakley vd "giii (5r (d,,c0ng vi6t v6 ld trinh
sdch ciich duy nhiit dd giiii quy6t srt thi6u hut d6t ng6t.
mi nhrtng ngudi biin nrrdc ddng chai vi c6c nhi
5u di6u chinh cia chinh pht la mot ltta chon khiic,
ldtlg biin 16 dang di dd bjn duoc nhidu nudc hon (h0
vir do tilj cdn kidm soiit giii -
gi,i srir b4n kh6ng
ngUdi ti€u ding.
phdn d6i nhfing di€u hidn nhi€n nhutham
nhiing,
Phdng vi6n [rin Ailworth vidt,,(dc nhi cung x6p hing dii, vir thi trrrdng cho den. Trdt hon hdt
r,i-p lim thdm gi4 ting crrdng sin xudt tai khu vui hiy dd rho giii cd tq do r;ng va giem. Dr5 kh6n9
ddng chai, vi phrii hop vdi nhau dd giao hing,i phdi la'tdt ctil mi tA bion phiip ttit nhit dd phen
tua cbn
Vf du, nhi mdy ntldc giiii khiit polar d Worcester bd hlng hria vi dich vu rho moi nguoi.
ngu6n
im gia
iy mai.
phri dd quy6t dinh didu niy vi.dim bio vi€c cung c{p thuc
nh0ng phdm m6t crich ddy
ng sau
di rhayvio d6, vi€c phdn bd c6ng nhdn d cric trarig trai dua tien quy6i dinh c6ng
hing tri6u ngrroi lao dQng. HQ th6ng phA"n c{p niy hoat
day da
.v5. :ti
bdi vi nhiing quydt dinh niy phqr thu6c viro gri ca. cia
dQng hieuq,ra
rot c0a
thuc phdm ,e iid., l.rong
1004. [t clra nhrlng nguoi lam vi6c d cdc ndng rrai (gi,i lao
d6ng cia hq) didu chinh dd bio
ng vin dirn dt s6 luong ngdoi lim n6ng.
dng vi
N6u mQt nguoi chua bao gio thdy mQt ndn kinh
it crd.' t6thi truong tr6n thrJc t6, toan
bQ i tudng c6 v€ phi ly. Nin kinh t6 bao g6m
rai li c6c nh6m r6t ldn ihrrng nguoi iham
tdi biin gia vAo vd s6 cdc hoat d6ng phu thu6clin nhau.
Di€u gi lAm cho i,iqi ." q,rya,
r6i bdn phi t{p trung kh6ng bi roi vio h6n loan? Didu gi pt
ii.h
hing triQu ngrroi c6 khi ning va mong mu6n khiic
Oi f,qp hinh d6ng cria
nhau? C6 gi ddm b6o ring
, nud( nhrtng gi cdn phii ddoc ram s6 dudc thri hien
di ti6u mdt tt, d6 ld gid cd. N6u mQt bin tay v6 hinh din
tr6n thuc t6? Cdu t.a tro.,g loi,i-
di biin dit ndn kinh td thi t.rong, nhri
tuy6n b6 ndi ti6ng cria Adam smith, thi h€
th6ng giri cd ri chidc d,a
t long
hinh sfi dung dd didu khidn cdc din nhac ru"h -a ua"i"f ,o
r nuo( t?]
Ngrloi
jc lim
gi,P 4
ttim rAr
r t€i dd Cric nhd kinh t6 hoc srl dung m6 hinh cung vi cdu ddphAn tich c6c th! trrrong
canh tranh. Trong m6t thi trttong c4nh trlnh,
c6 nh*u ng,di mua rra.rgr;i
rg (ua b6n, m6i nguoi c6 rdt it ho{c k}r6ng c6 inh
riir b0
hr_rdng d6n gii'thi trdong.
Dudngcdu cho th{y lugng cdu cira mQt hing h6a
rg tidp phu thuQc vao gi6 bdn
di biin nhu th6 nio. Theo quy luAt cdu, khi giii cta m"Ot
harg h6a giim, luo"ng cdu
nhidu se ting l€n. Vi vAy, duong cdu d6c xu6ng.
kh6ch
Ngoii giri cA, c6,c y€u t6 khric-inh htrdng lugng mua
I nu6( cta ngtroi ti6u dtrng
n mfc
..ol.bio g6m thu nhAp, giri cA cta cAc J"
pf,i'- thay rhd ia UO .urg, ,J
thich, k!,vong, vir s6 hiong ngrrdi mua. N6u mQt
trong nhrrng y6u t6 niry
thay ddi, dtlong cdu se dich chuy6'n
98 PHAN II THI TPUOIIG I-IOAT 9ONG NHU THE NA(

Ngoar gia ca, cac ydr.i to khac qui'el dinh mr-it sin lriong rna nhd sAn
xuit TI
nghQ, k| vqng' vA I}
-"rat 5an con bao gdm gid cdc nhip lugng ddu v2io, c6ng cung
s6 h:gng ngudi b6n. N6u m6t trong nhrlng ydu t6 nAy thay tldi, driong Qr
se dich chuydn.
Giao didm cria tlttong cung v2r tluong cdu quydt dlnh didm cAn bing thi
trddng. T4i mrlc gi6 cAn bing, Iugng cdu blng lrrong cung' cAu nr
Hinh vi cira ngrloi mua vi ngudi b6n hrrdng thi trddng tdi trqng thrii cin
bing mQt ca.n"tg nhi6n. Khigid thi trdong cao hon m(ic.gi6 cin blng.' se
l. Tf
cO si arr thira hing h6a, khi6n cho gi6 thf t^tong giim. Khi gi6 thf
t^tdng tra

thdp hon gi6 cdn blng, s€ c6 sg thi6u hr1t, khi6n gi6 thi trrrdng ting' 2. Bi
Ta
Dd phnn tich c6c sg kign Anh hrrdng ddn thi tnldng, cfrfng t.a sii {r1ng d?
thi cung vi cdu dd ddnh gi6 xem sU ki€n d6 t6c dQng d6n gi6 cAntlng vir 3. Su
l,rgng cia.r bing nhrr th6 nno. Dd th{c hiQn di€u niry, chung ta lirm theo du
ba'biOc. odu iien, ch(ng ta cdn quy6t dinh xem sU kien niy l2rm dich di
chuydn thiong cung hay dr-tong cdu (hay ci hai). Thrl hai, chring ta x6c 4. Th
dinh xem nhu=ng duong niry dich chuydn theo hrrdng n)9 Thf ba,.chring va
ta so s6nh trang-thii cAn bing mdi vdi tr4ng thdi cAn bing ban ddu' th
Trong ndn kinh t6 thi truong, gi6 cA li tin hiQu hrrdng. dAn c6c quydt nh
dinh"kinh t6 vir do d6 phin bd cilc ngudn lgc khan hi6m' D6i vdi cac 5. Bi,
Io4i hing h6a trong ndn kinh t6, gi| ci dim bio sg cAn bing giria cung Tir
vl cdu. dia .a., bing sau d6 giirp x6c dinh ngtldi mua s€ mua bao nhi6u 6 Srr
vA ngUdi bd,n se sin xu{t bao nhi€u.
ha
do
7. Hi
KHAI NIEM IHEN (H 6r thl
Thi truong market 8. Bir
Thi trtiong cqnh tranh competitive market vo
Lugng cdu quantitive demanded lrrt
Quy luit cdu Iaw of demand 9. Mr
Bidu cdu demand schedule
Dudng cdu demand curve
Hdng h6a th6ng thuong normal good BAITA
Hirng h6a thrt cdp inferior good
1 r';
Hdng hoa thay the substitutes
a
Hing h6a b6 sung complements
Lugng cung quantiry supplied
Iaw ofsupply b
Quy lu{t cung
Bidu cung supply schedule
Duong cung supply curve !

Tr4ng th6i cdn bnng equilibrium

Cid cin bing eqtriiibriu tr r [''ri,,. )
l,rtone cin ben ci1 uilibriu rrr ilr"t.rntit\
 cHUoNG 4 cAC LUC LUoNG cuNG vA cAu TREN THt TRUoNG 99

I xu6t Thqng du surplus

ng, vir Thidu hut shortage
, cung
Quy luit cung vir cdu law of supply and demand

19 thi
cAu xOril rflr
iicAn
ng, se l. Th! truong canh tranh li gi? M6 ti ngin gon mQt thi tniong kh6ng c4nh
rldng tranh hoirn hiLo?
2. Bidu cdu vi throng cdu li gi? Chring c6 m6i li6n h€ vdi nhau nhtr th6 nao?
ng d6 Tai sao drtong cdu d6c xu6ng?
ng vi 3. Su thay ddi thi hi6u cria ngrroi ti€u dtng s€ din ddn str di chuydn doc theo
theo dttdng ciu hay sU dlch chuydn cta dudng cdu? Str thay ddi gie din d6n su
dich di chuy€'n doc theo duong cdu hay sr.I dich chuydn cria'tlttdng cdu?
a xic
4. Thu nhdp cira susan ting. K6t qui li c6 it in trua tai nhi in d trdong hdn.
hring
Viy, bira trua tai nha dn c[ra trudng li hing h6a th6ng thdong hay hiig h6a
t.
thf cdp? Didu gi xiy ra vdi cdu cia Susan vi suit dn i^ra tai l.rong kh"i thu
luydt nh{p cria c6 ting?
ri cAc
5. Bidu cdu vi bidu cung lir gi, chring c6 m6i quan h€ v6i nhau nhu th6 nio?
cung
Tai sao duong cung d6c l€n?
rhi6u
6. SrJthayddi cdng ngh6 sin xudt dln d6n srr di chuydn doc theo duong cung
hay str dich chuydn cia dudng cung? S{ thay ddi gid ddn ddn su di ciuydn
doc theo drlong cung hay sg dich chuydn cria drrong cung?
7. dlnh nghia trang thdi cAn bing cta thi truong. M6 ta c6c y6u td girip
\1V
thi truong htrdng tdi tr4ng th6i cAn bing cira n6.
8. Bia vi pizzald hai hing h6a bd sung bdi vi chring thtrong duoc ding chung
vdi nhau. Khi giri bia ting l6n, didu gi xiy ra vdi cung, cdu, luorig cung,
lugng cdu vi gid tr6n thi tntong pizza?
9. MO ta vai trd cira gid ci trong n€n kinh t6 thi trr.iong.

BATTAP vA rfira DUNG

1. Giai thich m6i cdu sau d6y bing c6ch s[r dqng d6 thi cung vir cdu.
a. "Khi mQt dot kh6ng khi lanh trin vio Florida, gi6 nudc cam trong c6c
si€u thi tr€n khip Hoa K| ting 16n.,,
b. "Khi thoi ti6t 5m ddn l€n d New England vAo mta hd, giri phong khrich
san trong c6c khu nghi dttong d Caribbean giim xu6ng.,,
c. "Khi chi6n tranh nd ra d Trung D6ng, gi6 xdng ting, vir gid cria xe
Cadillac cI giim."
2. D6i voi m6i su ki€n sau diy, di6n ti beng loi didu gi s€ xiy ra vdi cung, cdu,
ldong cung vi ldong cdu tr6n thi truong 6 t6 mdi.
1OO PHAN II Tn TRUONG HOAT AONIG NHU TNE NA

a. COng nhdn 6 t6 o Hoa K)'drrgc t.ing luong lOn rdt nhidu. 5

h
b. MOt c6ng nghQ robot m6i tlrtgc gidi thiQu trong cdc nhd m6y'
Chinh phri trg gii dilngkd cho vd xe buy't, lim cho gi6 xe buyt giim tli
c. a. Sr

Ot
rdt nhi€u.
d. Thu nhip thgc tdng vi 6 t6 Ii mQt hing h6a th6ng thrrong. b.B
tI
3. Xem xdt thi truong xe tii nh6. D6i vdi m6i sg kiQn tluqc [et k6 d dAy' hay
x6c tlfnh xem y6u t6 cira cdu hay cung bi Anh hudng' Ddng thdi' h6y cho 8. Di€tr
bi6t cdu vi cung ting hay giim. Sau d6 hay vE m$t dd thi thd hiQn c6c t6c tinh;
d$ng I€n gi6 b6n vir stn lrtgng xe tai nh6. 9. S6t c,
a. Ngrtdi din quy6t dinh c6 th€m con. xric x
nu6C
b. MOt cuQc dinh c6ng cria cOng nhin sin xudt th6p lim gid th6p tang.
cir ch
c. CAc k! sri phrit tridn mQt lo4i m6y t{ dQng mdi dd sln xudt xe tai nh6. 10. ltri tr
d. Gid xe thd thao ting l6n.
e. MQt vu sup d6 thi tnrong chrlng khodn ldm giim s{ giiu c6 cria ngrloi
dAn.
4. Xem xdt cec thi tnldng dia DVD, tivi, vi vd tai r4p chi6u phim.
a. Hdy xic dinh c6c c{p sau d6y li hing bd sung hay thay th6:
. Dia DVD va tiYi
. Dia DVD vir v6 xem phim
. Tivi vi v6 xem phim
b. Gi6 srl mQt ti6n bQ c6ng nghQ lim giim chi phi sin xu6t tivi. Hiy ve mQt a.H
d6 thi thd hiQn di€u gi se xiy ra tr€n thi tnldng tivi. th
c. V€ th€m hai dd thi thd hi€n sqi thay tldi trong thi trddng tivi Anh hrrdng b. N,
tl6n thi truong dia DVD vi vi xem phim nhrr th6 nho. s€
5. Trong 30 nim qua, ti6n bQ c6ng nghQ da lim giim chi phi sin xuSt chip c. N,
m6y tinh. Theo ban, tlidu niry di tdc tlQng tldn thi trudng m6y tinh nhrr th6
lir
nio? Tic dQng d6n thi trudng phdn mdm m6y tinh vir thf trrrong mdy dinh
chtt nhrr thd niro?
11. Hiyr
giim
6. Sii dung dd th! cung vir cdu tld chi ra t6c dQng cfia c6c sU kiln sau ttiy tr€n
Io4i I
th! trudng 6o thun.
v2r gii1
a, MQt conblo 6 South Carolina gAy ra thi€t h4i cho vU b6ng. bing
b. Gi6 6o khoic da gilm. 12. Ytba
c. Tdt ci cac trudng dai hqc y€u cdu sinh vi6n tap thd duc budi s6ng vdi bd su
trang phuc phtr hqp. a. Cl
d. Mdy dQt kim mdi drigc ph{t minh. ba
7. Mgt cuQc khio sdt cho thdy s\i gia teng sit dung ma tuy trong thanh thidu lr(
ni6r.r. Trong m6t cu6c tranh luin sau do, hai gii thuydt dttoc tld xudt: ci
. l.ihtinq rti, lu., c ii., .inh .,it giarn ruiine tlii lirrr tang sti hidn h[in cila m,. L \rl
til, tril,1,.i.rr,' pl1.' hr
 cHUoNG 4 CAC LUC LUoNG CUNG VA CAU TREN TH TRUONG 1o1

. SU cit girim nhrrng n5 lgc gido duc da lim giim nh4n thrlc vd sd nguy
hidm cfia ma tuy.
im di a. srl dqrng so d6 cung va cdu dd vir chi ra m6i gii thuydt tr€n c6 thd den
d6n sr-l gia ting trong sd lrrong ma triy ti6u thq nhu th6 niro.
b' Bing cdch nio mi th6ng tin vd nhfng gi da xiy rav6i giitcria ma triy c6
thd girip chfing ta phAn bidt dtroc nhung gii thuy6t niy?
r, hay
y cho 8. Didu gi sE xiy ra trdn thi truong may tinh cd nhin n6u giii cta c6c chip m6y
ic tdc tinh giim vi gi6 bln l€ phdn mdm ting?
9. s6t ci chua li mQt loai hing h6a bd sung (d6ng thoi cring li gia vi) cho m6n
xtic xich. Ndu giri brlnh mi kgp xric xich ting, didu gi s6 xiy ra vdi thf t.idng
rg. nttdc s6t cir chua? D6i vdi thi trudng ci chua? D6i vdi thi t.rong nudc 6p
cd chua? D6i vdi thi trttong nrtdc cam?
rh6.
10. Thi tnrong brinh pizza c6 bidu cdu vi bidu cung nhd sau:
lgrIoi Gi6 lrtong c6u ludng rung
5+ 135 chi6c lb cnre(
5 104 53

6 81 81

7 68 98

8
()
110

9 39 121

m c) t
a. Hay ve dd thi duong cdu vi dr:ong cung. Gi6 vd luong cAn bing trong
thi truong niy ld bao nhi€u?
rldng
b. N6u giri thgc t6 tren thi truong niy li cao hdn mrlc gi6 cin bing, didu gi
se lAm cho thi trddng ti6n tdi cdn bing?
chip
u th6
c. Ndu gid thtic t6 trCn thi t.rong niry la th{p hdn girl cAn bing, didu gi s€
dlnh lim cho thi trttong ti6n tdi cAn bing?
11. Hayxem x€t cacsg ki6n sau day: c6c nhi khoa hgc cho bi6t rn cam lim
, tr6n giim nguy co bQnh ti€'u duong, vi ctrng ltc do, n6ng dAn srl dung mQt
loai phdn b6n mdi girip trdng cam ning sudt cao hon. Hay minf, hqa
va giii thich nhtrng thay ddi nay c6 t6c dQng gi tdi giri vi sin lugng cdn
bing cria cam.
12. Vi b6nh mi vi pho m6t kem thuong drigc in ctng nhau, chring li hing h6a
g vdi bd sung.
a. Chring ta nhin th6y ring mfc gi6 cin bing pho m6t kem vi lugng cin
bing cta b6nh mi tron ctng ting. DAu Id nguy€n nhAn cia hiQn tiong
thidu tr€n: gid b6r mi giam hay gi6 sria giim? Hay minh hoa vi giii thich cho
ciu trd loi c&a ban.
A ITIA b. Nhung gii st mtlc gi6 cin bing pho mdt kem t[ng nhung luong cAn
bing cta brinh mi tron giim. DAu ld nguy6n nhan c&a hi6n-tdong-tr€n:
 I

.tr-{
102 PHAN tt TRUoNG HOAT DoNr, NHU TFIE r'lA

gie bdt mi tdng hay gid stla ting? Hay minh hqa vi giii thich cho cAu tri
loi cta b4n.
13. Gia sit ring gi6 vd b6ng rd tai truong d4i hgc cria ban tlrtoc x6c dinh bdi c6c
y6u t6 th1 truong. HiQn nay, cung va cdu nhrl sau:

Giii Lrtgng cdu luqng (ung

54 10.000 vd 8.000 vd

B 8.000 8.000

12 6.000 8.000

16 4.000 8.000

20 2.000 8.000

a Hiy ve drlong cdu vi dttong cung. Di€u gi b{t thrtong vdi dttong cung
niy? Tqi sao tlidu niy c6 thd xly ra trdn thrlc t6? ft ii srl ,

b. Gi6 vi h:gng vd cin bing lir bao nhi€u? LJcudc,

c. Trudng d4i hgc cta ban c6 k6 hoach ting tdng s6 sinh vi€n trong ndm ho{c kinh
tdi thdm 5.000 sinh vi€n. C6c sinh vi0n mdi c6 bidu cdu sau diy: lo4i thu6
nhrr thd n
ciii Luqng cdu
Nhin r

5c 4.000 vi DAy don 1

8 3.000 ban mu6r

12 2.000
h6i nAy ct
sephdt tri
16 1.000
D6 co
20 0
ddi cta cd
BAy gio hay cQng ci hai bidu cdu cir vir mdi ddx6c dlnh bidu cdu cho toin inh hudni
b0 sinh vi0n. Gi6 vi lugng cAn bing mdi ld bao nhiOu?
cta tdc dt
trong nhi€
14. Nghidn cf u thi trdong cho bi6t c6c th6ng tin sau v€ thi truong keo chocolate
nhd sau: Bidu cdu c6 thd dugc thd hiQn bdi phrtong trinh QD = I.600 - 300P, Tuy nh
vd xing. N
trong <16 QD ld higng cdu vir P li gi6 brin. Bi€'u cung c6 thd duqc thd hi€n bdi
phtiong trinh Qs = 1.400 + 700P, trong d6 Qs li lttgng cung. Hiy tinh m(tc vi he thSy
gi6 vir lugng cAn bang trdn thi trddng keo chocolate.
xing ting
mot nem '
giim xu6n
Ftd hi6t thtm thtrng tin vd chir dd cfia chriong niy, hay gh6 thim website cta chring cdn do ho
t6i tai www.cengage.com/international ald xem th€m bii taP, ilng dr.rng, vi du, c6c dttgc phin
bii kidm tra truc tuy6n vir cdc n6i dung kh6c.

o0 co cr
Khi gidi th
mua nhidu
hon, khi gi,
Nhttne thi,